S Amarjeet Singh Grewal - Vismaadnaad.org

Sbd
AmrjIq isMG gryvwl
kyhI AjIb g`l hY ik ie`k pwsy qW is`K gurU swihbwn (1469-1708)
dIAW rcnwvW iv`c, jdoN ‘Sbd’ nUM bwhrmuKI XQwrQ dy rcnhwr vjoN ie`k
sÍY-cyqn siq dy rUp iv`c smiJAw jw irhw sI, qW AYn ausy vkq p`Cm iv`c
‘Sbd’ nMU, bwhrmuKI jgq dI ivkws pRikirAw iv`coN auqpMn hoieAw ie`k
inqwxw ijhw swDn bxw id`qw igAw, ijs dw kMm kyvl bwhrmuKI XQwrQ
dy mnùKI AnuBv dw sMcwr krnw hY[ ieh koeI swDwrn qbdIlI nhIN sI[
ieh qW qbdIlIAW dw ie`k AYsw islislyb`D kRm sI ijs ny kOprnIks
(1473-1543), gYlIlE (1564-1642), Aqy inaUtn (1642-1727) dIAW
KojW Aqy fYskwrty (1596-1650) dy icMqn nwl SurU ho ky m`D X`ug dI
bu`DImqw, soc, sMsikRqI Aqy ivSvidRStI nUM nvyN Xu`g dI ivigAwnk soc,
qrkSIl bu`DI Aqy mSInI idRStIkox iv`c pUrI qrHW aultw ky r`K id`qw[ 1
ies nvIN soc ny kudrq nUM byjwn mwdy qy ivBwijq AMgW dI ie`k ivSwl
mSInI bxqr dy rUp iv`c pyS kIqw jo drSk qoN Awzwd inSicqqwvwdI
Aqy qbdIlI rihq sdIvI inXmW ADIn Awpxy Awp ibnW iksy bwhrI
d^l dy c`l rhI hY[ Sbd rwhIN bwhrmuKI jgq dy nzwry nUM AiBivAkq
krn vwlI mnu`KI cyqnw qW kyvl ie`k drSk mwqr hY ijs dw ies
bwhrmuKI qsvIr dI kMstrkSn iv`c koeI rol nhIN[
jdoN ik m`D Xu`g iv`c Koj Aqy igAwn dw mMqv kudrq dI vifAweI
nUM smJ ky aus dy nwl Awpxy irSqy iv`c vDyry pRp`kqw Aqy iekswrqw
ilAwauxw sI:
kudriq pauxu pwxI bYsMqru kudriq DrqI Kwku]
sB qyrI kudriq qUM kwidru krqw pwkI nweI pwku]
nwnk hukmY AMdir vyKY vrqY qwko qwku]ò]
(AMg ôöô)
auQy ivigAwink Koj dw audyS kudrq sMbMDI Aijhy igAwn dI pRwpqI hY
jo kudrq au~pr lgwm pwaux iv`c mnu`K dI shwieqw kr sky[ Awpxy
in`jI suAwrQW vwsqy sImw rihq pdwrQk qr`kI leI kudrq dw SoSx hI
ies ivigAwink X`ug dw sB qoN v`fw s`c bx igAw hY[ ieho kwrn hY ik
ivigAwink Koj pRxwlI dy jnmdwqw PrWiss bykn (1561-1626) ikhw
krdy sn ik ‘ivigAwn dw ieko ie`k mMqv kudrq nUM mnùK dw Zulwm bxw
ky aus dI syvw iv`c lgwauxw hY[’
inaUtnvwdI kwrtIzIAn ivigAwn ny Awpxy Awp nUM AYstrOnomI,
BOiqk ivigAwn, qrl pdwrQW dI gqI Aqy lckIlypx dy AiDAYn q`k
hI sImq nhIN r`iKAw, sgoN ivigAwn nUM vI AYtmW Aqy mwlIikaUlW dI
joSIlI gqI dy rUp iv`c dyKx bwAd inaUtnvwdI mkYinks dw hI ih`sw
bxw ilAw[ fwltn dy mwfl nUM AwDwr bxw ky aunIvIN sdI iv`c rswieixk
ivigAwnIAW ny ie`k AtOimk isDWq dI isrjxw kIqI ijs ny vIhvIN sdI
iv`c rswieixk Aqy BOiqk ivigAwnW nUM iek`iTAW kr id`qw[ ies qrHW
inaUtnvwdI ivigAwn ny Tos, qrl Aqy gYsI pdwrQW dy nwl-nwl qwp
Aqy DunI nUM vI mwdy dy m`uFly AMgW dI mkYinks dy rUp iv`c dyKxw SurU kr
id`qw[ so ATwrvIN Aqy au~nIvIN sdI iv`c inaUtnvwdI ivigAwn dI pUrn
ij`q ny mnu`KI SwsqrW nUM vI krtIzIAn Aqy mkYnkI soc Anuswr Fwlxw
SurU kr id`qw[ jOhn lOky (1632-1704) ny inaUtnvwdI mkYinks qoN
pRBwivq ho ky smwj dw ie`k mkYnkI mwfl iqAwr kIqw ijs iv`c aus ny
iksy brqn iv`c bMd peI gYs dy AYtmW dI gqI dI qrHW hI smwj iv`c jI
rhy lokW dy vrqwirAW nUM Awpxy AiDAYn dw ivSw bxwieAw[ auh smJdw
sI ik ijvyN kudrq dy At`l Aqy qbdIlI rihq inXm BOiqk Aqy
rswiexk vrqwirAW dy ivvhwr nUM inrDwirq krdy hn, iblkul ausy
qrHW dy hI koeI isDWq smwijk vrqwirAW nUM vI inrDwirq krdy hn[
PrWiss bykn (1561-1626) nwl SurU hoey Aqy fyivf ihaUm (1711-
1776) nwl AwpxI is^r qy phuMcy brqwnvI AnuBvvwd ny is`Dy AnuBv
jW ivigAwink qzribAW rwhIN iek`qr kIqy ieMidRAwvI igAwn nUM s`cweI
dw ie`ko ie`k AwDwr mMn ky lOjIkl pwzytyivzm jW lwjIkl ieMipiriszm
nW dI ie`k AMqrrwStrI lihr nUM jnm id`qw[ sMn 1920-30 iv`c kYNbirj

Aqy ivAwnw XUnIvristI qoN SurU hoeI ies lihr ny pRmwx-Xogqw dI
ksv`tI au~pr AwDwirq ie`k BwSweI isDWq dw inrmwx kIqw ijs
Anuswr kyvl do qrHW dy ibAwn hI s`cy ho skdy hn - iek auh ijnHW nUM
qsdIk kIqw jw sky Aqy dUsry auh ijhVy ik ienHW qsdIkSudw ibAwnW
nUM gixq jW qrk dy inXmW rwhIN joV ky bxwey gey hox[
ie`k Tos ivigAwink isDWq dI isrjxw vwsqy ies BwSweI isDWq
rwhIN hr ie`k dwrSink isDWq Aqy vwk nUM ArQhIx Aqy byqukw swbq
kIqw jwx l`g ipAw[ eyQoN q`k ik sdwcwrk Aqy nYiqk kdrW kImqW nUM
vI ies dw iSkwr bxnw ipAw[ audwhrx dy qOr ’qy Aijhy ibAwn ijvyN
ik ‘blwqkwr burI g`l hY’ jW ‘bydoSy lokW dw kql krnw pwp hY’ jW
‘corI krnw glq hY’ Awid nUM vI ies BwSweI isDWq dy AwDwr au~pr
ArQhIx Aqy byqukw bxw id`qw igAw ikauNik ieh ibAwn iksy ivigAwnk
FMg nwl qsdIk nhIN sn ho skdy[ iesy qrHW igAwn, smwj, Drm Aqy
swihq Swsqr dy ibAwnW nUM vI vyrIPweI nhIN kIqw jw skdw sI[ ies
leI ienHW sBnW dw ArQhIxqw Aqy byqukypx dy ielzwm qoN bcxw sMBv
nhIN sI[ 2
ivtgnstIn (1889-1951) ny AwpxI pihlI pusqk tRYktyts (1929)
iv`c lOjIkl pwzytyivzm dI ‘qsvIr isDWq’ rwhIN ieh AwK ky bhuq
vkwlq kIqI ik ijhVy BwSweI ibAwn vwsqivk q`QW jW GtnwvW dI
qsvIr pyS nhIN krdy, auh JUTy Aqy &rybI huMdy hn[ aus dy kihx muqwbk
iPlwsPrW dw kMm kyvl ie`ko ie`k hI rih jWdw hY ik auh qmwm pRwcIn
jW purwqn Plsi&AW dy ies JUT Aqy &ryb nUM nMgw krn[ pr ivtgnstIn
dI 1953 iv`c mOq auprMq CpI dUsrI pusqk ‘iPlsOPIkl ienvYstIgySn’
ny vI lOjIkl pwzytyivzm dy ies isDWq nUM r`d kr id`qw[
iPlOsPIkl ienvYstIgySn (1953) iv`c ivtgnstIn dw kihxw sI
ik mnu`K BwSw nUM kyvl vwsqivk q`QW jW GtnwvW dI qsvIr pyS krn
leI hI nhIN vrqdw, sgoN BwSw dI hor Anyk qrHW nwl vrqoN krdw hY[
ijvyN ik hukm dyx leI, vDweI dyx leI, kivqw ilKx leI, cutkly
suxwaux leI, aulJnW dy h`l krn leI, JUT bolxw leI, Ardws krn
leI, vkwlq krn leI, ipAwr krn leI, ieiqhws ilKx leI, SqrMj
Kyfx leI, mn hlkw krn leI, mwnisk ielwj krn leI, Awid,
Awid[
mnu`K Sbd dI ausy qrHW nwl vrqoN krdw hY ijvyN ik auh gyNd nwl
koeI v`Ko-v`KrI iksm dIAW KyfW Kyfx leI krdw hY[ so Sbd nwl vI
mnùK v`Ko-v`Kry inXmW ADIn v`Ko-v`KrI iksm dIAW KyfW Kyfdw hY[ ienHW
KyfW iv`coN hI Sbd Awpxy ArQ gRihx krdy hn[ Sbd nUM iksy ie`k ArQ
nwl jW bwhrmuKI vsqU jW vrqwry nwl joV ky dyKx dI ieh pRMprw
ivtgnstIn ny Awp hI r`d kr id`qI ikauNik hr Sbd ie`k qoN vDyry
BwSweI KyfW iv`c vriqAw jWdw hY, ies leI ies dy iksy ie`k Kyf ivcly
ArQ nUM iksy dUsrI Kyf ivcly ArQ nwloN vDyry s`cw jW au~qm nhIN mMinAw
jw skdw[ies qrHW Sbd dy AMdr ArQW dw ie`k pUrw jMgl au~g pYNdw hY[ 3
BwvyN ivAwnw srkl Aqy kYNbirz XUnIvristI AMdr 1920-30 iv`c
au~TI lOjIkl pwzytyivzm dI lihr qoN bhuq Arsw pihlW jrmn AwdrSvwd
ny kWq (1724-1804) Aqy Kws krky hIgl (1720-1831) dy drSn
rwhIN ihaUm dy ieMipiriszm nUM AwpxI QW qW idKw id`qI sI, pr BOiqk
ivigAwn Aqy gixq SwSqr iv`c inaUtnvwdI ivigAwn dI Apwr sPlqw
ny kyvl jIv ivigAwn, fwktrI, smwj ivigAwn, mnoivigAwn, ArQ
SwSqr Awid nUM hI Awpxy pRBwv hyT nhIN ilAWdw sgoN jrmn AwdrSvwd
dy mhwn prwjYkt nUM inrArQk Aqy &rybI AwKx vwly lOjIkl pwjytyivzm
dI lihr rwhIN ies iksm dI soc nUM mnu`KI igAwn pRwpqI dy ie`ko ie`k
swDn vjoN pyS kIqw igAw[
inaUtnvwdI ivigAwnk soc dI nINh au~pr ausry lOjIkl pwzytyivzm
nUM q^q au~qy auqwrn leI koeI vI dwrSink isDWq jW BwSweI isDWq
kwPI nhIN sI[ mnu`KI drSn qoN pUrI qrHW Awzwd, mwdy Aqy gqI dy
bwhrmuKI, qbdIlI rihq Aqy sdIvI gixq SwsqrI inXmW ADIn c`lx
vwlI kudrq dI mSInI qsvIr nUM S`k dI nzr nwl dyKx dw kMm qW kyvl
kuAMtm mkYinks dy Ajoky ivigAwink isDWqW, Kws krky AweIznbrg
dy AinSqqwvwd dy isDWq (1927) nwl hI SurU huMdw hY[ 4

iqMn pwswrI klwsIkl XUklIfIAn jumYtrI Aqy mYQymYtIkl smyN dy
inrpyK iK`qy AMdr sb`bW Aqy GtnwvW dI lVI iv`c inSicq inXmW ADIn
b`Jy ivBwijq AMgW, GtnwvW Aqy vrqwirAW dy mSInI sMgTnW iv`c muFlI
siQqI dI jwxkwrI dy AwDwr au~qy Biv`KbwxI dI s&lqw ny jIv ivigAwn,
fwktrI iv`idAw, mnoivigAwn, ArQ Swsqr, smwj AiDAYn, ivkws
Swsqr, BwSw ivigAwn, rwjnIqI Awid dy Koj kMmW nUM inaUtnvwdI
kwrtIzIAn ivigAwnk ivDI dy qmwm AOguxW Aqy isDWqk ivroDW dy
bwvjUd, iesy dI rihnumweI hyT cwlU r`iKAw[
gurU nwnk swihb dy jnm qoN 523 swl bwAd A`j jdoN ik smkwlIn
jIv ivigAwnI inaUtnvwdI kwrtIzIAn soc ADIn mnu`KI idmwg dy
AiDAYn leI ihstokYmIkl, bwieEkYmIkl, mwlIikaUlr Aqy
ielYktromgnYitk Koj dy AwDwr au~qy inaUroiPizAwlojIkl vrqwirAW dI
ivAwiKAw iv`coN ‘cyqnw’ dy izkr nUM pUrI qrHW nwl bwhr r`K rhy hn, auQy
inaUtnvwdI kwrtIzIAn soc nUM SurU krn vwly AYstrOnoimst Aqy BOiqk
ivigAwnI ies nqIjy ’qy phuMc cu`ky hn ik ‘cyqnw’ kyvl BOiqk jgq nUM
smJx leI hI zrUrI nhIN, sgoN ies dw ie`k Ain`KVvW AMg vI bx geI
hY[ ienHW Ajoky BOiqk ivigAwnIAW Kws krky kuAMtm mkYinks dy mwihrW
Anuswr qW cyqnw Aqy Sbd qoN bZYr ies jgq dI hoNd nUM klipAw vI
nhIN jw skdw[
suMn Sbd Aqy jgq rcnw
ieh isRStI AYtmW dI bxI hoeI hY[ AYtm Awpxy qoN Coty kxW dy Aqy
kx aUrjw dy[ ieh aUrjw dI kxW dy rUp iv`c ivcrdI hY jW qrMgW dy rUp
iv`c? iesy suAwl dw h`l l`Bx iv`c ie`k pUrI (19vIN) sdI l`g geI[
rOSnI dy kx (Poton) nUM jykr ie`k morI vwlI skrIn iv`coN lMGx id`qw jwvy
qW dyiKAw igAw hY ik auh Poton aus morI QwxI lMG ky swhmxy r`KI
PotogrwiPk plyt au~pr jw tkrwauNdw hY Aqy aus au~pr Awpxy (kx dy)
inSwn C`f idMdw hY[ ies dy ault jykr rOSnI dy kx nUM ie`k morI dI QW
do morIAW QwxI lMGwieAw jwvy Bwv jykr ie`k morI vwlI skrIn dI QW
do morIAW vwlI skrIn r`K id`qI jwvy qW PotogrwiPk plyt au~pr
ieMtrPIrYNs pYtrn auGVdw hY[ jo kxW dI QW qrMgW dI inSwnI hY[ ies
dw mqlb ieh hoieAw ik jy ienHW kxW nUM ie`k morI iv`coN lMGx id`qw jwvy
qW ieh mwdI kxW dy rUp iv`c aus nUM pwr krdy hn Aqy jy do morIAW iv`coN
dI lMGwieAw jwvy qW ieh kx donW morIAW QwxI qrMg dy rUp iv`c aus nUM
pwr krdw hY ijvyN ik auh kx ie`ko vyly do morIAW iv`coN dI lMG irhw hovy[
ies qzrby nwl iqMn g`lW swbq huMdIAW hn[ pihlI g`l qW ieh ik
sb-AtOimk pwrtIkl ie`ko vkq (jW ausy vkq) ie`k qoN vDyry QwvW
au~pr ivcr skdw hY[ dUsrI g`l ik ie`k sb-AtOimk pwrtIkl ny ie`k
mwdI kx dy rUp iv`c ivcrnw hY jW AmwdI qrMg dy rUp iv`c, ies g`l dw
PYslw drSk (jW aus duAwrw cuxy gey qzrby) ny krnw huMdw hY[ ieh
PYslw ik Poton dy A`gy ie`k morI vwlI skrIn r`KxI hY jW do morIAW vwlI,
hI inrxw krygw ik Poton kx hY jW qrMg[ qIsrI g`l ik mwdI jgq Aqy
ausdIAW Tos vsqUAW dw inrmwxkwrI mYtIrIAl ^ud Tos mwdy vwly gux
nhIN r`Kdw[
lueIs ivktr Aqy brOglI (1924) dI mwdI qrMgW dI Koj ijsny do
morIAW vwly qzrby dy AwDwr au~qy auprokq suAwl pyS kIqy, qoN bwAd
AweIznbrg dy AinScqqwvwd dy isDWq (1927) ny mwdy Aqy cyqnw
ivcly AMqr nUM imtwaux iv`c bhuq v`fw Xogdwn pwieAw[
ies AinScqqwvwd dy isDWq muqwbk iksy vI vsqU jW mwdy dy BOiqk
guxW nUM, aus nUM AnuBv krn vwly drSk jW ivigAwnI dI AnuBv ivDI
(AObzrvySn jW myXrmYNt AYkt) qoN v`K nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ AweIznbrg
ny swbq kIqw ik jdoN iksy kuAMtm vsqU dI pujISn nUM vDyry sUKmqw nwl
jwnx dI koiSS kIqI jWdI hY qW aus dw momYNtm Enw hI vDyry AinSicq
ho jWdw hY Bwv ik iksy kuAMtm vsqU nUM sUKmqw nwl jwnx dI koiSS hI
aus isstm nUM qbdIl kr idMdI hY[
sbjYkt Aqy AObjYkt jW cyqnw Aqy mwdy ivckwr imt rhy ies AMqr
nUM eIznbrg qoN bwAd nylz bohr (1927) dy kMplImYNtYirtI isDWq Aqy
Alyn AwspYkt (1982) dy qzrby ny hor vI Gtw id`qw[ 5 AwstrIAn
BOiqk ivigAwnI SroifMgr ny sbjYkt Aqy AObjYkt jW cyqnw mwdy

ivckwr imt rhy AMqr nUM AwpxI mShUr audwhrx ‘SrOifMgr dI ib`lI’
rwhIN bhuq srl qrIky nwl smJwaux dI koiSS kIqI hY Aqy sp`St rUp
iv`c ieho ikhw hY ik cyqnw qoN ibnW mwdy dI koeI bwhrmuKI hkIkq hI
nhIN huMdI[
SroifMgr dI ies audwhrx muqwbk jy iksy ib`lI nUM Aijhy kmry iv`c
bMd kr id`qw jwvy ij`Qy ik zihrIlI gYs dI Plwsk nUM gweIgr kwaUNtr
rwhIN ryfIE AYkitv AYtm ijs dI fIkyA dI 50 pRqISq sMBwvnw hovy,
nwl joV ky rìKAw hovy qW jo fIkyA dI sUrq iv`c Plwsk tùt ky zihrIlI
gYs nwl ib`lI nUM mwr skdI hovy Aqy dyKx vwly kol kmrw KolH ky dyKx
qoN ibnW ieh jwnx dw hor koeI vI vsIlw auplbD nw hovy ik ib`lI mrI
hoeI hY ik izMdw hY, qW mYQymYtIkl smIkrxW ieho d`sxgIAW ik kmrw
KùlHx q`k izMdw ib`lI Aqy murdw ib`lI brwbr Anupwq iv`c bMd kmry iv`c
mOjUd sn[
ib`lI dI iksmq dw Asl pqw qW aus nUM kmrw KolHx qy hI l`gygw[
jdoN aus ny kmrw KolH ky ib`lI dI AMiqm siQqI nUM jwx ilAw qW vI ie`k
qIsry drSk leI qW aus dw ib`lI bwry dw igAwn EnI dyr q`k ib`lI dI
iksmq vrgw hI rhygw ijMnI dyr q`k ik aus nwl ieh igAwn Sbd rwhIN
sWJw nhIN kIqw jWdw[ ies leI ib`lI dI iksmq qW lgwqwr PYl rhy
sMcwr nYtvrk iv`c hI hoNd r`KdI hY[ ib`lI dI iksmq koeI bwhrmuKI
vrqwrw nhIN, ieh qW pUrn qOr ’qy igAwn dI vsq hY, PYl rhy igAwn
dI PYl rhI vsq[ 6
mYQymYitkl smIkrxW qW ieho AwKdIAW hn ik drSk dy dw^l hox
qoN pihlW ib`lI izMdw vI hY Aqy murdw vI[ pr kmrw Ku`lHx qy drSk
duAwrw ies mhWsiQqI (ijs iv`c ib`lI izMdw vI hY Aqy murdw vI) dy A`Dy
ih`sy nUM dyK lYx bwAd, bwkI dy A`Dy ih`sy (ijsnUM Awm qOr qy JUT dw nwm
dy ky C`f id`qw jWdw hY) nwl kI bIqdI hY? auh ik`Dr clw igAw? kOpn
hYgn ivAwiKAw (1920) Anuswr qW ies ip`Cy rih gey mhW siQqI dy A`Dy
ih`sy nUM stYitstIkl XQwrQ ikhw jw skdw hY[ pr Ajoky gixq SwsqrIAW
dw ivcwr hY ik kuAMtm mkYinks dIAW smIkrxW iv`coN AijhI koeI
ivAwiKAw nhIN imldI[ ies leI ieh nqIjw k`F lYxw ik ikauNik mnùKI
AnuBv kyvl A`Dy XQwrQ nUM hI aujwgr kr irhw hY, ies leI mhWsiQqI
dy donoN A`D ie`ko ijhy XQwrQmeI nhIN hn, srwsr glq hY[ iesy Dwrnw
iv`coN Anyk sirStIAW vwlw hweIpwQyisz inkilAw ijs Anuswr ieh
dUsrw A`D iek smwnAMqr isRStI iv`c sdw leI guMm ho jWdw hY[ ies g`l
nwl koeI Prk nhIN pYNdw ik ienHW iv`coN ikhVI ivAwiKAw vDyry TIk hY
ikauNik ies mnGVq qzrby qoN ie`k g`l qW sp`St hI hY ik kuAMtm
mkYinks dy gixq-Swsqr Anuswr drSk dy dKl qoN ibnW BOiqk XQwrQ
Awpxw bUhw hI nhIN KolHdw[
ijvyN ik pihlW dyiKAw jw cùkw hY, swr kuAMtm kx ausy vyly Tos mwdw
vI huMdy hn Aqy qrMg vI[ ieh g`l drSk au~pr inrBr krdI hY ik auh
ienHW nUM Tos kxW dy rUp iv`c dyKxw cwhuMdw hY jW qrMgW dy rUp iv`c[ ieh
cox kyvl drSk au~pr hI inrBr krdI hY[ pr siq qW ies kx Aqy
qrMg donW dI hkIkq qoN pwr hY jo ausy vyly kx vI hY Aqy qrMg vI jW
Pyr ik jo kx vI nhIN hY Aqy qrMg vI nhIN[ so ib`lI hY vI Aqy nhIN vI[
drSk jW qW aus nUM izMdw dyKdw hY Aqy jW Pyr izMdw nhIN dyKdw[ pr siq
qW aus dy izMdw hox jW murdw hox qoN pwr dI khwxI hY[
idRStmwn bRihmMf dy isry au~pr ie`k ikzwr hY ijs nUM qwrw ivigAwnI
0957+561 AwKdy hn[ ieh ikzwr eynI dUr hY ik ies qoN DrqI q`k
phuMcx leI rOSnI nUM vI kroVW swl l`g jWdy hn[ ikzwr qoN Awaux vwlI
rOSnI, DrqI au~pr is`DI nhIN AwauNdI, ieh rsqy iv`c pYNdI ie`k glYksI
nUM vl ky AwauNdI hY[
jwhn glwiefmYn (1984) ny ie`k lyK iv`c ieh d`sx dI koiSS kIqI
hY ik Agr 0957+561 qoN Aw rhI rOSnI nUM iksy Aijhy XMqr nwl dyKx
dI koiSs kIqI jWdI hY ijs iv`c ik rOSnI nUM kxW dy rUp iv`c dyKx dw
pRbMD hovy qW pqw cldw hY ik rsqy iv`c pYNdI glYksI nUM pwr krn leI
keI kx aus dy K`by pwisEN dI GuMm ky AwauNdy hn Aqy keI s`jy pwisEN
dI[ pr jy ies pihly XMqr dI QW ieh rOSnI iksy Aijhy XMqr nwl dyKI
jWdI hY ijhVw ik rOSnI dy kyvl qrMg rUp nUM hI dyK skdw hovy (ikauNik
donoN rUp qW ie`ko vyly koeI XMqr jW mnu`K dyK nhIN skdw - AnsritintI
isDWq) qW ieh jwx ky bVI hYrwnI huMdI hY ik ies siQqI iv`c rOSnI dw

