Removal of Bromate and Perchlorate in Ozone/GAC Systems

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FOREWORD The AWWA Research Foundation is a nonprofit corporation that is dedicated to the implementation of a research effort to help utilities respond to regulatory requirements and traditional high-priority concerns of the industry. The research agenda is developed through a process of consultation with subscribers and drinking water professionals. Under the umbrella of a Strategic Research Plan, the Research Advisory Council prioritizes the suggested projects based upon current and future needs, applicability, and past work; the recommendations are forwarded to the Board of Trustees for final selection. The foundation also sponsors research projects through the unsolicited proposal process; the Collaborative Research, Research Applications, and Tailored Collaboration programs; and various joint research efforts with organizations such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the Association of California Water Agencies. This publication is a result of one of these sponsored studies, and it is hoped that its findings will be applied in communities throughout the world. The following report serves not only as a means of communicating the results of the water industry's centralized research program but also as a tool to enlist the further support of the nonmember utilities and individuals. Projects are managed closely from their inception to the final report by the foundation's staff and large cadre of volunteers who willingly contribute their time and expertise. The foundation serves a planning and management function and awards contracts to other institutions such as water utilities, universities, and engineering firms. The funding for this research effort comes primarily from the Subscription Program, through which water utilities subscribe to the research program and make an annual payment proportionate to the volume of water they deliver and consultants and manufacturers subscribe based on their annual billings. The program offers a cost-effective and fair method for funding research in the public interest. A broad spectrum of water supply issues is addressed by the foundation's research agenda: resources, treatment and operations, distribution and storage, water quality and analysis, toxicology, economics, and management. The ultimate purpose of the coordinated effort is to assist water suppliers to provide the highest possible quality of water economically and reliably. The true benefits are realized when the results are implemented at the utility level. The Foundation's trustees are pleased to offer this publication as a contribution toward that end. xv
Page 1: AWWA Research Foundation Removal of
Page 4 and 5: The mission of the AWWA Research Fo
Page 6 and 7: Disclaimer This study was funded by
Page 8 and 9: Serum Bottle Experiments ..........
Page 11 and 12: TABLES 1.1 Bromate removal in DFE a
Page 13 and 14: FIGURES 1.1 Effect of influent diss
Page 15: 3.32 Perchlorate removal vs. nitrat
Page 19: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors of this
Page 22 and 23: effect of parameters such as bromat
Page 24 and 25: 10. Eight bromate-reducing isolates
Page 26 and 27: a BAG filter, individual bromate- a
Page 28 and 29: Ammonium perchlorate is an oxidizer
Page 30 and 31: The formation and activity of nitra
Page 32 and 33: The bromate breakthrough data for t
Page 34 and 35: Bromate Reduction to Bromide Since
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.2 Bromate removal in CUW at
Page 38 and 39: i.s- 2.0 - S i- D sg> i.o - £ 0.5
Page 40 and 41: • 0.3 mg/L influent nitrate D 5.0
Page 42 and 43: eduction by GAC is occurring at the
Page 44 and 45: • To investigate the mechanism of
Page 46 and 47: Reagents Reagent grade sodium broma
Page 48 and 49: Influent: CUW 10-50 ug/L Bromate pH
Page 50 and 51: DO concentration (2-6 mg/L). The in
Page 52 and 53: separated according to their base p
Page 54 and 55: Three different media were used. Th
Page 56 and 57: Serum Bottle Experiments Since the
Page 58 and 59: Influent was prepared by adding 50
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3 Experimental conditions:
Page 62 and 63: medium was placed into a serum bott
Page 64 and 65: perchlorate = 2 ug/L, chloride
Page 66 and 67:
100 80 - • March 1998 D February
Page 68 and 69:
to an influent nitrate concentratio
Page 70 and 71:
Samples were collected for heterotr
Page 72 and 73:
indicating that the electron donor
Page 74 and 75:
greater than 10 mg/L. For example,
Page 76 and 77:
ffl 10 - Immediately preceding thes
Page 78 and 79:
concentrations were equal (Figure 3
Page 80 and 81:
approximately 2 mg/L and the pH was
Page 82 and 83:
fl 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Page 84 and 85:
fi 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Bed V
Page 86 and 87:
Perchlorate Reduction in CITW The i
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 3.21 Protozoa in the BAG fil
Page 90 and 91:
Future work may use DGGE profiling
Page 92 and 93:
Table 3.5 shows that all of the iso
Page 94 and 95:
Table 3.7 Challenging isolates with
Page 96 and 97:
Table 3.9 Summary of experimental e
Page 98 and 99:
Serum Bottle Experiments To evaluat
Page 100 and 101:
1000 2000 3000 4000 Bed Volumes 500
Page 102 and 103:
hd 0 >t> "0 o — . g «> 1 Perchlo
Page 104 and 105:
00 •1 1 & a o 2 u 0 fc OH § * i-
Page 106 and 107:
Thus, perchlorate was removed by th
Page 108 and 109:
2.5mg/L Influent NOs- =
Page 110 and 111:
conditions, 65 percent perchlorate
Page 112 and 113:
suppression of the active perchlora
Page 114 and 115:
Without this nitrogen, the communit
Page 116 and 117:
While some of the isolates reduced
Page 118 and 119:
~\ I 0 012345 Incubation Time (days
Page 120 and 121:
j.u - f-x — x —— x x-x 2.5 -
Page 122 and 123:
After eight weeks, the microorganis
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 3.46 Large protozoan from th
Page 126 and 127:
BENCH-SCALE MINI-COLUMN STUDY Mater
Page 128 and 129:
Effluent Sample Bottle Mini Column
Page 130 and 131:
Carboxylic Acids. Carboxylic acids
Page 132 and 133:
studied with an influent perchlorat
Page 134 and 135:
the Winkler method (Standard Method
Page 136 and 137:
This increase in TOC concentration
Page 138 and 139:
DO residual across the filters, all
Page 140 and 141:
Sodium Thiosulfate to reduce Treate
Page 142 and 143:
Table 4.5 Preloading results from t
Page 144 and 145:
perchlorate and bromate reached equ
Page 146 and 147:
indicated that bromate removal was
Page 148 and 149:
aerobically. All but one of the iso
Page 150 and 151:
months to perchlorate removal after
Page 152 and 153:
omate and perchlorate reduction was
Page 155 and 156:
REFERENCES Amy, G., M. Siddiqui, W.
Page 157 and 158:
Forbes, C. 1997. Fax sent from Cali
Page 159 and 160:
Miller, J. A. 1996. AThe Reduction
Page 161:
USEPA. 1998. Health Risk Assessment
Page 164:
MCL maximum contaminant level mg mi
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Removal of Bromate and Perchlorate in Ozone/GAC Systems

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