CFI FL1 - Basic Instrument and Ground Reference - St. Louis Pilot ...

St. Louis Pilot Services 

www.saintlouispilotservices.com 

CFI FL1 – Basic Instrument/Ground Reference Page 1 of 29 

Objective: 

• During this lesson, the CFI applicant will learn the fundamentals of analyzing and performing Normal, Basic Instrument, 

and Ground Reference Maneuvers and procedures. 

• The applicant will become familiar with new visual perspectives used when flying in the right seat of the airplane. 

• The applicant will discuss how the use of checklists is an essential element of effective resource use and workload 

management. 

• Emphasis will be placed on the instructor’s ability to guide the student in preparing himself or herself for each task of this 

flight lesson. 

References: 

• Certified Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards (PTS) 

• Private Pilot Airplane Practical Test Standards (PTS) 

• Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) 

• Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 

• Airplane Flying Handbook (AFH) 

• Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) 

• Aviation Weather (AW) 

• Aviation Weather Services (AWS) 

• Advisory Circulars (AC) 

• Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) 

• Aircraft Logbooks 

• ASF Safety Advisors 

• Navigation Charts 

Content: 

• SPECIAL EMPHASIS AREAS 

o Applicant’s Use of Checklists 

o Positive Exchange of Flight Controls 

• PREFLIGHT PREPARATION 

o Certificates and Documents 

o Airworthiness Requirements 

o Weather Information 

o National Airspace system 

o Performance and Limitations 

o Operation of Systems 

o Aeromedical Factors 

• PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

o Preflight Inspection 

o Cockpit Management 

o Engine Starting 

o Taxiing 

o Before Takeoff Check 

• AIRPORT OPERATIONS 

o Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals 

o Traffic Patterns 

o Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Markings, and Lighting 

• TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS 

o Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 

o Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing 

• GROUND REFRENCE MANEUVERS 

o Rectangular Course 

o S-Turns 

o Turns Around a Point 

• BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS 

o Straight-and-Level Flight 

o Constant Airspeed Climbs 

o Constant Airspeed Descents 

o Turns to Headings 

o Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes 

• POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES 

o After Landing, Parking and Securing 

Mike Kisker 9/4/08 

636.357.8781 stlouispilotservices@gmail.com




Special Emphasis Area: Applicant's Use of Checklists 

REFERENCE: 

Private Pilot PTS 

o Special Emphasis Areas (checklist usage) 

o Page 8 “Applicant’s Use of Checklists” 

o All Maneuvers “Completes the Appropriate Checklist” 

Airplane Flying Handbook 

o Page 1-6 “Use of Checklists” 

Appropriate Checklist 

o Review Checklist content 

“Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper 

use is dependent on the specific TASK being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the 

checklist, while accomplishing elements of an Objective, would be either unsafe or impractical, especially 

in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been 

accomplished, would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning should be 

considered when using a checklist.” 






Special Emphasis Area: Positive Exchange of Flight Controls 

REFERENCE: 


o P. 5: Special Emphasis Area #2 – Procedures for positive exchange of flight controls 

o P. 9: Positive Exchange of Flight Controls - Explained 


o Ch. 1, page 6: Positive Transfer of Controls 

During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight 

instructors of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that 

includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process in the 

exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly 

recommended. 

When the instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, “You 

have the flight controls.” The student acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight 

controls.” The flight instructor again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control is 

returned to the instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify 

that the exchange has occurred. There should never by any doubt as to who is flying the 

aircraft. 






A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 

Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) 

o 43.3: Persons Authorized to Perform Maintenance 

o 43.7(f): Persons Authorized to Approve Aircraft for Return to Service 

o 43 Appendix A: Major Alterations, Major Repairs, and Preventative Maintenance 

o 61.23: Medical Certificates: Requirement and Duration 

o 61.51: Pilot Logbooks 

o 61.57: Recent Flight Experience: Pilot-in-Command 

o 61.113: Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations: Pilot in Command 

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) 

o Chapter 7: Flight Manuals and Other Documents 

Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) 

o Section 2: Limitations 

o Section 6: Weight & Balance/Equipment List 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and 

documents by: 

1. Explaining— 

a. Private pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and recent flight experience requirements. 

b. Medical certificate class and duration. 

c. Pilot logbook or flight records. 