hr kx qrMgW dy rUp iv`c glYksI dy dohW pwisAW qoN dI ies qrWH lMG
ky AwauNdw hY ijvyN ik ndI dy ivckwr pey iksy v`fy p`Qr dy donW pwisAW
qoN dI pwxI dIAW lihrW lMGdIAW hn[
ieh qW sp`St hI hY ik ie`k Poton nUM donW XMqrW nwl jW dono FMgW
nwl ie`ko vyly nhIN dyiKAw jw skdw[ ies leI dyKx dy FMg (jW XMqr dI
cox) rwhIN ivigAwnI aus Poton nUM jW qW ie`k kx dy rUp iv`c glYksI dy
ie`k pwisEN dI lMG ky Awaux leI mzbUr krdw hY Aqy jW Pyr qrMg dy
rUp iv`c aus glYksI dy donW pwisAW qoN dI[ donW kysW iv`c ivigAwnI
duAwrw dyKx FMg (XMqr) dI cox l`KW kroVW swl pihlW glYksI pwr kr
rhy Poton nUM gYr pRiqvwdI FMg nwl pRBwivq kr idMdI hY[
dyKx vwlI qW g`l ieh hY ik auh glYksI ijs nUM pwr krky Poton
ivigAwnI dy XMqr q`k phuMicAw hY, auh glYksI DrqI qoN kroVW rOSnI
swl dUr hY[ ies leI ivigAwnI duAwrw dyKx dy FMg dI cox (XMqr dI
cox) jo auh A`j kr irhw hY, ies A`j dy vrqwry (XMqr dI cox) rwhIN aus
Gtnw (Poton dy rsqy) nUM qbdIl kr idMdI hY ijhVI ik kroVW swl pihlW
vwpr cu`kI hY[ kroVW swl pihlW Poton glYksI dy iksy ie`k pwisEN dI
ho ky lMiGAw sI jW ik ie`k qrMg dy rUp iv`c glYksI dy donW pwisAW nUM
vl ky, ies g`l dw PYslw Blw A`j ikvyN ho skdw hY? pr ies kys iv`c
ieho hI qW ho irhw hY? 7
bhuqw iDAwn dyx vwlI g`l qW ieh hY ik A`j dI qwrIk iv`c qzrbw
kr rhy ivigAwnI (drSk) Aqy kroVW swl pihlW glYksI pwr kr rhy
Poton (Gtnw) ivckwr koeI BOiqk (rOSnI jW ies qrHW dy iksy hor
mIfIAm rwhIN) irSqw qW ho nhIN skdw[ ieh irSqw jW sMcwr dy iksy
Aijhy mIfIAm rwhIN hI sMBv hY, jo ibnW koeI vkq Krc kIqy kroVW swl
dw s&r kr lvy jW ik ie`ko vyly hr QW phuMc sky[ sgoN ies qoN vI v`D
smyN dI ault idSw iv`c c`l ky kroVW swl pihlW iksy AnMq dUrI qy vwprI
Gtnw nUM qbdIl kr sky[
ieh swrw kuJ qd hI sMBv ho skdw hY jykr swrI isRStI jW bRihmMf
ZYr sQwnk (nwnlokn) hovy qy jW Pyr swrw smW sQwn iksy ienstYntynIAs
sMrcnw iv`c b`Jw ipAw hovy[ g`l qW auho hI hY ik smu`cI isRStI Aqy ies
dy smu`cy ieiqhws dy A-kwilk Aqy A-sQwink sMrcnw iv`c b`Jy hox qoN
ibnW auprokq vrqwrw Gt hI nhIN sI skdw[
iesy leI 1984 iv`c BOiqk ivigAwnIAW dI AmrIkn suswietI nUM
sMboDn krdy hoey tYksws XUnIvristI dy sr jOhn vIlHr ny ieh inrxw
pyS kIqw ik hux bRihmMf jW isRStI nUM bwhrmuKI FMg nwl iksy QW au~pr
siQq mwdy dI sMrcnw (hwrfvyAr) nhIN smiJAw jw skdw[ vIlHr ny
ies nUM ‘mIinMg XUnIvrs’ jW ‘mIinMg sw&tvyAr’ dw nwm id`qw Aqy
d`isAw ik ieh ZYr sQwnk hY, jo ikqy vI siQq nhIN jW Pyr ik hr QW
hI mOjUd hY[ Awpxy ies BwSn (prcy) dw swr pyS krdy smyN aunHW ny ieh
g`l iPr duhrweI ik mnu`K nUM hux ieh g`l p`kI qrHW jwx lYxI cwhIdI hY
ik ieh isRStI nw qW mwdy dI bxI hoeI hY Aqy nw hI aUrjw dI[ sgoN ieh
qW Su`D igAwn dI bxI hoeI hY[ 8
swcy qy pvnw BieAw pvnY qy jlu hoie]
jl qy iqRBvxu swijAw Git Git joiq smoie] (AMg ñù)
vHIlr ny ieh g`l Acwnk hI nhIN AwK id`qI ik isRStI igAwn dI bxI
hoeI hY[ ieh g`l aunHW ny AwpxI pMjwh swlW dI Koj dy AwDwr au~pr AwKI
hY[ v`K-v`K pRXogSwlwvW iv`c kMm kr rhy hor vI AnykW ivigAwnIAW
Aqy gixq SwSqrIAW ny ieh g`l idRV krvweI hY ik ies isRStI dw
inrmwxkwrI swmwn Tos mwdw jW qrMgI aUrjw nhIN sgoN A-kwilk Aqy
gYr-sQwink DunI rihq igAwn rUpI (Anhd Sbd vrgI) vsq hY[ AYm
AweI tI dw pRis`D ivigAwnI AYfvrf PrYfikn vI AwpxI Koj dy lMmy
qzrby bwAd iesy nqIjy qy phuMicAw hY ik ies isRStI dw AltImyt st`P
igAwn hI hY[ 9 ies swrI crcw bwAd do nqIjy inkldy hn:
1 ieh isRStI mwdy jW aUrjw dI nhIN sgoN igAwn Bwv gYr sQwink
Akwilk Anhq Sbd (qrMg qoN vI pihlW dI siQqI iv`c mOjUd Sbd) dI
bxI hoeI hY[ ies g`l nUM smJx leI igAwn Aqy aUrjw (qrMgW) ivcly
AMqr nUM jwnxw vI Awv`Sk hY[
ijhVy lok Sbd nUM prw, pSXMqI, miDAmW Aqy vYKrI rUpW iv`c vMf
ky dyKdy hn Aqy prw Sbd nUM sB qoN vDyry sUKm Aqy kMpn jW qrMg dy rUp
iv`c AnuBv krn dI g`l krdy hn, jW qW auh prwSbd nUM Su`D Sbd qoN

wAd dI koeI AvsQw icqvdy hn qy jW Pyr auh Sbd (sUJ, soc, igAwn)
Aqy aUrjw (qrMg) ivcly AMqr nUM hI smJx qy Asmr`Q hn[
DunIAW dy (A-a-m) dy rUp iv`c EAMkwr Sbd bRhm nhIN, sgoN hr
iksm dIAW DunIAW qoN pwr jw ky hI ieh Sbd bRhm bxdw hY[ ijhVy lok
Anhq Sbd nUM suxn dI g`l krdy hn (BwvyN bwhrI kMnW dI shwieqw
ibnW iksy AMdrUnI qrMg jW kMpn nUM mihsUs krky hI) vI Sbd dy Su`D
igAwn srUp nUM nhIN pihcwxdy[ qrMg jW kMpn dy rUp iv`c pRkwSmwn hox
vwlw koeI vI AnuBv, BwvyN auh iksy bwhrI Awvwz dw kMnW duAwrw kIqw
igAw is`Dw AnuBv hovy, BwvyN supny iv`c kMnW dI shwieqw ibnW suixAw
igAw koeI aucwrx qy BwvyN smwDI dOrwn AnuBv kIqw igAw koeI mDur
sMgIq, iksy vI hwlq iv`c Anhq Sbd Bwv Su`D Sbd srUp nhIN hY[
2 ieh igAwn (sÍY-cyqnw) smyN sQwn (dyS kwl) qoN mukq hox kwrn iksy
smyN sQwn ivSyS au~pr siQq nhIN huMdw jW Pyr ik ieh qW hr smyN hr
QW hI mOjUd huMdw hY[ smyN sQwn Aqy pdwrQ-aUrjw dI kYd qoN mukq Su`D
igAwn srUp ieh sÍY-cyqn siq hI inrgux bRhm hY[ irg vyd dy nwsdIX
sUkq iv`c iesy dw vrxn imldw hY:
nw hoNd hI sI inhoN vI nw sI
nw AMqirkS nw ivEm sI
ikhVI sI auh SkqI
ijs ny SkqI r`KI rok
kI auh nIr sI byrok
nw mOq sI nw Amrqv sI
nw hI idvs rYn boD
suAws ley jo ibn hI suAws
aus iek dy isvwie
hor kuJ vI nw sI[
AMDkwr iv`c luikAw ipAw sI AMDkwr
jl hI jl AsIm byinSwn sI
qp dI SkqI qoN hoieAw sI jnm suMn dw
suMn vI sI suMn ivc hI luikAw ipAw
iesy qoN hI bs kwmnw pYdw hoeI
ieh kwmnw hI sI jo mn dw
srb pRQm bIj sI
kvI jnW ny mn dIAW gihrweIAW coN
igAwn dy sMXog nwl FUMf ilAw
hoNd Aqy inhoNd dy AwpsI sMbMD nUM
iks nUM hY igAwn
kOx kih skdw hY ik isRStI dw iks qrHW hoieAw jnm
dyvqy qW ^ud isRStI coN pYdw hoey
iPr kOx khy
ik iks qrHW hoieAw sI ies isRStI dw jnm
ijs dI hY ieh sB lIlw
jW nhIN hY ijs dI vI ieh sB lIlw
jo vI dyKdw hY ies nUM mhW ivEm ’coN
kyvl ausy nUM hY pqw
pr jy nw hoieAw aus nUM vI pqw ......[ {irgvyd. 10 (129)}
gurU nwnk swihb ny vI hoNd-inhoNd Aqy jIvn-mOq qoN pwr dI ies suMn
AvsQw dw mwrU rwg iv`c ivsqwr nwl izkr kIqw hY:
Arbd nrbd DuMDUkwrw] Drix n ggnw hukmu Apwrw]
nw idnu rYin n cMdu n sUrju suMn smwiD lgwiedw]ñ]
KwxI n bwxI paux n pwxI] Epiq Kpiq n Awvx jwxI]
KMf pqwl spq nhI swgr ndI n nIru vhwiedw]ò]
nw qid surgu mCu pieAwlw] dojku iBsqu nhI KY kwlw]
nrku surgu nhI jMmxu mrxw nw ko Awie n jwiedw]ó]
bRhmw ibsnu mhysu n koeI] Avru n dIsY eyko soeI]
nwir purKu nhI jwiq n jnmw nw ko duKu suKu pwiedw]ô]
nw qid jqI sqI bnvwsI] nw qid isD swiDk suKvwsI]
jogI jMgm ByKu n koeI nw ko nwQu khwiedw]õ]

jp qp sMjm nw bRq pUjw] nw ko AwiK vKwxY dUjw]
Awpy Awip aupwie ivgsY Awpy kImiq pwiedw]ö]
nw suic sMjmu qulsI mwlw] gopI kwnu n gaU guoAwlw]
qMqu mMqu pwKMfu n koeI nw ko vMsu vjwiedw]÷]
krm Drm nhI mwieAw mwKI] jwiq jnmu nhI dIsY AwKI]
mmqw jwlu kwlu nhI mwQY nw ko iksY iDAwiedw]ø]
inMdu ibMdu nhI jIau n ijMdo] nw qid gorKu nw mwiCMdo]
nw qid igAwnu iDAwnu kul Epiq nw ko gxq gxwiedw]ù]
vrn ByK nhI bRhmx KqRI] dyau n dyhurw gaU gwieqRI]
hom jg nhI qIriQ nwvxu nw ko pUjw lwiedw]ñú]
nw ko mulw nw ko kwjI] nw ko syKu mswieku hwjI]
reIAiq rwau n haumY dunIAw nw ko khxu khwiedw]ññ]
Bwau n BgqI nw isv skqI] swjnu mIqu ibMdu nhI rkqI]
Awpy swhu Awpy vxjwrw swcy eyho Bwiedw]ñò]
byd kqyb n isMimRiq swsq] pwT purwx audY nhI Awsq]
khqw bkqw Awip Agocru Awpy AlKu lKwiedw]ñó]
jw iqsu Bwxw qw jgqu aupwieAw] bwJu klw Awfwxu rhwieAw]
bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey mwieAw mohu vDwiedw]ñô]
ivrly kau guir sbdu suxwieAw] kir kir dyKY hukmu sbwieAw]
KMf bRhmMf pwqwl ArMBy gupqhu prgtI Awiedw]ñõ]
qw kw AMqu n jwxY koeI] pUry gur qy soJI hoeI]
nwnk swic rqy ibsmwdI ibsm Bey gux gwiedw]ñö]ó]ñõ]
(AMg ñúóõ)
keI vwr jdoN ieh ikhw ik inrgux Sbd rUp qoN hI srgux srUp auqpMn
hoieAw hY qW ies dw mqlb ieh nhIN huMdw ik srgux srUp pYdw krn
qoN bwAd inrgux srUp Awp Alop ho igAw jW Pyr ik inrgux Aqy srgux
srUp iv`c do Al`g Al`g hsqIAW ny hoNd Dwr leI hY[ jW Pyr ik Sbd
bRhm dI inrgux Aqy srgux, do rUpW iv`c vMfI pY geI[ smW, sQwn Aqy
pdwrQ-aUrjw qoN pwr Sbd bRhm dw inrMqr vws hY:
su sbd kw khw vwsu kQIAly ijqu qrIAY Bvjlu sMswro] (AMg ùôô)
su sbd kau inrMqir vwsu AlKM jh dyKw qh soeI] (AMg ùôô)
aus iv`c vMfI pYx dw suAwl hI nhIN ikauNik auh prIpUrx qW hmySW ie`k
hI hY:
krx kwrx pRBu eyku hY dUsr nwhI koie]
(AMg ò÷ö)
BwvyN Sbd bRhm sdw rihx vwlw ie`ko ie`k s`c hY - “eyko sbdu eyko pRBu
vrqY sB eyksu qy auqpiq clY]” pr ies ie`ko ie`k siq qoN ijs srgux
srUp dI auqpqI huMdI hY auh vI Sbd bRhm dI qrHW hI siq hY: “Awip siq
kIAw sBu siq] iqsu pRB qy sglI auqpiq]”[ pr ies dy bwvjUd vI
inrgux Aqy srgux bRhm do v`KrIAW hsqIAW nhIN hn: “srgun inrgun
inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip] Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip]”
ies Sbd bRhm dI ismltynIAs hoNd iv`c b`Jy hoey do rUp hn[ ApUrn
vsqUAW qW ie`k dUsrI dw sihXog pRwpq krn leI iksy v`fy pRbMD dw AMg
ho skdIAW hn, pr srgun Aqy inrgun bRhm qW Awp pirpUrn hn, ies
leI ieh Sbd bRhm dy ApUrn AMg nhIN, sgoN sMpUrn rUp hn: “inrgunu
Awip srgunu BI EhI] klw Dwir ijin sglI mohI]” auh “soeI gupqu
soeI Awkwru” qW ie`k hI hY[
ies rh`s nUM jwnx leI ieh smJxw zrUrI hY ik Sbd dw suMn srUp
koeI iKlwA nhIN huMdw: “suMnhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry] iqs kI joiq iqRBvx
swry] suMny AlK Apwr inrwlmu suMny qwVI lwiedw]” ieh qW SùD igAwn
dI AYsI ArQ BrpUr AvsQw hY ij`Qy ik ies smùcI isRStI Aqy aus dy pUry
ieiqhws iv`c pYdw hox vwly qmwm ivroDI Aqy pUrk ArQW dI gUMj iml
ky ie`k sMpUrn sMnwtw pYdw kr idMdI hY[ ieho sMpUrn sMnwtw Anhq Sbd
hY jo isRStI dy smu`cy tweIm spys dw iekwgrqw iv`c b`iJAw hoieAw A-
kwilk Aqy A-sQwink AnuBv hY[
ieh smùcy tweIm spys dw AnuBv, ies vwsqy, ies suMn Sbd iv`coN hI
pYdw huMdw hY Aqy iesy iv`c smw jWdw hY ijvyN ik ie`k ivSwl smuMdr iv`c
lihrW pYdw huMdIAW hn Aqy ausy iv`c smw jWdIAW hn[ BwvyN ieh lihrW
smuMdr dw Bwg hox kwrn jW smuMdr iv`coN pYdw hoeI smuMdr dI AwpxI
rcnw hox kwrn siq qw hn, pr ienHW dI smuMdr qoN v`KrI Aqy Awzwd

hoNd ie`k Brm hI hY:
jl qy qrMg qrMg qy hY jlu khn sunn kau dUjw]ñ]
Awpih gwvY Awpih nwcY Awip bjwvY qUrw]
khq nwmdyau qUM myro Twkuru jnu aUrw qU pUrw]ò]
ies qrHW ieh smùcI isRStI Aqy ies dw pUrw ieiqhws suMn Sbd iv`coN pYdw
huMdy hn Aqy iesy ivc hI smw jWdy hn: “iqsu BwvY qw kry ibsQwru] iqsu
BwvY qw eykMkwru]” pr ies ivsQwr dI suMn Sbd qoN v`KrI Aqy Awzwd
hoNd inScy hI ie`k Brm hY: “jYsw supnw rYin kw qYsw sMswr] idRsitmwn
sBu ibnsIAY ikAw lgih gvwr]ò]”
ieh Brm (idRStmwn sMswr) haumY jW Awpw Bwv qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ sÍYcyqn
Sbd dy smuMdr iv`c au~TI iksy lihr dI ‘mYN’ aus nUM sÍY-cyqn Sbd
nwloN Al`g krky ie`k sbjYkt bxw idMdI hY[ sbjYkt ‘mYN’ Sbd dI
inrMqrqw Aqy iekwgrqw nUM BMg krky ausy qrHW krdI hY ijvyN ik smuMdr
iv`c au~TI ie`k lihr Awpxy Awp nUM sbjYkt Aqy bwkI swry smuMdr nUM
Awpxw vwqwvrx jW AObjYkt bxw lvy[ ies qrHW sbjYkt ‘mYN’ (haumY)
Sbd dI inrMqrqw (kudrq dI inrMqrqw) nUM BMg krky aus iv`coN Awpxy
leI ie`k s`iBAwcwrk sMswr (ifjItl ifzweIn) dI isrjxw kr lYNdI
hY:
ikqu ikqu ibiD jgu aupjY purKw ikqu ikqu duiK ibnis jweI]
haumY ivic jgu aupjY purKw nwim ivsirAY duKu pweI] (AMg ùôö)
so suMn Sbd dy smuMdr iv`c jd iksy lihr dI haumY (mYN) jwgdI hY qW aus
‘mYN’ dI suMn Sbd iv`c ABydqw ^qm huMdI hY, aus dw iekwgr AnuBv (suMn
AnuBv) BMg ho ky suMn Sbd nUM Anyk SbdW iv`c KMf KMf hoieAw dyKdw hY[
aus ‘mYN’ leI ie`k Sbd (suMn Sbd jW Sbd bRhm) Anyk nwvW iv`c vMf
jWdw hY: “ieksu qy hoieE Anµqw nwnk eyksu mwih smwey jIau]”
Awpxy swhvyN iKlry pey ienHW Anyk nwvW (SbdW) nUM dyK ky aus nUM ieMJ
mihsUs huMdw hY ijvyN ik aus pws ienHW nwvW nwl Kyfx Aqy ienHW nwvW dy
qrHW qrWH dy joV ivCoV bxwaux dI AwzwdI Aqy isrjxwqmk Aw geI hovy[
iesy dw nwm mwieAw hY:
krm Drm siB bMDnw pwp puMn snbMDu]
mmqw mohu su bMDnw puqR klqR su DMDu]
jh dyKw qh jyvrI mwieAw kw snbMDu]
ieho hI imRg iqRSnw hY: “JUTY lwlic jnmu gvwieAw] lpit rhI Puin bMDu
n pwieAw]” ieho kYd hY ij`Qy AwzwdI imRg iqRSnw dy ip`Cy l`g ky
isrjxwqmkqw nUM smyN dI ie`k idSwvI ivkws gqI dIAW sIKW AMdr bMd
kr AwauNdI hY[ iesy nwl smW BUq, Biv`K Aqy vrqmwn iv`c ivBwijq ho
ky ieiqhws Aqy ivkws dw sMswr isrj lYNdw hY jo tukVy tukVy hoeI
inrMqrqw dy qoVW joVW jW sMgTnkwrI dw pirxwm hY[
iDAwn nwl dyKx vwlI g`l qW ieh hY ik suMn Sbd dI inrMqrqw
hkIkq iv`c BMg nhIN huMdI[ auh qW AKMf hY - aus ny KMf KMf hoxw hI
nhIN[ auh qW sdIv sÍY-cyqn AKMfqw Aqy inrMqrqw hY[ kyvl haumY vs
AweI ‘mYN’ dI ilv tu`tx kwrn ausy ‘mYN’ leI ies suMn Sbd dw inrMqr
AnuBv KMf KMf ho ky Anyk rUp bx ibKr jWdw hY[ ies leI ieh suMn
Sbd dw AnuBv hI KyrUM-KyrUM huMdw hY[
Sbd dw AKMf AnuBv bRhm hY[ pr jdoN Sbd dw ieh AKMf AnuBv
KMf KMf ho ky ibKr jWdw hY qW aunHW ivXogy tukiVAW dy joV qoV jo isrjdy
hn auho hI mnu`KI s`iBAwcwr hY, auho hI jgq hY, auho hI isRStI hY Aqy
ausy iv`coN hI ieiqhws bxdw hY Aqy AMq Pyr aus ny AKMf ho ky bRhm iv`c
smw Bwv suMn Sbd iv`c lIn ho jwxw hY[ ivXog kwrn ie`k Sbd Anyk
ho jWdw hY Aqy muV sMXog rwhIN Anyk Sbd ie`k ho jWdw hY[ mnu`K dIAW
qmwm BwSwvW, aus dw swrw igAwn, ivigAwn Aqy qrk, aus dy swry
smwijk Aqy s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn, aus dy swry Drm krm Aqy moh
mwieAw, swrw ieiqhws jW Pyr ik ieh pUrI dI pUrI isRStI ijvyN ik auh
ies nUM smJ irhw hY jW smJygw sB tukVy-tukVy hoeI inrMqrqw jW KMf-
KMf hoey suMn Sbd dy hI joVW qoVW (primaUtySn kONbInySn) dI aupj hY:
auqpiq prlau sbdy hovY]sbdy hI iPir Epiq hovY]
suMn Sbd Aqy aus iv`coN ies jgq dI auqpqI sMbMDI auprokq crcw
nUM AgWh qorn qoN pihlW kuJ inrixAW Aqy ivAwiKAwvW dy rUp iv`c ies

nUM smytxw zrUrI hY -
1 idRSt/ AidRSt isRStI Awpxy swry ieiqhws smyq (smùcw tweIm
spys) smyN, sQwn Aqy pdwrQ-aUrjw dI kYd qoN mukq SùD igAwn rUpI sÍYcyqn
Anhq Sbd dI inrMqrqw Aqy iekwgrqw iv`c b`JI hoeI hY[ iesy
nUM suMn Sbd bRhm AwiKAw jWdw hY: “suMn smwiD Anhq qh nwd] khnu
n jweI Acrj ibsmwd]”
2 bwhrI Awvwz, supny jW smwD dOrwn qrMg jW kMpn dy rUp iv`c
AnuBv kIqw igAw koeI vI Sbd jW nwd Su`D igAwn srUpI Anhq Sbd
nhIN hY[
3 Anhq Sbd bRhm dw nwm nhIN sÍYm hI bRhm hY - Sbd bRhm[
jykr bRhm AnuBv kihx dI loV mihsUs hovy qW mMnxw pvygw ik auh
AnuBv hI bRhm hY ikauNik Sbd (jW Sbd bRhm) sMkyq nhIN sÍYm hI siq
icq AwnMd hY[ ies leI bRhm AnuBv, iksy hor bRhm dw AnuBv nhIN,
sgoN jo hY sÍYm hI hY - BwvyN aus nUM bRhm AnuBv AwiKAw jwvy Aqy BwvyN
bRhm[ ieh iksy sbjYkt duAwrw AObjYkt (bRhm) dw AnuBv nhIN, sgoN
sbjYkt Aqy AObjYkt donW dw sÍY-cyqn AnuBv iv`c smw ky imt jwxw hY[
so Anhq Sbd ArQ nhIN, sMkyq nhIN, ieSwrw nhIN, iksy hor dw
aulyK nhIN, koeI numwieMdgI nhIN, iksy vsqU jW AnuBv dw nwm nhIN - b`s
Awpy Awp hY, sÍY-cyqn ie`ko ie`k[
4 Sbd bRhm jW Anhq Sbd jW suMn Sbd koeI KlwA nhIN huMdw[
ieh qW Su`D inrpyK Aqy sÍY-cyqn igAwn dI ie`k AYsI BrpUr AvsQw hY
ij`Qy sMpUrn isRStI Awpxy smsq ieiqhws smyq ArQW dy rUp iv`c Aw ky
smw jWdI hY ij`Qy ienWH ivroDI Aqy pUrk ArQW dI gUMj iml ky ie`k sMpUrn
sMnwtw pYdw kr idMdI hY[ ieho sMpUrn sMnwtw suMn Sbd hY jo smu`cqw dI
Awpxy Awp iv`c l`gI hoeI A-kwilk Aqy A-sQwink smwDI hY[
5 ijvyN ik ie`k ivSwl smuMdr iv`c pYdw hox vwlIAW lihrW smuMdr
dw hI AMS hox kwrn siq qW hn, pr smuMdr qoN v`KrI aunHW dI koeI
AwpxI Awzwd hoNd nhIN huMdI, iblkul ausy qrHW suMn Sbd iv`coN pYdw hox
vwlI isRStI Aqy aus dw smu`cw ieiqhws, ausy dw AMS hox kwrn siq qW
hY, pr aus dI v`KrI Aqy Awzwd hoNd inScy hI ie`k Brm hY[ ieh Brm
(idRStmwn sMswr) haumY jW Awpw Bwv qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ jdoN Sbd dy smuMdr
iv`coN au~TI iksy lihr nUM ieh Brm pY jwvy ik auh hI siq (sbjYkt) hY
Aqy aus duAwly psirAw swrw smuMdr aus dw vwqwvrn (AObjYkt) Bwv
aus dy kwrj dw Kyqr, qW aus haumY iv`coN idRStmwn sMswr aupjdw hY[
6 suMn Sbd dy smuMdr iv`c jd iksy lihr dI ‘mYN’ (haUmy) jwgdI
hY, qW auh Awpxy Sbd AnuBv dI inrMqrqw Aqy iekwgrqw nUM Anyk
SbdW iv`c KMf KMf hoieAw dyKdI hY[ ienWH Anyk SbdW dy joV qoV rwhIN
(jo haumY dI AwzwdI Aqy isrjxwqmkqw hY) auh mYN Awpxy leI bolI,
siBAwcwr Aqy idRStmwn jgq dI isrjxw kr lYNdI hY[
7 Anyk Sbd kyvl mYN kwrn hI aupjdy hn[ ‘mYN’ jdoN ienHW SbdW
dy joV qoV krdI hY qW aunHW iv`coN ArQW dI loA aupjdI hY[ ienHW SbdW
dy AMdr koeI p`ky ArQ nhIN pey huMdy[ SbdW dIAW iviBMn pRsiQqIAW iv`c
vrqoN hI ienHW dy ArQW dw inrxw krdI hY[ ies vrqoN kwrn hI ieh
Anyk Sbd Awpxy AMdr ArQW dw ie`k nYtvrk auswrnw SurU kr idMdy
hn[ Pyr ieh nYtvrk PYldw hY - ArQ vDdy-Puldy hn, ie`k dUsry nwl
irSqy nwqy joVdy hn, dosqIAW pwauNdy hn, ieSk rcwauNdy hn, qrk dIAW
KyfW Kyfdy hn, smwj auswrI krdy hn, sìBAwcwr isrjdy hn[ ies FMg
nwl ieh Anyk Sbd AwpxI Sbdx pRikirAw duAwrw siBAwcwrk nYtvrk
nUM ivksq krdy hoey Awpxy AMdr lgwqwr nvIAW sMBwvnwvW pYdw krdy
rihMdy hn[
ieh Sbd ArQW dy DwrnI nhIN, sgoN ie`k soJI dy DwrnI huMdy hn[
ieh soJI ArQW dy ie`k ivkwsSIl ieMtrvUvn nYtvrk dw nwm hY[ jdoN
ieh nYtvrk qmwm sImwvW nUM pwr krky hr dUsry Sbd/ ArQ nwl
irSqw kwiem kr lYNdw hY qW ieho Sbd AsIm ArQW dw DwrxI ho ky Sbd
bRhm bx jWdw hY - Sbd bRhm jo sMpUrn soJI hY qy ieh sMpUrn soJI hI
suMn Sbd hY[
ies leI swDwrn vrqoN iv`c Awaux vwlw hr Sbd hI Sbd bRhm hY[
pr mnu`K haumY kwrn Awp isrjIAW smwijk Aqy s`iBAwcwrk sImwvW
AMdr rihMdw hoieAw mwieAwvI bMDnW krky smsq jgq Aqy aus dy pUrn

