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GOUNTR¥ REPORTS 25 N umber of flowers/acorns 900,---------------------------------------------------, Pollinated flower 804 800+------------------=~----------------------~~--~ 700+------------------ 600+-----------------------------------------~ 500+-----------------------------------------~ 400+-----------------------------------------~ 300 +----------1 200 100 0+-'----"" rob pet pub fra Pollen donor species Selfpollin. Total Fig. 2. Total number of pollinated flowers and viable acorns in a controlled crossing with O. robur female individuals in the Bejcgyertyanos seed orchard in 1995. Current genetic conservation activities Seed stands represent a general basis for genetic conservation (Table 5). No ex situ conservation measures for oaks and beech have been taken yet. Table 5. Area of seed stands in Hungary Species Area (ha) Ouercus robur 1590.4 Q. petraea 583.8 Q. frainetto 12.1 Q. cerris 308.6 Fagus sylvatica 308.6 Source: National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control, 1996. The forest reserves system has recently been established' in Hungary. The proportion of beech stands in these reserves is higher than that in the country, while oak is underrepresented. This is clearly shown in Figure 3, where the area of forests is compared in the reserves and the country mean according to the forest climate zones defined in Hungary. Country-wide Forest steppe zone 23% Closed oak 28% Beech 10% Mixed hornbeamoak 39% Forest steppe zone Forest reserves 20% Mixed hombeam-oak 16% Beech 40% Fig. 3. Area of forest reserves. Riparian and other wetland forests are grouped in the f,orest steppe climate zone, whereas all types of plantations (hybrid poplar, pine, etc.) are excluded from these statistics.
26 EI..JF0RGEN: S0GI~12: BR0~DI2:E~VES • Relevant nature protection policies and activities Neither oaks (except for pubescent oak) nor beech are endangered species, from a nature conservation viewpoint. However, there are many endangered plant or animal species in several stands of these indigenous trees; therefore, some of these stands are protected. In the case of pubescent oaks, a research programme will be launched next year, which will be supported by the Ministry of Environment, and which will focus on the conservation of genetic variability. Tree-improvement activities and use of reproductive material Tree improvement The Carpathian basin was once inhabited by a rich and well-adapted oak flora. Human activity (clearing of forests, selective logging, coppicing) greatly affected these forests and their ecological conditions were severely damaged by the deterioration of the water regime of the sites. The excessive planting practice, disregarding the ecological demands of the species and the importance of provenance compatibility, resulted in a mixture of valuable stands of local provenance and stands of unknown or unsuitable origin, these often occurring side by side. Conservation and natural regeneration of ecotypes that are well adapted to a particular site must be given high priority in the future. This underlines the importance of seed stands. There is no tree improvement programme for beech in Hungary, because it is mainly regenerated naturally. It is the silvicultural practice that may improve relevant features of the popula tions. The establishment of Hungarian seed stands of oak and beech was initiated by Matyas in the 1950s. These stands were continuously observed and classified from the points of view of quality of morphological characteristics, species identity and state of health. Systematic provenance testing with oaks started in 1985 at the Forest Research Institute. There are provenance tests with stands established over 5 years and approximately 60 populations (in a random block design with four repetitions). Oak plus tree selection in Hungary was initiated by Harkai in the late 1960s. The plus trees were generally selected in seed stands. These plus trees were grafted and planted in seed orchards established in several locations in recent years: three for Quercus robur and two for Q. petraea. One of the biggest, situated in Bogdasa (southwest Hungary), was established jointly by the Forest Research Institute and the Mecsek State Forest Company in 1989. In this orchard, trees of Q. robur subsp. slavonica were planted. The total area of the orchard is approximately 16 ha, and the 2186 grafts are found in six simple random blocks. The grafts are clones of 40 plus trees selected in local seed stands along the Drava river. Clones were tested for flowering capacity and fertility by the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control (Bordacs 1997). Reproductive material Seed production of oaks and beech is rather irregular. Therefore, there have always been problems with the availability of their reproductive material. Oaks and beech in Hungary produce a sufficient quantity of acorns only once every 6-8 years. There was an exceptionally large acorn production in 1995 and therefore, a considerable surplus of seedlings is available at the moment. In future years, however, a shortage of seeds that may amount to 10-90% of demand is expected. Unfortunately, only a negligible part of the reproductive material is produced from seeds collected in stands (Fig. 4).