2. Locating and explaining— 

a. Airworthiness and registration certificates. 

b. Operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and 

c. Weight and balance data and equipment list. 






B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 

Federal Aviation Regulations 

o 91.409: Annual Inspection 

o 91.171: VOR Check 

o 91.409: I00-Hour Inspection 

o 91.411: Altimeter/Pitot-Static System Check 

o 91.413: Transponder Inspection 

o 91.207: ELT Inspection and ELT Battery Replacement 

Aircraft Logbooks 

o Instructor must sign them out from maintenance hangar 

o Fill out Aircraft Inspection Summary Sheet 

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, 

o P. 7-7 Aircraft Inspections 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airworthiness 

requirements by: 

1. Explaining— 

a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR. 

b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the airplane with inoperative 

instruments and equipment with and without an MEL. 

c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit. 

2. Locating and explaining— 

a. airworthiness directives. 

b. compliance records. 

c. maintenance/inspection requirements. 

d. appropriate record keeping. 






C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


91.155: Basic VFR Weather Minimums 

Aviation Weather (AW) 

Aviation Weather Services (AWS) 

Section 2: Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 

Section 4: Aviation Weather Forecasts 

Section 5: Surface Analysis Chart 

Section 10: Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart 

Section 11: Significant Weather Prognostic Chart 

Section 12: Convective Outlook Chart 


Chapter 10: Weather Theory 

Chapter 11: Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Charts 

Advisory Circulars (AC) 

AC 61-84: Role of Preflight Preparation 

Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) 

Chapter 7, Section 1: Meteorology 

Objective. To determine that the applicant: 

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports, 

charts, and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on— 

a. METAR, TAF, and FA. 

b. Surface analysis chart. 

c. Radar summary chart. 

d. Winds and temperature aloft chart. 

e. Significant weather prognostic charts. 

f. Convective outlook chart. 

g. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports. 

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information. 






E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


Chapter 13: Airspace 


Part 71: Airspace 

Part 73: Special Use Airspace 

Part 91: General Operating & Flight Rules 

Navigation Charts 

Kansas City Sectional Chart 

St. Louis Sectional Chart 

St. Louis Terminal Area Chart 


Chapter 3: Airspace 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National 

Airspace System by explaining: 

1. Basic VFR weather minimums—for all classes of airspace. 

2. Airspace classes—their operating rules, pilot certification, and airplane equipment requirements for the 

following— 

a. Class A. 

b. Class B. 

c. Class C. 

d. Class D. 

e. Class E. 

f. Class G. 

3. Special use and other airspace areas. 






F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


91.103: Preflight Action 

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 

Chapter 9: Aircraft Performance 

Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook 

Chapter 1: Weight and Balance Control 

Chapter 2: Weight and Balance Theory and Documentation 

Chapter 4: Small Fixed Wing Aircraft Operational Weight and Balance Computations 

Advisory Circulars 

AC 61-84: Role of Preflight Preparation 

Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) 

Section 2: Limitations 

Section 5: Performance 

Section 6: Weight & Balance and Equipment List 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of 

charts, tables, and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations. 

2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight and center of gravity is within the 

airplane’s operating limitations and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during 

all phases of flight. 

3. Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance charts, tables, and data. 

4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the airplane's performance. 






G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS (PVT) 

REFERENCE: 

Pilot’s Operating Handbook 

o Section 7: Systems 


o Chapter 5: Aircraft Systems 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of 

systems on the airplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following 

systems. 

1. Primary flight controls and trim. 

2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers. 

3. Powerplant and propeller. 

4. Landing gear. 

5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic. 

