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· G0l:JNmRM REB0RmS ~ 9 Meshkova, V.L. and I.M. Ustskiy. 1997. Forest decline in Ukraine. Proceedings of XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 13-22 October 1997. Milescu, I., A. Alexe, H. Nicovescu and P. Suciu. 1967. Fagul. Editura Agro-Silvica, Bucuresti. Molotkov, P.1. 1966. Bukovyje lesa i khozyajstvo v nikh [Beech forests and their management]. Lesnaya promyshlenhost, Moscow. Molotkov P.I., I.M. Patlaj et al. 1982. The Breeding of Forest Tree Species [in Russian]. Lyesnaya promyshlennost, Moscow. Patlaj, I.M. et al. 1989. The Seed-Growing of Forest Tree Species [in Ukrainian]. Urozhay, Kyiv. Patlaj, LM., S.A. Los, 0.1. Mazhula and R.T. Volosyanchuk. 1994. The permanent seedgrowing base of the main forest-forming and introduced tree species of Ukraine on the genetic basis and its utilization [in Russian]. CBNTIleskhoz, Moscow. Patlaj, LM. 1986. Conservation and utilization of gene pool of Ukrainian forests [in Russian]. CBNTIleskhoz, Moscow. Paule, L., J. Vysny, I. Shvadchak, J. Sabor and D. Gomory. 1993. Genetic resources of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian Carpathians. Pp. 79-88 in The Scientific Basis for the Evaluation of Forest Genetic Resources of Beech. Proceedings of an EC Workshop, Ahrensburg (H.-J. Muhs and G. von Wuehlisch, eds.). Working Document of the EC, DG VI, Brussels. Poplavskaja, G. 1928. Die Buche in der Krim und ihre VariabilWit. Osterr. Botan. Z. 77:23-42. Poplavskaja, G.L 1936. K izucheniju sistematiki krymskogo buka [About the experimental study of the systematics of Crime an beech]. Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelej 65:353-371. Privalova, L.A. 1958. Rastitel'nyj pokrov nagorij Babugana i Chatyr-Daga. Obshcheje zaklyuchenije po vsemu Krymskomu nagoriyu [Plant cover of the Babugan and Chatyr- Dag mountains. General conclusions for the Crimea mountains]. Trudy Gos. Nikitskogo botan. sada, Tom 28, Yalta. Vysny, J., I. Shvadchak, B. Comps, D. Gomory and L. Paule. 1995. Genetic diversity and differentiation of beech populations (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Western Ukraine: The Ukrainian Carpathians and Adjacent Territories. Russ. J. Genetics 31(11):1309-1319. Wulff, E.V. and T.S. Tsyrina. 1925. Materialy dlya izucheniya krimskogo buka [Materials for the study of Crime an beech]. Zapiski Krymskogo Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelej i Lubitelej Prirody (Simferopol) 8:75-82.
20 EUE0RGEN: S0€IA~ BR0AD~EAMES Conservation of genetic resources of white oaks and beech in Hungary Attila Borovics 1 , Zoltan Somogyl and Csaba Mdtyas 3 1 Forest Research Institute, Department of Tree Breeding, Sarvar, Hungary 2 Forest Research Institute, Department of Silviculture, Budapest, Hungary 3 University Sopron, Department of Environmental Sciences, Sopron, Hungary Introduction Hungary is situated in the central, lowest part of the Carpathian basin. Out of the total area of 93 000 km 2 , only slightly more than 2% of the country's area is above 400 m altitude. Hills of low elevation, and medium-high mountains between 200 and 400 m occur on 14% of the territory. The tw:o lowlands bear a certain similarity of appearance with the loess-covered Sarmatian plains of eastern Europe. The topographical regions and natural zones of the country are the Great Plain (S and E), the Small Plain (NW), the Sub alpine region (W), the Transdanubian Hills (SW), the Transdanubian Central Mountains (mid-W) and the Northern Central Mountains (NE). The country lies in the temperate zone, at the meeting point of three large climatic regions. The continental climate of the eastern European plains is characterized by extremes such as hot summers, cold winters and medium precipitation; the well-balanced, cool