ieiqhws nUM ArQW dy A-kwilk Aqy A-sQwink nYtvrk iv`c bMnHx qoN
AsmrQ hox kwrn sImq soJI dw lKwiek bixAw rihMdw hY[
hr Sbd AwpxI inrMqr pRYkits rwhIN s`iBAwcwrk ivkws dy rwh
KolHdw hoieAw Awpxy ArQW dy nYtvrk nUM vI ivSwl krdw rihMdw hY[ ies
qrHW Sbd AwpxIAW qmwm sImwvW nUM pwr krdw hoieAw ivXogI AvsQw
nUM t`p ky Sbd bRhm dI AvsQw iv`c phuMc jWdw hY[ dyKx vwlI g`l ieh
hY ik koeI ie`k Sbd iek`ly qOr qy ivkisq nhIN ho skdw[ ieh dUsry
SbdW nwl irSiqAW iv`c hI ivkws krdw hY[ irSiqAW iv`c b`Jy hoey
Sbd hI sìBAwcwr dI isrjxw krdy hn[ swry Sbd Awpxy sìBAwcwrk
sMgTn smyq iek`Ty hI ivkws krdy hn[ ies qrHW Anykqw eykqw dy rwh
vI peI rihMdI hY[ jo Sbd hwly bRhm nhIN hY, aus ny AMq bRhm hI bxnw
hY - ie`ko Sbd iv`c smwauxw hY[
SbdW dI AwpxI koeI pihcwx nhIN huMdI[ Sbd dI pihcwx qW auh
irSqy huMdy hn ijnHW rwhIN auh dUsry SbdW nwl juVdw hY[ ijMny ku irSiqAW
dI koeI mnu`KI s`iBAwcwr pihcwx kr lYNdw hY, Eny ku ArQ ayus Sbd
iv`coN jgx l`g pYNdy hn, pr ArQW dI ieh rOSnI kyvl aus s`iBAwcwr
dy mYNbr ivAkqIAW nUM hI idsdI hY[ ivigAwink Koj iv`c ivkws dy
sMklp dw AwDwr vI Sbd dw ieh gux hI hY[
8 suMn srUp inrMqrqw iv`coN jgq dI rcnw Sbd rwhIN huMdI hY[
Sbd hI jgq dI suMn srUp inrMqrqw iv`c ABydqw dw AwDwr bxdw hY
Aqy Sbd Awp hI suMn srUp inrMqrqw hY[ Sbd hI ivXog hY, Sbd hI
sMXog hY - Sbd bRhm hY[
Sbd Aqy isrjxw
BwvyN auprokq crcw iv`c Sbd dI bRhmqw: “sBu ieko sbdu vrqdw
jo kry su hoeI]” bwry kwPI g`lbwq ho c`ukI hY Aqy ies g`l au~pr vI
ivcwr ho cùkI hY ik hr Sbd hkIkq iv`c ie`k hI hY, Bwv ik idRStmwn
sMswr dI Awm vrqoN iv`c Awaux vwlw hr Sbd hI ‘bRhm’ smr`Qw dw
DwrxI hY[
kyvl ‘Em’ hI nhIN hr Sbd bRhm hY[ jo smr`Qw ‘Em’ iv`c hY, EhI
smr`Qw ‘som’ iv`c vI hY - Bwv hr Sbd iv`c hI hY[ ijs ny ‘som’ iv`c
bRhm nhIN dyiKAw, aus ny ‘Em’ iv`c vI bRhm nhIN dyiKAw huMdw[ ijs ny
bRhm dyiKAw hY, aus ny hr Sbd iv`c kyvl ieho hI dyiKAw hY[ ‘Em’ qW
kyvl irSIAW munIAW duAwrw bRhm dw kIqw igAwn nwmkrx hY[ bRhm dw
koeI vI nwm r`iKAw jw skdw sI[ irSIAW, munIAW ny ie`k lMmI Koj Aqy
soc ivcwr bwAd ieh nqIjw kìFAw ik ‘Em’ dI DunI sMrcnw bRhm leI
sB qoN vDIAw Aqy FukvIN hY[ ies leI aunHW ny bRhm dw nwm ‘Em’ r`K
id`qw[ 10
mnu`KI bolI (BwSw) dI Swied ieho sB qoN v`fI ivl`Kxqw hY ik ieh
Awvwz Aqy ArQW ivckwr koeI sdIvI Aqy p`kw irSqw nhIN joVdI[
Sbd ic`qr nhIN huMdy[ Sbd aunHW vsqUAW jW vrqwirAW dI AwvwzW
rwhIn kIqI geI nkl vI nhIN huMdI ijnHW nUM ik auh Sbd pyS kr irhw
huMdw hY[ Sbd Aqy ArQ ivclw irSqw pUrI qrHW nwl smwijk/ sìBAwcwrk
sihmqI au~pr hI inrBr krdw hY[ ieh kihxw Swied vDyry auicq
rhygw ik ieh irSqw aus Sbd dI s`iBAwcwrk vrqoN au~pr inrBr
krdw hY[ koeI Smwijk sMgTn ijs Sbd nUM ijhVw koeI vI ArQ dyx
leI sihmq ho jwvy, auho hI aus smwj iv`c aus Sbd dw ArQ bx jWdw
hY[ iksy dUsry smwj iv`c ies Sbd dw koeI hor ArQ vI ho skdw hY[
kihx qoN Bwv hY ik Sbd Aqy ArQ ivclw irSqw pUrI qrHW nwl
AwrbItryrI hox krky aus Sbd dI smwijk Aqy s`iBAwcwrk vrqoN
au~pr hI inrBr krdw hY[ 11 pRwcIn Bwrq dy vYidk smwj ny bRhm leI
‘Em’ Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI jdoN ik ie`k nSIly pdwrQ vwsqy ‘som’ Sbd
dI ikauNik ieh ie`k irvwieq hI hY, ies leI ieh irvwieq ault vI SurU
ho skdI sI pr hux ikauNik hux ieh rvwieq s`iBAwcwrk pRYkits iv`c
pYky p`kI ho cu`kI hY, ies leI bdlI nhIN jw skdI[ iesy leI rGuvMS dy
pihly slok iv`c kwlIdws kihMdy hn ik Sbd Aqy ArQ ivckwr ie`k
Atùt irSqw hY pr ieh Atùtqw, aunHW Anuswr smwijk Aqy sWsikRqk hY,
dYvI nhIN[
Sbd Aqy ArQ ivclw ieh sìBAwcwrk irSqw hI mnùKI smwj Aqy
aus dI sUJbUJ jW aus dI soJI Aqy cyqnw dy ivkws leI bUhy KolHdw hY[

Sbd BgqI iv`c swDnw Em dI DunI sMrcnw (A-a-m) dI nhIN, sgoN aus
DunI sMrcnw nwl smwijk rIq duAwrw juVy bRhm dy AnuBv jW guxW dI huMdI
hY[ ieh bRhm AnuBv inscy hI ‘Em’ Sbd dI ArQpUrn aucwrxW iv`c
vrqoN au~pr inrBr krdw hY[
hr Sbd BwvyN aus nUM koeI vI ArQ id`qy gey hox, hOlI-hOlI Anyk
ArQpUrn BwSweI aucwrxW (iviBMn pRsiQqIAW iv`c) vrqoN dOrwn dUsry
SbdW nwl irSqy joVdw hoieAw qmwm ArQW nUM Awpxy AMdr smw lYx dI
sMBwvnw lY ky bRhm dy rsqy pY jWdw hY[
jykr kyvl ‘Em’ hI bRhm hY, qW Pyr bwkI Sbd kI hn? kI auh bRhm
dy SrIk hn jW Pyr isr& ik mwieAw? nhIN kyvl ‘Em’ hI nhIN swrI
bwxI hI s`cI hY - ‘scw sbdu scI hY bwxI] gurmuiK juig juig AwiK
vKwxI]’ bwxI jW BwSw dw qW kRm hI bRhm Koj hY: ‘logu jwnY iehu gIqu
hY iehu qau bRhm bIcwr]’ ies leI BwSw jW Sbd qoN ibnW qW sB &zUl
hI hY: ‘sbdy hI nwau aUpjY sbdy myil imlwieAw] ibnu sbdY sBu jgu
baurwnw ibrQw jnmu gvwieAw]’
sUrj kI hY? kI ie`k idRS, Bwv ies vsqU dw A`KW nwl kIqw igAw
AnuBv[ nhIN sUrj Sbd hY[ BwvyN ies Sbd dw s&r auprokq idRS dy
nwmkrx nwl hI SurU hoieAw hovy, pr ies nwmkrx kwrn hI sUrj dI
dUsry idRSW jo sUrj nhIN hn, nwloN ie`k v`KrI Aqy Awzwd hsqI bxI[
sUrj jo AsIN jwxdy hW jW dyKdy hW, drAsl auh ies Sbd dI hI rcnw
hY ikauNik ieh Sbd ‘sUrj’ dUsry SbdW ijvyN ik rOSnI, Du`p, CW, Drq,
dMcrmw, AwkwS, bRihmMf, qwry, bnspqI, aUrjw, pRBwq, sMiDAw, idn,
rwq, grmI, srdI, qwpmwn, kloroiPl, Poton, kuAMtm, gurUqw Awid nwl
irSqy joVdw hoieAw inrMqr ivkwsmeI pRikirAw ivc quirAw rihMdw hY
ijMnI dyr q`k ik ieh bRhm nhIN bx jWdw[ Bwv ik hn dUsry SbdW nwl
Awpxw irSqw kwiem nhIN kr lYNdw[ Bwv ik Awpxw pUrn siq aujwgr
nhIN kr idMdw[
sUrj dI qrHW hn Sbd mUrq qoN bRhm q`k dw s&r krdw hY[ Sbd
qW ie`k gqISIl ibMdU hY jo iviBMn BwSweI KyfW iv`c Awpx rol Adw krdw
hoieAw Awpxy duAwly ArQW dw ie`k nYtvrk isrjdw rihMdw hY[ gqISIl
ibMdU hI ieh Xwqrw EnI dyr q`k c`ldI rhygI ijMnI dyr q`k ik ieh
nYtvrk smyN sQwn dI sm`ucqw dw ie`k sMgiTq kwsimk ifzweIn nhIN
bx jWdw[
sUrj vsqU nhIN, idRS nhIN, nwm nhIN, sMkyq nhIN, sgoN ieh qW
irSiqAW dw lgwqwr PYldw hoieAw ie`k Anstybl nYtvrk hY[ mnu`K
vsqU (sUrj) nUM Sbd rwhIN hI PVdw hY, kMtrol krdw hY, mYnUplyyt krdw
hY, AwpxI syvw iv`c lgwauNdw hY Aqy Sbd rwhIN hI aus nUM Kojdw hY[ Sbd
kwrn hI sUrj mnu`K dy kMm dI cIz hY[ Sbd kwrn hI sUrj Aqy
AijhIAW AnMq vsqUAW jW smu`cw bRihmMf aus dI pkV iv`c rihMdw hY[
Sbd rwhIN hI aus ies dy Awid AMq Aqy kx dw igAwqw bx irhw hY[
Sbd rwhIN hI auh ies au~pr qzrby krdw hY[ Sbd rwhIN hI mYQymyitkl
smIkrxW inSicq krdw hY Aqy Sbd rwhIN hI ies dI qknwlojI
isrjdw hY[ Sbd rwhIN hI auh ies aUrjw nUM Awpxy leI ibjlI pYdw
krn vwsqy vrqdw hY[ Sbd kwrn hI sUrj sUrj hY Aqy Sbd kwrn hI
sUrj dyvqw hY[ so ieh sUrj jo A`j AsIN ies Asmwn iv`c cmkdw hoieAw
dyKdy hW, ieh Awpxy guxW (ArQW) dw ie`k nYtvrk hox kwrn Sbd dw
hI bixAw hoieAw hY[ Sbd qoN ibnW qW ies dI koeI pihcwx hI nhIN:
ibnu sbdY jig Awn@yru hY sbdy prgtu hoie]
(AMg ñòõú)
sUrj vrgy AnMq Sbd Awpxy ivckwr aunHW qmwm irSiqAW dI qlwS
iv`c l`gy hoey hn, ijnHW irSiqAW ny ienHW ivroDI Aqy AsMgq idsx vwly
AnMq SbdW dy Sor nUM ie`k pUrn cùp (suMn) iv`c bMnH dyxw hY[ suMn Sbd iv`coN
hI AnMq SbdW dw Sor auqpMn huMdw hY Aqy iesy iv`c hI smw jWdw hY[
jdoN suMn Sbd dy AnuBv dw haumY iv`c ivsPot huMdw hY qW auh
inrMqrqw Anyk SbdW iv`c ivKr jWdI hY[ iesy iv`coN BwSw dw jnm huMdw
hY[ BwSw dy pYdw hox leI AnuBv dI iekwgrqw Aqy inrMqrqw dw KMf KMf
hoxw pihlI Srq hY[ KMf KMf hoieAw AnuBv hI Awpxy toitAW dy primaUtySn
kWbInySn rwhIN Anyk rUpW dI isrjxw krdw hY[ jdoN AOrq dw AOrqpx,
mW, BYx, BrjweI, DI, pqnI, mwSUk Awid Anyk BUimkwvW iv`c ivKMifq ho
jwvy qW audoN hI s`iBAwcwrk ivkws dw inrmwx huMdw hY[ AOrqpx dI
inrMqrqw dw ivKMfn vI bol kwrn hI sMBv ho pwauNdw hY[ bol qoN ibnW

AOrqpx dw mW, bytI, BYx, BrjweI, mwSUk, bIvI Awid iv`c ivBwjn sMBv
hI nhIN hY[ so ieh isRStI, ieh s`iBAwcwr, ieh iviBMnqw, ivSwlqw,
ivl`Kxqw, KMf KMf hoeI inrMqrqw sB BwSw dI hI dyx hY[ ieh sB suMn
Sbd ’coN hI auqpMn hoieAw hY[
isRStI dI auqpqI nwl sMbMiDq BOiqk ivigAwnI isDWq vI suMn
AvsQw nUM hI isRStI dI ku`K smJdy hn[ ieh isDWq suMn nUM kwl Aqy
sQwn qoN pUrblI ie`k ibMdU au~pr iek`qr hoeI swry mwdy dI sMGxI siQqI
smJdy hn[ iesy iv`coN ibg bYNg rwhIN smyN sQwn iv`c lgwqwr PYl rhI
isRStI dI klpnw krdy hn[ ieh ivigAwnI ies suMn AvsQw nUM isRStI
dy auqpMn hox qoN pihlW dI ie`k bIj rUp AvsQw mMndy hn ijhVI ik ie`k
Kws pl qy isRStI iv`c pirvriqq ho geI[ ibg bYNg dOrwn pYdw hoeI ieh
isRStI, AKIr qy, ibg bYNg vrgI hI ie`k AMqlI Gtnw ibg krMc rwhIN
mwdy nUM AqI sMGxy rUp iv`c ie`k ibMdU au~pr smyt lYNdI hY (AlPr, byQy,
gYmyv, 1948)[ 13
ijhVy lok bhuq dUr q`k jWdy hn auh suMn nUM KwlI spys tweIm smJ
ky iesy ‘nhIN’ jW ‘inhoNd’ iv`coN hI isRStI nUM auqpMn hoieAw dyKdy hn
(gunizg, 1948) nobl purskwr jyqU qwp ivigAwnI pirgojIn ny bRihmMf
ivigAwnIAW dIAW KojW nUM AwDwr bxw ky kuJ BOiqk ivigAwnIAW Aqy
gixq SwSqrIAW dI shwieqw nwl iKlwA iv`coN hI ies isRStI dI swrI
aUrjw Aqy mwdy dy auqpMn hox dI khwxI pw id`qI[ 14 BwvyN AirstOtl Aqy
aus dy mglyry icMqkW dy sMqulq isRStI (ibnW iksy Awid AMq dy hmySW ie`ko
jyhI sMqulq AvsQw iv`c rihx vwlI isRStI) vwly isDWq nUM, AYfivn
h`bl (1929) dIAW PYl rhy bRihmMf nwl sMbMiDq KojW bwAd irjYkt
krky pRwcIn BwrqI drSn dI rOSnI iv`c isRStI nUM ie`k suMn AvsQw iv`coN
auqpMn huMdy dyiKAw hY[ ies sMbMDI keI ivigAwink isDWq pyS kIqy gey[
pr ieh qmwm ivigAwink isDWq suMn nUM smJx qoN pUrI qrHW Asmr`Q rhy
hn[
pihlI g`l qW ieh hY ik suMn AvsQw tweIm spys dy SurU hox qoN
pihlW dI koeI muFlI jW bIj AvsQw nhIN, ijvyN ik auprokq BOiqk
ivigAwnI ies nUM smJ rhy hn[ smùcw tweIm spys Bwv idRSt/ AidRSt
swrI isRStI Awpxy smu`cy ieiqhws smyq ies dy AMdr hI mOjUd hY[ ieh
koeI AijhI siQqI nhIN jo isRStI dy auqpMn hox qoN pihlW ie`k bIj rUp
iv`c mOjUd sI Aqy AMq nUM Pyr ie`k bIj rUp iv`c hI iek`qr ho jwvygI[
hoNd, inhoNd Aqy smW sQwn qoN mukq ieh suMn qW bs hY hI[ ies iv`coN
isRStI lihrW vWg pYdw huMdI hY Aqy iesy iv`c lihrW vWg hI smw jWdI
hY[ lyikn jo hY (suMn) auh idRStmwn nhIN Aqy jo nhIN hY auh idRStmwn
hY[ ijvyN hY (+) Aqy nhIN (-) iml ky (0) pYdw krdy hn, iqvyN smu`cy
tweIm spys dy swry ivroD Aqy AsMgqIAW iml ky suMn dI isrjxw krdy
hn[ Bwv ik jy AsIN auh sB kuJ jo kdy sI, jo hY Aqy jo hovygw, aus sB
kwsy nUM ie`ko vkq ie`ko nzry dyK skdy hoeIey qW ieMJ jo AsIN dyKWgy auh
suMn hI hovygw[
ijhVy lok isRStI nUM AirstOtl vWg ibnW iksy Awid AMq dy hmySW
ie`k stYfI styt (sMquln AvsQw) iv`c rihx vwlI spys sMgTnkwrI
smJdy hn, aunHW nUM hrmn bOfI, QOms golf Aqy PrYNk giely (1948) dy
mwfl (bI ivl, 1989) iv`c suDwr krnw pvygw[ ieh lok smu`cI isRStI
dI spys rcnw (kwl rcnw ies iv`c Swml nhIN) nUM hI sMquilq AvsQw
smJdy hn[ spys dI ie`k qbdIlI rihq sMgTnkwrI jo hr vkq ie`ko
jyhI hI rihMdI hY[ smyN dy guzrn nwl ies au~pr koeI Asr nhIN pYNdw[
smW ies dy AMdr nhIN bwhr hY[ smyN nUM bwhr ies leI r`iKAw igAw hY
ikauNik ieh isRStI lgwqwr PYl rhI hY[ ies PYl rhI isRStI dy sMklp
nUM ies stYfI styt isRStI dy mwfl iv`c zzb krn leI isRStI AMdr smyN
dI idSw iv`c mwdy dI lgwqwr auqpqI dw ivcwr pyS kIqw igAw[ Bwv
ik isRStI (sMqulq AvsQw) iv`c lgwqwr mwdw pYdw ho irhw hY[ ieho hI
smyN dI idSw iv`c lgwqwr PYl rhI isRStI dw kwrn hY[ pr 1965 iv`c
Awrno pYzIAwz Aqy rwbrt ivlsn ny ie`k ivAwpk mweIkrovyv ryfIeySn
bYkgrwauNf ijhVI ik cwry pwisAW qoN ie`ko qrHW nwl Aw rhI hY dI Koj
kr leI[ ieh inScy hI isRStI dI auqpqI dI mnu`K q`k phuMc rhI gUMj
hY[ isRStI dI auqpqI dw ieh sbUq l`Bx leI ienHW ivigAwnIAW nUM 1978
dw nobl purskwr id`qw igAw[ 15
sMquilq AvsQw dy sMklp nUM QoVHw qbdIl krky dyKx dI loV hY[ ies

