The Ecology of San Francisco Bay Tidal Marshes - USGS National ...

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Pacific cordgrass (Spartina fol iosa) has aDparently invaded a former pickleweed (~al icornia virginica) habitat as a result of such lowered elevations (Atwater-- et al. 1979). Higher than normal sea level may ;also cause vegetation changes. The proximity of industrial activity to the bay increases the likelihood for petroleum spills and hazardous waste contamination. The impacts are usually chronic; however, direct spills into tidal marshes do occur. Vector control activities, largely to reduce mosquito breeding areas, have had a direct impact on tidal and diked marshes through ditching to increase tidal circulation. Pesticides are also frequently applied to marshes. Thus, the tidal marsh community which remains can hardly be classified as pristine. It has been shaped for over 100 years by human interference and is likely to be further influenced by the urbanization of San Francisco Bay area.
Page 2 and 3: FWS/OBS-83/23 October 1983 THE ECOL
Page 4 and 5: mil 1 imeters (mm) centimeters (cm)
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS .......
Page 8 and 9: FIGURES Number 1 Sacramento-San Joa
Page 10 and 11: Number 37 Adult California clapper
Page 12 and 13: Number 18 Re1 ative abundances of t
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION San Francisc
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 2 PREHISTORIC DEVELOPMENT O
Page 19 and 20: underlying the bay. The deposits of
Page 21 and 22: Figure 4. Napa marshes and Mount Ta
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5. Histor~c and present exte
Page 25 and 26: that should have remained in the pu
Page 27 and 28: management projects are proposed to
Page 29: h a hh mas cod ui aJ L C a u T3 s I
Page 34: 4.1 MACROCLIMATE sheds of local cr-
Page 37 and 38: Figure 11. Erosion of tidal marsh s
Page 39 and 40: Sacramento-San Joaqu i n river syst
Page 41 and 42: and greatest differences occur when
Page 43 and 44: Table 7. Seasonal sediment saliniti
Page 45 and 46: - Bay Entrance Figure 15, Typical d
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 5 PLANT COMPOSITJON AND ZON
Page 49 and 50: tall (Harvey 1976). Parnell (1976)
Page 51 and 52: Figure 19. Perennial pickleweed (Sa
Page 53 and 54: (Figure 24). Its leaves are reduced
Page 55 and 56: California bulrush (Figure 25) is f
Page 57 and 58: species to prolonged submergence. S
Page 59 and 60: Table 11. Tidal ranges for marsh pl
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 6 ANIMAL INHABITANTS OF TID
Page 63 and 64: ture. Carlton (1979) lists over 90
Page 65 and 66: small mussels. San Francisco Bay po
Page 67 and 68: Table 16. Popluation biology of the
Page 69 and 70: Table 18. Relative abundances (perc
Page 71 and 72: fable 19. Benthic invertebrates col
Page 73 and 74: offshore and usually in low numbers
Page 75 and 76: ackish ponds. Artifical ditches in
Page 77 and 78: Table 23. Birds counted monthly in
Page 79 and 80: Table 25. Breeding bird populations
Page 81 and 82: California clapper rails build thei
Page 83 and 84:
downy young, the Norway rat is prob
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 39. Harbor seal pup hauled-o
Page 87 and 88:
decomposers, and export from the ma
Page 89 and 90:
A rough estimate of the contr~butio
Page 91 and 92:
- 50 The effects of nutrients on ti
Page 93 and 94:
material accumulates. Because their
Page 95 and 96:
--- - Channel . . --- '- -2 , . , .
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 8 MANAGEMENT OF TIDAL MARSH
Page 99 and 100:
action which disrupts surface breat
Page 101 and 102:
-- et al. (1982) also comment on th
Page 103 and 104:
Table 29. Tidal marsh habitat requi
Page 105 and 106:
sal t marsh ponds. Ann. Entom01 Sot
Page 107 and 108:
Eilers, H.O. 1979. Production ecolo
Page 109 and 110:
and protection. Pacific Division, A
Page 111 and 112:
and C.A. Simenstad, eds. Gutshop 19
Page 113 and 114:
Rotramel, G. 1971. The symbiotic re
Page 115 and 116:
Tech. Rep. I. Tiburon Center for En
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