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VALUE CHAIN AND TECHNOLOGIES Water treatment and desalination are old processes but most of their technological development occurred after the 1950s TIMELINE 1 First seawater desalination by sailors 1854: First water disinfection with chlorine 1910: First UV disinfection, France 1928: First MSF 2 plant, Saudi Arabia 1952: Saline Water Act, U.S. 1970: Environmental Protection Agency 1979: First seawater RO 3 plant 1800 1900 1950 2000 1684: First saltwater distillation system, UK 1913: First attempt to treat wastewater sludge 1957: First industrial desalination plant, Kuwait 1963: First RO 3 membrane 1973: First RO 3 municipal plant 1996: Water Desalination Act 1852: First patent for seawater distillation 1938: First large-scale desalination plant 1972: Clean Water Act 1974: Safe Drinking Act (drinking-water standards) Note: Source: 1 The scale of the time interval is not respected for visibility purpose; 2 MSF: Multi-Stage Flash (thermal); 3 RO: Reverse Osmosis (membrane). Cooley et al. (2006), “Desalination with a grain of salt”; Al-Mutaz (1995), “A comparative study of RO and MSF desalination plant”; Dessouky and Ettouney (2002), “Fundamentals of salt water desalination”; U.S. national archives (online); SBC Energy Institute analysis 47 ©2014 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute 47
VALUE CHAIN AND TECHNOLOGIES The water value chain is complex and fragmented among various industries WATER VALUE CHAIN Precipitation Oceans Lake/Rivers Groundwater Desalination Water treatment Evaporation Infiltration x Natural exchanges Water grid/network Wastewater Grey water 1 Bottled water Secondary system 1 Virtual water Main water treatment technology Bottled water Virtual water Imports Storage Distribution Recycled distribution Leaks Treatment Bottled water Agriculture Virtual water Exports Water treatment process Industrial Storm water Drinking-water purification Point-of-use treatment Bottled water Leaks Domestic Sewage Wastewater treatment Leaks Leaks Note: Source: Water-demand management is not represented here, but is becoming an increasingly important element in the water value chain; 1 Greywater: wastewater generated from domestic or industrial processes, reused internally in a secondary system (large dotted line) or externally by another process (e.g. irrigation). SAM (2010), “Water: a market of the future”; UNEP (2012); “Measuring water use in a green economy 48 ©2014 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute 48
Page 1 and 2: LEADING THE ENERGY TRANSITION FACTB
Page 3 and 4: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY │Accessible, re
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY │Water risks co
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY │There are vari
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Water atlas -
Page 11 and 12: WATER ATLAS - A GLOBAL PICTURE OF T
Page 27 and 28: CURRENT FRESHWATER USES AND FUTURE
Page 39 and 40: 3. Status & future development 3. W
Page 41 and 42: WATER RISKS: MULTI-DIMENSIONAL AND
Page 47: 4. 5. Value Environmental chain and
Page 51 and 52: VALUE CHAIN AND TECHNOLOGIES 3 type
Page 53 and 54: Capital requirement * Technology ri
Page 55 and 56: VALUE CHAIN AND TECHNOLOGIES Wastew
Page 57 and 58: VALUE CHAIN AND TECHNOLOGIES Hydrop
Page 59 and 60: WATER MARKET TRENDS AND PROMISING S
Page 67 and 68: WATER CONSUMPTION AND CONSTRAINTS O
Page 85 and 86: SUMMARY - KEY FIGURES “Useful”
Page 87 and 88: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography (1/5) •
Page 93 and 94: CREDITS Picture credits (1/2) • S
Page 95: By Benjamin Court, Romain Debarre a

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