The Fortress Language Specification - CiteSeerX

More documents

Recommendations

Info

13.28Aggregate Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 13.29Comprehensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 13.30Type Ascription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 13.31Type Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 13.32Expression-like Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 14 Exceptions 118 14.1 Causes of Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 14.2 Types of Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 14.3 Information of Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 15 Overloading and Multiple Dispatch 121 15.1 Terminology and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 15.2 Applicability to Named Functional Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 15.3 Applicability to Dotted Method Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 15.4 Applicability for Functionals with Varargs and Keyword Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 15.5 Overloading Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 16 Operators 125 16.1 Operator Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 16.2 Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 16.3 Operator Fixity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 16.4 Chained and Multifix Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 16.5 Enclosing Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 16.6 Conditional Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 16.7 Juxtaposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 16.8 Overview of Operators in the Fortress Standard Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 17 Conversions and Coercions 137 17.1 Principles of Coercion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 17.2 Coercion Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 17.3 Coercion Invocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 17.4 Applicability with Coercion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 17.5 Coercion Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 17.6 Restrictions on Coercion Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6
17.7 Coercions for Tuple and Arrow Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 17.8 Automatic Widening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 18 Dimensions and Units 146 19 Tests and Properties 149 19.1 The Purpose of Tests and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 19.2 Test Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 19.3 Other Test Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 19.4 Running Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 19.5 Test Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 19.6 Property Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 20 Type Inference 153 20.1 What Is Inferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 20.2 Type Inference Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 20.3 Finding “Closest Expressible Types” for Inferred Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 21 Memory Model 156 21.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 21.2 Programming Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 21.3 Read and Write Atomicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 21.4 Ordering Dependencies among Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 22 Components and APIs 162 22.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 22.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 22.3 APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 22.4 Tests in Components and APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 22.5 Type Inference for Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 22.6 Initialization Order for Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 22.7 Basic Fortress Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 22.8 Advanced Features of Fortress Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7
Page 1 and 2: The Fortress Language Specification
Page 3 and 4: 4 Evaluation 36 4.1 Values . . . .
Page 5: 12 Functions 85 12.1 Function Decla
Page 9 and 10: IV Fortress for Library Writers 214
Page 11 and 12: 40.10The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction The Fortress
Page 15 and 16: A note on the presented libraries i
Page 17 and 18: component HelloWorld export Executa
Page 19 and 20: foo:String → () baz: String → S
Page 21 and 22: fortress upgrade Gary with Ralph No
Page 23 and 24: halve(x : R64) : R64 = x/2 Predicta
Page 25 and 26: while x < 10 do print x x += 1 end
Page 27 and 28: It is also possible to convert a me
Page 29 and 30: factorial(n) = ∏ i←1:n i This f
Page 31 and 32: In both methods cons and append , t
Page 33 and 34: default distributions will provide
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Programs A program consis
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 10), a literal (see Section
Page 39 and 40: (discussed in Section 13.13) to a s
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 5 Lexical Structure A Fortr
Page 43 and 44: U+0021 EXCLAMATION MARK ! U+0023 NU
Page 45 and 46: If a character (or any other syntac
