166 C. Peter, A. Herbon / Interact<strong>in</strong>g with Computers 18 (2006) 139–170 Appendix E. <strong>Emotion</strong> recognition <strong>in</strong> affect bursts Source: Schröder (2000). ‘Affect bursts’ are very short utterances expressed spontaneously at sudden events. The table below shows means <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ard deviations (<strong>in</strong> parentheses) for correct categorical rat<strong>in</strong>gs of ten emotions, on the three seven-po<strong>in</strong>t scales – arousal (from 1Zcalm to 7Zexcited) – valence (from K3Znegative to 3Zpositive) – control (from 1Zsubord<strong>in</strong>ate to 7Zdom<strong>in</strong>ant). Only reliable results (recognition rate R80%) are be<strong>in</strong>g reported here. There were no reliable results for anger. For further <strong>in</strong>formation see Schröder (2000). Perceived emotion (Recognition rate) Affect burst class Arousal Valence Control Admiration (90–91%) Wow 4.8 (1.1) 1.6 (0.9) 4.5 (1.4) Boah Threat (80–81%) Hey 5.0 (1.1) K1.3 (1.1) 5.5 (1.2) Growl Disgust (92–100%) Buäh 5.0 (1.1) K2.0 (0.9) 4.0 (1.2) Igitt Ih Elation (80–100%) Yippie 6.1 (0.8) 2.4 (0.8) 5.0 (1.2) Hurra Boredom (81–83%) Yawn 2.5 (1.2) K0.8 (1.1) 4.2 (1.0) Hmm Relief (85–98%) Sigh 4.1 (1.4) 1.0 (1.3) 3.9 (1.1) Uff Puh Startle (80–92%) Rapid breath <strong>in</strong>take 6.0 (0.9) K1.5 (0.9) 2.9 (1.2) (cont<strong>in</strong>ued on next page)
C. Peter, A. Herbon / Interact<strong>in</strong>g with Computers 18 (2006) 139–170 167 Perceived emotion (Recognition rate) Affect burst class Arousal Valence Control Ah Worry (85–96%) Oje 4.0 (1.4) K1.5 (0.9) 3.1 (1.3) oh-oh Contempt (95–100%) Pha 3.9 (1.2) K0.9 (1.5) 5.3 (1.2) Tse References ACII, 2005. First International Conference on Affective Comput<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Intelligent Interaction. http://www. affectivecomput<strong>in</strong>g.org/2005 (accessed 22 July 2005). André, E., Klesen, M., Gebhart, P., Allen, S., Rist, T., 2000. Integrat<strong>in</strong>g models of personality <strong>and</strong> emotions <strong>in</strong>to lifelike characters. In: Lecture Notes In Computer Science, Affective Interactions: Towards a New Generation of Computer Interfaces. Spr<strong>in</strong>ger, New York, pp. 150–165. Anttonen, J., Surakka, V., 2005. <strong>Emotion</strong>s <strong>and</strong> heart rate while sitt<strong>in</strong>g on a chair. In: CHI’05 Conference Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs. ACM Press, New York, pp. 491–499. Arafa, Y., Botelho, L.M., Bullock, A., Figueiredo, P., Gebhard, P., Höök, K., Mamdani, E.H., Paiva, A., Petta, P., Sengers, P., Vala, M., 2004. Affective Interactions for <strong>in</strong> Real-time Applications: the SAFIRA Project. KI—Künstliche Intelligenz 1/2004. Aubergé, V., Cathiard, M., 2003. Can we hear the prosody of smile? Speech Communication 40 (1–2), 87–97. Ax, A., 1953. The physiological differentiation between fear <strong>and</strong> anger <strong>in</strong> humans. Psychosomatic Medic<strong>in</strong>e 55 (5), 433–442. Bamidis, P.D., Papadelis, C., Kourtidou-Papadeli, C., Vivas, A., 2004. Affective comput<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the era of contemporary neuro<strong>physiology</strong> <strong>and</strong> health <strong>in</strong>formatics. Interact<strong>in</strong>g with Computers 16 (4), 715–721. Banse, R., Scherer, K.R., 1996. Acoustic profiles <strong>in</strong> vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality <strong>and</strong> Social Psychology 70 (3), 614–636. Bradley, M., Lang, P., 1994. Measur<strong>in</strong>g emotion: the self-assessment Manik<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy <strong>and</strong> Experimental Psychiatry 25, 49–59. Bradley, M., Greenwald, M.K., Hamm, A.O., 1993. Affective picture process<strong>in</strong>g. In: Birbaumer, N., Öhman, A. (Eds.), The Structure of <strong>Emotion</strong>. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Toronto, pp. 48–65. Branco, P., Firth, P., Encarnaçao, L.M., Bonato, P., 2005. Faces of emotion <strong>in</strong> human–computer <strong>in</strong>teraction. In: CHI’05 Extended Abstracts. ACM Press, New York, pp. 1236–1239. Burkhardt, F., Sendlmeier, W.F., 2000. Verification of acoustical correlates of emotional speech us<strong>in</strong>g formantsynthesis. In: ISCA Workshop on Speech <strong>and</strong> <strong>Emotion</strong>. Cañamero, D., 1999. What emotions are necessary for HCI? Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Eighth International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction: Ergonomics <strong>and</strong> User Interfaces, vol. I, pp. 838–842. Carroll, J.M., Olson, J.R., 1988. Mental models <strong>in</strong> human–computer <strong>in</strong>teraction. In: Hel<strong>and</strong>er, M. (Ed.), H<strong>and</strong>book of Human–Computer Interaction. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Carroll, J.M., Russell, J.A., 1996. Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judg<strong>in</strong>g emotion from the face <strong>in</strong> context. Journal of Personality <strong>and</strong> Social Psychology 70 (2), 205–218. Christie, I.C., 2002. Multivariate Discrim<strong>in</strong>ation of <strong>Emotion</strong>-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity. MSc Thesis, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Polytechnic Institute <strong>and</strong> State University. Cockton, G., 2002. From do<strong>in</strong>g to be<strong>in</strong>g: br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g emotion <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>teraction. Interact<strong>in</strong>g with Computers 14, 89–92. Cockton, G., 2004. Do<strong>in</strong>g to be: multiple routes to affective <strong>in</strong>teraction. Interact<strong>in</strong>g with Computers, 16. Cowie, R., Douglas-Cowie, E., Apolloni, B., Taylor, J., Romano, A., Fellenz, W., 1999. What a neural net needs to know about emotion words. In: CSCC’99 Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs, pp. 5311–5316.
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