Page 2 and 3: EUROPEAN FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES P
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS iii Contents Introduction
Page 6 and 7: INwR0Duewl0N 1 Intr0dueti0n The fir
Page 8 and 9: , ' WGRKRL.1AN 3 WGrkplan Country r
Page 10 and 11: · €eUNmR¥ REeeRf'nS 5 Country R
Page 12 and 13: COUNmR'V RERORmS 7; Species Quercus
Page 14 and 15: ~ G()UN1FRM REP()R1FS 9 Conservatio
Page 16 and 17: · GOI.JNmR¥ REBORmS 11 Present st
Page 18 and 19: , GOUNlllRM REPORlllS 13 Conservati
Page 20 and 21: ~ G0UNmB¥ BER0BmS 15 Current genet
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Tree im~rovement activitie
Page 24 and 25: · G0l:JNmRM REB0RmS ~ 9 Meshkova,
Page 26 and 27: Sessile oak Three small species bel
Page 28 and 29: eGUNliR¥ REeGRliS 23 The causes of
Page 32 and 33: . 0eUNillRM REReRillS 2T/; 80000~--
Page 34 and 35: €GUNmS¥ SEPGSmS 29 Conservation
Page 36 and 37: " COUNTRY REPORTS 31 Conservation a
Page 38 and 39: , GOI.JNTB¥ RERORmS 33 Acknowledge
Page 40 and 41: ,. COUNmR¥ REBORmS 35 Fig. 1. Natu
Page 42 and 43: COUNiliR¥ REBORiliS 3'7: iliable 2
Page 44 and 45: - G0llJNmBM BEB0SmS 39 Current gene
Page 46 and 47: e0UNTR¥ REF!0RTS 41 Conservation o
Page 48 and 49: . CQUNlTS¥ REPQRlTS 43 Gene conser
Page 50 and 51: Conservation of Social Broadleaves
Page 52 and 53: COUNTRY REPORTS 47 M. 1500 1000 500
Page 54 and 55: 00l:JNlliB¥ BER0BlliS 49 lliable 2
Page 56 and 57: , COUNTRY REPORTS 51 Current geneti
Page 58 and 59: G0l:JNmRM RER0RmS 53 Institutions i
Page 60 and 61: COUNTRY REPORTS 55 Fagus sylvatica,
Page 62 and 63: genetic characteristics (mean expec
Page 64 and 65: COUNTRY REPORTS 59 Institutions inv
Page 66 and 67: Table 3. Seed availability (kg) for
Page 68 and 69: COUNTRY REPORTS 63 Paule, L. 1995.
Page 70 and 71: ~ G0UNmB¥ BER0BmS 65 Table 2. Prop
Page 72 and 73: . COUNTRY REPORTS 67" theses (Mavsa
Page 74 and 75: • natural regeneration is support
Page 76 and 77: o COUNTRY REPORTS 71 Table 9. Beech
Page 78 and 79: Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 80 and 81:
COUNTRY REPORTS 75 Oak genetic reso
Page 82 and 83:
- e()UNl11RM REB()Rl11S "ltl Manage
Page 84 and 85:
, , e0UNTR¥ REP0RTS 79 Table 2. Re
Page 86 and 87:
COUNTRY REPORTS 81 Table 5. Origins
Page 88 and 89:
· . COUNTRY REPORTS 83 be proposed
Page 90 and 91:
eGUNiliR¥ REPGRiliS 85 CEMAGREF. 1
Page 92 and 93:
COUNTRY REPORTS 87 Many even-aged h
Page 94 and 95:
C()UNTR¥ RER()RTS 89 Table 1. Impo
Page 96 and 97:
COUNTRY REPORTS 91 A new database d
Page 98 and 99:
G0UNmRY RER0RmS 93 Conservation ex
Page 100 and 101:
COUNTR¥ REPORTS 95 Institutions in
Page 102 and 103:
COUNTRY REPORTS 97 Activities conce
Page 104 and 105:
· COUNTRY REPORTS 99 Quercus robur
Page 106 and 107:
COUNTRY RERORTS 103 The species Bee
Page 108 and 109:
GeUNmR¥ REBeRmS 105 During recent
Page 110 and 111:
CC>UN!I"RY REPC>R!I"S 10'7' Very re
Page 112 and 113:
COUNTR¥ REPORTS 109 ha 2500 2000 1
Page 114 and 115:
COUNTRY REPORTS 111 Miiller-Starck,
Page 116 and 117:
CGUNmRM REPGRmS 113 In contrast to
Page 118 and 119:
, COUNTRY REPORTS 115 Tree improvem
Page 120 and 121:
Genetic resources and conservation
Page 122 and 123:
COUNTRY REPORTS 119 .c. " 1 ~/ numb
Page 124 and 125:
· GOUNmR¥ REPORmS ~2~ Oak and bee
Page 126 and 127:
COUNTRY REPORTS 123 Fig. 3. Age str
Page 128 and 129:
COUNTRY REPORTS 125 Research activi
Page 130 and 131:
COUNTRY REPORTS 127 Genetic resourc
Page 132 and 133:
COUNTRY'REPORTS 129 prevents the ac
Page 134 and 135:
COUNTRY REPORTS 131 Social Broadlea
Page 136 and 137:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 133 Overview
Page 138 and 139:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 135 Geograph
Page 140 and 141:
G"ER"IEW PRESENlTAlTlGNS ~ 137 1987
Page 142 and 143:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 139 Fig. 2.
Page 144 and 145:
OVERVIEW RRESENTATIONS 141 correlat
Page 146 and 147:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 143 threat f
Page 148 and 149:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 145 Oak decl
Page 150 and 151:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 147 • The
Page 152 and 153:
Year Oak species Drought Defoliatio
Page 154 and 155:
Defoliation by Year Oak species Dro
Page 156 and 157:
BXlERXlIEW BRESENrIlArIllBNS 153 Ph
Page 158 and 159:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 155 Genetic
Page 160 and 161:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 157 Balkan b
Page 162 and 163:
0VERVIEW PRESENTATI0NS 159 DNA anal
Page 164 and 165:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 161 Gomory,
Page 166 and 167:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 163 Resource
Page 168 and 169:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 16'7 Seed co
Page 170 and 171:
OVERVIEW PRESENTATIONS 169 The time
Page 172 and 173:
OllERlllEW PRESENTA.TIONS 1'71 requ
Page 174 and 175:
PROGRAMME 173 Programme 22 and 23 O
Page 176 and 177:
PARTICIPANTS 175 Mr Edgars Smaukste
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