isRStI, ijs dw ie`k Awid Aqy AMq hY, Bwv jo smyN dI idSw iv`c ie`k ibMdU
qoN SurU hoeI, PYldI geI, suMgVI Aqy Pyr ie`k ibMdU au~pr hI muV iek`qr
ho geI, nUM ies smùcy ieiqhws smyq hI, ie`k sMquilq AvsQw smiJAw jw
skdw hY[ smW Aqy qbdIlI (ieiqhws) ies sMquilq AvsQw (klozf
isstm) dy bwhr nhIN AMdr hn[ ieh g`l smJxI ies leI muSkl
lgdI hY ikauNik mnu`K smyN dI cwdr au~qy ausy qrHW Awzwd Aqy Ku`lHw nhIN
GuMm skdw, ijvyN ik spys dI cwdr au~qy auh A`gy ip`Cy jW K`by s`jy jw skdw
hY[ auh hzwrW mIl dUr Awpxy jnm AsQwn dy qW jdoN cwhy phuMc skdw
hY, pr cwlI swl purwxy jnm idn dw nzwrw muV nhIN dyK skdw[
jykr isRStI nUM ibnW iksy drSk dy Awpxy Awp c`l rhI inRq rcnw
smiJAw jwvy qW ieh g`l smJ pY skdI hY ik ies isRStI dy Awid qoN lY
ky AMq q`k tweIm spys dw hr ibMdU ie`k Gtnw hY Aqy ieh qmwm (AnMq)
GtnwvW iml ky sMgiTq rUp iv`c ie`k sMquilq pRbMD dI isrjxw krdIAW
hn[ ies isstm dI vI mn iv`c qsvIr bxwayuxI muSikl hY ikauNik
mnu`K spys nUM qW ibMdUAW dI sMgTnkwrI smJ ky aus dI mn iv`c qsvIr
bxw lYNdw hY, pr smyN nUM auh ies qrHW nwl smJx qoN Asmr`Q hY[ smyN
ivc qW auh ies spys qsvIr dy pirvrqn jW ies dI gqI nUM hI dyKx
dw AwdI hY[ pr smu`cy smyN-sQwn dIAW ibMdUAW (GtnwvW) dy rUp iv`c
klpnw krnw bhuq muSikl hY[ ieh isRStI, ies leI, ies qrHW AnuBv
kIqI jw skdI hY, ijvyN ik ie`k gyNd (ibMdU) hI smyN sQwn dy qmwm ibMdUAW
au~pr AnMq gqI nwl ies qrHW GuMmdI iPr rhI hovy ijvyN ik auh hr vyly
hr QW hI mOjUd hovy[
isRStI vI ie`k nhIN AnMq hn[ AnMq hI aunHW dy ieiqhws hn[ jo suMn
Sbd iv`c AnMq isRStIAW Aqy aunHW dy ieiqhws smwey hoey hn[ qbdIlI
rihq ies A-kwilk Aqy A-sQwink suMn iv`coN ieh isRStIAW lihrW vWg
lgwqwr pYdw ho rhIAW hn Aqy Awpxy ieiqhwsk kRm pUry krky lgwqwr
ausy iv`c smw rhIAW hn[ ieh kRm ibnW iksy Awid AMq dy inrMqr cldw
rihMdw hY[ ieho hI suMn Sbd hY[
ibg bYNg rwhIN ies suMn Sbd iv`coN hI isRStI auqpMn huMdI hY Aqy ibg
krMc rwhIN muV iesy iv`c hI smw jWdI hY jW Pyr ik suMn iv`coN lgwqwr
isRStIAW pYdw huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn Aqy ies iv`c smwauNdIAW rihMdIAW
hn[ ieh suMn qW ie`k qbdIlI rihq inrMqr AvsQw hY Aqy ies iv`coN
pYdw hox vwlIAW isRStIAW Aqy aunHW dy ieiqhws ausy qrHW ies dw ih`sw
bxy rihMdy hn ijvyN ik inRq srIr iv`coN pYdw huMdw hY, ies dw iSMgwr bxdw
Aqy AKIr iesy iv`c smw jWdw hY[ ijvyN ik suMn smyN spys dy qmwm ibMdUAW
dI ienstYNtYnIAs sMrcnw hovy Aqy ieh isRStI smyN dI kYd (inSicq idSw
iv`c gqI) iv`c b`JI nzr dw idRS[
suMn Sbd iv`coN ies dy sm ivsqwrI (koAYkstYitv) Anyk Sbd Aqy
aunHW dI isntYks (bolI) pYdw huMdI hY[ drAsl bolI (BwSw) hI auh Aml
hY ijs rwhIN ieh Anyk Sbd (ichn) Awpxw isrjxwqmk kwrj inBwauNdy
hn[ BwSw rwhIN hI ieh Awpxy Awp nUM Kojdy hn[ bwSw rwhIN hI ieh ie`k
dUsry dI pihcwx krdy hn, irSqy nwqy joVdy hn Aqy BwSw rwhIN hI ieh
iek bxn vwsqy qVpdy hn[
BwvyN ipClI crcw iv`c suMn Sbd Aqy bRhm ie`ko qrHW nwl vrqy gey
hn[ BwvyN ibnW S`k ienWH dy ArQ hYn vI ie`ko hI, pr Pyr vI ie`k v`Ko
v`KrI vrqoN huMdI hY[ suMn Sbd, Sbd bRhm Aqy Sbd (ichn) Sbd hI hY[
ienHW iqMnW iv`c auho hI AMqr hY ijhVw pwr bRhm (suMn Sbd) bRhm (Sbd)
Aqy jIvwqmw (Anyk Sbd) ivckwr hY[ BwvyN pwrbRhm, bRhm Aqy jIvwqmw
ie`k hI hY[
r`b dw koeI r`b nhIN, Bwv bRhm dw koeI bRhm nhIN huMdw, r`b jW bRhm
qW kyvl jIvwqmw leI hY[ jykr koeI jIv Awqmw (Sbd-ichn) hY qW
aus dw koeI bRhm (Sbd bRhm) vI hY[ ienWH dohW dI ie`k dUsry qoN ibnW
koeI hoNd hI nhIN hY[ jIv Awqmw qoN ibnW koeI bRhm nhIN, bRhm qoN ibnW
koeI jIv Awqmw nhIN[ jIv Awqmw haumY dy blIdwn rwhIN bRhm pYdw
krdI hY Aqy bRhm AnuBv dy blIdwn nwl jIv AwqmwvW pYdw huMdIAW
hn[ pr pwrbRhm jo suMn srUp sÍY-cyqn Awpy Awp hY, auh vI jIv Awqmw
Aqy bRhm dI dÍYq qoN pwr jw cu`kw bRhm hI hY[ iesy qrHW Anyk Sbd Aqy
Sbd bRhm qW aus suMn srUp (sÍY-cyqn) dy AnuBv hn jo ienHW qoN pwr hY[
gurU nwnk swihb dy mwrU rwg iv`c aucwrn kIqy ies Sbd nUM mwnx qoN v`D
hor ies vkq kI ho skdw hY:

suMn klw AprMpir DwrI] Awip inrwlmu Apr ApwrI]
Awpy kudriq kir kir dyKY suMnhu suMnu aupwiedw]ñ]
pauxu pwxI suMnY qy swjy] isRsit aupwie kwieAw gV rwjy]
Agin pwxI jIau joiq qumwrI suMny klw rhwiedw]ò]
suMnhu bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey] suMny vrqy jug sbwey]
iesu pd vIcwry so jnu pUrw iqsu imlIAY Brmu cukwiedw]ó]
suMnhu spq srovr Qwpy] ijin swjy vIcwry Awpy]
iqqu sq sir mnUAw gurmuiK nwvY iPir bwhuiV join n pwiedw]ô]
suMnhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry] iqs kI joiq iqRBvx swry]
suMny AlK Apwr inrwlmu suMny qwVI lwiedw]õ]
suMnhu Driq Akwsu aupwey] ibnu QMmw rwKy scu kl pwey]
iqRBvx swij myKulI mwieAw Awip aupwie Kpwiedw]ö]
suMnhu KwxI suMnhu bwxI] suMnhu aupjI suMin smwxI]
auqBuju clqu kIAw isir krqY ibsmwdu sbid dyKwiedw]÷]
suMnhu rwiq idnsu duie kIey] Epiq Kpiq suKw duK dIey]
suK duK hI qy Amru AqIqw gurmuiK inj Gru pwiedw]ø]
swm vydu irgu jujru AQrbxu] bRhmy muiK mwieAw hY qRY gux]
qw kI kImiq kih n skY ko iqau boly ijau bolwiedw]ù]
suMnhu spq pwqwl aupwey] suMnhu Bvx rKy ilv lwey]
Awpy kwrxu kIAw AprMpir sBu qyro kIAw kmwiedw]ñú]
rj qm sq kl qyrI CwieAw] jnm mrx haumY duKu pwieAw]
ijs no ik®pw kry hir gurmuiK guix cauQY mukiq krwiedw]ññ]
suMnhu aupjy ds Avqwrw] isRsit aupwie kIAw pwswrw]
dyv dwnv gx gMDrb swjy siB iliKAw krm kmwiedw]ñò]
gurmuiK smJY rogu n hoeI] ieh gur kI pauVI jwxY jnu koeI]
jugh jugMqir mukiq prwiex so mukiq BieAw piq pwiedw]ñó]
pMc qqu suMnhu prgwsw] dyh sMjogI krm AiBAwsw]
burw Blw duie msqik lIKy pwpu puMnu bIjwiedw]ñô]
aUqm siqgur purK inrwly] sbid rqy hir ris mqvwly]
iriD buiD isiD igAwnu gurU qy pweIAY pUrY Bwig imlwiedw]ñõ]
iesu mn mwieAw kau nyhu Gnyrw] koeI bUJhu igAwnI krhu inbyrw]
Awsw mnsw haumY shsw nru loBI kUVu kmwiedw]ñö]
siqgur qy pwey vIcwrw] suMn smwiD scy Gr bwrw]nwnk
inrml nwdu sbd Duin scu rwmY nwim smwiedw]ñ÷ (AMg ñúó÷)
Sbd dI isrjxwqmkqw sMbMDI ieh crcw ‘Em’ nwl SurU hoeI sI[ ‘Em’
qW ie`k ichn hY ijsdy ArQ hn, ‘bRhm’[ pr ieh ^ud bRhm nhIN hY[
iesdy ArQ ies Sbd dw pRXog krn vwly smwj Aqy aus dy mYNbr
ivAkqIAW dI bRhm Koj au~pr inrBr krdy hn[ ieh bRhm Koj hI ‘Em’
nUM ichn qoN bRhm bxw idMdI hY[ ieh bRhm Koj mnu`KI idmwZ dw ikRSmw
nhIN, Sbd dw ikRSmw hY[
‘Em’ qW auh ibMdU hY ijs iv`coN AnMq bRhm ny pRkwSmwn hoxw hY[
bRhm dy guxW dI iekwgrqw nUM ies ibMdU iv`c dyKx dw nwm hI Sbd
BgqI jW swDnw hY[ gurU nwnk swihb ny bRhm Koj au~pr AwDwirq Sbd
BgqI rwhIN ie`k ibMdU ‘Em’ iv`coN bRhm dy pRkwSmwn hox dI pRikirAw nUM
bhuq sp`St krw id`qw hY[
gurU nwnk swihb ny Em dy nwl ie`k (AMk) Aqy kwr (grYiPk
prYjYNtySn) joV ky (ie`k qW logosYNtirzm dIAW sImwvW iv`coN bwhr k`F ky
ies dIAW sMBwvnwvW nUM AnMq kr id`qw hY, ijs dI bwAd iv`c crcw kIqI
jwvygI) ies ibMdU Em nUM ie`k v`Krw ibMdU nhIN sgoN ie`k Aijhw ibMdU bxw
id`qw ijs iv`c bwkI swry hI ibMdU Aw jWdy hn[ ‘A-a-m’ dIAW DunIAW
iv`c swrIAW hI DunIAW dI mOjUdgI dy pRmwx pyS krky BwvyN ieh g`l khI
jWdI hY ik ‘Em’ Sbd dI DunI iv`c ieh gux pihlW hI mOjUd hY[ pr ‘ñ’
Aqy ‘kwr’ nwl ‘Em’ dw joV ies Aihsws nUM (jo Em dI DunI iv`c pihlW
hI mOjUd hY) nUM jgwaux iv`c shweI huMdw hY[ ‘ñ’ Aqy ‘kwr’ dy joV nwl
‘Em’ dw ieh gux jgx l`g pYNdw hY[ ies dy nwl hI bwkI dw swrw
mUlmMqr jo ies dy nwl hI juiVAw hoieAw hY, ies ibMdU iv`c Aijhw pRkwS
kr idMdw hY, ijs kwrn’Em’ dI BgqI sOiKAW hI nhIN huMdI, ies dy
drSn vI srl ho jWdy hn[
Em ie`k Aqy kyvl ie`k hI hY[ Em kwr hY, Em siq hY, Em nwm hY,
Em krqw hY, Em purKu hY, Em inrBau hY, Em inrvYru hY, Em Akwl hY,

Em mUriq hY, Em AjUnI hY, Em sYBM hY, Em gurU hY, Em prswid hY, Em
jpu hY, Em Awid qoN hI siq hY, jugwdW qoN siq hY Aqy hmySW hI siq
rhygw[ ienHW SbdW rwhIN hI ‘Em’ dw ichn jW ibMdU pRkwSmwn huMdw hY[
pr ieh auprokq Sbd (mUl mMqr dy Sbd) Awpxw pRkwS ik`QoN pRwpq
krdy hn? ienHW SbdW (ichnW) nUM Awpxw pRkwS gurbwxI jW bRhm Koj
iv`coN pRwpq huMdw hY[ bRhm Koj nUM BwSw iv`coN[ so Em iv`c mOjUd swrw pRkwS
jW swrw cwnx BwSw jW Sbd gurU dw cwnx hI hY[ so Sbd gurU dI rOSnI
qoN ibnW ‘Em’ dy drSn nhIN ho skdy: “jy sau cMdw augvih sUrj cVih
hjwr] eyqy cwnx hoidAW gur ibnu Gor AMDwr]” ies leI Em dy jp,
qp, pUjw Awid dw koeI vI lwB nhIN, jdoN q`k ik ‘Em’ dI Sbd gurU dI
rOSnI iv`c kmweI nhIN kIqI jWdI[
jpu qpu sMjmu horu koeI nwhI]jb lgu gur kw sbdu n kmwhI]
gur kY sbid imilAw scu pwieAw scy sic smwiedw] (AMg ñúõù)
‘Em’ Sbd dy bRhm bxn jW iksy hor Sbd dy bRhm bxn iv`c vI AMqr
hY[ iksy dUsry Sbd dy bxn qoN Bwv hY ik aus Sbd dw hryk dUsry Sbd
nwl irSqw kwiem krky smu`cqw dy AnuBv nUM pyS krnw hY - ieh ie`k
ieiqhwisk pRikirAw hY ijs rwhIN kyvl koeI ie`k iek`lw Sbd nhIN, sgoN
swrI BwSw Aqy aus rwhIN mnu`K jwqI bRhmqw v`l v`D rhI hY[ ieho hI
BwSw, cyqnw jW mnu`Kqw dw pRXojn hY jW jo kuJ vI huMdw hY, auh sB iesy
pRikirAw dw is`tw hY[
dUsry pwsy ‘Em’ dI mYfItySn mnu`K jwqI dw sWJy qOr qy nhIN, ivcly
lokW dw in`jI p`Dr qy aus sÍY-cyqn suMn dI iekwgrqw nUM Sbd (Sbd
sìBAwcwr iv`coN auqpMn hoeI) dI shwieqw nwl bRhm dy ichn ‘Em’ iv`coN
bRhm nUM pRgt huMidAW AnuBv krnw hY[ hkIkq iv`c qW ieh vI koeI in`jI
vrqwrw nhIN, sgoN ie`k ivSyS iksm dy Sbd sìBAwcwr (ijhVw ik bRhm
icMqkW dy ie`k ivSyS vrg iv`coN pYdw hoeI bRhm iv`idAw au~pr AwDwirq
hY) dI hI dyx hY[
eyQy ‘Em’ bwry vI QoVHw hor ivsqwr iv`c jwx dI loV hY[ ‘Em’ ie`k
iDAwn dy kyNdr vjoN auh ibMdU hY, ij`Qy jw ky ‘A’, ‘a’ Aqy ‘m’ dIAW iqMno
DunIAW ie`k Awid jugwdI cu`p dI ku`K iv`c smW jWdIAW hn[ ‘Em’ dIAW
DunIAW dy aucwrx auprMq pYdw hox vwlI suMn iv`c[ ieho hI auh ibMdU hY ijs
au~pr iDAwn ny kyNdirq hoxw hY[ iesy iv`coN hI bRhm dw pRkwS hoxw hY[
pr ieh ibMdU ichn ‘Em’ nhIN, ichn qoN pwr dI suMn hY[16
ies ibMdU iv`coN ‘Em’ pYdw huMdw hY ijvyN bwkI swrI bwxI iv`coN Em[
Sbd Koj bwxI dw mwrg hY, bwxI nwm dw, nwm ‘Em’ aus suMn dw jo b`s
hY hI, iksy hor mwrg dw icMnH nhIN[ ijvyN ‘Em’ qoN ibnW suMn q`k A`piVAw
nhIN jw skdw[ ausy qrHW bwxI qoN ibnW suMn q`k nhIN A`piVAw jw skdw[
ausy qrHW bwxI qoN ibnW ‘Em’ q`k nhIN Aqy Sbd Koj qoN ibnW bwxI q`k
nhIN A`piVAw jw skdw[ ijhVy lok Sbd dI kmweI (Sbd Koj, bRhm
iv`idAw jW bRhm crcw) qoN ibnW ‘Em’ dy lgwqwr aucwrn rwhIN hI (Em
jW iksy Sbd dy lgwqwr aucwrn nUM hI Sbd dI kmweI smJ ky) suMn Sbd
q`k ApVnw cwhuMdy hn, aunHW dw mwrg ies auprokq crcw Anuswr TIk
nhIN jwpdw[
Sbd Aqy bu`DI
brIkI iv`c nw jWdy hoey, bùDI nUM eyQy suriq, miq, min, bùDI Awid sB
leI sWJy qOr ’qy hI vriqAw igAw hY[ Awm qOr ’qy mn jW mweINf Sbd
dI ies sMklp leI vDyry vrqoN huMdI rhI hY[
Sbd nUM sB ny bRhm AwiKAw hY[ sB ny mnu`KI isRStI dI auqpqI vI
iesy Sbd qoN mMnI hY[ AwXqRX bRhm iv`c Sbd nUM smu`cI isRStI dI ku`K
AwiKAw igAw hY[ pr hYrwnI qW ies g`l dI hY ik jdoN Sbd Aqy bu`DI
(mn) dy irSqy dI g`l AwauNdI hY qW sB lokW nUM ieh g`l svIkwr krnI
muSikl ho jWdI hY ik bwkI isRStI dI qrHW ieh mn jW bu`DI vI Sbd dI
hI rcnw hY[ SbdW dw lgwqwr aucwrn krdy-krdy ienHW lokW nUM ieh
pRqIq hox l`g pYNdw hY ijvyN ik Sbd aunHW dI AwpxI bu`DI (mn jW cyqnw)
iv`coN hI pYdw ho rhy hox[
rozwnw izMdgI dw Awm qzrbw ieho idRV krvwauNdw hY ik ijvyN mnu`K
duAwrw boly jwx vwly Sbd aus dI bu`DI duAwrw aus dy Awpxy srIr jW
idmwg iv`c hI GVy jWdy hox[ ieh g`l hOlI-hOlI eynI pRbl ho geI hY ik
vydW au~pr pUrn ivSvws r`Kx vwly lokW ny vI irSIAW dI ies g`l au~pr

XkIn nhIN kIqw ik bu`DI vI hr cIz dI qrHW Sbd dI hI rcnw hY[ ies
sMbMD iv`c SqpQ bRhmn dI imswl bVI lwhyvMd swbq ho skdI hY[
SqpQ bRhmn iv`c isRStI nUM qW Sbd dI rcnw mMinAw igAw hY Aqy ieh
vI AwiKAw igAw hY ik ‘jo kuJ hY, aus sB kwsy dI Sbd ’coN hI auqpqI
hoeI hY[’ pr SqpQ bRhmn dy lyKk nUM ieh svIkwr krnw AiqAMq
muSikl pRqIq ho irhw hY ik mn vI Sbd dI hI rcnw hY[ sgoN ies dy
ault Sbd Aqy mn (bu`DI) dy sMvwd iv`c prjwpqI qoN PYslw idvwieAw
igAw hY ik bu`DI Sbd qoN pihlW mOjUd hY Aqy ies bu`DI iv`coN hI Sbd dI
auqpqI huMdI hY[ SqpQ bRhmn (ñ, 8-12) iv`c Sbd Aqy bu`DI dw ieh
sMvwd ies qrHW pRsquq kIqw igAw hY:
“ie`k vwr Sbd Aqy bu`DI dw JgVw ho igAw bu`DI ny Sbd (vwk) nUM
ikhw ik myrw sQwn qyry qoN au~pr hY[ Sbd ny ikhw ik nhIN myrw sQwn
au~pr hY[” (8)
“bu`DI ny ikhw, “mYN hr qrHW nwl qyry qoN v`fI hW ikauNik qUM kyvl auho
bol skdI hY, jo qyry bolx qoN pihlW myry AMdr pYdw ho cu`ikAw hovy[ qUM
isr& myrI ipClg hYN[ qUM qW myry AMdr pYdw hox vwly ivcwr nUM sMcwrn
jW duhrwaux dw ie`k sImq ijhw kMm hI kr skdI hY[ ies leI myrw
sQwn qyry nwloN bhuq au~cw hY[”(9)
“Sbd ny juAwb id`qw, “mYN v`fI hW ikauNik mYN, jo qyry AMdr pYdw huMdw
hY, aus dw sMcwr krdI hW[ auh myry kwrn hI jwixAw jWdw hY[” (10)
“bùDI Aqy Sbd Awpxy ies JgVy dw PYslw krvwaux leI prjwpqI
kol geIAW[ prjwpqI ny bu`DI dy h`k iv`c Awpxw PYslw idMdy hoey Sbd
nUM ikhw, “bu`DI inScy hI qyry nwloN v`fI hY ikauNik qUM qW kyvl aus g`l dI
nkl hI krdI hYN, jo bùDI pihlW pYdw kr cùkI huMdI hY[ jo qyry vWg kyvl
nkl hI krdw hY, auh v`fw nhIN ho skdw[ ies leI bu`DI qyry nwloN v`fI
hY ikauNik qUM ijs cIz dw sMcwr krdI hYN, auh pihlW bu`DI dy AMdr pYdw
ho cu`kI huMdI hY[” (11)
“ieh sux ky Sbd nUM bhuq SrimMdgI hoeI ijvyN ik aus dw grBpwq
ho igAw hovy[” (12)
ies sMvwd qoN sp`St hY ik vYidk pRMprw dI ies ilKq AMdr Sbd
(ikauNik Sbd nUM vwk dI dyvI smiJAw jWdw hY, ies leI Sbd vwsqy
iesqrI ilMg dw pRXog kIqw igAw hY) nUM bhuq CuitAwieAw igAw hY[ Sbd
dI smr`Qw Aqy SkqI nUM au~kw hI nhIN smiJAw igAw[ nw hI Sbd Aqy
bùDI ivcly irSqy nUM pCwixAw igAw hY[ Sbd dI sPot Aqy nwd iv`c vMf
dw AwDwr vI ieho ijhIAW rcnwvW hI hn ikauNik sPot nUM bùDI AMdr pYdw
hox vwlw ivcwr jW cyqnw smJ ky nwd (Sbd) nUM ies dw sMcwr mwiDAm
bxw id`qw igAw hY[
SqpQ bRhmn DI auprokq ilKq BwvyN Awpxy Axjwxpuxy kwrn hI
Sbd, bu`DI Aqy donW dy AwpsI irSqy dI gihrweI iv`c jwx qoN Asmr`Q
rhI hovy[ ieh rcnw nhIN jwxdI ik bu`D ivcwr jW socx dI pRikirAw
Sbd qoN ibnW sMBv hI nhIN ho skdI, Bwv ik Sbdx pRikirAw iv`coN hI
bu`DI dw pRkwS huMdw hY[ pr SqpQ bRhm dy lyKk dI Sbd dy rh`s pRqI
nwsmJI aus nUM Sbd pRqI glq nqIjy pyS krn qoN nhIN rokdI[
iesy ilKq iv`c A`gy jw ky (ñú, 5, 3, 1-5) lyKk SbdW dI QW bu`DI
nUM isRStI dI rcnhwr bxw ky vYidk irSIAW dy ‘Sbd bRhm’ dy sMklp nUM
iblkul aultw idMdw hY: “SurU iv`c ieh isRStI hoNd vI sI Aqy inhoNd vI
sI pr jo hY hI sI, auh kyvl mn sI[” (1) “qy ies mn ny Sbd dI rcnw
kIqI[” (4) BwvyN keI QweIN Sbd dI mihmw vI hoeI, ijvyN ik iq qRYiqX
bRhmn iv`c ieh ikhw igAw hY ik “Sbd AnMq Aqy AprMpwr hY ..... sB
dyvI dyvqy, rUhW, jIv Aqy mn (bu`DI) iesy iv`coN auqpMn hoey hn” (qRYiqX
bRhmn, ò, 8, 8-4)[ pr Awpxy ruqby nUM ie`k AiDAwpk jW icMqk dy ruqby
nwloN au~pr ie`k gurU (Sbd dy rcYqw) dy ruqby q`k phuMcw ky Awpxy leI
Aqy AwpxI jmwq leI srvsRySt sQwn rwKvW kr lYx vwsqy Sbd nUM
bùDI (mnùKI bùDI) dw gulwm bxw id`qw igAw[ ies qrHW bRwhmxI smwj ny
Awpxy hI irSIAW munIAW dy Sbd bRhm dy sMklp nUM iblkul aultw ky pyS
kr id`qw[
iesy pRBwv ADIn keI ivdvwnW ny gurbwxI dI ies qrHW ivAwiKAw
kIqI ijvyN ik gurbwxI vI Sbd nUM srIrk pRikirAw dI hI aupj smJdI
hovy[ fw. joD isMG Awpxy prcy ‘Sbd Aqy bRihmMfI cyqnw’ iv`c gurU nwnk

