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VarDecl ::= Vars ( = |:= ) Expr | VarWTypes | VarWoTypes : TypeRef ... [( = | := ) Expr] | VarWoTypes : SimpleTupleType [( = | := ) Expr] Vars ::= Var | ( Var ( , Var) + ) Var ::= VarMod ∗ Id [IsType] VarWTypes ::= VarWType | ( VarWType ( , VarWType) + ) VarWType ::= VarMod ∗ Id IsType VarWoTypes ::= VarWoType | ( VarWoType (, VarWoType) + ) VarWoType ::= VarMod ∗ Id SimpleTupleType ::= ( TypeRef , TypeRefList ) TypeRefList ::= TypeRef ( , TypeRef ) ∗ DimUnitDecl ::= dim Id [ = DimRef ] [default Unit] | (unit | SI unit ) Id + [ : DimRef ] [ = Expr] | dim Id [ = DimRef ] (unit | SI unit ) Id + [ = Expr] TypeAlias ::= type Id [StaticParams] = TypeRef TestDecl ::= test Id [GeneratorList] = Expr PropertyDecl ::= property [Id = ] [∀ ValParam] Expr MdDecl ::= AbsMdDecl | MdDef AbsMdDecl ::= [abstract ] MdMod ∗ MdHeader MdDef ::= MdMod ∗ MdHeader = Expr | Coercion MdHeader ::= [(Id | self ) . ]Id [StaticParams]([MdParams])[IsType] FnClauses MdParams ::= MdParam(,MdParam) ∗ | [MdParam(,MdParam) ∗ , ] Id : TypeRef ... | [MdParam(,MdParam) ∗ , ] [Id : TypeRef ... , ] MdParam = Expr ( , MdParam=Expr) ∗ MdParam ::= ParamId [IsType] | self | TypeRef Coercion ::= [widening ]coercion [StaticParams](Id IsType)CoercionClauses = Expr CoercionClauses ::= [Throws] [CoercionWhere] [Contract] CoercionWhere ::= where { CoercionWhereClauseList } CoercionWhereClauseList ::= CoercionWhereClause (, CoercionWhereClause) ∗ CoercionWhereClause ::= WhereClause | TypeRef widens or coerces TypeRef AbsFldDecl ::= AbsFldMod ∗ Id IsType FldDef ::= FldMod ∗ Id [IsType] ( = |:= ) Expr UniversalMod ::= private | test TraitMod ::= value | UniversalMod ObjectMod ::= TraitMod FnMod ::= atomic | io | UniversalMod VarMod ::= var | UniversalMod MdMod ::= getter | setter | FnMod AbsFldMod ::= hidden | settable | wrapped | UniversalMod FldMod ::= var | AbsFldMod StaticParams ::= StaticParamList StaticParamList ::= StaticParam ( , StaticParam) ∗ 378
StaticParam ::= Id [Extends] [absorbs unit ] | nat Id | int Id | bool Id | dim Id | unit Id [ : DimRef ] [absorbs unit ] | opr Op | ident Id TypeRef ::= TraitType | TupleType | ArrowType | BottomType | () | (TypeRef ) | DimType TraitType ::= DottedId [StaticArgList ] | { TypeRef ↦→ TypeRef } | 〈 TypeRef 〉 | TypeRef [ [ArraySize] ] | TypeRef [ MatrixSize ] ArraySize ::= Extent (, Extent) ∗ Extent ::= NatRef | NatRef # NatRef MatrixSize ::= NatRef (× NatRef ) + TupleType ::= (TypeRef ( , TypeRef ) + ) | ([TypeRef ( , TypeRef ) ∗ , ] TypeRef ... ) | ([TypeRef ( , TypeRef ) ∗ , ] [TypeRef ... , ] Id = TypeRef ( , Id = TypeRef ) ∗ ) ArrowType ::= ArrowTypeRef → ArrowTypeRef [Throws] ArrowTypeRef ::= TypeRef (× TypeRef ) ∗ | TypeRef ˆ Number DimType ::= DimRef | TypeRef DimRef | TypeRef · DimRef | TypeRef / DimRef | TypeRef per DimRef | TypeRef UnitRef | TypeRef · UnitRef | TypeRef / UnitRef | TypeRef per UnitRef | TypeRef in DimRef DimRef ::= Unity | DottedId | DimRef DimRef | DimRef · DimRef | DimRef / DimRef | DimRef per DimRef | DimRef ˆ NatRef | 1 / DimRef | (DimRef ) | DUPreOp DimRef | DimRef DUPostOp UnitRef ::= dimensionless | DottedId | UnitRef UnitRef | UnitRef · UnitRef | UnitRef / UnitRef | UnitRef per UnitRef | UnitRef ˆNatRef | 1/ UnitRef | (UnitRef ) | DUPreOp UnitRef | UnitRef DUPostOp DUPreOp ::= square | cubic | inverse DUPostOp ::= squared | cubed StaticArgList ::= StaticArg ( , StaticArg) ∗ 379
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The Fortress Language Specification
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4 Evaluation 36 4.1 Values . . . .