Atlantic climate has cool summers and mild winters; and finally the Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The Hungarian climate is therefore very diverse. The natural plant cover of Hungary is extremely variable and rich in species. Origin and occurrence of oaks and beech in Hungary Introduction to Hungarian oak taxa Although oaks are still the most widespread tree species in Hungary, their taxonomy and genetics are not yet sufficiently known. Oaks can be found under a great variety of site conditions and tend to form different races. Transitional forms between species are very common too. This is partly because, except for Quercus cerris, oaks hybridize among themselves. In addition, variability of important traits, such as early flowering and bud burst, is similarly observable. It is generally recognized that the Hungarian oak taxa belong to the white oaks in a broader sense (subgenus Quercus s. lat.), in particular to two groups, usually designated as section Cerris (here Q. cerris only) and section Quercus s. str. (here Q. robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens and rare species of Q. frainetto). Within Q. petraea and Q. pubescens further taxonomic subdivision has been advocated by numerous botanists, but is not yet accepted by forestry practice. Accordingly, Q. petraea s. lat. is divided into Q. dalechampii Ten., Q. polycarpa Schur and Q. petraea s. str.; and Q. pubescens s. str. is differentiated from Q. virgiliana Ten. Pedunculate oak The species has been exposed to very intense human effects (seed transfer, artificial regeneration, selective logging). In central Europe, and first of all in Hungary, pedunculate oak of Slavonian origin has been extensively planted since the end of the last century. Although the Slavonian populations can be easily distinguished by their exceptionally straight stem, relatively regular crown and upward pointing branches, recent genetic investigations do not justify the separation of this provenance from other populations in central Europe.
Page 2 and 3: EUROPEAN FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES P
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS iii Contents Introduction
Page 6 and 7: INwR0Duewl0N 1 Intr0dueti0n The fir
Page 8 and 9: , ' WGRKRL.1AN 3 WGrkplan Country r
Page 10 and 11: · €eUNmR¥ REeeRf'nS 5 Country R
Page 12 and 13: COUNmR'V RERORmS 7; Species Quercus
Page 14 and 15: ~ G()UN1FRM REP()R1FS 9 Conservatio
Page 16 and 17: · GOI.JNmR¥ REBORmS 11 Present st
Page 18 and 19: , GOUNlllRM REPORlllS 13 Conservati
Page 20 and 21: ~ G0UNmB¥ BER0BmS 15 Current genet
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Tree im~rovement activitie
Page 26 and 27: Sessile oak Three small species bel
Page 28 and 29: eGUNliR¥ REeGRliS 23 The causes of
Page 30 and 31: GOUNTR¥ REPORTS 25 N umber of flow
Page 32 and 33: . 0eUNillRM REReRillS 2T/; 80000~--
Page 34 and 35: €GUNmS¥ SEPGSmS 29 Conservation
Page 36 and 37: " COUNTRY REPORTS 31 Conservation a
Page 38 and 39: , GOI.JNTB¥ RERORmS 33 Acknowledge
Page 40 and 41: ,. COUNmR¥ REBORmS 35 Fig. 1. Natu
Page 42 and 43: COUNiliR¥ REBORiliS 3'7: iliable 2
Page 44 and 45: - G0llJNmBM BEB0SmS 39 Current gene
Page 46 and 47: e0UNTR¥ REF!0RTS 41 Conservation o
Page 48 and 49: . CQUNlTS¥ REPQRlTS 43 Gene conser
Page 50 and 51: Conservation of Social Broadleaves
Page 52 and 53: COUNTRY REPORTS 47 M. 1500 1000 500
Page 54 and 55: 00l:JNlliB¥ BER0BlliS 49 lliable 2
Page 56 and 57: , COUNTRY REPORTS 51 Current geneti
Page 58 and 59: G0l:JNmRM RER0RmS 53 Institutions i
Page 60 and 61: COUNTRY REPORTS 55 Fagus sylvatica,
Page 62 and 63: genetic characteristics (mean expec
Page 64 and 65: COUNTRY REPORTS 59 Institutions inv
Page 66 and 67: Table 3. Seed availability (kg) for
Page 68 and 69: COUNTRY REPORTS 63 Paule, L. 1995.