swihb dI ieh quk: “nwiB pvnu Gir Awsix bYsY gurmuiK Kojq qqu lhY”
dI ivAwiKAw ies qrHW krdy hn ijvyN ik Sbd (sPot), suAws (nwd) dw
Awsx krky DuMnI (srIr) iv`c invws kr irhw hovy[ Pyr iesy Dwrnw nUM
AwDwr bxw ky auh Sbd Koj (nwm) dI QW Xog (srIrk) AiBAws rwhIN
hI ies nUM Kojdy hn[ iesy leI auh Sbd nUM sÍY-cyqn siq AwKx dI QW
‘AMdrUnI mwnisk bolI’ dw mUl q`q (ibMdU) AwKdy hn[ jo mnùKI bùDI iv`coN
jnm lYNdw hY[ pr gurU nwnk swihb qW sp`St krdy hn, “su sbd kau
inrMqir vwsu AlKM jh dyKw qh soeI]” iesy leI ieh ie`k Aijhw AMimRq
hY, jo bu`DI iv`coN pYdw nhIN huMdw, sgoN bu`DI qW aus nUM pRwpq krky inrml
ho jWdI hY, “gur kw sbdu AMimRq rsu pIau] qw qyrw hoie inrml jIau]”
qn ny Sbd nUM pYdw kI krnw hY, qn dw AMDkwr qW imtdw hI Sbd dy
pRkwS nwl hY, “AMDkwru imitE iqh qn qy guir sbid dIpku prgwsw]”
iesy qrHW ieh jgq vI Sbd rwhIN hI pRgt huMdw hY[ so ijhVw Sbd ies
bu`DI, qn Aqy jgq nUM pRgt krn vwlw hY, aus nUM srIrk pRikirAwvW
iv`coN Kojxw PzUl hY, “sbdu dIpku vrqY iqhu loie] jo cwKY so inrmlu
hoie]”
Sbd bRhm dy sMklp nUM aultw ky pyS kIqy jwx dw ivAwkrx
SwsqrIAW dy kMm au~pr vI bhuq mwVw Asr ipAw[ aunHW dw iDAwn vI
Sbd dI krqwrI SkqI au~pr itk nw sikAw[ iesy krky auh Sbd dIAW
aunHW gihrweIAW q`k nw phuMc sky ijhVIAW ik Sbd bRhm dy sMklp ny
aunHW dy AiDAYn leI ruSnw r`KIAW sn[
BwrqI ivAwkrx Swsqr dy ivsqwr iv`c nw jWdy hoey kyvl BrqrI
hrI dI Sbd Aqy bu`DI dy irSqy sMbMDI Dwrnw nUM hI ivcwr gocry krnw
TIk rhygw ikauNik auh Sbd nUM bRhm mMndw hY Aqy ies dI krqwrI SkqI
dw vI kwiel hY[ auh Sbd Aqy ArQ jW Sbd Aqy ivcwr ivckwr AMqr
vI nhIN krdw[ aus Anuswr SbdxW hI socxw hY[ auh kihMdw hY ik bolI
qoN ibnW koeI igAwn nhIN Aqy igAwn qoN ibnW koeI bolI nhIN[ ies sB
kwsy dy bwvjUd vI BrqrI hrI Sbd bRhm dy aulty hoey sMklp dy pRBwvW
qoN bc nhIN sky[ BrqrI hrI AwpxI pusqk dy pihly kWf dy 46vyN sUqr
iv`c Sbd Aqy bu`DI dy irSqy nUM ies qrHW nwl ibAwn krdy hn “ijvyN
mwics dI qIlI iv`c A`g (jXoqI) invws krdI hY, iqvyN hI bùDI iv`c Sbd
dw invws huMdw hY[” iesy qrHW auh iesy kWf dy sUqr nMbr 48 Aqy 49 iv`c
sPot Aqy nwd iv`c vI AMqr pw lYNdy hn[ kihx qoN Bwv hY ik BrqrI
hrI Sbdx nUM nwd qoN Al`g kr idMdy hn[ nwly Pyr BwvyN auh Sbd Aqy
socx dI pRikirAw nUM qW ie`k mMndy hn, pr socx nUM bu`DI qoN Al`g krky,
auh bùDI nUM ie`k gqISIl isstm dI QW Sbd dw invws AsQwn bxw idMdy
hn ij`Qy ik Sbd socx dI ikirAw krdw hY[
BrqrI hrI dI ies Dwrnw ik ‘Sbd bu`DI iv`c invws krdw hY’ jW
ik Sbd bu`DI iv`coN hI pYdw huMdw hY dw ieho mqlb hY inklygw ik AMqm
inrxy iv`c Sbdx jW socx dw kMm bu`DI hI krdI hY[ ies qrHW pRqIq ho
skdw hY ik ijvyN ies ibAwn iv`c BrqrI hrI dI g`l nUM Awpxy ihswb
nwl vDw ky pyS kr id`qw igAw hovy[ pr ieh g`l ies leI kihxI pYNdI
hY ikauNik ies dy ault ieh g`l ik Sbdx jW socx dI pRikirAw iv`coN
hI bu`DI dI auqpqI huMdI hY” BrqrI hrI dI soc iv`c iP`t nhIN bYTygI[
drAsl eyQy BrqrI hrI sÍY-ivroDI ivcwrW dy iSkwr ho jWdy hn[
auh sPot nUM nwd (kwilk) qoN v`KrI Akwilk Aqy inrpyK vsqU mMndy
hn[ pr nwl ieh vI ivSvws krdy hn ik SbdxW hI socxw hY[ qW kI
Sbdx dI pRikirAw nwl pRikirAw hY, sPot dI pRikirAw nhIN? kI sPot
ie`k hY jW Anyk? jy Anyk sPotW hn qW hryk hI A-kwilk Aqy inrpyK
hY?
BrqrI hrI ieh nhIN smJ pwauNdy hn ik inrpyK Aqy kwilk sPot
jo nwd (A`KrW) qoN pwr dI vsqU khI jw skdI hY, auh qW kyvl ie`k
pwrbRhm hI hY,
AKr mih iqRBvn pRiB Dwry] AKr kir kir byd bIcwry]
AKr swsqR isMimRiq purwnw] AKr nwd kQn vK´wnw]
AKr mukiq jugiq BY Brmw] AKr krm ikriq suc Drmw]
idRsitmwn AKr hY jyqw] nwnk pwrbRhm inrlypw] (AMg òöñ)
aus nwd jW A`KrW qoN pwr sÍY-cyqn ie`k qoN ibnW bwkI sB dI hoNd kyvl
ienHW A`KrW iv`c hI hY[ ieh A`Kr jdoN ivkws krdy krdy (ArQW dy PYl
rhy nYtvrk kwrn) bRhm bxdy hn, qW bs ausy sUqr iv`c hI A`KrW jW

nwd qoN pwr jWdy hn[ aus qoN pihlW ieh kwilk hI huMdy hn[
ies qrHW BrqrI hrI vI Sbd dy vYidk sMklp dy ault bRhmxI
Dwrnw dy h`k iv`c Bugq jWdy hn[ ies bRwhmxI Dwrnw dw mMqv ijvyN ik
pihlW dyiKAw jw cu`kw hY, bRwhmx ivAkqI nUM AiDAwpk qoN gurU bxw ky
aus dI jmwqI srboqmqw nUM sQwpq krnw sI[ BwvyN ieh bRwhmxI Dwrnw
iksy Koj jW AiDAYn au~pr nhIN, sgoN ie`k moty ijhy swDwrn mnùKI AnuBv
au~pr hI AwDwirq sI[
Sbd bRhm dy aulty hoey sMklp nUM muV is`iDAW krky shI lIh au~pr
pwaux dw kMm pMdrvIN sdI iv`c Aw ky gurU nwnk swihb ny kIqw[ is`D
goSit iv`c gurU nwnk XogIAW nwl ies msly au~pr ivcwr crcw krdy
hoey ieh sp`St krdy hn ik gurU qW kyvl Aqy kyvl Sbd hI hY,
kvx mUlu kvx miq vylw] qyrw kvxu gurU ijs kw qU cylw]
kvx kQw ly rhhu inrwly] bolY nwnku suxhu qum bwly]
eysu kQw kw dyie bIcwru] Bvjlu sbid lµGwvxhwru]ôó]
pvn ArMBu siqgur miq vylw] sbdu gurU suriq Duin cylw]
AkQ kQw ly rhau inrwlw] nwnk juig juig gur gopwlw]
eyku sbdu ijqu kQw vIcwrI] gurmuiK haumY Agin invwrI]ôô]
(AMg ùôò)
gurU swihb ny Sbd nUM gurU Aqy bu`DI nUM cyly dw ruqbw pRdwn krky Sbd
bRhm dy aulty hoey sMklp nUM muV is`Dw KVHw kr id`qw[ gurU swihb kihMdy
hn, “sbdu gur pIrw gihr gMBIrw ibnu sbdY jgu baurwnµ]”
Pyr jdoN XogI gurU swihb qoN Sbd dw itkwxw pùCdy hn, qW gurU swihb
ies dw itkwxw bu`DI iv`c nhIN d`sdy, sgoN AwKdy hn ik ieh qW hr QW
hI mOjUd hY,
su sbd kw khw vwsu kQIAly ijqu qrIAY Bvjlu sMswro] (AMg ùôô)
su sbd kau inrMqir vwsu AlKM jh dyKw qh soeI]
(AMg ùôô)
jdoN XogI mn (bu`DI) Aqy Sbd dy irSqy bwry suAwl krdy hn qW gurU
swihb AwKdy hn ik Sbd qoN ibnW mn kuJ vI nhIN, bs ie`k AMDyr hI
hY[ mn jW bu`DI qW auh cwnx hY, jo Sbd kwrn hI aupjdw hY, “sbdu
BwKq sis joiq Apwrw] sis Gir sUru vsY imtY AMiDAwrw]”qIsry mhly
iv`c vI gurU swihb ieho AwKdy hn, “ibnu sbdY AMqir Awnyrw] n vsqu
lhY n cUkY Pyrw]”
Sbd rwhIN suriq miq mn bùD ikMJ GVy jWdy hn? Bwv ik Sbd bùDI
dI rcnw ikMJ krdw hY? ies suAwl dw juAwb dyx qoN pihlW ieh vI
sp`St kr dyxw zrUrI Bwsdw hY ik AjokIAW jIv ivigAwnI l`BqW ny vI
ieh swbq kr id`qw hY ik mnùK iv`c bùDI dy ivkws nwl BwSw dI auqpqI
nhIN hoeI, sgoN BwSw ny hI mnùKI bùDI dy ivkws nUM sMBv bxwieAw hY[ jIv
ivigAwnI ivSvws krdy hn ik bolI dy SurU hox nwl hI idmwg dw sweIz
vDxw SurU hoieAw[ BwSw ivigAwnI Aqy smwj SwsqrI vI ieh mMndy hn
ik BwSw kwrn hI mnu`KI smwj Aqy s`iBAwcwr dw ivkws sMBv ho
pwieAw[ ies sMbMD iv`c AmrIkn smwj SwsqrI jOrj hrbrt mIf Aqy
rUsI mnoivigAwnI lyv sImInoivc vweIgOtskI dw kMm bhuq mh`qvpUrn
hY[ 18 jIv ivkws dw AiDAYn krn vwly d`sdy hn ik Awid mwnv
AstYloipQIks iv`c 30 qoN 40 l`K swl pihlW AwvwzW nUM SbdW dw rUp
dyx vwly AMgW dw ivkws SurU ho igAw sI jo ik homoierYkts iv`c 15 qoN
30 l`K swl pihlW pUrw hoieAw[ ies srIrk qbdIlI qoN pRmwx imldw
hY ik AstYloipQIks ny SbdW dw aucwrn SurU kr id`qw sI ijsdy cox
dbwau (slYkitv pRYSr) kwrn homoierYkits iv`c ieh AMg pUrI qrHW nwl
ivksq kr gey[ ienHW AMgW dy nwl nwl hI idmwg dy sweIz iv`c vI vwDw
hoieAw[ ies g`l qoN sp`St huMdw hY ik idmwg dy sweIz iv`c vwDw BwSw
dy ivkws qoN pihlW nhIN, sgoN aus dy nwl nwl hI huMdw hY[ fw. kmldIp
kOr ny Awpxy lyK ‘mnu`KI ivkws dOrwn Sbd dI auqpqI’ iv`c ies crcw
nUM ies qrWH nwl smyitAw hY,
“mnu`KI BwSw nwl juVIAW kwrj ivDIAW ijvyN ik socx, smJx, Xwd
r`Kx, is`Kx, Sbdx, qrk lVwaux, XojnwkwrI, dlIlbwzI Awid dI
Awmd kwrn hI sYrIbrl kwrtYks dw ivkws hoieAw[ BwSw dI vrqoN
dIAW ienHW loVW ny hI mnu`KI idmwg dy ivkws dw rsqw KoilHAw ijs dy

nqIjy vjoN mnu`K dI bu`DI dw ivkws vI hoieAw[ imlr (1927) mIf
(1934) Aqy vweIgOtskI (1962) Anuswr mnu`K dI bu`DI BwSw dI hI
pYdwvwr hY[ grInvuf Aqy sintI (1977) ny vI BwSw nUM hI idmwgI vwDy
dw AwDwr mMinAw hY[ jdoN mnu`K ny bolxw SurU kIqw qW aus dI XwddwSq
Aqy isKlweI dI pRbl loV ny idmwg au~pr ie`k iq`Kw islYkitv pRYSr
pwieAw ijs kwrn aus dw sYrIbl kwrtYks vDxw SurU ho igAw[ iesy
kwrn hOlI hOlI mnùK dI q`QW Aqy sMklpW nUM BwSw rwhIN mylx dI smr`Qw
vI vDdI geI jo Awaux vwlI smwijk Aqy sìBAwcwrk izMdgI dw AwDwr
bxI[ nobl ienwm jyqU pRis`D inaUroiPizAwloijst sr jOhn AYklys
(1989) ny AwpxIAW aumr Br dIAW KojW iv`coN vI ieho nqIjw k`iFAw hY
ik bolxw SurU krn nwl hI idmwg iv`c qbdIlIAW AwauxIAW SurU
hoeIAW[ AYklys ny mnùKI idmwg dy AiDAYn rwhIN ieh is`D kIqw ik BwSw
b`uDI dI pYdwvwr nhIN, sgoN bu`DI BwSw jW Sbd dI pYdwvwr hY[”
mnu`K ies krky BwSw nhIN boldy ik auh qyz bu`DI vwly jIv hn,
blik auh ies krky qyz bùDI vwly hn ikauNik auh SbdW dw aucwrn kr
skdy hn[ BwSw ivigAwn, jIv ivigAwn, mnoivigAwn Aqy smwj Swsqr
dIAW nvIAW l`BqW ieho swbq krdIAW hn ik BwSw ny hI mnùK iv`c bùDI
dw pRkwS kIqw[
ikauNik Sbdxw hI socxw hY, ies leI BwSw dy pRXog nwl bu`DI dy
ivkws dy juVy hox dI g`l qW smJ pYNdI hY, pr smJx vwlI g`l ieh hY
ik kI Sbdx jW socx nwl kyvl bu`DI dw ivkws hI huMdw hY jW Pyr ik
b`uDI bxI hI BwSw dI hoeI hY[ jykr s`cmu`c hI bu`DI BwSw dI bxI hoeI hY
qW smJx vwlI g`l ieh hY ik BwSw jW Sbd bu`DI dI rcnw ikMJ krdy
hn? pr bùDI kI hY? idmwg dy BOiqk FWcy iv`c vwprn vwlIAW rswieixk
pRikirAwvW dw nwm bu`DI nhIN[ pr iPr bu`DI kI hY, g`l ie`QoN hI SurU
krnI pvygI[
bu`DI nUM smJx leI isauNk dI audwhrx shweI ho skdI hY[ au~qr
AstrylIAw iv`c kMps trmweIt nwm dI isauNk v`fy-v`fy phwVW vrgy Gr
bxw ky ienHW iv`c rihMdI hY[ ds vrg mItr AOsqn Awkwr vwly ryq dy
ieh Gr p`Qr vWg s^q huMdy hn[ isauNk Awpxy ienHW GrW nUM au~qr d`Kx
dI idSw iv`c ies qrHW nwl bxwauNdI hY ik jdoN svyry TMf huMdI hY qW sUrj
dIAW ikrnW cpty Aqy p`Dry Drwql au~pr pYNdIAW hn qW jo v`D qoN v`D
grmI iek`qr kIqI jw sky[ dupihr vyly jdoN sUrj AwpxI pUrI SkqI
nwl is`Dw cmkdw hY qW aus vkq grmI qoN bcx dI loV huMdI hY[ ies
leI dupihr dI Du`p ies Gr dy au~pr cwkU dI Dwr vrgy iq`Ky iknwry
au~pr hI pYNdI hY[ Pyr swrw swl mOsm dI qbdIlI dy Anuswr ies dI C`q
dw FWcw bdldw vI rihMdw hY[
ies isauNk dy Gr dI kyvl idSw jW bwhrI bxqr qy jW Pyr aus iv`c
mOsm Anuswr qbdIlI hI ies nUM s^q grmI jW srdI qoN nhIN bcwauNdI,
sgoN ies Gr dy AMdr l`KW bwrIAW vwly rOSndwn vI huMdy hn[ ienHW nUM
loV Anuswr KolH ky jW bMd krky jW ihlw ky qwpmwn kMtrol kIqw jWdw
hY[ ies qoN ielwvw ies Gr iv`c idn rwq Aqy swrw swl ie`ko ijhw
qwpmwn Aqy nmI brkrwr r`Kx leI bhuq hI au~cy p`Dr dI eyArkMfISinMg
kIqI jWdI hY[ BwvyN ikMnI vI grmI jW srdI ikauN nw hovy, ikMnIAW vI
brswqW ikauN nw pYx jW ikho ijhy vI J`KV, qU&wn, hnyrIAW Aqy grm
lUAW ikauN nw vgx, ies Gr dy AMdr dw qwpmwn, nmI Aqy hvw dI gqI
hmySW auho hI rihMdI hY[
dyiKAw igAw hY ik jdoN bwhr dw qwpmwn (-) 28 ifgrI PwrnhweIt
sI Aqy nmI 30 pRqISq sI qW isauNk dy Gr dy AMdrlw qwpmwn 70 ifgrI
PwrnhIt Aqy nmI 90 pRqISq bxI rhI[ G`t qwpmwn nUM vDwaux qoN
ielwvw v`D qwpmwn nUM G`t krn iv`c vI ies isauNk dI mwstrI hY[ sMn
1950 iv`c jrmn kIt ivigAwnI mwritn ilMfuier ny isauNk dy ies Gr
(jW bsqI) nUM ietlI iv`c ie`k lwvy dy kol r`K id`qw ij`Qy qwpmwn 158
ifgrI PwrnhIt sI[ dyiKAw igAw ik au~Qy vI isauNk ny Awpxy Gr dw
qwpmwn ausy 70 ifgrI PwrnhIt qy lY AWdw[ ies qoN ielwvw isauNk dI
ies bsqI iv`c hor vI AnykW kMm huMdy hn ijnHW leI ifvIzn Aw& lybr
Aqy imlvrqx dI koeI G`t loV nhIN huMdI[
suAwl qW ieh hY ik AYnw guMJldwr pRbMD ikvyN c`ldw hY? ieMjInIAirMg
Aqy AwrkItYkcr dw ieh AjUbw kOx ifzweIn krdw hY? kOx ies dI
eyArkMfISinMg dy plWt nUM kMtrol krdw hY? ies Gr jW bsqI iv`c kMm

krn vwly l`KW mYNbrW iv`c kMm dI vMf kOx krdw hY? kOx ienHW dIAW
gqIivDIAW nUM kMtrol krdw hY? bwhrI mOsm dw Anumwn lgwaux vwly
ivBwg dw kMm kwr ikvyN cldw hY? hzwrW suAwl hn[ koeI rwj nhIN,
koeI jrnYl nhIN, koeI cI& ieMjInIAr nhIN, koeI AwrkItYkt nhIN, koeI
AYstyt A&sr nhIN, koeI mOsm ivBwg nhIN, koeI ifzweIn ivBwg nhIN,
koeI koAwrfInySn huMdI hY ikauNik hr isauNk jIv hr kMm qW krdw nhIN
hY[ ijhVI bu`DI AYny jitl pRbMD nUM sMBwldI hY? auh bu`DI ik`Qy invws
krdI hY? ikaNuik nw qW ieh iksy ie`k isauNk jIv jW kuJ isauNk jIvW
iv`c huMdI hY Aqy nw hI swry isauNk jIvW iv`c, ieh qW bs ie`k rh`s hY?
ies rh`s iv`coN hI ies suAwl dw juAwb imlxw hY ik bu`DI jW mweINf kI
hY, ik`Qy invws krdw hY Aqy kws dw bixAw huMdw hY?
ie`k qzrby iv`c isauNk dI jnsMiKAw nUM kMtrol krky dyiKAw igAw[
ijMnI dyr q`k ies isauNk dI jnsMiKAw ie`k Kws lYvl q`k nhIN phuMcdI,
EnI dyr q`k ieh koeI vI kMmkwr SurU nhIN krdI[ ies AjUby nUM KVHw
krn Aqy clwaux leI ies isauNk dI jnsMiKAw dy ie`k Kws lYvl dI
Awv`Skqw hY[ qzrby dOrwn isauNk nUM QoVHI QoVHI krky CìfAw igAw[ ijMnI
dyr q`k isauNk dI igxqI G`t sI ies ny koeI vI kMm kwr SurU nhIN kIqw[
ies iv`c koeI AYktIivtI pYdw nhIN hoeI[ pr ijauN hI ies dI jnsMiKAw
iv`c ie`k ^ws kirtIkl puAwieMt qoN A`gy vDI qW ie`k dm AYkitvItI SurU
ho geI[ ijvyN ik ieh ie`k dm cyqMn ho geI hovy[ ijvyN ies jnsMiKAw
iv`c ies dy ifzweIn Aqy kMtrol isstm nUM clwaux vwlw mweINf (bu`DI)
auqpMn ho igAw hovy[ ijvyN ies isauNk dI bsqI iv`c bu`DI dw cwnx ho
igAw hovy[ isauNk ny ie`k dm AwpxIAW tolIAW bxw ky ryq dy kxW nUM
Awpxy mUMh dy slweIvy nwl imlw ky Gr dIAW kMDW, imnwr, C`qW, C`jy,
bwrIAW, rOSndwn, drvwzy eyArkMfISinMg isstm Awid bnwauxy SurU kr
id`qy[ ieh kMm EnI dyr q`k cldw irhw jdoN q`k ik ieMjInIAirMg Aqy
qknwlojI dw ieh AjUbw pUrI qrHW nwl iqAwr nhIN ho igAw[ 19
ie`k hor qzrby iv`c isauNk dI ies kMm kr rhI jnsMiKAw nUM jdoN
aus kirtIkl puAwieMt qoN Q`ly ilAWdw igAw, qW swrI AYkitivtI qurMq
bMd ho geI[ ijvyN ik ies bwkI bcI jnsMiKAw iv`coN bu`DI dw sUrj Asq
ho igAw hovy[ ienHW dohW qzribAW qoN ieh pqw c`ldw hY ik isauNk dw ieh
mweINf isauNk dI ie`k Kws jnsMiKAw iv`c pRkwSmwn huMdw hY[ ies
jnsMiKAw iv`coN ieh ie`k nvyN gux vWg auqpMn huMdw hY jo ies jnsMiKAw
nUM ie`k sMgiTq kwrjkwrI pRbMD iv`c joVdw hY[
so ieh bu`DI dI ies jnsMiKAw AMdr AwpsI irSiqAW iv`coN auqpMn
huMdI hY, Bwv ies dy smwijk pRbMD iv`coN auqpMn huMdI hY[ ieh kihxw
muSikl hY ik bùDI ies smwijk pRbMD nUM jnm idMdI hY[ drAsl bùDI ies
smwijk pRbMD dI isrjxw krn vwly irSiqAW dI sMrcnw dw nwm hI hY[
ieh bu`DI Aqy smwijk pRbMD Al`g Al`g nhIN kIqy jw skdy[ kIt
ivigAwnIAW ny smwijk sMgTnW dI isrjxw krn vwly iviBMn kItW iv`c
iesy qrHW dy mweINf (sOPt vyAr) dI mOjUdgI dy Rmwx pwey hn[
dyiKAw igAw hY ik iksy vI smwijk kIt (ijvyN ik isauNk) dI
jnsMiKAw dy irSiqAW iv`coN auqpMn hoieAw ieh sOPt vyAr (mweINf) aus
jnsMiKAw nUM sMgiTq krky ie`k jIv dI qrHW vrqwE krn lgw idMdw hY[
jIv sYlW dI AwrgynweIzySn iv`coN auqpMn hoieAw jnYitk sOPt vyAr vI
sYlW nUM ie`k jIv dy rUp iv`c sMgiTq krky ie`k eykqw iv`c bMnH idMdw hYp
so jdoN iksy sYl, kIt, jIv jW mnùK dI jnsMiKAw ie`k smwijk pRbMD iv`c
juV ky Awpxy irSiqAW dy sMgTn iv`coN ie`k mweINf nUM jnm idMdI hY qW auh
mweINf aus jnsMiKAw nUM ie`k jIv jW cyqnw dI qrHW hI vrqwau krn lgw
idMdw hY[ iesy qrHW mnu`KI smwj, jo ik BwSweI irSiqAW dI sMgTnkwrI
au~pr AwDwirq hY, vI AwpxI ies BwSweI sMrcnw iv`coN ie`k mweINf
(bu`DI) nUM auqpMn krdw hY[ ieh mweINf ijs nUM mnu`K Awpxy AMdr dyKdw
hY, drAsl s`iBAwcwrk jW BwSweI irSiqAW dI sMgTnkwrI hI hY[
l`KW jIv sWJIvwlqw jW BweIcwry rwhIN ijs smwijk pRbMD dI
isrjxw krdy hn auh pRbMD jW bsqI kyvl ie`k v`fy jIv dI qrHW hI
ivvhwr nhIN krdI, sgoN keI vwr qW ieh klonI s`cmu`c hI ie`k nvW
jIv bx jWdI hY[ ie`k AijhI siQqI pYdw ho jWdI hY ij`Qy ik ieh AMqr
krnw muSikl pRqIq hox l`g pYNdw hY ik aus nUM bsqI ikhw jwvy jW ie`k
v`fw jIv[
ies g`l nUM smJx leI AmIbw vrgy ie`k jIv ifktwieEstlIAm