Page 47 and 48: BIG SI unit absorbs abstract also a
Page 49 and 50: escape sequences are useful for ASC
Page 51 and 52: 5.14.1 Multicharacter Enclosing Ope
Page 53 and 54: Note: the elegant way to write Avog
Page 55 and 56: • top-level variable declarations
Page 57 and 58:
declares id to be a mutable variabl
Page 59 and 60:
several new variables. This syntax
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 7 Names Names are used to r
Page 63 and 64:
7.3 Qualified Names Fortress provid
Page 65 and 66:
Fortress also allows coercion betwe
Page 67 and 68:
• element types of a tuple type c
Page 69 and 70:
TypeAlias ::= type Id [StaticParams
Page 71 and 72:
‘}’. If such a clause contains
Page 73 and 74:
Note that a trait declaration inher
Page 75 and 76:
the parametric trait WrappedDiction
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 10 Objects An object is a v
Page 79 and 80:
FldDef ::= FldMod ∗ Id [IsType] (
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 11 Static Parameters Trait,
Page 83 and 84:
11.5 Operator and Identifier Parame
Page 85 and 86:
Chapter 12 Functions Functions are
Page 87 and 88:
swap(x :Object, y : Object) = (y, x
Page 89 and 90:
A function declaration may be separ
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 13 Expressions Fortress is
Page 93 and 94:
Negating the literal 0 produces a s
Page 95 and 96:
the function is evaluated with the
Page 97 and 98:
13.10 Assignments Syntax: Expr ::=
Page 99 and 100:
treeSum(t : TreeLeaf) = 0 treeSum(t
Page 101 and 102:
Several common mathematical operato
Page 103 and 104:
The body of each iteration is run i
Page 105 and 106:
to the value of the condition expre
Page 107 and 108:
An atomic expression consists of th
Page 109 and 110:
13.26 Try Expressions Syntax: Flow
Page 111 and 112:
13.27.2 Static Expressions and Valu
Page 113 and 114:
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] then A 1,
Page 115 and 116:
evaluates to the set {0, 4, 16} Map
Page 117 and 118:
ignore(f x) is equivalent to: f x;
Page 119 and 120:
trait CheckedException extends { Ex
Page 121 and 122:
Chapter 15 Overloading and Multiple
Page 123 and 124:
e called with. In other words, we e
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter 16 Operators Operators are
Page 127 and 128:
• “ordinary” operators: + −
Page 129 and 130:
left context whitespace operator fi
Page 131 and 132:
The rules below are designed to for
Page 133 and 134:
16.8.3 Enclosing Operators When use
Page 135 and 136:
16.8.9 Intersection, Union, and Set
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 17 Conversions and Coercion
Page 139 and 140:
17.3 Coercion Invocations One may i
Page 141 and 142:
arguments nor with variable number
Page 143 and 144:
trait B extends A end trait C exten
Page 145 and 146:
a new coercion in a subexpression
Page 147 and 148:
for tokens. For readability, plural
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 19 Tests and Properties For
Page 151 and 152:
19.5 Test Suites In order to allow
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 20 Type Inference Type infe
Page 155 and 156:
3. If a i is a functional applicati
Page 157 and 158:
21.2 Programming Discipline If Fort
Page 159 and 160:
Here the call f(a, a) ends up setti
Page 161 and 162:
2. Ancestors, dynamically ordered b
Page 163 and 164:
The ways in which fortresses are ac
Page 165 and 166:
Component equivalence is determined
Page 167 and 168:
22.5 Type Inference for Components
Page 169 and 170:
Fortress.IO Fortress.Crypto IronLin
Page 171 and 172:
execute(componentName:String, args:
Page 173 and 174:
3. If the replacement does not expo
Page 175 and 176:
This method runs all test functions
Page 177 and 178:
Fortress.IO Fortress.Crypto Fortres
Page 179 and 180:
Part III Fortress APIs and Document
Page 181 and 182:
23.1.3 hash(maxval: N64): N64 23.1.
Page 183 and 184:
opr =(self,other: Boolean):Boolean
Page 185 and 186:
24.1.20 getter hashCode(): N64 24.1
Page 187 and 188:
False: BooleanInterval Uncertain: B
Page 189 and 190:
24.2.11 opr ∧(self,other: Boolean
Page 191 and 192:
24.2.19 possibly(self): Boolean 24.
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 25 Numbers 25.1 Rational Nu
Page 195 and 196:
opr ⌈self ⌉: N realpart(self):
Page 197 and 198:
25.1.11 opr (self,other: Q):Boolean
Page 199 and 200:
25.1.26 floor(self): Z 25.1.27 opr
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 26 Negated Relational Opera
Page 203 and 204:
26.1.26 opr ⊀T extends BinaryPred
Page 205 and 206:
27.3 The Trait Fortress.Standard.Un
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 29 Dimensions and Units 29.
Page 209 and 210:
unit secondOfAngle secondsOfAngle:
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 30 Tests 30.1 The Object Fo
Page 213 and 214:
31.2 Convenience Types An optional
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 32 Parallelism and Locality
Page 217 and 218:
y evaluating the two elements of th
Page 219 and 220:
There is a DefaultDistribution whic
Page 221 and 222:
v = spawn at a.region(i) do a i end
Page 223 and 224:
expr ∑ type wrapper ∑ body R,
Page 225 and 226:
32.8.3 Using Overloading to Adapt G
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 33 Overloaded Functional De