Page 70 and 71: ~ G0UNmB¥ BER0BmS 65 Table 2. Prop
Page 72 and 73: . COUNTRY REPORTS 67" theses (Mavsa
Page 74 and 75:
• natural regeneration is support
Page 76 and 77:
o COUNTRY REPORTS 71 Table 9. Beech
Page 78 and 79:
Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 80 and 81:
COUNTRY REPORTS 75 Oak genetic reso
Page 82 and 83:
- e()UNl11RM REB()Rl11S "ltl Manage
Page 84 and 85:
, , e0UNTR¥ REP0RTS 79 Table 2. Re
Page 86 and 87:
COUNTRY REPORTS 81 Table 5. Origins
Page 88 and 89:
· . COUNTRY REPORTS 83 be proposed
Page 90 and 91:
eGUNiliR¥ REPGRiliS 85 CEMAGREF. 1
Page 92 and 93:
COUNTRY REPORTS 87 Many even-aged h
Page 94 and 95:
C()UNTR¥ RER()RTS 89 Table 1. Impo
Page 96 and 97:
COUNTRY REPORTS 91 A new database d
Page 98 and 99:
G0UNmRY RER0RmS 93 Conservation ex
Page 100 and 101:
COUNTR¥ REPORTS 95 Institutions in
Page 102 and 103:
COUNTRY REPORTS 97 Activities conce
Page 104 and 105:
· COUNTRY REPORTS 99 Quercus robur
Page 106 and 107:
COUNTRY RERORTS 103 The species Bee
Page 108 and 109:
GeUNmR¥ REBeRmS 105 During recent
Page 110 and 111:
CC>UN!I"RY REPC>R!I"S 10'7' Very re
Page 112 and 113:
COUNTR¥ REPORTS 109 ha 2500 2000 1
Page 114 and 115:
COUNTRY REPORTS 111 Miiller-Starck,
Page 116 and 117:
CGUNmRM REPGRmS 113 In contrast to
Page 118 and 119:
, COUNTRY REPORTS 115 Tree improvem
Page 120 and 121:
Genetic resources and conservation
Page 122 and 123:
COUNTRY REPORTS 119 .c. " 1 ~/ numb
Page 124 and 125:
· GOUNmR¥ REPORmS ~2~ Oak and bee
Page 126 and 127:
COUNTRY REPORTS 123 Fig. 3. Age str
Page 128 and 129:
COUNTRY REPORTS 125 Research activi
Page 130 and 131:
COUNTRY REPORTS 127 Genetic resourc
Page 132 and 133:
COUNTRY'REPORTS 129 prevents the ac
Page 134 and 135:
COUNTRY REPORTS 131 Social Broadlea
Page 136 and 137:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 133 Overview
Page 138 and 139:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 135 Geograph
Page 140 and 141:
G"ER"IEW PRESENlTAlTlGNS ~ 137 1987
Page 142 and 143:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 139 Fig. 2.
Page 144 and 145:
OVERVIEW RRESENTATIONS 141 correlat
Page 146 and 147:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 143 threat f
Page 148 and 149:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 145 Oak decl
Page 150 and 151:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 147 • The
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Year Oak species Drought Defoliatio
Page 154 and 155:
Defoliation by Year Oak species Dro
Page 156 and 157:
BXlERXlIEW BRESENrIlArIllBNS 153 Ph
Page 158 and 159:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 155 Genetic
Page 160 and 161:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 157 Balkan b
Page 162 and 163:
0VERVIEW PRESENTATI0NS 159 DNA anal
Page 164 and 165:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 161 Gomory,
Page 166 and 167:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 163 Resource
Page 168 and 169:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 16'7 Seed co
Page 170 and 171:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 169 The time
Page 172 and 173:
OllERlllEW PRESENTA.TIONS 1'71 requ
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PROGRAMME 173 Programme 22 and 23 O
Page 176 and 177:
PARTICIPANTS 175 Mr Edgars Smaukste
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