jW slweIm molf dI audwhrn leI jw skdI hY[ jdoN vwqwvrn AnukUl
hovy qW ifktwieEstlIAm ie`k iek`ly jIv dy qOr qy jMglW AMdr gly hoey
p`iqAW iv`coN bYktIrIAw KWdw rihMdw hY[ Bojn dI qlwS iv`c ieh
ifktwieEstlIAm keI vwrI ie`k dUsry nUM vI Kw jWdy hn[ sDwrn sYl
vMf rwhIN ieh kuJ GMitAW dy vk&y nwl AwpxI sMqwn pYdw krdy rihMdy
hn[ pr jdoN Bojn dI Gwt Aw jwvy Aqy vwqwvrx AnukUl nw rhy qW koeI
ie`k ifktwieEstlIAm iksy QW qy itk ky rswiexk isgnl rwhIN dUsry
ifktwieEstlIAm jIvW nUM s`dw Byjdw hY[ ies s`dy au~qy l`KW
ifktwieEstlIAm aus duAwly ie`kqr ho ky ie`k dUsry nwl juV jWdy
hn[ ies qrHW nwl auh iml ky ie`k nvyN Aqy v`fy jIv dI isrjxw kr
idMdy hn[ ieh nvW jIv sB qoN pihlW qurnw SurU krdw hY[ Pyr koeI
FukvIN QW cux ky ie`k fMfI bx gly hoey p`iqAW iv`coN dI rOSnI Aqy hvw
q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ ies auprMq fMfI dy isry au~pr hzwrW ifktwieEstlIAm
bIj kxW (sporz) dy rUp iv`c ie`k fofI dw rUp Dwrn kr lYNdy hn[ Pyr
jdoN kdI qyz hvw AwauNdI hY qW auh ienHW bIj kxW nUM aufw ky durwfIAW
QwvW qy lY jWdI hY ij`Qy ik ieh iPr iek`ly iek`ly jIvW dy qOr ’qy Bojn
dI qlwS iv`c inkl pYNdy hn[ 20 iesy qrHW dy hor vI AnykW jIv hn ij`Qy
ieh kihxw muSikl ho jWdw hY ik kI auh hzwrW l`KW jIvW dI kwlonI hn
jW Pyr ik aunHW dw bixAw hoieAw ie`k iek`lw jIv[ iesy qrHW smuMdrI jIv
lybirMQw keI vwr iek`ly iek`ly rihMdy hn Aqy keI vwr iek`Ty ho ky ie`k
nvyN Aqy v`fy jIv dw rUp Dwrn kr lYNdy hn[
iesy AwDwr qy bostn XUnIvristI dI pRis`D mweIkrobwieAwloijst
iln mwrguils (1981) ny mnu`K Aqy mnu`KI idmwg nUM vI ie`k sYly jIvW
dI kwlonI hI ibAwn kIqw hY[ brqwnvI rswiex ivigAwnI jymz lvlOk
ny smu`cI DrqI nUM ie`k jwndwr jIv ‘gieAw’ ikhw hY[ 21
lvlOk Aqy mwrguils qW pqw nhIN glq hn jW TIk, pr ie`k g`l
spSt hY ik bu`DI jW mweINf jIvW, vsqUAW jW SbdW dw koeI in`jI jW
AMdrUnI l`Cx nhIN hY, sgoN aunHW dy AwpsI sMbMDW jW irSiqAW dw ie`k
sWJw inRq hY[
ieh bu`DI jW mweINf ie`k AYsw sOPt vyAr hY jo eykqw iv`c bMnHdw hY
jW Pyr ik Anykqw iv`c eykqw dw nwm hI mweINf hY[ ij`Qy ikqy vI Anykqw
eykqw isrj rhI, EQy mweINf dI qlwS kIqI jw skdI hY[ ikqy ieh
mweINf dI qlwS kIqI jw skdI hY[ ikqy ieh mweINf (bùDI) BOiqk inXmW
dI mYQymYtkl BwSw dy rUp iv`c hY[ ikqy sbAOitmk pwrtIklW dI kuAMtm
mkYinks dy rUp iv`c[ikDry ieh KMf bRihmMfW dI jumYtrI hY[ jnYitk
BwSwvW rwhIN ieh srIrW dI rcnw krdw hY Aqy ikDry ichnk BwSw rwhIN
mnu`KI cyqnw dw kOqk rcdw hY[
iblkul iesy qrHW mnu`KI s`iBAwcwr mnu`KW dI BIV nhIN, iksy rwjy dy
pRSwsnI inXmW dI ilst nhIN, sgoN AMqr sMbMDq mnùKI irSiqAW dw ie`k
gqISIl inRq hY ijs dI mnùKI BwSw rwhIN isrjxw huMdI hY[ ieh BwSw hI,
jo mnu`KI irSiqAW dw AwDwr hY, mweINf dI isrjxw krdI hY[ so pMjwbI
bolI jW bolIAW, jW auh swry aucwrx jo pMjwbI lok boldy hn, auh hI
pMjwbI s`iBAwcwr dy mweINf dI isrjxw krdy hn[
ijvyN isauNk dI kwlonI iv`c mweINf sÍYm hI auqpMn ho jWdw hY, isauNk
dy koeI jIv ies nUM AwpxI iksy idmwgI SkqI nwl pYdw nhIN krdy
iblkul iesy qrHW iksy mnu`KI s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn nUM rYgUlyt krn vwlw
mweINf jW BwSw vI sÍYm hI auqpMn ho jWdI hY[ ies nUM aus s`iBAwcwrk
sMgTn iv`c rihx vwly mnu`K Awpxy idmwg dI iksy rh`smeI SkqI nwl
pYdw nhIN krdy[ ies sMbMD iv`c hvwie XUnIvristI dy BwSw ivigAwnI
fYryk ibkrtn dw 1984 iv`c CipAw kMm ivSyS iDAwn dI mMg krdw hY[
ibkrtn ny krIEl BwSwvW au~pr kIqw hY[ aus ny dyiKAw ik 1857 iv`c
AmrIkn srkwr ny hvwie slqnq nwl ie`k vpwrk smJoqw kIqw sI
ijs dy nqIjy vjoN ies twpU au~pr KMf dI snAq nUM bhuq auqSwh
imilAw[ kmwdy dy KyqW Aqy KMf im`lW iv`c kMm krn leI dunIAW dy konykony
qoN kwmy Awey[ ieh kwmy pRmùK qOr ’qy hvwieAn, korIAn, jpwnI Aqy
spYinS BwSwvW boldy sn[ SurU SurU iv`c ienHW kwimAW ny AwpxIAW BwSwvW
iv`c ivAwkrn nwl AMgryzI bolx vwly EvrsIArW dI SbdwvlI Apxw
ky imSrq bolIAW dw ie`k imlgoBw ijhw pYdw kr ilAw[ pr ies swry
islisly iv`coN koeI sWJI ivAwkrn pYdw nw kIqI jw skI[
1880 Aqy 1990 dy drimAwn jdoN ies pihlI nsl dy b`cy bolx l`gy

qW ieh bVI Ascrjjnk Gtnw sI ik ieh b`cy ie`k iblkul hI nvIN
BwSw ‘hvwieAn krIEl’ bolx l`g pey[ ies nvIN BwSw dI vwk rcnw
Aqy ivAwkrx inXm AMgryzI Aqy aunHW swrIAW bolIAW ijhVIAW ik ienHW
b`icAW dy mW-bwp boldy sn, nwloN iblkul v`Kry sn[ 22
ibkrtn dw AiDAYn ies hvwien krIEl q`k hI sImq nhIN[ aus
ny iesy qrHW dIAW ie`k sO dy krIb hor krIEl BwSwvW dw vI AiDAYn
kIqw hY[ auh ies nqIjy qy phuMicAw hY ik BwvyN ienHW krIEl BwSwvW dI
SbdwvlI qW v`Ko-v`KrI hY, pr vwk rcnw Aqy ivAkrn inXm lgBg
ie`ko hI hn[
ibkrtn dy ies AiDAYn qoN ieho nqIjw inkldw hY ik BwSw mnu`KI
idmwg, bu`DI jW cyqnw dI pYdwvwr nhIN, sgoN mnu`KI smwj dI sMgTnkwrI
dw nym hY[ ieh mnùKI smwj dw mweINf hY[ BwSw qoN ibnW mnùKI smwj dI
koeI hoNd nhIN ho skdI[ nw hI mnu`KI smwj qoN ibnW BwSw dI koeI hoNd
hY[
ijvyN srIr iv`c pRwx pYdw ho jWdy hn, ausy qrHW mnùKI smwj iv`c BwSw
pYdw ho jWdI hY[ ijvyN pRwxW qoN ibnW srIr izMdw nhIN rih skdw, ausy qrHW
BwSw qoN ibnW smwj dw vI koeI vjUd nhIN huMdw[ so ieh g`l qW socI vI
nhIN jw skdI ik BwSw mnu`KI idmwg dI Kyf hY[ mnu`KI idmwg iv`coN bu`DI
jW BwSw dw audBv hoxw qW dUr dI g`l rhI, ies nUM qW bu`DI Aqy BwSw dw
invws AsQwn vI nhIN AwiKAw jw skdw[ mnu`KI bu`DI jo BwSw dI bxI
hoeI hY auh idmwg iv`coN auqpMn nhIN huMdI Aqy nw hI ies iv`c invws
krdI hY[ auprokq swrI crcw iv`coN ieho nqIjw inkldw hY ik BwSw hI
mnu`KI smwj dw mweINf (bu`DI) hY Aqy ieh mnu`KI smwj iv`c ausy qrHW
invws krdI hY, ijvyN ik srIr iv`c pRwx Aqy kMps trmweIt dI klonI
iv`c swPt vyAr[
ie`k sWJI bùDI dI vrqoN krn vwly AMqr sMbMiDq ivAkqIAW dw smUh
hI s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn AKvwauNdw hY[ pr ies dw mqlb ieh nhIN
iksWJI bu`DI dI vrqoN krn krky aus s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn dy swry mYNbrW
duAwrw sWJI bu`DI dI iviBMn mnorQW Aqy iviBMn FMgW nwl kIqI geI v`Kov`KrI
vrqoN hI BwSk vrqoN iv`c iviBMnqw ilAw ky ies nUM AmIr krdI
rihMdI hY[ audwhrx dy qOr qy ie`k s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn iv`c sWJI bu`DI
(BwSk Xogqw) dI vrqoN krn vwly ivAkqI jdoN iviBMn siQqIAW (BwSk
KyfW) iv`c iksy Sbd dI vrqoN krdy hn qW aus Sbd iv`c ArQW (dUsry
SbdW nwl irSiqAW) dw nYtvrk bVI qyzI nwl PYldw hY[ pr ies dy
mukwbly jdoN aus Sbd nUM aus s`iBAwcwrk sMgTn dy ivAkqI ie`ko
ijhIAW pRsiQqIAW jW BwSk KyfW iv`c hI vwr-vwr vrqI jWdy hn qW aus
Sbd iv`c ArQW dw nYtvrk ivkws krn dI QW ausy qrHW ipAw ipAw
bwsI ho jWdw hY[ Aijhy smwijk sMgTnW iv`c bu`DI dw ivkws ruk jWdw
hY Aqy s`iBAwcwrk ivkws dIAW sMBwvnwvW vI mu`k jWdIAW hn[
iblkul iesy qrHW iBMn-iBMn BwSwvW dI vrqoN au~pr AwDwirq iBMn
iBMn s`iBAwcwrk sMgTnW dI auqpqI vI smu`cy mnu`KI BweIcwry dI bu`DI dy
ivkws leI AiqAMq shweI huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik krIEl BwSwvW dy AiDAYn
qoN sp`St hY Aqy nom comskI dw kMm vI pRmwx pyS krdw hY ik dunIAW
dIAW swrIAW BwSwvW hkIkq iv`c ie`k srv sWJI ivAwkrn (XUnIvrsl
grwmr) au~pr hI AwDwirq hn[ pr ieho ie`ko ivAwkrn eynI iviBMnqw
iesy leI isrj rhI hY qW jo iviBMnqw dI pYdwvwr iv`c lgwqwr vwDy rwhIN
mnu`KI BweIcwry dI bu`DI Aqy s`iBAwcwr dy ivkws leI hI hoNd iv`c AweI
hY[ jykr mnùKI BweIcwry dI ie`ko BwSw huMdI qW aus dI bùDI dy ivkws dIAW
sMBwvnwvW vI bhuq G`t jwxIAW sn[
ikauNik sWJI bu`DI dI vrqo krn vwly ivAkqIAW ny Sbd nUM iviBMn
BwSweI KyfW AMdr v`Ko v`Kry ArQW iv`c vrqxw huMdw hY, ies leI ies
BwSweI Xogqw vwsqy, inSicq pRogrwm qW c`l nhIN skdw, qy ieh ijhVI
gYr-Algoirdimk Xogqw ies BwSw iv`coN auqpMn huMdI hY, auh hI cyqnw hY[
so cyqnw vI Sbd Aqy ArQ dy AwrbItryrI irSqy iv`coN auqpMn huMdI hY,
auh hI cyqnw hY[ so cyqnw vI Sbd Aqy ArQ dy AwrbItryyrI irSqy iv`coN
auqpMn hoeI ie`k gYr-Algoirdimk BwSweI Xogqw hI hY[ iesy qrHW iksy
ie`k mnu`K dI bu`DI aus duAwrw vrqI jwx vwlI BwSw au~pr hI inrBr
krdI hY[ ieh bùDI qW aus ivAkqI duAwrw iviBMn BwSweI KyfW iv`c vrqy
jwx vwly AMqr sMbMiDq SbdW dw Anstybl (ivkwsSIl) nYtvrk hY[
Sbd Aqy jIn

pRwx izMdgI dw AwDwr hn[ ieh kihxw vDyry auicq hovygw ik pRwx
izMdgI dI BwSw hn[ jIn ies BwSw iv`c iesqymwl kIqy jwx vwly Sbd
Aqy jnYitk inXm ies dI ivAwkrn hn[ izMdgI Aqy BwSw ies srIr
iv`coN ausy qrWH auqpMn ho jWdy hn ijvyN ik BwSk Xogqw iv`coN aucwrn Aqy
sìBAwcwr pYdw ho jWdy hn[ ijvyN ik BwSk Xogqw rwhIN nvyN-nvyN aucwrn
pYdw huMdy rihMdy hn ijhVy ik pihlW kdy vI nhIN boly gey huMdy, iblkul
ausy qrHW jnYitk BwSw vI nvyN-nvyN jIv rUpW dI isrjxw krky izMdgI dI
ivkws pRikirAw nUM A`gy qor r`KdI hY[
pRwx srIr iv`c dwKl hox vwlI koeI bwhrI SkqI nhIN, srIr qW
bxdy hI ies BwSw dy hn[ izMdgI rUpI aucwrn pYdw krn vwlI ies
ivAwkrn dI izMdgI qoN v`KrI koeI hoNd nhIN, izMdgI Aqy ieh ie`k hI
hn[ ieh qW auh Su`D igAwn hY jo AwpxI inhoNd iv`coN hI hoNd pYdw kr
lYNdw hY[ ieh qW auh ivAwkrn hY, ijs kwrn jo nhIN hY, auh ho jWdw hY[
ijvyN jnYitk BwSw izMdgI Aqy srIrW dw inrmwx krdI hY, iqvyN hI
ichnk BwSw bu`DI Aqy s`iBAwcwrW dw inrmwx krdI hY[ ijvyN jnYitk
BwSw ny pRwx rihq mwdy iv`c izMdgI dI DVkx pYdw kr id`qI, ausy qrHW
ichnk BwSw ny jYivk srIrW iv`c bu`DI Aqy cyqnw dw pRkwS kr id`qw[
jnYitk BwSw dw AwDwr ‘jIn’ hn Aqy ichnk BwSw dw AwDwr
Sbd[ Sbd ny jYivkqw iv`c ie`k auho ijhI hI kRWqIkwrI qbdIlI ilAWdI
hY ijho ijhI jIn ny pRwx rihq mwdy iv`c jYivkqw pYdw krky ilAWdI sI[
ie`Qy gurU nwnk swihb dw rwg gauVI guAwryrI iv`c aucwrn kIqw igAw
ieh Sbd gUMj irhw hY,
pauxY pwxI AgnI kw mylu] cMcl cpl buiD kw Kylu]
nau drvwjy dsvw duAwru] buJu ry igAwnI eyhu bIcwru]ñ]
kQqw bkqw sunqw soeI] Awpu bIcwry su igAwnI hoeI]ñ]rhwau]
dyhI mwtI bolY pauxu] buJu ry igAwnI mUAw hY kauxu]
mUeI suriq bwdu AhMkwru] Ehu n mUAw jo dyKxhwru]ò]
jY kwrix qit qIrQ jwhI] rqn pdwrQ Gt hI mwhI]
piV piV pMifqu bwdu vKwxY] BIqir hodI vsqu n jwxY]ó]
hau n mUAw myrI mueI blwie] Ehu n mUAw jo rihAw smwie]
khu nwnk guir bRhmu idKwieAw] mrqw jwqw ndir n AwieAw]ô]ô]
(AMg ñõò)
ies Sbd dI ^UbsUrq ivAwiKAw leI fw. iqRlok isMG kMvr dw lyK
‘gurmiq iv`c Sbd dw sMklp : ichn ivigAwnk pirpyK’ dyiKAw jw
skdw hY[ auh ies nUM smJx iv`c bhuq shweI hovygw[ 23
jIv ivigAwnIAW dw ieh m`q hY ik BwSk Xogqw jnYitk ivkws dI
hI dyx hY[ pr ies dy nwl-nwl auh ieh vI mMndy hn ik ies BwSk
Xogqw iv`c auh Xogqw hY ijhVI ik jYnyitks iv`c nhIN hY[ bu`DI jW
sìBAwcwr pYdw krn leI Sbd dI loV ikauN pYNdI hY? jIn ieh kMm ikauN
nhIN sI kr skdw? Sbd iv`c auh ikhVw jwdU hY ijhVw jIn iv`c nhIN
sI? Sbd dw mh`qv jwnx leI ienWH suAwlW dy h`l FUMFxy AiqAMq zrUrI
hn[ ieh kMm Sbd Aqy jIn dy qulnwqmk AiDAYn qoN ibnW nypry nhIN
cVH skdw[ ies sMdrB iv`c mnùKI ivkws au~pr kMm kr rhy kYlyPornIAw
XUnIvristI dy mShUr jYnytyisst QIEfosIAs fObzYNskI dw kMm bhuq
mh`qvpUrn hY[
pMCI Asmwn iv`c au~f skdy hn ikauNik aunHW dy srIr au~pr au~fx
leI pMK huMdy hn[ ieh pMK ‘jInW’ rwhIN pYdw huMdy hn[ mnùK qoN ibnW bwkI
swry jIv vwqwvrn dIAW loVW Anuswr Awpxy Awp nUM jInW rwhIN qbdIl
krdy hn[ TMf qoN bcx leI jIvW dy srIr au~pr motI j`q jW cmVI dy
AMdr PYt dI qih bx jWdI hY[ keI jIv TMf qoN bcx leI zmIn iv`c Sih
v`t ky sON jWdy hn[ keI grm QwvW v`l pRvws kr jWdy hn[ ieh swry
kMm jnYitk qbdIlIAW rwhIN huMdy hn[ pr ies dy ault mnùK nUM jnYitk
qbdIlIAW dy XùgW iv`c vwprn vwly ies ieiqhws iv`coN lMGx dI zrUrq
nhIN[ aus nUM au~fx leI KMBW dI loV nhIN[ aus ny Awpxy au~fx leI
hvweI jhwz bxw ilAw hY[ srdI qoN bcx leI grm k`piVAW Aqy hItr
dI eIjwd kr leI hY[ pr hvweI jhwz, hItr Aqy k`pVy Awid bxwaux
leI jInz dI nhIN BwSw (Sbd) dI loV huMdI hY[ mnu`K ny Awpxy Awp nUM
vwqwvrn dIAW loVW Anuswr Fwlx leI jo kuJ pYdw kIqw hY, auh jInz
rwhIN nhIN Sbd rwhIN kIqw hY[ mnu`KI smwj, s`iBAwcwr, qknwlojI,
ivcwrDwrw Awid sB jIn rwhIN nhIN kyvl Sbd rwhIN hI hoNd iv`c

AwieAw hY[ sWJy Aqy in`jI p`DrW donW p`DrW qy mnu`K A`j Sbd qoN ibnW
izMdw nhIN rih skdw[ ‘Sbd’ AfYptySn dI ‘jIn’ nwloN vDyry smr`Q
ivDI hY[ ieh ikvyN?
jIv Awpxy jIvn kwl dOrwn jo kuJ vI is`Kdy hn, jW Pyr ik ies
isìKAw rwhIN ijhVIAW koeI vI qbdIlIAW aunHW dy srIrk FWcy jW ivhwr
iv`c vwprdIAW hn, aunHW dw aus dy sMgI swQIAW iv`c sMcwr nhIN ho
skdw[ nw hI igAwn Aqy qbdIlIAW pYdw krn iv`c ieh aus dy shweI
ho skdy hn[
ikauNik jInz dy sMcwr dw ie`ko ie`k mwiDAm sYks sYlz hn, ijnHW
rwhIN ieh jInz kyvl mwipAW qoN aunHW dI pYdw hox vwlI sMqwn iv`c hI
jw skdy hn, ies leI jIv dw ieh igAwn jInz rwhIN kyvl aus dI
Awaux vwlI sMqwn nUM hI pRwpq ho skdw hY, aus dy BweIcwry, sMgI swQIAW,
mW bwp, BYx BrwvW Aqy irSqydwr nUM nhIN[ 24
pr dUsry pwsy Sbd dy sMcwr au~pr ies qrHW dI koeI pwbMdI nhIN[
Sbd rwhIN igAwn dw sMcwr ausy vyly swry BweIcwry iv`c ho jWdw hY ikauNik
Sbd dw sMcwr bolI jW ilKq rwhIN huMdw hY ijhVI ik jnYitk irSiqAW
au~pr inrBr nhIN krdI[ mnu`K duAwrw kIqI pRwpqI dw aus dy smu`cy
pirvwr, aus dy kbIly, BweIcwry, dyS jW smùcy sMswr iv`c ausy vkq sMcwr
ho skdw hY[ drAsl bwkI jIvW dI qrHW iksy ie`k mnu`K dI pRwpqI aus
dy iek`ly dI Gwlxw dw nqIjw nhIN huMdI, sgoN aus dy smu`cy s`iBAwcwr
(BwSw) dI hI dyx huMdI hY[ ies qrHW mnu`K ie`k srv sWJy s`iBAwcwr dI
isrjxw v`l v`D irhw hY ij`Qy swrI mnu`K jwqI sWJI bu`DI rwhIN AwpxIAW
qmwm sMBwvnwvW nUM aujwgr kr skdI hY[ ies dw ieh mqlb nhIN k`F
lYxw cwhIdw ik srb sWJy s`iBAwcwr iv`c BwSweI jW s`iBAwcwrk
iviBMnqw ^qm ho jwvygI, ieh qW sgoN hor vDygI[ ie`ko kudrqI BwSw iv`c
iviBMn iviSAW nwl sMbMiDq qknIkI BwSwvW Awzwd Aqy ^udmu^qwr ho ky
iviBMnqw iv`c vwDw kr rhIAW hn[
ie`Qy ie`k suAwl ieh pYdw huMdw hY ik jdoN isauNk dy l`KW jIv Awpxy
kMm dI vMf Aqy imlvrqx rwhIN ZYr ichnk BwSw duAwrw hI smwijk
pRbMD dI isrjxw kr lYNdy hn, qW iPr mnùKI smwj pRbMD dI isrjxw leI
Sbd jW ichnk BwSw dI Awv`Skqw ikauN peI?
jdoN mnu`K qoN ibnW swry jIv AwpxIAW AwvwzW, srIrk hrkqW,
rswiexk sMkyqW Awid dI shwieqw nwl Acyq qOr qy hI bVI jitl iksm
dy smwijk pRbMDW dI isrjxw kr lYNdy hn, qW Pyr mnu`K nUM Awpxy
s`iBAwcwr dI auswrI leI ienHW sMkyqW nUM ichnW iv`c qbdIl krn dI
Awv`Skqw ikauN peI? nwl hI ies suAwl dw h`l vI FUMFxw pvygw ik auh
ikhVy kMm hn ijhVy cyqnw qooN ibnW h`l nhIN sn ho skdy Aqy ijnHW nUM
pUirAW krn leI mnùK iv`c cyqnw dw pRkwS hoieAw[ pr ijvyN ik pihlW
dyiKAw jw cu`kw hY ik mnu`KI jW ichn BwSw dI ZYr-AYlgoirdmk Xogqw
hI cyqnw AKvwauNdI hY, ies leI ieh dono suAwl ie`k hI bx jWdy hn
ik mnu`KI smwj jW bu`DI dI isrjxw leI sMkyq nUM ichn bxn dI
Awv`Skqw ikauN peI?
isauNk dy smwijk pRbMD nUM vI ie`k mweINf clw irhw hY Bwv ik ie`k
AlYgoirdmk BwSw c`l rhI hY, mnùKI smwj dw vI ie`k mweINf (BwSw) hY[
jdoN isauNk dw smwijk pRbMD ie`k AlYgoirdm dy inSicq inXmW ADIn
pUrI sPlqw nwl c`l irhw hY, qW Pyr mnùKI smwj dw pRbMD BwvyN auh ikMnw
vI vDyry jitl ikauN nw hovy, ie`k Eny hI vDyry SkqISwlI (jitl)
AlYgoirdm dy inSicq inXmW ADIn ibnW iksy cyqnw dy ikauN nhIN sI c`l
skdw?
strONg AwrtI&ISl ieMtYlIjYNs (AY~s.ey.AweI.) dy smrQkW Aqy
ivroDIAW, gixq SwSqrIAW, jIv ivigAwnIAW, mnoivigAwnIAW Aqy
icMqkW iv`c A`jk`lH ieh bVI grm bihs dw ivSw hY[ rOgr pYnroz
(1989) ny AwpxI pusqk ‘d AYprrz inaU mweINf’ iv`c ies ivSy nUM bVI
gMBIrqw nwl CUihAw hY Aqy ZYr-mYQymYtIkl BwSw iv`c ieh smJwaux dI
koiSS kIqI hY ik ij`Qy Acyq kMm kwr inSicq AlYgoirdmk inXmW ADIn
Awpxy Awp c`ldy rihMdy hn, EQy sucyq vrqwv iblkul v`KrI iksm dw
huMdw hY ijsdI ik iksy vI jitl inXmW jW AlYgoirdm ieMtYlIjYNs dy
mwihrW kol cyqnw pws hI hY[ ies leI auh AwKdw hY ik strONg
AwrtIPISl ieMtYlIjYNs dy mwihrW kol cyqnw dy ies ZYr-AlYgoirdmk
(Bwv qrk rihq) gux nUM kMipaUtr au~qy pRogrYm krn dI koeI ivDI mOjUd
nhIN hY[ 25

