The Ecology of San Francisco Bay Tidal Marshes - USGS National ...

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Number 18 Re1 ative abundances of terrestrial arthropods in bay tidal marshes ............................................ Benthic invertebrates co1 lected in three San Francisco Bay salt marshes located in Corte Madera ................. Total number of fish caught within tidal sloughs at the Hayward salt marsh restoration ........................... Fish collected in the Napa Marsh Slough .................. The ten most common fish species collected in Suisun Marsh .................................................... Birds counted monthly in 13 tidal marshes around San Francisco Bay ............................................ Prey diversity and feeding techniques for various shorebirds in bay tidal marshes .......................... Breeding bird populations within tidal marshes of south San Francisco Bay ........................................ Mammalian uses of bay tidal marshes ...................... Summary of estimated annual vascular plant production for selected species in bay tidal marshes ................ Restoration in San Francisco Bay with tidal marsh creation as an objective ................................. Tidal marsh habitat requirements for selected plant and animal species ....................................... Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A review of this nature re1 ies on work by researchers in many diverse fields. I cannot truly do justice to their detailed studies. I hope the short summaries presented accurate1 y reflect their work and conclusions. The majority of the review is based on published work, however, many researchers shared unpublished manuscripts and personal observations. In addition, students in my classes and at other California State Unl versi ty campuses provided an important source of data and observations. The review has been influenced by my research on San Francisco Bay marshes sponsored by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the San Franci sco Foundation, and San Francisco State Ilnr vers? ty. The preparation of t h s ~ profile has been sponsored by the Environmental Resources Branch of the Off~ce of the Chief of Engineers in association wlth the San Francisco District, Army Corps of Engineers, and the US F~sh and W l ldl ife Serv~ce- I am especla11 y appreciative of the close scrut;lny of earlier drafts of the manuscript g~ ven by: James, Buchholz (TT bursn Center for Envl ronmental Studies); Utiymond Krone (UC, Davis); H.Thomas Harvey (Harvey and Stanley Assoc.); K ~ th I Macdonald (Keith Macdonald and Assoc.); Margaret Race (Stanford Unl vers ity); James School ey (Cal iforn~a State Un~versity, Hdyward); Nar~cy Wakeman (Bay Conservation and Development Commission); and Joy Zedler (San Diego State University). The efforts of the reviewers steered me from ambiguous or incorrect statemen ts; however, X retain responsibility for any remaining inaccuracies. In addition, I appreciate the comments provided by various agency staff including: T. E. Harvey and R. Lowe (San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge); Margaret Kohl and Karen Miller (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento); Penny Herring, Wiley Kitchens, and Kate Lyster (National Coastal Ecosystem Team); and Roderick Chisholm, Lars Forsman, Scott Miner, and Jody Batlin (US Army COE, San Francisco Dfstrict). Steven Ball ing (UC, Berkeley), Dale Hopkins (San Francisco State University), and Margaret Race provided valuable pre-publi cation reprints for my use. Molly Martindale ably assisted me in the compi 1 ation of 1 i terature, preparat.i on of figures, and typing of portions of the manuscript. Barbara Nabors formatted and typed the tables. Douglas Spicher and Leonard Compagno generously provided photographs for inclusion in the profile. This work could not have been completed without the support and understanding given to me by my family: Margaret, Michael, and Alexander. Thank you for putting up with many long hours of preparat7on and writing.
Page 2 and 3: FWS/OBS-83/23 October 1983 THE ECOL
Page 4 and 5: mil 1 imeters (mm) centimeters (cm)
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS .......
Page 8 and 9: FIGURES Number 1 Sacramento-San Joa
Page 10 and 11: Number 37 Adult California clapper
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION San Francisc
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2 PREHISTORIC DEVELOPMENT O
Page 19 and 20: underlying the bay. The deposits of
Page 21 and 22: Figure 4. Napa marshes and Mount Ta
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5. Histor~c and present exte
Page 25 and 26: that should have remained in the pu
Page 27 and 28: management projects are proposed to
Page 29: h a hh mas cod ui aJ L C a u T3 s I
Page 32 and 33: s -'o W d T mCOc wcn 0 .r v-4 3 z-C
Page 34: 4.1 MACROCLIMATE sheds of local cr-
Page 37 and 38: Figure 11. Erosion of tidal marsh s
Page 39 and 40: Sacramento-San Joaqu i n river syst
Page 41 and 42: and greatest differences occur when
Page 43 and 44: Table 7. Seasonal sediment saliniti
Page 45 and 46: - Bay Entrance Figure 15, Typical d
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 5 PLANT COMPOSITJON AND ZON
Page 49 and 50: tall (Harvey 1976). Parnell (1976)
Page 51 and 52: Figure 19. Perennial pickleweed (Sa
Page 53 and 54: (Figure 24). Its leaves are reduced
Page 55 and 56: California bulrush (Figure 25) is f
Page 57 and 58: species to prolonged submergence. S
Page 59 and 60: Table 11. Tidal ranges for marsh pl
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 6 ANIMAL INHABITANTS OF TID
Page 63 and 64:
ture. Carlton (1979) lists over 90
Page 65 and 66:
small mussels. San Francisco Bay po
Page 67 and 68:
Table 16. Popluation biology of the
Page 69 and 70:
Table 18. Relative abundances (perc
Page 71 and 72:
fable 19. Benthic invertebrates col
Page 73 and 74:
offshore and usually in low numbers
Page 75 and 76:
ackish ponds. Artifical ditches in
Page 77 and 78:
Table 23. Birds counted monthly in
Page 79 and 80:
Table 25. Breeding bird populations
Page 81 and 82:
California clapper rails build thei
Page 83 and 84:
downy young, the Norway rat is prob
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 39. Harbor seal pup hauled-o
Page 87 and 88:
decomposers, and export from the ma
Page 89 and 90:
A rough estimate of the contr~butio
Page 91 and 92:
- 50 The effects of nutrients on ti
Page 93 and 94:
material accumulates. Because their
Page 95 and 96:
--- - Channel . . --- '- -2 , . , .
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT OF TIDAL MARSH
Page 99 and 100:
action which disrupts surface breat
Page 101 and 102:
-- et al. (1982) also comment on th
Page 103 and 104:
Table 29. Tidal marsh habitat requi
Page 105 and 106:
sal t marsh ponds. Ann. Entom01 Sot
Page 107 and 108:
Eilers, H.O. 1979. Production ecolo
Page 109 and 110:
and protection. Pacific Division, A
Page 111 and 112:
and C.A. Simenstad, eds. Gutshop 19
Page 113 and 114:
Rotramel, G. 1971. The symbiotic re
Page 115 and 116:
Tech. Rep. I. Tiburon Center for En
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