Page 229 and 230:
coercions: T U ⇐⇒ T ♦ U ∧
Page 231 and 232:
The More Specific Rule for Function
Page 233 and 234:
An infix/multifix operator declarat
Page 235 and 236:
may be so defined except ordinary p
Page 237 and 238:
and here some of these computed dim
Page 239 and 240:
unit name 1 name 2 name 3 : . . . u
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 36 Support for Domain-Speci
Page 243 and 244:
Because syntax expanders are define
Page 245 and 246:
Part V Fortress APIs and Documentat
Page 247 and 248:
property ∀(a:T) ¬(a ∼ a) end A
Page 249 and 250:
trait PartialOrderOperatorsT extend
Page 251 and 252:
The HasMinimalElement trait specifi
Page 253 and 254:
The trait Commutative requires the
Page 255 and 256:
A value e is a left identity for a
Page 257 and 258:
trait ApproximatelyHasInverses T ex
Page 259 and 260:
end extends { ApproximateCommutativ
Page 261 and 262:
A default definition is provided fo
Page 263 and 264:
trait RationalQuantityunit U absorb
Page 265 and 266:
(self,other:RationalQuantityU,ninf
Page 267 and 268:
38.2.4 getter hashCode(): Z64 38.2.
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 39 Components and APIs We d
Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 40 Memory Sequences and Bin
Page 273 and 274:
updatenat k(j: IntegerStatick, v: T
Page 275 and 276:
40.1.12 update(j:IndexInt, v: T): L
Page 277 and 278:
40.3.2 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSiz
Page 279 and 280:
40.5 The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
Page 281 and 282:
40.5.5 bit(m:IndexInt): Bit The res
Page 283 and 284:
40.6 The Trait Fortress.Core.Binary
Page 285 and 286:
40.6.4 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSiz
Page 287 and 288:
40.6.16 opr ‖ nat m,bool bigEndia
Page 289 and 290:
countLeadingZeroBits():IndexInt cou
Page 291 and 292:
40.7.41 signedShift(j:IndexInt):T 4
Page 293 and 294:
40.8.6 signedDivide(other: T,overfl
Page 295 and 296:
littleEndian():BinaryEndianLinearEn
Page 297 and 298:
40.9.16 opr ‖ nat m,nat radix,nat
Page 299 and 300:
v: BinaryEndianWordb,bigEndianBytes
Page 301 and 302:
40.10.9 opr nat m[r:RangeOfStaticSi
Page 303 and 304:
40.10.24 splitnat b ′ () : Binary
Page 305 and 306:
itAnd(selfStart: IndexInt,source:T,
Page 307 and 308:
40.13.2 wrappingAdd(selfStart: Inde
Page 309 and 310:
40.13.30 unsignedMax(selfStart: Ind
Page 311 and 312:
40.13.55 gatherBits(selfStart:Index
Page 313 and 314:
Appendix A Fortress Calculi A.1 Bas
Page 315 and 316:
Values, evaluation contexts, redexe
Page 317 and 318:
Expression typing: p; ∆; Γ ⊢ e
Page 319 and 320:
α, β type variables f method name
Page 321 and 322:
Function/method name lookup: Fname(
Page 323 and 324:
One owner for all the visible metho
Page 325 and 326:
Traits defining a method: defining
Page 327 and 328:
Values, evaluation contexts, and re
Page 329 and 330:
Valid function declarations: p ⊢
Page 331 and 332:
Method definition lookup: visible p
Page 333 and 334:
Values, intermediate expressions, e
Page 335 and 336:
Field typing: p; ∆; Γ ⊢ vd ok
Page 337 and 338:
Appendix B Overloaded Functional De
Page 339 and 340:
Proof. We prove this for δ, but th
Page 341 and 342:
Upgrade A predicate upg? takes two
Page 343 and 344:
a is rendered as a foobar is render
Page 345 and 346:
• If a portion is sub and another
Page 347 and 348:
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious
Page 349 and 350:
any alternative names, with undersc
Page 351 and 352:
Appendix F Operator Precedence, Cha
Page 353 and 354:
U+007C VERTICAL LINE | | U+2016 DOU
Page 355 and 356:
The following two operators have th
Page 357 and 358:
U+003D EQUALS SIGN = = EQ U+2243 AS
Page 359 and 360:
U+22DD EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN U+2
Page 361 and 362:
U+2289 NEITHER A SUPERSET OF NOR EQ
Page 363 and 364:
F.4.8 Miscellaneous Relational Oper
Page 365 and 366:
U+21A5 UPWARDS ARROW FROM BAR U+21A
Page 367 and 368:
U+2224 DOES NOT DIVIDE ∤ U+2225 P
Page 369 and 370:
U+27F8 LONG LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW
Page 371 and 372:
U+2960 UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LE
Page 373 and 374:
U+29ED BLACK CIRCLE WITH DOWN ARROW
Page 375 and 376:
Appendix G Concrete Syntax In this
Page 377 and 378:
Extends ::= extends TraitTypes Excl
Page 379 and 380:
StaticParam ::= Id [Extends] [absor
Page 381 and 382:
Value ::= Literal | fn ValParam [Is
Page 383 and 384:
Appendix H Generated Concrete Synta
Page 385 and 386:
-> fn_decl -> object_decl -> var_de
Page 387 and 388:
-> id extends_opt absorbs_opt -> "n
Page 389 and 390:
-> w "excludes" w type_ref_list com
Page 391 and 392:
-> obj_decl_body_elem br obj_decl_b
Page 393 and 394:
-> op wr op_follows_op_w -> op wr e
Page 395 and 396:
-> no_space_op_expr_result no_space
Page 397 and 398:
id_opt -> -> w id with_opt -> -> w
Page 399 and 400:
-> unpasting_elem rect_separator un
Page 401 and 402:
-> "}" comprehension -> set_compreh
Page 403:
-> do_expr -> for_expr -> spawn_exp
Page 406 and 407:
-> type_ref -> "(" w type_ref w ","
Page 408 and 409:
enc -> enc_literal op_or_enc -> op
Page 410 and 411:
Bibliography [1] O. Agesen, L. Bak,
show all

The Fortress Language Specification - CiteSeerX

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?