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12 Functions 85 12.1 Function Decla
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17.7 Coercions for Tuple and Arrow
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IV Fortress for Library Writers 214
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40.10The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
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Chapter 1 Introduction The Fortress
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A note on the presented libraries i
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component HelloWorld export Executa
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foo:String → () baz: String → S
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fortress upgrade Gary with Ralph No
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halve(x : R64) : R64 = x/2 Predicta
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while x < 10 do print x x += 1 end
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It is also possible to convert a me
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factorial(n) = ∏ i←1:n i This f
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In both methods cons and append , t
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default distributions will provide
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Chapter 3 Programs A program consis
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Chapter 10), a literal (see Section
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(discussed in Section 13.13) to a s
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Chapter 5 Lexical Structure A Fortr
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U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK ! U+0023 NU
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If a character (or any other syntac
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BIG SI unit absorbs abstract also a
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escape sequences are useful for ASC
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5.14.1 Multicharacter Enclosing Ope
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Note: the elegant way to write Avog
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• top-level variable declarations
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declares id to be a mutable variabl
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several new variables. This syntax
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Chapter 7 Names Names are used to r
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7.3 Qualified Names Fortress provid
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Fortress also allows coercion betwe
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• element types of a tuple type c
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TypeAlias ::= type Id [StaticParams
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‘}’. If such a clause contains
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Note that a trait declaration inher
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the parametric trait WrappedDiction
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Chapter 10 Objects An object is a v
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FldDef ::= FldMod ∗ Id [IsType] (
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Chapter 11 Static Parameters Trait,
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11.5 Operator and Identifier Parame
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Chapter 12 Functions Functions are
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swap(x :Object, y : Object) = (y, x
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A function declaration may be separ
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Chapter 13 Expressions Fortress is
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Negating the literal 0 produces a s
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the function is evaluated with the
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13.10 Assignments Syntax: Expr ::=
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treeSum(t : TreeLeaf) = 0 treeSum(t
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Several common mathematical operato
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The body of each iteration is run i
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to the value of the condition expre
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An atomic expression consists of th
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13.26 Try Expressions Syntax: Flow
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13.27.2 Static Expressions and Valu
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A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] then A 1,
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evaluates to the set {0, 4, 16} Map
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ignore(f x) is equivalent to: f x;
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trait CheckedException extends { Ex
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Chapter 15 Overloading and Multiple
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e called with. In other words, we e
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Chapter 16 Operators Operators are
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• “ordinary” operators: + −
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left context whitespace operator fi
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The rules below are designed to for
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16.8.3 Enclosing Operators When use
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16.8.9 Intersection, Union, and Set
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Chapter 17 Conversions and Coercion
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17.3 Coercion Invocations One may i
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arguments nor with variable number
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trait B extends A end trait C exten
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a new coercion in a subexpression
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for tokens. For readability, plural
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Chapter 19 Tests and Properties For
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19.5 Test Suites In order to allow
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Chapter 20 Type Inference Type infe
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3. If a i is a functional applicati
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21.2 Programming Discipline If Fort
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Here the call f(a, a) ends up setti
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2. Ancestors, dynamically ordered b
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The ways in which fortresses are ac
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Component equivalence is determined
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22.5 Type Inference for Components
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Fortress.IO Fortress.Crypto IronLin
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execute(componentName:String, args:
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3. If the replacement does not expo
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This method runs all test functions
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Fortress.IO Fortress.Crypto Fortres
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Part III Fortress APIs and Document
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23.1.3 hash(maxval: N64): N64 23.1.
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opr =(self,other: Boolean):Boolean
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24.1.20 getter hashCode(): N64 24.1
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False: BooleanInterval Uncertain: B
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24.2.11 opr ∧(self,other: Boolean
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24.2.19 possibly(self): Boolean 24.
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Chapter 25 Numbers 25.1 Rational Nu
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opr ⌈self ⌉: N realpart(self):
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25.1.11 opr (self,other: Q):Boolean
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25.1.26 floor(self): Z 25.1.27 opr
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Chapter 26 Negated Relational Opera
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26.1.26 opr ⊀T extends BinaryPred
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27.3 The Trait Fortress.Standard.Un
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Chapter 29 Dimensions and Units 29.
