The Crane Flies of California - Essig Museum of Entomology ...

6 Bulletin of the California Znsect Survey
and Williams, 1933. The thorax is discussed in
Crampton, 1925; Snodgrass, 1909; and Young, 1921.
Head and mouthparts are covered in Peterson, 1916.
Male and female genitalia are covered in Cole, 1927;
Crampton, 1941; Fromer, 1963; and Snodgrass,
1903 (female), 1904 (male). And wing venation is
examined in Alexander, 1918, 1927a, 1927b, 1929,
1934, 1942,1950; Cornstock, 1918; Hendel, 1928; and
Tillyard, 1919. Less detailed accounts are found in
many college texts on entomology.
The general structure of the crane fly thorax and
male hypopygium is shown in figures 1-3. Plate 111,
with figures 12-21, inclusive, illustrates the wing
venation of the various families and subfamilies here
treated, all the examples shown being California
species. The venation has been interpreted according
to the generally accepted Comstock-Needham system
(Cornstock, 1918), with the radial field as modified
by Alexander (references above cited), and the
medial and cubital fields as interpreted by Tillyard
(1919). Concerning the radial field the chief contention
by the writer is that there is no radial crossvein
(r) in the order Diptera, the element that has been
so considered being vein Rp which has assumed a
transverse position and eventually has been lost by
atrophy. A comparison is suggested of figure 12 (Protanyderus),
with vein R p fully preserved and attaining
the wing margin, with figure 17 (Pedicia protea),
where the same vein is shown as fused apically with
vein R to form R I+s. A further comparison of the
series of Pediciine wings shown on plate XXXVI with
figure 275, that again shows the wing of Pedicia
protea, may demonstrate the gradual transition from
the longitudinal, through the oblique, to the transverse
position of vein R p. On this same plate of the
Pediciini, the extreme plasticity and variability of the
veins at the fork of Rs may be noted. In some types
(figures 280, 281, 282, 283) vein R has been transferred
to the upper branch of Rs, R to form a
short element R 2+s+4, the last branch of Rs in these
cases being R s; in other examples (as figures 268-
277), veins R I+s and R 1+5 are retained in their
generalized condition. The various papers by Alexander
and Hendel explain this condition in detail.
The figures show the venation of all genera and
subgenera occurring in the state and the male hypopygium
of all species where this structure is of particular
importance in using the keys. All figures were
made by the author with the exception of most of
those in the great genus Tipda. These outstanding
illustrations are by Mr. Steven L. Jensen, a graduate
student in entomology at the University of Utah, to
whom my very sincere thanks and appreciation are
extended.
ILLUSTRATIONS AND KEYS
Throughout the keys to species it has been necessary
to use characters of the male hypopygium, since at the
present time it is not possible to separate the female
in several of the more involved genera
The figures provided cover most of the species
presently known from the state. In addition to those
shown, various other species have been described and
figured in other papers, particularly in a series of
seven reports published in the American Midland
Naturalist between 1943 and 1954, as listed below.
In the keys, and particularly in connection with the
extralimital species, a citation to such figures is given
by state or locality, with the page and number (for
example, Oregon Report, p. 62, fig. 39).
RECORDS ANJ3 DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN
CRANE FLIES (DIPTERA)
III.
Tipdoidea of the Upper Gunnison Valley, Colorado,
1943, her. Midland Nat, 29:147-179,38 figs. (cited
ColOXXldO)
IV. Tipdoidea of the Yellowstone National Park. Ibid,
1943, 30:718-764, 50 figs. (cited Yellowstone)
V. Tipdoidea of the Grand Teton National Park and
Teton National Forest, Wyoming. Ibid., 1945,33:391-
VL
439, 46 6gs. (cited Wyoming)
Tipuloidee of Arizona, New Mexico,and Trans-Pecos
Taras, I. Ibid., 1946, 354844531, 27 figs. (cited
-1
VIL The Tipdoidea of Utah, I. Ibid., 1948, 39:1-82, figs.
(cited Utah)
MI. The Tipdoidea of Washington, I. Ibid., 1949, 42:257-
333, 65 6gs. (cited Washington)
IX. The Tipdoidea of Oregon, I. Ibid., 1954, 51:1-86, 77
*.(cited On?Pon)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In addition to the various persons listed earlier as
being of primary importance in the present study,
further acknowledgment of greatly appreciated assistance
is extended to the following:
The National Science Foundation, for financial aid
under grant G 5188 to support field work in California
and other western states and provinces in 1957, 1958,
and 1959; and grant GB 740 to continue this work in
California in 1963.
The authorities in charge of the National Park
Services, where permits for collecting natural history
objects, including insects, are required. Through the
interest of Director Conrad L. Wirth, between 1950
and 1956 I was appointed a collaborator in the
services, which greatly facilitated receiving the
required permits. Thanks are extended to Dr. Wirth