Vision 2020 - World Health Organization

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AVOIDABLE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT – A HUMAN, SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUE 1.2 COSTS Blindness has profound human and socioeconomic consequences in all societies. The costs of lost productivity and of rehabilitation and education of the blind constitute a signifi cant economic burden for the individual, the family and society. The economic effects of visual impairment can be divided into direct and indirect costs. The direct costs are those of the treatment of eye diseases, including the relevant proportions of costs for running medical and allied health services, pharmaceuticals, research and administration. The indirect costs include lost earnings of visually impaired people and their caregivers and costs for visual aids, equipment, home modifi cations, rehabilitation, welfare payments, lost taxation revenue and the pain, suffering and premature death that can result from visual impairment. The most comprehensive national assessment of the economic cost of visual impairment was conducted in Australia (8), where fi ve principal eye conditions—cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and refractive error—account for about 75% of all visual impairment. The analysis predicted that the direct cost of treating eye disease in Australia in 2004 would be A$ 1.8 Figure 4. Estimated total costs of eye disease in Australia, 2004 Suffering and premature death associated with visual impairment A$ 4 818 m Direct medical costs A$ 1 824 m Lost earnings for the visually impaired A$ 1781 m Cost of caregivers, including their lost earnings A$ 845 m Taxation revenue forgone and welfare payments A$ 208 m Aids, equipment, home modifications and other indirect costs A$ 371 m 5
VISION 2020 GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS: ACTION PLAN 2006–2011 billion (US$ 1.3 billion), which was more than the cost of managing coronary heart disease, stroke, arthritis or depression nationally in that year and more than would be spent on diabetes mellitus and asthma combined (two priorities of the Australian National Health). Indirect costs were calculated to add another A$ 8.0 billion (US$ 5.6 billion) to the annual national eye-care bill for 2004 (Figure 4). Poverty underlies not only the causes but also the perpetuation of ill health, including eye health, and thus the health status of a population and its socioeconomic conditions are correlated. Poverty additionally imposes barriers to access to health care. In its 1993 World Development Report (9), the World Bank introduced the concept of ‘disability-adjusted life years’ (DALYs). This composite measure of the time lived with a disability and of the time lost due to premature mortality allows comparative assessments of health-care interventions in terms of cost per DALY saved. The measure is used increasingly for comparing costs and utility. Figure 5 shows DALYs according to the burden of various diseases (10). 1.3 PROJECTED ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ADDRESSING THE ISSUE WHO has estimated that up to three-quarters of all blindness worldwide is avoidable. In children, about one-half of the causes can be prevented or treated. The patterns of the causes of blindness in adults and children vary considerably from region to region, however. Figure 5. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) according to the burden of various diseases Chronique obstructive pulmonary disease Malaria Unipolar depressive disorders Diarrhoeal disease Causes Visual disorders HIV/AIDS Cerebrovascular disease Ischaemic heart disease Lower respiratory tract infection Perinatal condition 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DALY (in thousands) Total Low- and Middle-income Countries High-income Countries 6
Page 2 and 3: GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR THE ELIMINATI
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Summar
Page 6 and 7: SUMMARY The global initiative known
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Page 10 and 11: AVOIDABLE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT - A HUM
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Page 18 and 19: APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OF VISUAL
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APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OF VISUAL
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VISION 2020: THE RIGHT TO SIGHT 6.
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VISION 2020: THE RIGHT TO SIGHT •
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ANNEX I WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY RESOL
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ANNEX II WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY RESO
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ANNEX III MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GO
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ANNEX III MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GO
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ANNEX IV REVISED LIST OF VISION 202
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ANNEX V IMPLEMENTATION OF VISION 20
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ANNEX V IMPLEMENTATION OF VISION 20
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ANNEX VI PARTICIPANTS AND WORKING G
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World Health Organization Secretari
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Vision 2020 - World Health Organization

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