6. Electrical. 

7. Avionics 

8. Pitot-static vacuum/pressure and associated flight instruments. 

9. Environmental. 

10. Deicing and anti-icing. 






TASK J: Aeromedical Factors (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


Chapter 8: Medical Facts for Pilots 


Chapter 15: Aeromedical Factors 

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical 

factors by explaining: 

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least three (3) of the following— 

a. Hypoxia. 

b. Hyperventilation. 

c. Middle ear and sinus problems. 

d. Spatial disorientation. 

e. Motion sickness. 

f. Carbon monoxide poisoning. 

g. Stress and fatigue. 

h. Dehydration. 

2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications. 

3. The effects of excesses nitrogen during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight. 






REFERENCE: 

Airplane Flying Handbook, 

o Chapter 2, page 1 “Visual Inspection” 

Pilot’s Operating Handbook, 

o Chapter 4: Normal Operations 


A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION (PVT) 

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must 

be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects. 

2. Inspects the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist. 

3. Verifies the airplane is in condition for safe flight. 






B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 

Airplane Flying Handbook (AFH) 

Chapter 2, Page 7: Cockpit Management 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management procedures. 

2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured. 

3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so they are readily available. 

4. Briefs occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, and emergency procedures. 






REFERENCE: 


Chapter 2, p. 7: Engine Starting 


Section 4: Normal Procedures 


C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (PVT) 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended engine starting procedures. This shall 

include the use of an external power source, hand propping safety, and starting under various 

atmospheric conditions. 

2. Positions the airplane properly considering structures, surface conditions, other aircraft, and the safety 

of nearby persons and property. 

3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure. 






D. TASK: TAXIING (PVT) 

REFERENCE: 


Chapter 2, page 9: Taxiing 


Chapter 12, page 3: Airport Markings and Signs 



Aeronautical Information Manual 

Chapter 2: Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids (signs, markings, and lighting) 



1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures. 

2. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving. 

3. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions. 

4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes. 

5. Complies with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances, and instructions. 

6. Taxies so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards. 






F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK (PVT) 

REFERENCE: 


Chapter 2, page 11: Before Takeoff Check 


Section 4: Normal Operations 


Become familiar with the “Before Takeoff” checklist 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons 

for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions. 

2. Positions the airplane properly considering other aircraft/vessels, wind and surface conditions. 

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit. 

4. Ensures that engine temperature and pressure are suitable for run-up and takeoff. 

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff checklist and ensures the airplane is in safe operating condition. 

6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, departure, and emergency procedures. 

7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position. 






A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS (PVT) 

REFERENCE: 


91.123: Compliance with ATC Clearances and Instructions 

91.125: ATC Light Signals 

91.131: Operations in Class B Airspace 


Chapter 12, page 8: Radio Communications 

St. Louis Terminal Area Chart (TAC) 

Find radio frequencies for CTAF, Tower, Approach, AWOS, ATIS, and FSS 


Chapter 4, Section 2: Radio Communications – Phraseology and Techniques 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals. 

2. Selects appropriate frequencies. 

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology. 

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions. 






B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


Special Emphasis Area: Runway Incursion Avoidance 

Special Emphasis Area: Collision Avoidance 

Special Emphasis Area: Wake Turbulence Avoidance 

Special Emphasis Area: Wind Shear 


Chapter 7: Airport Traffic Patterns 


Chapter 10, page 9: Wind Shear 

Chapter 12: Airport Operations 

Advisory Circular 

AC 90-66: Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns and Procedures 


1.1: Definitions (Traffic Pattern) 

91.113: Right-of-Way Rules 

91.127: Operating on or in the vicinity of airport in Class E Airspace 


Chapter 4, Section 3, Paragraph 3: Traffic Patterns 

Air Safety Foundation Publications 

Title: Operations at Towered Airports 

Title: Operations at Nontowered Airports 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This shall include procedures at airports 

with and without operating control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance, wake 

turbulence avoidance, and wind shear. 