pr PYsly lYx jW inrxwiek inKyVy krn dI smr`Qw kudrq kol jo hY[
ieho hI nYcurl sIlYkSn hY[ ikauNik kudrq smu`cqw dw nwm hY - Bwv
bRhm hY qW ikhw jw skdw hY ik nYcurl sIlYkSn dw Bwv bRhm dI ie`Cw
jW hukm hY, “hukmI hovin Awkwr hukmu n kihAw jweI]” ieh hukm hI
Sbd hY:
chu idis hukmu vrqY pRB qyrw chu idis nwm pqwlµ]
sB mih sbdu vrqY pRB swcw krim imlY bYAwlµ]
(AMg ñò÷ô)
mnu`K nUM Awpxy AMdr jo cyqnw, krqwrI SkqI, isrjxwmkqw, AwzwdI
Awid mihsUs huMdI hY, auh mnu`K AMdr Sbd dy pRkwS kwrn hI hY[ auh
sB Sbd dI hI SkqI hY[ haumY ADIn BwvyN mnu`K nUM ieMJ mihsUs huMdw hY
ijvyN ik ieh aus dy srIr iv`coN auqpMn hoeI SkqI hY, pr hkIkq iv`c
ieh Sbd dI hI krwmwq hY,
hukmI hovin Awkwr hukmu n kihAw jweI]
hukmI hovin jIA hukim imlY vifAweI]
hukmI auqmu nIcu hukim iliK duK suK pweIAih]
ieknw hukmI bKsIs ieik hukmI sdw BvweIAih]
hukmY AMdir sBu ko bwhir hukm n koie]
nwnk hukmY jy buJY q haumY khY n koie] (AMg ñ)
pYnroz jW ies Kyqr iv`c kMm krn vwly hor dUsry ivigAwnI vI ies g`l
dI fUMGweI iv`c nhIN jWdy[ drAsl jnYitk BwSw rwhIN AnykW AlYgoirdm
bxdy rihMdy hn Aqy kudrq Awpxy inrxwiek inKyiVAW rwhIN jIv dIAw
pRsiQqIAW muqwibk PYsly lYNdI rihMdI hY[ so ‘hukim’ jnYitk BwSw iv`c
nhIN, jnYitk BwSw qoN bwhr nYcurl sIlYkSn (kudrq dy inrxwiek
inKyiVAW) iv`c ipAw hoieAW hY[ ies krky jIvW iv`c smwijk pRbMD nUM
brkrwr r`Kx dw kMm qW (srIrk pRbMDW dI qrWH hI) inSicq AlYgoidmW
ADIn cldw rihMdw hY, pr smwj pRbMD dy ivkws dw kMm jIv ivkws dI
qrWH hI ienHW AlYgoirdmW qoN bwhr nYcurl sIlYkSn (kudrq dy hukm)
ADIn hI cldw hY Aqy jIn, jnYitk BwSw duAwrw kudrq dy hukm (nYcurl
sIlYkSn duAwrw ley gey PYsilAW nUM hI sMcwirq hI krdy hn[ pr jIn
^ud hukm (Sbd) nhIN hn[
dUsry pwsy mnùKI smwj iv`c, ijvyN ik pihlW dyiKAw jw cùkw hY, ieh
kMm jIn nhIN, Sbd jo sÍYm hI hukm hY, rwhIN inBwieAw jWdw hY,
iesu jg mih sbdu krxI hY swru] ibnu sbdY horu mohu gubwru]
sbdy nwmu rKY auir Dwir] sbdy giq miq moK duAwru] (AMg ñóôò)
ArQhIx aucwrnW iv`coN ArQ BrpUr vwkW dI cox krn leI, SbdW dy
joVW qoVW rwhIN nvyN rUpW dI isrjxw krn vwsqy Aqy SbdW iv`c ArQW
dy nYtvrk dy inrMqr ivkws leI, jo ivDI BwSk Xogqw iv`coN hI auqpMn
hoeI hY, auh cyqnw hY[ ies leI, cyqnw BwSw dIAW loVW Anuswr iesy iv`coN
auqpMn hoeI, iesy dI hI Xogqw hY[ Sbd sÍYm hI cyqnw hY[ Sbd hI soc
hY, Sbd hI cyqnw hY, Sbd hI s`iBAwcwr hY[ Sbd rwhIN hI mnu`K iv`c
haumY jwgdI hY Aqy Sbd rwhIN hI ies nUM pwr krky auh sÍY-cyqn suMn
Sbd iv`c smw jWdw hY[
Sbd kwrn mnu`K AMdr pYdw hoeI mYN hI aus dI ivqrykqw dw kwrn
hY[ iesy ‘mYN’ dy smu`cqw nwl irSqy dI qlwS iv`coN vYrwg auqpMn huMdw hY[
ieh smùcqw dI Koj, ieh AnMqqw leI qVp, smùcqw dI bùDI (suMn Sbd)
nwl ieksurqw pRwpq krky AwpxIAW qmwm sImwvW nUM pwr kr jwx dI
cwh hI Sbd dI cwlk SkqI hY, jo ies nUM ichn qoN bRhm qIk lY jWdI
hY[
ikauNik smu`cw tweIm spys koeI inaUtn dw mSInI sMgTn nhIN, sgoN
ie`k A-kwilk Aqy A-sQwink mweINf (suMn Sbd) hY[ ies leI ivCoVy
dI qVp hI qbdIlI dI, ieiqhws dI, jYnyitks dI, s`iBAwcwr dI Aqy
Sbd dI ivAwiKAw hY[ so lOky dw mu`Flw suAwl ik kI Sbd jW mweINf
smu`cqw dI Qhu pw skdw hY, suAwl hI glq hY[ Sbd mn`uKI idmwg dI
pYdwvwr nhIN, sgoN Sbd qW ^ud hI smu`cqw dw mweINf hY, jo hOlI hOlI,
ie`k ieiqhwsk pRikirAw duAwrw mnu`Kqw AMdr irvIl (pRkwSmwn) ho
irhw hY[ ieh sImq BwSw (mweINf) ijs iv`c mnu`K A`j ivcr irhw hY,
hOlI hOlI ieiqhwisk pRikirAw iv`coN dI lMGdI hoeI smu`cqw v`l vD rhI
hY[

ie`Qy ies suAwl qoN qW bicAw hI nhIN jw skdw ik kudrq dI jW suMn
Sbd dI AnMidq indrw iv`c ‘mYN’ jW haumY Bwv dw d^l ikauN ipAw? suMn
Sbd dy AnMidq siq nUM ies haumY Bwv dI Awv`Skqw ikauN pY geI?
drAsl suMn Sbd ijs nUM hoNd/ inhoNd, jIvn/ mOq Awid sB kwsy qoN
pwr, ibnW suAwsW dy suAws lY rhI AnMidq suMn AvsQw svIkwirAw igAw
hY, aus dy sÍY-cyqn p`K nUM nhIN smiJAw igAw[ ieh siq kyvl jYivk
(ibnW suAwsW dy suAws lY irhw) siq hI nhIN, sgoN ies jYivkqw qoN pwr
sÍY-cyqn (ibnW soc dy soc irhw) siq vI hY[ ieh BwSw rwhIN BwSw qoN pwr
jwx dI Anhq AvsQw hY[ ieh ‘mYN’ Aqy ‘AmY’ (-) Aqy (+) dy imlx
iv`coN auqpMn hoeI sÍY-cyqn Sbd dI suMn AvsQw hY ij`Qy ibnW soc ivcwr
dy inrMqr soc mOjUd hY[
ieh haumY jW ‘mYN’ ijs nUM hIgl ny pYSn (mnovyg) AwK ky ieiqhwsk
gqISIlqw dI cwlk SkqI ikhw hY, mwrks dIAW ilKqW iv`c ‘pYSn Aw&
grIf’ (qmHw dI Bu`K) dy nwm hyT mnu`K nUM aus dy Asly nwloN inKyV ky Bwv
AYlInyt krky smwijk ieiqhws dI cwlk SkqI bxI rhI[ gurU nwnk
swihb ny vI ies haumY nUM kyvl du`KW dw somw hI nhIN AwiKAw, sgoN aunHW
qmwm dùKW qoN Cutkwry dw swDn jW suMn Sbd nwloN AlihdgI dy Kwqmy dw
sb`b vI AwiKAw hY:
haumY eyhw jwiq hY haumY krm kmwih]
haumY eyeI bMDnw iPir iPir jonI pwih]
haumY ikQhu aUpjY ikqu sMjim ieh jwie]
haumY eyho hukmu hY pieAY ikriq iPrwih]
haumY dIrG rogu hY dwrU BI iesu mwih]
haumY iv`c jgq dI rcnw huMdI hY, “hau ivic mwieAw hau ivic CwieAw]
haumY kir kir jMq aupwieAw]” haumY dw Sbd nwl ivroD hY[ “haumY
nwvY nwil ivroDu hY duie n vsih iek Twie]” ies leI ij`Qy haumY hY,
jgq hY, auQy Sbd dw pRkwS nhIN huMdw, suMn nhIN, “hau mY krI qW qU nwhI
qU hovih hau nwih] bUJhu igAwnI bUJxw eyh AkQ kQw mn mwih]” pr
ieiqhwsk kRm qW haumY (ivXog) Aqy Sbd (sMXog) dy inrMqr tkrwA
iv`c hI c`ldw hY, “sMjogu ivjogu aupwieEnu isRstI kw mUlu rcwieAw]”
izMdgI dw ieiqhws iesy sMXog ivXog dI BwSw iv`c iliKAw hoieAw imldw
hY, “sMjogu ivjogu krqY iliK pwey ikrqu n clY clwhw hy]” sMXog ivXog
dI BwSw iv`c ilKI isRStI dI suMn srUp iekwgrqw hI siq ic`q AnMd hY[
so haumY vI ies Sbd dy AMdr nwm jW bRhm dy nwl hI mOjUd hY[
‘jy haumY hY qW bRhm nhIN[ jy bRhm hY qW haumY nhIN[’ ijMnw v`fw s`c
ieh hY Enw v`fw s`c ieh vI hY ik ‘haumY ibnW bRhm nhIN[ bRhm ibnW
haumY nhIN[ pr pwrbRhm qW bRhm dI auh AvsQw hY ij`Qy haumY Aqy bRhm
dI ‘hY’ Aqy ‘nhIN’ ie`k dUsry nwl tkrw ky suMn srUp Dwr lYNdI hY[
haumY Sbd bRhm dI ‘AmY’ nUM ‘mYN’ iv`c ivBwijq krn vwlI qmHw hY[
ieho ivCoVw ijs kwrn ‘mYN’ du`K BogdI hY[ pr ieho du`K hI dwrU hY[ ieho
dùK jdoN ivqrykqw jW ivCoVy dI qVp nUM, imlwp dI qWG rwhIN, vYrwg iv`c
qbdIl kr idMdw hY, qW dwrU bx jWdw hY[ ieh vYrwg Pyr ‘mYN’ nUM ‘AmY’
dy rsqy pw lYNdw hY:
jW Bau pwey Awpxw bYrwgu aupjY min Awie]
bYrwgY qy hir pweIAY hir isau rhY smwie ]
Sbd, bolI Aqy ilKq
Bwrq dI Sbd pRMprw iv`c aucwrn dw bVw mh`qv irhw hY[ ie`Qy vydW
nUM Drm gRMQ nhIN ‘SruqI’ ikhw igAw hY[ sdIAW q`k ieh mOiKk pRMprw
dw hI ih`sw bxy rhy hn[ gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI SbdW dw inrDwirq
rwgW iv`c gwien krn dIAW hdwieqW Swml hn[ nwly Pyr ismrn jIB
nwl hI kIqw jWdw hY, klm nwl nhIN[ mMqr vI Sbd dy inrDwirq kIqy
gey FMg nwl aucwrx krn qy hI AwpxI jwdU SkqI dw pRgtwA krdy d`sy
gey hn[ ircrf lYnoey (1971) AwpxI pusqk ‘d spIikMg trI’ dy pMnw
274 au~pr ilKdy hn,
“BwrqI bRwhmx Awpxy Awp nUM Awid mnu`K dy mUMh iv`coN auqpMn hoey
pwvn Sbd dy rKvwly smJdy hn[ aunHW dy ivSvws muqwibk Sbd kyvl
Awpxy DunI vrqwry dy AMdr hI mnu`KI cyqnw Aqy iPizAwlojI nUM pRBwivq
kr skx dI smr`Qw r`Kdw hY[ iesy Dwrnw ADIn aunHW ny mnùK dy igAwn
kyNdrW (prsYpcuAl sYNtrz) nUM AidRS dy AMdrUnI AkUsitk pwswr v`l

moVn dy Xqn kIqy[ ies leI auh A`j vI ivSvws krdy hn ik jy Sbd
dw vwr-vwr aucwrx (DunI duhrwE) kIqw jwvy qW auh mn`K dI AMdrUnI
s^SIAq, nYiqk cir`qr Aqy rUhwnI p`Dr nUM qbdIl kr skdw hY[” 27
Bwrq dI mOiKk sMsikRqI ies qrHW nwl Sbd dy ilKqI rUp nwloN Sbd dy
aucwrx rUp nUM sRyStqw pRdwn krky logosYNtirzm nwl jw juVdI hY[
pr ibml ikRSn mqI lwl (1990) ny AwpxI pusqk ‘d vrf AYNf
d vrlf’ iv`c BrqrI hrI dy ‘sPot isDWq’ nUM AwDwr bxw ky ieh is`D
krn dI koiSS kIqI hY ik BwrqI Sbd isDWq iv`c ies qrWH dy koeI
logosYNtirk JukwA nhIN hn[ mqI lwl kihMdy hn ik BrqrI hrI dy sPot
isDWq iv`c ikauNik ‘sPot’ hI cyqnw hY, ies leI bol (aucwrx) jW ilKq
qW ies sPot dy kyvl pRkwSk XMqr hI hn[ 27 ‘sPot’ jo BrqrI hrI
muqwibk A-kwilk (ijsdw koeI pihlW ip`CoN nhIN) hY, jdoN nwd (aucwrx)
dy rUp iv`c pRkwSmwn huMdw hY qW aucwrx dI kwl rcnw dy iv`c hI
pRkwSmwn huMdw hY[ ies qrHW sPot dy A-kwilk srUp au~pr aucwrx dI
kwilk pu`T cVH jWdI hY[ BrqrI hrI ies dI audwhrx idMdy hn[ jdoN
cMdrmw nUM pwxI iv`c dyiKAw jWdw hY qW ieh pwxI dIAW lihrW kwrn ^ud
vI lihrdw hoieAw hI idKweI idMdw hY[ 28 BrqrI hrI dy ienWH (1:48 Aqy
1:49) sUqrW nUM AwDwr bxw ky mqI lwl ieh nqIjw k`Fdy hn ik sPot
ny qW ivgVy rUp iv`c hI pyS hoxw hY, BwvyN ieh ivgwV nwd (aucwrx)
kwrn pvy Aqy BwvyN ilKq kwrn[
pRoPYsr mqI lwl dw ieh qrk qW sgoN ‘sPot isDWq’ au~pr logosYNtirzm
dI p`kI mohr lgw idMdw hY[ AirstOtl nUM AwDwr bxw ky ‘AwP grYmytwlojI’
dy pMnw 73 qy jYkuies dYirdw (1967) ieho qW g`l krdy hn ik Sbd
(aucwrx) ivcwrW dy pRc`ilq ichn hn Bwv ik sB qoN pihlW ivcwr
SbdW rwhIN hI pRgt huMdy hn Aqy iPr ilKq aunHW SbdW (aucwrxW) nUM
ichnq pRdwn krdI hY Bwv ik auh Sbd ilKq rwhIN pRgt huMdy hn[
ilKq qW kyvl bolI nUM hI Bwv Sbd aucwrx nUM hI is`Dy rUp iv`c
pRgtwauNdI hY[ ijvyN bol ivcwrW dw is`Dw pRgtwA hn, ausy qrHW ilKq bolI
dw is`Dw pRgtwA hY[ ies qrHW ilKq ivcwrW dy pRgtwA dw pRgtwA bx
jWdI hY[ Bwv ik ie`k gOx jW dUsry drjy dw pRgtwA[ 29
bol ij`Qy ivcwrW jW cyqnw dw pihly drjy dw pRgtwA huMdy hn, auQy
ilKq cyqnw dy ies pRgtwA dw pRgtwA hox kwrn dUsry drjy dw gOx
pRgtwA bx jWdw hY[ so ilKq s`d dy ivgVy rUp dw AgWh hor ivgiVAw
hoieAw rUp pyS krdI hY[ ‘sPot’ pihlW nwd rUp iv`c ivgVdw hY Aqy Pyr
ieh ivgiVAw hoieAw rUp ilKq rUp iv`c hor ivgV jWdw hY[
PonYitk AlPwbYtIkl ilKx SYlI iesy PonosYNtirzm Aqy logosYNtirzm
nUM p`ikAW krdI hY[ grwiPk iesskirpSn au~pr AwDwirq ilKx
SYlIAW ijvyN ik pRwcIn eIijpSIAn, cInI Awid nUM iesy krky cMgw nhIN
smiJAw jWdw ikauNik ieh PonosYNtirzm au~pr AwDwirq nhIN hn[ so eyQy
kyvl AYnw hI kihxw bxdw hY ik sPot isDWq pUrI qrWH PonosYNtirzm Aqy
logosYNtirzm dy h`k iv`c Bugqdw hY ikauNik sPot sB qoN pihlW nwd rUp
rwhIN ichnq ho ky ivgVdw hY Aqy iPr sPot dw ieh nwd rUp ilKq iv`c
ichnq hox vyly ivgV jWdw hY[
BrqrI hrI dw sPot isDWq BwSw jW Sbd nUM ies qrHW pRsquq krdw
hY ijvyN ik BwSw, sPot dw iglwP hovy jW Pyr ik ijvyN Sbd sPot nUM
sMBwlx vwlw koeI brqn[ pr sPot jW ArQ nUM jykr iDAwn nwl
AiDAYn kIqw jwvy qW pqw c`ldw hY ik sPot Sbd dy BWfy iv`c peI hoeI
koeI vsqU nhIN[ Sbd qW auh ibMdU hY, jo dUsry Sbd ibMdUAW nwl irSqy
joV ky sPot nUM pRkwSmwn krdw hY[ drAsl ieh sPot koeI A-kwilk
vsqU nhIN huMdI Aqy nw hI ies au~pr nwd dw kwilk glwP ciVHAw huMdw
hY ijvyN ik BrqrI hrI cMdrmw vwlI audwhrx dw ibAwn krdy hn[ ieh
sPot qW ArQW dy Anstybl (ivkwsSIl kwilk) nYtvrk hI huMdy hn[
A-kwilk qW ieh kyvl audoN hI bxdw hY jdoN ies AMdr swry ArQ
(AnMq) smw jWdy hn[ Bwv A-kwilk qW kyvl sMBwvnw jW smr`Qw hI
hY[ ieho kwrn hY ik iviBMn BwSweI KyfW iv`c auho ibMdU (Sbd) sPot dy
v`Ko v`Kry p`K aujwgr krdw hY[
so ieh sPot qW aus Sbd (ibMdU) dI aus BwSw iv`c ijsdw auh ih`sw
hY, iv`c smu`cI vrqoN (jW ik aus Sbd dI vrqoN krn vwlI smu`cI BwSweI
Kyf) iv`c ausy qrHW mOjUd huMdw hY ijvyN ik kMps mweIt (isauNk) dI
jnsMiKAw (bsqI) iv`c mweINf (sOPt vyAr)[

Swied ies qoN ikqy v`D kMps mweIt dI klonI iv`c ivdmwn mweINf
qW inSicq hY[ aus iv`c koeI ivkws nhIN[ pr Sbd dI inrMqr vrqo
krn nwl aus BwSweI Kyf dy smivsqwrI (koAYkstYNist) ArQ (jW
sPot) vI ivkws krdy rihMdy hn[ iksy Sbd jW vwk jW tYkst (jW aus
tYkst dy lyKk dy pRvcnW) iv`coN ayus Sbd dy ArQ nhIN l`By jw skdy
ikauNik ieh qW aus iv`c huMdy hI nhIN[ ieh qW aus Sbd dI vrqoN krn
vwlI BwSw dI smu`cqw (jW aus dI Xogqw) jW Pyr ik aus BwSw nwl ausry
pUry smwj pRbMD dy nwl nwl lgwqwr PYl rhy huMdy hn[ so Sbd Aqy ArQ,
vwk Aqy ArQ jW tYkst Aqy ArQ ivckwr k`t hY[ iesy leI pqMjlI
kihMdy hn ik bRhspqI ny ieMdr dyv nUM hzwrW swl Sbd dy ArQ Aqy aunHW
dI vrqoN dy inXm isKwey, pr Sbd dw AMq Pyr vI nw pwieAw jw sikAw[
BrqrI hrI dy sPot isDWq iv`c A-kwilk sPot nUM Sbd jW BwSw dw
inSicq kyNdr imQy jwx nwl, Sbd dI vrqoN iv`c iviBMnqw, ivSwlqw Aqy
ivroDqw (ivroDI ArQW iv`c aysy Sbd dI vrqoN) dIAW sMBwvnwvW Kqm
(jW bhuq G`t) ho jWdIAW hn[ Sbd dw ie`k bhuidSwvI, kwilk
(ieiqhwisk) ivkwsmeI, gYr pRiqvwdI (Bwv jo kwilk jW rIvrsIbl
nhIN ivkwsmeI hY), bhuprqI Aqy bhupwswrI srUp nhIN auGwVdw[ nqIjy
vjoN Sbd dw ieh sPot isDWq ipAwgIAn (XW ipAwgy dy isDWq nwl
sMbMiDq) eIgosYNtirzm dw vI iSkwr ho jWdw hY[
ies qrHW BrqrI hrI dy ies sPot isDWq dw jdoN bwrIkI iv`c
AiDAYn kIqw jwvy qW pqw l`gdw hY ik ieh PonosYNtirk, eIgosYNtirk,
PYlosYNtirk doSW dw pUrI qrWH nwl DwrnI hY[ ienHW doSW dy kwrn hI
BrqrI hrI dw ieh ‘sPot isDWq’ kyvl Sbd dI iviBMn pRsiQqIAW iv`c
vrqoN rwhIN pYdw hox vwlI ArQW dI BrpUrqw Aqy bhurUpqw nUM hI
inrauqSwihq nhIN krdw, sgoN iksy tYkst dI rcnw iv`c bhu-idSwvI
Aqy ivroDI ivcwrW dI t`kr nUM vI m`Dm pw idMdw hY ijsdy nqIjy vjoN auh
tYkst ies isDWq kwrn mwnoglOsIAw dw vI iSkwr ho jWdI hY[
Sbd BgqI dw isDWq vI ies sPot isDWq dy pRBwvW kwrn, auprokq
doSW dw iSkwr ho jWdw hY[ Sbd BgqI iv`c Sbd nUM, Kws krky Em BgqI
iv`c ‘Em’ dIAW DunIAW nUM bRhm dy pRqIk q`k sImq krky ies dy ArQW
(sPot) nUM PYlx nhIN id`qw jWdw, ijsdy nqIjy vjoN ‘Em’ ie`k ichn jW
DunI sMrcnw hI bixAw rihMdw hY[ bRhm q`k dw sPr qih nhIN kr skdw,
ijs dy ik auh pUrI qrHW nwl smr`Q hY[ ienHW doSW dy pRBwv ADIn hI keI
vwrI Sbd igAwn, Sbd Koj Aqy Sbd AiDAYn nUM inrauqswihq krky
kyvl Sbd dy vwr-vwr duhrwE jW ies dIAW DunIAW dy ivSyS ivDI
Anuswr kIqy gey aucwrxW nUM hI Sbd BgqI smJ ilAw jWdw hY[ Sbd
rwhIN bRhm q`k ApVn dI QW ieh lok iksy Sbd (ijvyN ik Em) rwhIN
AwpxI mwnisk AvsQw jW iPizAwlojI au~pr ienHW DunIAW dy duhrwE dy
pRBwvW nUM kbUlx q`k hI sImq rih jWdy hn[ Sbd rwhIN sÍYm dI Koj nhIN
krdy[ Awqm cInx qoN dUr rih jWdy hn[ suMn Sbd q`k A`pVn leI Sbd
dy rwh hI nhIN pYNdy[ Sbd dy sPr dI QW ichnk jW DunIAwqmk
c`krivXU iv`c hI Psy rihMdy hn[
Sbd BgqI nUM ichnk jW DunIAwqmk c`krivXU iv`coN k`F ky ies dI
jwdU SkqI nUM Sbd ivcwr “byd kqyb khhu mq JUTy JUTw jo n ibcwrY]”
Koj “Kojq Kojq Koij bIcwirE rwm nwmu qqu swrw]” Awpw cInx “jn
nwnk ibnu Awpw cInY imtY n BRm kI kweI]” bwxI AiDAYn “jIau qpqu
hY bwro bwr ]qip qip KpY bhuqu bykwr] jY qin bwxI ivsir jwie] ijau
pkw rogI ivllwie]” igAwn pRwpqI “siqguir igAwn KVgu hiQ dInw
jmkMkr mwir ibdwry]” Aqy ivcwr crcw “jb lgu dunIAw rhIAY nwnk
ikCu suxIAY ikCu khIAY]” nwl joV ky Sbd dI ichn BgqI jW nwd
BgqI nUM Awid gRMQ ny Sbd bRhm BgqI iv`c qbdIl kr id`qw hY[ ieh
BgqI Sbd BgqI dy isDWq iv`c ie`k kRWqIkwrI qbdIlI sI[ BwvyN
igAwn mwrg qW pihlW vI mOjUd sI pr ies nUM Sbd bRhm BgqI dy rUp
iv`c pRsquq krnw inScy hI ie`k nvIN g`l sI[
hr iksm dy ivcwrW qoN Ailpq rih ky Sbd ibMdU (ijvyN Em jW ies
qrHW dy iksy hor ichn dy aucwrn auprMq pYdw hox vwlI cu`p) AMdr bRhm
dy ivcwr dw, aus dy guxW (nwvW) rwhIN inrMqr itkwE hI ilv jW BgqI
hY[ BwvyN ie`k lMmI pRYkits bwAd bRhm iv`c lIn rihx kwrn, ie`k Ajpw
jwp SurU ho jWdw hY Aqy ibnW Sbd dw aucwrn kIqy hI Sbd dw pRkwS
inrMqr bixAw rihMdw hY, “EQY Anhd sbd vjih idnu rwqI gurmqI

