Temperature <strong>and</strong> Precipitation Observed change: increasing variability <strong>and</strong> extremes; delayed freeze‐up <strong>and</strong> early thaw. <strong>Health</strong> concerns: injury from extreme weather, increased cost for basic services. Projected future change: warmer <strong>and</strong> more precipitation, winter temperatures above 0°F. Potential adaptation: improve local weather observations, injury prevention. In <strong>Point</strong> Hope, significant changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, <strong>and</strong> other indicators of climate change have been observed by local residents. This includes an increase in frequency of extreme weather <strong>and</strong> changes in seasonality, with spring thaw occurring earlier <strong>and</strong> the fall freeze‐up occurring later. Residents report summers that are very hot <strong>and</strong> dry, <strong>and</strong> winters that are more variable, with sudden <strong>and</strong> dramatic temperature swings between very cold <strong>and</strong> very warm. The exception was the winter of 2008/2009 which brought extreme high temperatures, then low temperatures, <strong>and</strong> then record snow fall <strong>and</strong> snow accumulation. Over the past 50 years, Alaska has warmed at more than twice the rate of the rest of the country. The annual average temperature in Alaska has increased 3.4°F, with winters warming by 6.3°F (Fitzpatrick et al., 2008). Average annual temperatures are projected to rise another 3.5°F to 7°F by the middle of this century (U.S. Global <strong>Change</strong> Research Program, 2009). The <strong>Point</strong> Hope climate is arctic. Historically, summers have been short <strong>and</strong> cool, with temperatures ranging from 30°F to 50°F. During the winter, temperatures averaged below zero, sometimes as cold as ‐50°F, but generally between 0 <strong>and</strong> ‐10°F. Precipitation is light, 10 to 12 inches annually, with about 36 inches of snowfall that becomes hardpacked by November. Strong northern surface winds bring storms of blowing snow. The Chukchi Sea has typically been ice‐free from late June until mid‐September, when the slush ice would form along the shoreline. Weather data is collected from the FAA Station at the <strong>Point</strong> Hope airstrip <strong>and</strong> includes: wind speed, wind direction, dew point, precipitation, snow fall, snow on the ground, peak winds, extreme snow loads, <strong>and</strong> temperature (Figures 5, 6, 13, 14; Appendix A1, A2). Archive data is available from 1924 to 1954, but is incomplete with no data during the 1960s, 70s, or 80s. Weather data for <strong>Point</strong> Hope from 1991 until 2008 is available from the Kotzebue Field Office of the National Weather Service (NWS). A comparison of mean monthly temperature for this period shows that <strong>Point</strong> Hope is an average of five to ten degrees colder then Kotzebue during summer months, but has approximately the same average winter temperatures. Additionally, Kotzebue <strong>and</strong> <strong>Point</strong> Hope have increased temperature at roughly the same rate since 1944. Archive weather data (temperature <strong>and</strong> precipitation) for Kotzebue spans from the 1930s until the present. The Kotzebue temperature data shows a gradual increase in average annual temperature <strong>and</strong> total annual precipitation between the 1940s <strong>and</strong> the present. Figures 6 provides trend data on mean annual temperature from the 1930s until 2010 (projected). Figure 7 provides trend data on mean annual precipitation from the late 1940s until 2005. Between 1949 <strong>and</strong> 2006 the Northwest Arctic had an increase in average annual temperature of 3.2 o F (Shulski, 2007). During this period, winter temperatures changed most dramatically <strong>and</strong> fall temperatures the least. For December through January, temperatures increased by 6.8 o F, spring (March to May) increased by 2.1 o F, summer (June to August) by 2.4 o F, <strong>and</strong> fall (Sept to Nov) by 1.4 o F. 14
Figure 6 Source: Alaska <strong>Climate</strong> Research Center Figure 7 Source: Alaska <strong>Climate</strong> Research Center 15
- Page 1 and 2: Safe, Healthy, Sustainable Communit
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- Page 5 and 6: PREFACE In May 2006, the Center for
- Page 7 and 8: Figure 2 Map of Point Hope (Tikigaq
- Page 9 and 10: youths and presentations were made
- Page 11 and 12: Figure 3 Aerial Photograph of Point
- Page 13 and 14: Figure 5. Top 15 Maniilaq Health Ce
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- Page 19 and 20: Figure 8 Graph by ANTHC. Source: Na
- Page 21 and 22: Figure 10 (AOOS, 2009) Figure 11 (A
- Page 23 and 24: Permafrost Observed change: warming
- Page 25 and 26: Figure 12 Source: Alaska Climate Re
- Page 27 and 28: Fig. 14 Source: Point Hope Water Pl
- Page 29 and 30: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Poin
- Page 31 and 32: Recommendations for Climate Adaptat
- Page 33 and 34: 9. In the event of a wildlife die
- Page 35 and 36: APPENDIX A Inches Fig. A1 Source: A
- Page 37 and 38: APPENDIX C Point Hope Climate and H
- Page 39 and 40: Photo 3: Extreme snow management (M
- Page 41 and 42: REFERENCES Alaska Climate Research
- Page 43 and 44: Fussel, H.‐M., Klein, R. J. T., &
- Page 45 and 46: Parry, M., Palutikof, J., Hanson, C
- Page 48: We gratefully acknowledge the assis
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