2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures. 

3. Maintains proper spacing from other aircraft. 

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. 

5. Maintains orientation with the runway/landing area in use. 

6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. 






C. TASK: AIRPORT, RUNWAY, AND TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND 

LIGHTING (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 

Special Emphasis Area 

Runway Incursion Avoidance 


Chapter 12: Airport Operations 


Chapter 2: Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids 

Online Courses 

ASF: Runway Safety 

FAAST: Hold Short for Runway Safety 

FAAST: Taxi into Position and Hold 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport, runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis 

on runway incursion avoidance. 

2. Properly identifies and interprets airport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting. 






A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (PVT) 

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be 

evaluated through oral testing. 

REFERENCES: 


Chapter 5, p. 2: Normal Takeoff 




Become familiar with the “Normal Takeoff” Checklist 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and 

rejected takeoff procedures. 

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. 

3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff 

path. 

4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. 

6. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to VY. 

7. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain VY +10/-5 knots. 

8. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established. 

9. Maintains takeoff power and VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude. 

10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb. 

11. Complies with noise abatement procedures. 

12. Completes the appropriate checklist. 






B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING (PVT) 

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of 

crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. 

REFERENCES: 


Ch. 8, page 1: Normal Approach and Landing 


Section 4: Normal Operations 

Online Courses 

FAAST :: Normal Approach and Landing 

FAAST :: Maneuvering: Approach and Landing 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind approach and landing. 

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and selects a suitable touchdown point. 

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch 

attitude and power as required. 

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, 

+10/-5 knots, with wind gust factor applied. 

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown. 

6. Touches down smoothly at approximate stalling speed (ASEL). 

7. Touches down at or within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified point, with no drift, and with the 

airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path. 

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing sequence. 







REFERENCE: 

Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (PTS) 


Chapter 6, Page 4 

RECTANGULAR COURSE (PVT) 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course. 

2. Selects a suitable reference area. 

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL (180 to 300 meters) at an 

appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg. 

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-and-turning flight to maintain a constant 

ground track around the rectangular reference area. 

5. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight. 

6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. 






S-TURNS (PVT) 

REFERENCE: 



Chapter 6, page 6 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns. 

2. Selects a suitable ground reference line. 

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, perpendicular to the 

selected reference line. 

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius turn on each side of the selected 

reference line. 

5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over the selected reference line. 








REFERENCE: 



Chapter 6, Page 7 

TURNS AROUND A POINT (PVT) 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point. 

2. Selects a suitable ground reference point. 

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter left or right at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an 

appropriate distance from the reference point. 

4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius turn around the selected reference 

point. 








A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (IR) (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 

Instrument Flying Handbook 

Chapter 4: Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying 

Chapter 5: Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight. 

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and 

interpretation, and coordinated control application. 

3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots. 






B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (IR) (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 





1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs. 

2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner. 

3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross 

check and interpretation, and coordinated control application. 

4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight 

and turns. 

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; 

maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. 






C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (IR) (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 





1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed descents. 

2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner. 

3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross 

check and interpretation, and coordinated control application. 

4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight 

flight and turns. 

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; 

maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. 






REFERENCES: 




D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (IR) 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings. 

2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross- check and interpretation, and coordinated 

control application. 

3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); 

maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ± 10°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. 






RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (IR) 

REFERENCES: 





1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes. 

2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight 

attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the 

correct sequence. 






A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING (PVT) 

REFERENCES: 


o Chapter 2, page 12: Engine Shutdown 


o Section 4: Normal Operations 


1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after landing, parking and securing procedures. 

2. Maintains directional control after touchdown while decelerating to an appropriate speed. 

3. Observes runway hold lines and other surface control markings and lighting. 

4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property. 

5. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown. 


7. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and secures the aircraft.

CFI FL1 - Basic Instrument and Ground Reference - St. Louis Pilot ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?