sbdu suxwvixAw]” pr ies AvsQw (jo inrsMdyh ichn (A`KrW) qoN pwr
hY) iv`c phuMcx leI b`s A`KrW dw hI shwrw hY:
AKrI nwmu AKrI swlwh] AKrI igAwnu gIq gux gwh]
AKrI ilKxu bolxu bwix] AKrw isir sMjogu vKwix]
ijin eyih ilKy iqsu isir nwih] ijv Purmwey iqv iqv pwih]
spSt hY ik A`KrW dw shwrw ley ibnW A`KrW qoN pwr nhIN jwieAw jw
skdw[ Anhq Sbd dI Koj ibnW Sbd dw pRkwS nhIN ho skdw, “sbdu
Koij iehu Gru lhY nwnku qw kw dwsu]”
idRStmwn dy iqAwg rwhIN AidRSt dy AnuBv dw rsqw AKiqAwr
krky koeI jigAwsU ibnW S`k AwpxI surqI iv`c suMn Sbd dw pRkwS
AnuBv kr skdw hY[ pr ies dy ault ivigAwink Koj rwhIN mnu`KI
cyqnw AMqr sMbMiDq AnMqqw v`l vI vD rhI hY[ pihlw igAwn dw rsqw
hY Aqy dUsrw ivigAwn dw[ pr dono hYn ie`k hI ikauNik AnMq hI suMn hY
Aqy suMn iv`c hI AnMqqw dI iekwgrqw dw rh`s hY[ ieh dono Sbd dy
mwrg hn[ igAwn dw mwrg haumY Aqy mwieAw dy iqAwg rwhIN suMn
siQqI iv`c A`pVn dw ivAkqIgq mwrg hY[ pr dUsrw mnu`K jwqI dw
haumY Aqy mwieAw rwhIN AnMqqw dy sMgiTq AnuBv q`k phuMcx dw
s`iBAwcwrk mwrg hY[ audwhrx dy qOr ’qy mnu`K dI mwieAw pRqI Bu`K jW
haumY ny hI aus nUM jMglW iv`coN Bojn l`B ky guzwrw krn vwly ivAkqI qoN
KMfW bRihmMfW dI sYr krn vwly Aqy swrI mnùK jwqI nUM sWJy nYtvrk iv`c
bMnH ky A`gy vDx vwly mnu`K iv`c qbdIl kr id`qw hY[ jdoN iksy pUMjIpqI
dI Bu`K eynI vD jwvy ik koeI ie`k dyS (aus dw Awpxw dyS) aus dI ieh
Bu`K nw imtw sky qW auh swrI dunIAW iv`c Awpxy kwrKwny KolHx leI qur
pYNdw hY[ aus leI kOmI srh`dW dy koeI mwieny nhIN rih jWdy[ ies qrHW
ieh pUMjI dI BùK hI, pUMjIpqIAW dIAW trWsnYSnl kMpnIAW rwhIN, ivSv
s`iBAwcwr nUM jnm dy rhI hY, ij`Qy ik smu`cw ivSv sWJy nYtvrk sMcwr
rwhIN ie`k ho irhw hY[ so mwieAw dw ieh rsqw smùcI mnùK jwqI dw rsqw
hY Aqy mnu`K jwqI dI pUrI AwXU (ieiqhws) iv`c hI Awpxy audyS pRwpq
krygw[ pr igAwn dw rsqw ivAkqIgq A`pVdw hY[
so mnu`K dw rsqw haumY Aqy mwieAw dy iqAwg dw rsqw hY, pr
mnùKqw dw rsqw haumY Aqy mwieAw dw rsqw hY[ pUrbI icMqn ny mnùK dw
rsqw cuixAw jdoN ik p`CmI icMqn ny mnu`Kqw dw ikauNik ieh dono rsqy
iblkul ault idSw iv`c cldy hn[ ie`k rsqw AMdr v`l nUM AwauNdw hY
qy dUsrw bwhr v`l nUM jWdw hY[ pihlw rsqw sB kwsy dy iqAwg rwhIN suMn
siQqI iv`c A`pV jWdw hY jdoN ik dUsrw AnMqqw rwhIN suMn siQqI nUM pRwpq
kr lYNdw hY[ pr Asl rsqw qW auh hY ijhVw mnùK Aqy mnùKqw donW dw
sWJw mwrg ho inbVy, ijhVw sMXog Aqy ivXog donW nUM ie`k eykqw iv`c bMnH
dyvy[ ieho hI gurU nwnk dy Gr dw mwrg hY ij`Qy ienHW donW mwrgW dy ivroD
^qm ho jws[ ij`Qy igAwn Aqy ivigAwn donoN mn`uK Aqy jwqI nUM sWiJAW
hI ie`k dy AnuBv v`l lY qurn[
ieslwm dy dw^ly qoN bwAd jdoN vYidk icMqn iv`c smu`cI BwrqI
BweIcwry nUM ie`k sWJI sMsikRqI iv`c bMnHI r`Kxw sMBv nw irhw qW BgqI
lihr ny ihMdU-musilm eykqw au~pr AwDwirq ie`k sWJI sMsikRqI isrjx
dI koiSS kIqI[ dUsry pwsy ieslwmI ivcwrDwrw iv`c ivSvws r`Kx vwly
Bly purSW ny sUPI lihr rwhIN ie`k sWJI sMsikRqI isrjx dy auprwly
kIqy[ pr BgqI lihr Awpxy AMiqm rUp iv`c ie`k sWJI sMsikRqI dI
isrjxw leI smripq ieslwimk lihr bxI rhI[ ieh qW kyvl Awid
gMRQ hI sI ijs ny BgqI Aqy sUPI lihrW dy sMXog rwhIN ienWH donW dy Kwsy
qoN pwr lMG ky ie`k AijhI ivcwrDwrw dI isrjxw kIqI jo nw vYidk sI
Aqy nw hI ieslwimk[ ieh BwrqI sMsikRqI dw srb sWJw mwfl sI jo
mzHbW qoN pwr dI khwxI hY[ iblkul ausy qrHW Awid gMRQ dw mwrg igAwn
Aqy ivigAwn donW dy sMXog dw mwrg vI hY[ ieh auh mwrg hY ij`Qy pUrbI
Aqy p`CmI donoN ivcwrDwrwvW iml jWdIAW hn[ ieh Sbd BgqI Aqy
Sbd icMqn dy sMXog dw mwrg hY[ ie`k Aijhw mwrg hY ij`Qy ik mnu`Kqw
dIAW mwieAwvI loVW pUrIAW krdw hoieAw koeI vI mnùK mwieAwvI bMDnW
qoN mukq rih ky Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c hI suMn Sbd dy AnuBv iv`c phuMc
skdw hY[ ieh ie`k Aijhw mwrg hY ij`Qy mnùK Aqy mnùKqw (mnùK smwj)
ivckwr swry ivroD ^qm ho jWdy hn[ nw hI AYQy pUrb Aqy p`Cm dy ivroD
rihMdy hn[ nw hI hIgl Aqy mwrks dy ivroD[ ^Yr ikauNik ieh donoN Sbd
dy hI mwrg hn[ ies leI Awid gRMQ ny ienHW dohW ivcwrDwrwvW iv`c Sbd

dI XUintI nUM pCwx ilAw hY[
sRI gurU gRMQ swihb AMdr Sbd dI vrqoN iv`c kyvl iviBMnqw, ivSwlqw
Aqy bhurUpqw nUM hI pyS nhIN kIqw igAw, sgoN bhu prqI ivcwrW dI t`kr
nMU vI sMvwd dy rUp iv`c pRsquq kIqw igAw hY[ AnykW vwr qW ivroDI idsdy
ivcwrW nUM is`Dy tkrwaux id`qw igAw hY ikauNik siq p`CmI qrk vWg
iekihrw nhIN[ AsMgq Aqy ivroDI q`QW dI ismlytynIAs hoNd nUM hux aunHW
vI svIkwr krnw SurU kr id`qw hY[ audwhrx dy qOr ’qy gurbwxI iv`c
hukm au~pr bhuq zor id`qw igAw hY Aqy mMinAw igAw hY ik aus dy hukm
ibnW p`qw vI nhIN JUldw, “jo ikCu vrqY sB qyrw Bwxw]” jo mnu`K Awpxy
Awp nUM kuJ kr skx dy smr`Q smJdw hY aus nUM gurbwxI ny mUrK ikhw
hY, “sBu ikCu hukmy Awvdw sBu ikCu hukmy jwie] jy ko mUrKu Awphu jwxY
AMDw AMDu kmwie]” dùK sùK, puMn pwp, krm kukrm sB aus dy hukm iv`c
hI hY[ ieh s`c hY[
jykr sB kuJ aus dy At`l hukm iv`c hI hY Aqy nwm kmweI vI aus
dy hukm Anuswr hI huMdI hY qW iPr nwm kmweI leI mnùK nUM XqnSIl hox
leI kihxw jW aus nUM au~dm krn leI pRyrnw kI ArQ r`Kdw hY? ^Yr
gurbwxI Ardws, Xqn, pRyrnw, syvw, au~dm Awid kwrjW nUM vI mwnqw
idMdI hY:
audmu krhu vfBwgIho ismrhu hir hir rwie]
nwnk ijsu ismrq sB suK hovih dUKu drdu BRmu jwie ]
gurbwxI dw au~dm Aqy syvw “ibnu syvw Plu kbhu n pwvis syvw krxI
swrI]” iv`c XkIn vI s`c hY[ iPr gurbwxI iv`c ieh Aqy ies qrHW dy
AnykW ivroDI ivcwrW dI t`kr dw kI ArQ? p`CmI qrk dy lInIAr,
isstm, logosYNtizm, eIgosYNtirzm, PYlosYNtirzm Aqy mOnoglOsIAw dy
pRBwvW hyT plI soc leI qW s`cweI dy ies ivrwt srUp nUM smJxw muSikl
hY hI, BwrqI Sbd isDWq vI ies dI Qhu pwaux qoN Asmr`Q hY[ ieh Sbd
isDWq iv`c gurbwxI duAwrw ilAWdI geI kRWqIkwrI qbdIlI dw ie`k
nmUnw hY[ ieh kRWqIkwrI qbdIlI A`j kuAMtm mkYinks Aqy gixq
Swsqr iv`c vI dyKI jw rhI hY[
ies qrHW dy tkrwA qoN ibnW Sbd iv`c ArQW dw ivkws sMBv hI nhIN
ho pwauNdw[ ieh tkrwA hI Sbd nUM gqISIlqw, ieiqhwskqw Awid pRdwn
krdw hY[ Awid gMRQ dI tYkst iv`c Sbd dI bhurUpqI, bhu idSwvI Aqy
ivroDI vrqoN dy nwl nwl ies iv`c iviBMnqw Aqy ivSwlqw ies g`l dw
sbUq hY ik Awid gMRQ dw Sbd isDWq eIgosYNtirk Aqy mwnoglOsIAw dy
dySW qoN pUrI qrHW mukq ho ky nvyN isDWq dI isrjxw krdw hoieAw ie`k
kRWqIkwrI qbdIlI v`l vD irhw hY[
sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c Em dy A`gy ie`k Sbd dI QW ‘ñ’ AMk dI vrqoN
krky Sbd swDnw nUM AMk nwl joV ky PonosYNtirzm Aqy logosYNtirzm dw
pUrI qrHW nwl piriqAwg kr id`qw hY[ ij`Qy BwrqI icMqn iv`c Anhq
Sbd nUM bRhm mMinAw igAw hY, auQy pweIQwgorIAn icMqn ny AMk nUM bRhm
mMinAw hY Aqy aus nUM jumYtrIkl Aqy gixq rUpW iv`c idRStmwn huMdy dyKx
dI koiSS kIqI hY, ijvyN BwrqI drSn ny aus nUM Sbd rUp iv`c idRStmwn
huMdy dyiKAw[ pr Awid gRMQ ny AMk ‘ñ’ Sbd ‘Em’ Aqy grYiPk prjYNtySn
(kwr) nUM joV ky ‘å ’ nUM logosYNtirzm qoN pUrI qrHW mukq krvwieAw hY,
ijs qrHW Awid gRMQ ny sMgIq (Dun), AMkx (smIkrx) Aqy ryKWkx
(fwiegRwm) nUM Sbd dy Gyry iv`c ilAw ky ies nUM Awpxy AMdr AnMq nvIAW
sMBwvnwvW pYdw kr skx dy smr`Q vI bxwieAw ijhVIAW ik Sbd dy
logosYNtirk srUp jW mYQymYtIkl AYbstrYkSn (AMkx, ryKWkx) jW
DunIAwqmk srUp qoN iek`ilAW iek`ilAW nhIN sn aupj rhIAW[ Sbd
kyvl A`Kr nhIN, Dun, AMk, ryKw-ibMdU Aqy ieSwrw vI Sbd hI hn[ so
Sbd kyvl vwk dI hI nhIN, Dun, smIkrx, fwieAwgRwm Aqy mudrw dI vI
rcnw krdw hY nwly Pyr ikauNik BwSw qW kudrq dI inrMqr ifskrIt
sMbMDW dI isrjxw dy rUp iv`c dyKx dI pRikirAw hI hY, ies leI kwiv,
mUrq, inrq, nwd, isnmw, igAwn, ivigAwn, qknwlojI, iemwrq, Sihr,
smwj, pRwx, bu`DI, kudrq isRStI sB Sbd dI hI rcnw hY[ Awid gRMQ dy
Sbd isDWq ny auprokq sImwvW qoN pwr lMG ky Sbd nUM ies dy swDk dI
suriq iv`c Awpxy siq srUp dw pRkwS krn dy vDyry smr`Q bxwieAw hY[
hvwly
1 ivigAwnk Xùg dI auswrI nwl sMbMiDq m`D Xùg dy p`CmI icMqn sMbMDI

jwxkwrI pRwpq krn leI hyT ilKIAW pusqkW shweI ho skdIAW
hn:
Cassier, Ernst, 1966, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment,
Beacon Press, Boston.
Cobban, A 1960, In search of Humanity : The Role of
Enlightenment in Modern History, George Brazilier, New York.
Gay, Peter, 1966-69, The Enlightenment : An Interpetation in
2 vols. Alfred A, Knopf. New York.
fYskwrty dy icMqn nUM ivsqr iv`c jwnx leI do ijldW iv`c aus dI
hyT ilKI pusqk dyKI jw skdI hY:
The Philosophical Works of Descartes, 1931, in 2 Vols.
Cambidge University, Cambridge.
jy kr fYskwrty dy kMm sMbMDI pusqkW dyKxIAW hox qW hyT ilKIAW
pusqkW qy Jwq mwrI jw skdI hY:
Balz, Albert, 1952, Descartes and the Modern Mind, Yale
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Doney, Willis, ed 1967, Descartes, A Collection of Critical
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2 Weinberg, Julius, 1960, An Examination of Logical Postivism,
Littlefield Adams, New Jersy.
ies qoN ielwvw ihaUm dy iemipiriszm au~pr Jwq pwaux leI hyT
ilKIAW pusqkW dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn:
Ayer, A. J. 1980, Hume, Hill and Wang, New York.
Chappell, V. C., ed. 1968 Hume, A Collection of Critical
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Morris, C. R., 1931, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Ford University
Press.
Price, H. H., 1940, Hume’s Theory of the External World.
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Zabeech, F., 1973, Hume, Precursor of Modern Empricism,
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3 ivtgnstIn dy kMm nUM jwnx leI hyT ilKIAW kuJ pusqkW dI
shwieqw leI jw skdI hY:
Ambrose, Alice and Morris, etcs., 1972 Ludwing Wittgenstein
: Philosophy and Language.
Pitcher, George, 1964, The Philosophy of Wittgenstein,
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Rorty, Richard, Ed. 1967. The Linguistic Turn, University of
Chicago Press.
4 kuMAtm mkYinks Aqy Kws krky AinScqqwvwd dy dwrSink pRBwvW
nUM smJx leI hyT ilKIAW pusqkW dyKIAW jw skdIAW hn:
Bohm, David and Hailey, 1975, On the intuitive Understanding
of Nonlocality as Implied by Quantum Theory, Foundations
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Bohm, David, 1980, Wholesness and the Implicate order,
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Bohr, N., 1958, Atomic Physics and Human Knoweldge, John
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Heisenberg, W., 1971, Physics and Beyond, Harper & Row.
5 AweInstweIn, poflskI Aqy rozn (1935) dy ivcwr qzrby nUM glq

swbq krky kuAMtm mkYinks dI p`kI nINh r`Kx iv`c jwhn bYl
(1964), jwhn AYP, klwsr Aqy stuArt PrIfmYn (1972) Aqy
Alyn AwspYkt (1982) dy qzribAW dI bhuq mh`qqw hY ijnHW ny
ZYr-sQwnk isRStI dw sMklp pyS kIqw[ jOsPsn (1982), ivigAr
(1986) vwSvrn Aqy ircrf vYb (1986) Awid Anyk BOiqk
ivigAwnIAW dw vI ieho hI ivcwr hY ik mnu`K dy Awm AnuBv au~pr
AwDwirq isRStI dI qsvIr ijs nUM ik bwhrmuKI jgq dw nwm id`qw
jWdw hY, dI vwsqv iv`c koeI sQwnk hoNd nhIN[ ies crcw nUM
ivsqwr sihq jwnx leI hyT ilKy kMm nUM dyiKAw jw skdw hY:
Smolin, Lee, 1985, What is Quantum Mechanics Really
About? New Scientists. 108, 1479, p. 42.
Thomsen, D.E., 1986, Halism and Particlism in Physics,
Science News 129, no. 5, p. 70
Tablot, Michael, 1988, Beyond the Quantum, Bantom Books.
6 Schrodinger, Erwin, 1967 What is Life? and Mind and Matter,
Cambridge University Press.
Wigner, Eugene, 1971, Foundations of Quantam Mechanics,
Proceedings of the International School of Physics, Entrico
Fermilourse 49, Academy Press, New York.
Briggs, J. P. and F. D. Preet, 1984, Looking Glass Universe,
Fantana Paper backs.
7 Gliedman, John, 1984, Turning Einstein Upside Down,
Science Digest, 92, 10. p. 96.
8 Wheeler, John. 1984. The Mystery and Message of the
Quantum, Lecture given to the American Physical Society,
Feb. 1, 1984, pp.4-9.
9 Wright, Robert, 1985, The On-Off Universe, The Science,
January-Feb. 1988, p. 7
10 ies sMbMD iv`c ky. ky.copVw dw lyK ‘Sbd dw vYidk sMklp’ dyiKAw
jw skdw hY[ auh Awpxy ies lyK iv`c ilKdy hn: “jdoN Bwrq dy
irSIAW ny Awqmw dw AnuBv kIqw Aqy dyiKAw ik ieh Awqmw aus
pRmwqmw dw AMg hY ijhVw swrI isRStI iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY qW
aunHW ny aus Sbd nUM FMfx dI koiSS kIqI ijs dy nwl ies AnuBv nUM
TIk TIk ibAwn kIqw jw sky[ iksy ie`k dyvqy jW A`Kr rwhIN ies
AnuBv nUM ibAwn krnw sMBv nhIN sI[ bhuq Koj Aqy soc ivcwr
bwAd ienHW irSIAW dw mn ‘Em’ Sbd au~pr itikAw[”
11 ies sMbMD iv`c hOikt dw kMm bhuq mh`qvpUrn hY[ aus ny DunI Aqy
ArQ ivckwr iksy iksm dy Anukrxwqimk irSqy nUM iblkul r`d
krky ieh swbq kIqw ik ieh irSqw pUrI qrHW nwl smwijk
s`iBAwcwrk hY:
Hockett, C. F. 1959, Animal Language and Human Language.
In The Evoluation of Man’s Capacity for Culture (ed. J. N.
Spuhler). Wayne University Press.
Hockett, C. F. 1966, The Problems of Universals in Language,
in Universals of Language (ed. J. H. Greenberg) M.I.T. Press.
grInvùf Aqy sitnI (1977) hOikt (1959, 66) dy hvwly nwl ilKdy
hn:
“An essential feature of langage is that the relationship
between sound and meaning is entirely arbitrary.
For centuries speculation abounded that language arose
iconically, that is, by the sounds being direct, often imitative
renderings of the things they referred to .
These speculations have not withstood the test of
comparative linguistic studies and can now he rejected. The
relations between a meaningful elements in any particular
language and its denotation is entirely a matter of cultural
conersation.”

Geenwood, D. J. and W. A. Stini, 1977, Nature, Culture and
Human History, Harper and Row, New York.
12 “The passage from nature to culture as posited by Levistrauss,
depends upon two simple principals: (a) the
introduction of what can be called the ‘law of distinction of
difference’ : The prohibition of incest, and (b) the correlative
introduction of the discrete, discontinous, combinatory
component into the non-discrete continuum of nature.”
“The Point is, of course, that only systems of discrete
components are available to combination and permutation,
that is to say, only such systems can properly be said to
have anything equivalent to syntax.”
Wilden, Anthony, 1980, System and Structure, Tavistock
Publications.
izAwdw ivsqwr iv`c jwx leI hyT ilKI pusqk dyKI jw skdI hY:
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 1958, 1965 Structural Anthropology,
Trans. by C. Jacobason and B. G. schoepf, Anchor, Garden
City, N. Y.
13 isRStI dI auqpqI nwl sMbMiDq isDWqW dI jwxkwrI pRwpq krn leI
hyT ilKI pusqk ijhVI ik bhuq srl BwSw iv`c ilKI geI hY, shweI
ho skdI hY:
Hawking, S. W., 1988, A Brief History of Time, Bantom Books.
ieh pusqk vI dyKI jw skdI hY:
Gamow, G, 1952, The Creation of the Universe, Viking Books.
14 Gunzig, E., J. Geheniau and I. Prigogine, 1987, Nature,
330, 621.
15 ieh crcw hyT ilKI pusqk dy qIsry Aqy A`TvyN AiDAwey iv`c kIqI
geI isRStI dI auqpqI sMbMDI crcw au~qy AwDwirq hY:
Coveney and Roger Highfield, 1991, The Arrow of Time,
Flamingo, Haiper-Colloins.
16 mMfUikAw aupinSd iv`c ‘Em’ Sbd dIAW iqMn DunIAW ‘A, a Aqy m’
dI jIvn dIAW iqMn AvsQwvW nwl qulnw kIqI geI hY[ ies Anuswr
‘A’ (Awkwr) DunI nUM ijhVI ik srvpRQm DunI hY Aqy ijs nUM pYdw
hox auprMq b`cw sB qoN pihlW boldw hY, jwigRq AvsQw nwl joiVAw
igAw hY[ ‘a’ Sbd nUM supn AvsQw nwl Aqy ‘m’ nUM gihrI nINd dI
suSpqI AvsQw nwl[
pr ieh iqMno DunIAW au~pr AwDwirq pUry Sbd dy aucwrx bwAd
Awvwz ie`k pUrn cu`p (inrwkwr SWqI) iv`c smw jWdI hY[ ies
inrMkwr SWqI dI AvsQw nUM qUrX AvsQw jW smwDI dI AvsQw ikhw
igAw hY[
17 bhuq swry swDk ienHW DunIAW qoN pwr jwx dI QW ienWH dy sRoq nUM FUMfx
l`g pYNdy hn[ iesy krky fw. joD isMG Awpxy lyK ‘Sbd Aqy bRihmMfI
cyqnw’ iv`c ‘Sbd’ Aqy ‘pwvn’ ivcly AMqr nUM imtw ky Sbd nUM hI
nwBI iv`coN Kojxw SurU kr idMdy hn[
18 Mead, George Habert, 1934, Mind, Self and Society,
University of Chicago Press.
Mead, George Habert, 1964, Selected Wrintings. Bobbs-
Merill. Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich, 1962, Thought and
Language, M. I. T. Cambridge.
19 Wilson, Edword, O., 1975, Sociobiology, M. I. T. Cambridge.
20 Capa, Fritjof, 1982, The Dance of Life, Science Digest, 90,4.
21 Marglis, Lynn, 1981, Symbiosis and Cell Evolution, W.H.
Freeman, San Francisco.
22 Lovelock, James, E., 1979, Gaia : A New Look of Life on
Earth, Oxford University Press, New York.
23 Finkbeiner, Ann. 1984, How Did Language begin? Science‘84

24 fw. kMvr Awpxy ies Sbd dI ivAwiKAw krdy hoey d`sdy hn : “pRwx
ivhIn q`qW dI pRikrqI qoN AglI p`Dr pRwx sMpMn jIvW dI d`sI hY Aqy
ies sMbMD iv`c ieh ikhw hY ik q`qW dy AwpsI myl iv`coN hI cMclcpl
b`uD vwly pRwxI pYdw ho jWdy hn[ pr ienHW pRwxIAW dw sMbMD nON
drvwizAW ArQwq ieMdrIAW rwhIN bwhrly vwqwvrn nwl juiVAw
rihMdw hY[ ieh jYivkqw dI p`Dr hY[ ies jYivkqw dy nwl lgdI
AglI p`Dr jYivkqw Aqy mwnvqw dI sMkRWqI p`Dr hY[ ies p`Dr
au~pr pRikRqk pRbMD iv`c ie`k msnUeI pRbMD vI juV jWdw hY[ ieh
pRbMD Swbidkqw dw pRbMD hY[”
25 fObjYNskI (1972) ilKdy hn:
“Biological inheritance is transmitted by gens is sex cell,
cultural inheritance by language. Bodily modifications acquired
by an individual during his life time are not transmitted to his
progency. The genetic transmission is exclusively from
parents to their off spring. No such constraints exist upon
cultural transmission through symbolic language. Culture is
wholly acquied in each generation, and cultural acquisitions
can be passed to other persons,irrespective of their genetic
relationships.”
Dobzhansky, Theolosius, 1972, Unique Aspects of Man’s
Evolution in Biology and the Human Sciences, ed. J. W. S.
Pringle, Clarendon Press Oxford.
26 rOgr pYnroz 1989 AwpxI pusqk ‘dI AYNprrz inaU mweINf dy
AwKrI AiDAwie
“Where lies the Physics of mind?” iv`c ilKdy hn:
“Nature has chosen to evolve sentient beings like ourselvs,
rather than to remain content with creatures that might carry
on under the direction of totally unconscious control
mechanisms. If consciousness serves no selective purpose,
why did nature go to the trouble to evolve conscious brains
when non-sentient ‘automation’ brains like cerebella would
seem to have done just as well?”
ies dy jvwb iv`c auh A`gy jw ky ilKdy hn:
Where as unconscious actions of the brain are ones that
proceed according to alogrithmic process. The action of the
consciousness is quite different and it proceeds in a way
that can not be described by any alogrithm.”
“The Judgement forming is the hallmark of consciousness.
It is something that the A. I. people would have no concept of
how to program on a computer. Moreover the mathematical
judgement that some alogrithrim is indeed accurate or
appropriate is the sort of thing that requires much conscious
attention.”
Consciousness Needed Consciousness Not Needed
1 Common Sense Automatic
2 Judgement & Truth Following Rules mindlessly
3 Understanding Programmed
4 Aristic Appraisal Alogrithmic.
Penrose, Roger (1989) The Emperor’s Nes Mind. Oxford
University Press.
27 Lannoy, Richard, 1971, The Speaking Tree, Oxford University
Press.
28 Moti Lal, Bimal Krishna, 1990, The Word and the World, India’s
Contribution to the Study of Language, Oxford University,
Press.
29 Verse I, 48 : Since Nada (sound) arises in sequence, sphota
which has neither a former nor a latter stage and which is

sequenceless (akarma), is apprehended (Through Nada)
and appears to be having a sequence as well as parts.”
Verse I. 49 (Thus, properties of nada are transferred to the
sphota) The reflected image (of the moon for example)
although it resides in a separate location, seems to share
the operation (i.e. movement of the waves in wa\ter) of objects
in a separate location; sphota being manifested in nada
shares the properties of nada in the same way.
Bhartihari, Vakyapadiya, eds. K. V. Abhyankar, V. P. Limaye,
Poona University.
30 Derrida, Jacques, 1967 Of Grammatology, trans Gyatri
Chakravorty Spivak, John Hopkins University Press. 1976.