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2. Goals and Means The overall and long-term goal of the strategy is to ensure: that Denmark develops and demonstrates effective and competitive technologies and systems that integrate hydrogen – primarily based on renewable energy sources – as an energy carrier in a clean, effective and reliable energy supply, and that Denmark takes on a leading position in this field. Danish hydrogen technology research, development and demonstration should also contribute to meeting energy policy goals in general and thus promoting to: • secure a future energy supply at competitive prices; • create an environmentally friendly energy system and ensure that Danish obligations for a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases can be achieved as cost-effectively as possible; • support economic growth; • improve the competitive position of Danish companies in foreign markets for energy and related products; • maintain and expand Danish research competencies and knowledge centres within energy technology. To achieve the defined hydrogen technology goals, it is necessary to: • promote the development of core competencies in areas with business potential where Danish research is strong; • plan long-term and flexible Danish research, development and demonstration activities in close co-operation with Danish fuel cell research ensuring that the activities can be adapted on a continuous basis in line with international development; • promote hydrogen technology co-operation and synergy between public research and the private sector; • participate in international collaborative efforts dedicated to the development of new standards for hydrogen technologies and their economic, energy-effective and safe implementation as part of the energy system; • position Danish R&D environments in the European research sphere as well as outside Europe; • establish optimum framework conditions for hydrogen technology development that strengthens the competencies and competitive position of Danish companies and research institutions. 9
3. Hydrogen Technologies and Danish Competencies This section briefly describes the most important technologies relating to the production, storage, distribution and use of hydrogen, as well as systems analyses and other analyses. Danish competencies are also described. Wind Conventional Production (Coal, Gas, Oil) Consumption - Transport Sun - + H 2 Hydropower Electricity Electrolysis H 2 Compression Storage H 2 Hydrogen Fuelling Station Fuel Cell-based CHP Production Biomass Biomass Fermentation Natural Gas Steam Reformation Purification - + Pipeline Transport of Hydrogen H 2 Electrolysis H 2 H 2 Compression Transport of Compressed Hydrogen H 2 Chemical Plants Purification H 2 Cavernous storage Refinery H 2 Hydrogen Condensation Transport of Liquid Hydrogen H 2 Storage of Liquid Hydrogen H 2 Evaporator Figure 1. Illustration of the hydrogen chain. Source: The EU's CUTE project Hydrogen production Hydrogen is not a naturally occurring energy medium like oil, natural gas and coal. First, hydrogen has to be produced from another medium that contains hydrogen, such as natural gas (reforming), water (electrolysis) or biomass (gasification, fermentation, photochemical processes). These processes demand energy that can be supplied by the hydrogencontaining raw material – or in the form of electricity in connection with the electrolysis process. The electrolysis process as well as the other processes used to produce hydrogen result in a loss of energy of 20–30% using today’s technology. Of the approximately 500 million m 3 hydrogen produced in 2003, almost all (96%) was made from fossil fuels. About half of this was natural gas, whereas electrolysis played only a minor role with a 4% share of the industrial hydrogen production 4 . Natural gas is an indigenously produced Danish form of energy with hydrogen production potential. Natural gas, however, is a limited resource that has many 4 International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS), Council meeting, Stavanger, May 2004 10
Page 2 and 3: Preface In January 2004, the Danish
Page 4 and 5: Abbreviations AKF DTU EFP R&D GW H
Page 6 and 7: The present report was produced by
Page 8 and 9: 1. Introduction Across the globe, m
Page 12 and 13: other uses. Wind power based electr
Page 14 and 15: distribution is concerned, the exis
Page 16 and 17: Table 2. Visions for the developmen
Page 18 and 19: 4. International Perspective The de
Page 20 and 21: International co-operation forums w
Page 22 and 23: 5. Danish Focus on Hydrogen Technol
Page 24 and 25: 6. Implementation Effective technol
Page 26 and 27: Organisational framework The strate
Page 28 and 29: • to establish and maintain the g
Page 30 and 31: • the level of activity described
Page 32 and 33: Ole Bilde, Consultant, Elkraft Syst

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