Danish Strategy for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells - HY-CO Home

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other uses. Wind power based electrolysis and gasification/fermentation of biomass would therefore also be relevant in Denmark. Reforming The reforming process typically consists of a catalytic process in which a fossil fuel (e.g. natural gas) is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This process can take place in large centralised plants with subsequent hydrogen distribution or in smaller decentralised plants with local hydrogen use. Haldor Topsøe A/S is a world-leader in hydrogen production through catalytic reforming of natural gas in large centralised plants. Small decentralised reforming plants are being developed in Denmark, e.g. at DTU. DTU estimates that the area has a potential that can be developed jointly by the university and large Danish industrial companies. Gasification/fermentation of biomass The gasification of biomass produces methane-containing gas that in turn can be converted to hydrogen in a reforming process. The biological hydrogen production involves photosynthesis, known from nature, and a fermentation process in which micro-organisms convert organic matter to hydrogen. The most recent development in connection with the fermentation of biomass, however, is the coproduction of hydrogen and other hydrogen-containing Danish knowledge of fermentation is world class (Danish Centre for Biofuels, DTU, Risø National Laboratory, KVL, Elsam, and others), and there is considerable commercial interest in its development and use. Denmark has considerable commercial experience with small gasification plants. fuels 5 according to the so-called “bio-refinery” concept for the production of e.g.. bioethanol. Electrolysis Electrolysis is a process in which electricity splits water into its basic components: hydrogen and oxygen. There are no Danish manufacturers of electrolysors. However, the knowledge of fuel cell technology available in Danish research environments such as Risø National Laboratory, IRD Fuel Cells and DTU is an excellent basis for the development of future, more efficient electrolysis technologies, 5 In this context, other hydrogen-containing fuels primarily involve liquid biofuel for replacement of petrol and diesel in the transport sector. It should be noted that all fuels contain hydrogen. 11
The figure below indicates when the various production technologies are likely to be implemented in Europe 6 . Fornybar energi Renewable Energy Elektrolyse Electrolysis fra Using VE Renewable elektricitet (vindkraft) Energy (Wind Power) Biomasse Gasification gasificering (with/without (m/u CO CO 2 deponering) 2 Deposits) Fermentering Fermentation Photokemi Photochemistry fri - fri CO - 2 -Free Fossil Co brændsler 2 Fossile CO 2 Fuels Fossile brændsler k Ref. Ref. of Fossil af fos. Fuels brændsler (Natural (NG, Gas, kul, Coal, olie) med Oil) with CO CO 2 2 deping deposits Elektrolysis Elektrolyse using via el electricity fra fossile from brænsler fossil fuels med with CO CO 2 deponering 2 deposits Reformering af of naturgas Natural Gas (centralt) Decentral Small-scale naturgas Decentralised reformering Reforming i mindre of Natural skala Gas Hydrogen Production Brint fra kul Brintproduktion Hydrogen from Coal Elektrolyse via el genereret Electrolysis fra fossile Using Electricity brændsler from 1313Fossil Fuels 2010 – Short term 2015 – Medium term >2025 Long term Time frame Figure 2. Expected timeframe for hydrogen production technologies Economy The table below demonstrates the European production prices for hydrogen (2004) for selected processes. Table 1. Hydrogen production prices 7 Hydrogen costs - excl. distribution Natural gas (reforming large plants) DKK 7.50/kg * 1 l petrol = 0.28 kg hydrogen Mains electricity (electrolysis) Wind power (electrolysis) DKK 28/kg DKK 45– 60/kg Biomass (gasification) DKK 22– 30/kg Storage and distribution of hydrogen Hydrogen is normally stored and distributed in gaseous or liquid form. Hydrogen can be distributed through pipelines from a central production area, or in pressure tanks. A combination of the two may also occur. As far as piped Denmark has not yet determined the exact type of hydrogen production and distribution: centralised or decentralised production, distribution through pipelines or in tanks. 6 EU HyNet Roadmap, 2004 7 “Deployment Strategy”, Final draft report December 2004, The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform. 12
Page 2 and 3: Preface In January 2004, the Danish
Page 4 and 5: Abbreviations AKF DTU EFP R&D GW H
Page 6 and 7: The present report was produced by
Page 8 and 9: 1. Introduction Across the globe, m
Page 10 and 11: 2. Goals and Means The overall and
Page 14 and 15: distribution is concerned, the exis
Page 16 and 17: Table 2. Visions for the developmen
Page 18 and 19: 4. International Perspective The de
Page 20 and 21: International co-operation forums w
Page 22 and 23: 5. Danish Focus on Hydrogen Technol
Page 24 and 25: 6. Implementation Effective technol
Page 26 and 27: Organisational framework The strate
Page 28 and 29: • to establish and maintain the g
Page 30 and 31: • the level of activity described
Page 32 and 33: Ole Bilde, Consultant, Elkraft Syst

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