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unit secondOfAngle secondsOfAngle:
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Chapter 30 Tests 30.1 The Object Fo
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31.2 Convenience Types An optional
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Chapter 32 Parallelism and Locality
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y evaluating the two elements of th
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There is a DefaultDistribution whic
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v = spawn at a.region(i) do a i end
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expr ∑ type wrapper ∑ body R,
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32.8.3 Using Overloading to Adapt G
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Chapter 33 Overloaded Functional De
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coercions: T U ⇐⇒ T ♦ U ∧
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The More Specific Rule for Function
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An infix/multifix operator declarat
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may be so defined except ordinary p
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and here some of these computed dim
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unit name 1 name 2 name 3 : . . . u
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Chapter 36 Support for Domain-Speci
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Because syntax expanders are define
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Part V Fortress APIs and Documentat
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property ∀(a:T) ¬(a ∼ a) end A
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trait PartialOrderOperatorsT extend
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The HasMinimalElement trait specifi
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The trait Commutative requires the
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A value e is a left identity for a
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trait ApproximatelyHasInverses T ex
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end extends { ApproximateCommutativ
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A default definition is provided fo
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trait RationalQuantityunit U absorb
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(self,other:RationalQuantityU,ninf
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38.2.4 getter hashCode(): Z64 38.2.
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Chapter 39 Components and APIs We d
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Chapter 40 Memory Sequences and Bin
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updatenat k(j: IntegerStatick, v: T
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40.1.12 update(j:IndexInt, v: T): L
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40.3.2 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSiz
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40.5 The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
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40.5.5 bit(m:IndexInt): Bit The res
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40.6 The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
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40.6.4 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSiz
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40.6.16 opr ‖ nat m,bool bigEndia
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countLeadingZeroBits():IndexInt cou
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40.7.41 signedShift(j:IndexInt):T 4
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40.8.6 signedDivide(other: T,overfl
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littleEndian():BinaryEndianLinearEn
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40.9.16 opr ‖ nat m,nat radix,nat
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v: BinaryEndianWordb,bigEndianBytes
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40.10.9 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSi
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40.10.24 splitnat b ′ () : Binary
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itAnd(selfStart: IndexInt,source:T,
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40.13.2 wrappingAdd(selfStart: Inde
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40.13.30 unsignedMax(selfStart: Ind
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40.13.55 gatherBits(selfStart:Index
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Appendix A Fortress Calculi A.1 Bas
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Values, evaluation contexts, redexe
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Expression typing: p; ∆; Γ ⊢ e
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α, β type variables f method name
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Function/method name lookup: Fname(
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One owner for all the visible metho
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Traits defining a method: defining
Page 327 and 328: Values, evaluation contexts, and re
Page 329 and 330: Valid function declarations: p ⊢
Page 331 and 332: Method definition lookup: visible p
Page 333 and 334: Values, intermediate expressions, e
Page 335 and 336: Field typing: p; ∆; Γ ⊢ vd ok
Page 337 and 338: Appendix B Overloaded Functional De
Page 339 and 340: Proof. We prove this for δ, but th
Page 341 and 342: Upgrade A predicate upg? takes two
Page 343 and 344: a is rendered as a foobar is render
Page 345 and 346: • If a portion is sub and another
Page 347 and 348: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious
Page 349 and 350: any alternative names, with undersc
Page 351 and 352: Appendix F Operator Precedence, Cha
Page 353 and 354: U+007C VERTICAL LINE | | U+2016 DOU
Page 355 and 356: The following two operators have th
Page 357 and 358: U+003D EQUALS SIGN = = EQ U+2243 AS
Page 359 and 360: U+22DD EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN U+2
Page 361 and 362: U+2289 NEITHER A SUPERSET OF NOR EQ
Page 363 and 364: F.4.8 Miscellaneous Relational Oper
Page 365 and 366: U+21A5 UPWARDS ARROW FROM BAR U+21A
Page 367 and 368: U+2224 DOES NOT DIVIDE ∤ U+2225 P
Page 369 and 370: U+27F8 LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
Page 371 and 372: U+2960 UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LE
Page 373 and 374: U+29ED BLACK CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW
Page 375 and 376: Appendix G Concrete Syntax In this
Page 377: Extends ::= extends TraitTypes Excl
Page 381 and 382: Value ::= Literal | fn ValParam [Is
Page 383 and 384: Appendix H Generated Concrete Synta
Page 385 and 386: -> fn_decl -> object_decl -> var_de
Page 387 and 388: -> id extends_opt absorbs_opt -> "n
Page 389 and 390: -> w "excludes" w type_ref_list com
Page 391 and 392: -> obj_decl_body_elem br obj_decl_b
Page 393 and 394: -> op wr op_follows_op_w -> op wr e
Page 395 and 396: -> no_space_op_expr_result no_space
Page 397 and 398: id_opt -> -> w id with_opt -> -> w
Page 399 and 400: -> unpasting_elem rect_separator un
Page 401 and 402: -> "}" comprehension -> set_compreh
Page 403: -> do_expr -> for_expr -> spawn_exp
Page 406 and 407: -> type_ref -> "(" w type_ref w ","
Page 408 and 409: enc -> enc_literal op_or_enc -> op
Page 410 and 411: Bibliography [1] O. Agesen, L. Bak,
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