Final Program and Abstracts Book - College of Continuing Education

2013 International 

Low Impact Development Symposium 

August 18-21, 2013 

Saint Paul, Minnesota

2013 International Low Impact Development Symposium 

August 18-21, 2013 | Saint Paul, Minnesota 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

3 Welcome Letter 

4 Sponsor List 

6 Program at a Glance 

8 Steering Committees and Partners 

10 Registration and General Information 

14 Partner List 

16 Sponsor and Exhibitor List 

17 Symposium Program 

53 Oral Presentation Abstracts 

434 Poster Presentation Abstracts 

2

Dear LID Symposium Attendees, 

On behalf of the Low Impact Development Symposium Planning Committees we would 

like to welcome you to Minnesota and the 2013 International LID Symposium. We are 

pleased to bring all of this expertise together as well as demonstrate the high level of 

commitment to LID in the Midwestern United States. 

Managing our stormwater is of critical importance to society due to the potential impacts 

to health and safety. While many different approaches of stormwater management have 

been implemented in the past we continue to find better technology and approaches. Low 

Impact Development for Stormwater Management looks to provide more solutions than 

previous approaches and we are pleased to see the level of research and implementation 

pushing these ideas forward. 

We hope that you will both further your own understanding of stormwater management 

and further the science of Low Impact Development with us over the next four days. 

Please enjoy the symposium and all that St. Paul and Minneapolis have to offer. 

Sincerely, 

2013 LID Symposium Chairs 

John Chapman 

Program Director 

Department of Bioproducts 

and Biosystems 

Engineering, University of 

Minnesota 

Mike Isensee 

Middle St. Croix Watershed 

Management Organization 

Administrator/ 

Watershed Management 

Specialist 

Washington Conservation 

District 

Jay Michels 

Project Manager 

Emmons and Olivier 

Resources, Inc. 

3



SPONSOR LIST 

Thank you to our sponsors, who have made the 2013 International LID Symposium accessible by providing 

financial support at the following levels: 

Gold Level 

Silver Level 

Target 

4

Bronze Level 

AEWS Engineering, LLC 

Barr Engineering 

Christine Bauemler (Bush Fellow) 

Contech Engineered Solutions LLC 

Filterra Bioretention Resources/KriStar Enterprises, Inc. 

Herrera Environmental Consultants 

Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

Mississippi Watershed Management Organization 

Nine Mile Creek Watershed District 

Public Art Saint Paul 

Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District 

Shakopee Mdewakaton Sioux Community 

SvR Design Company 

Decagon Devices, Inc. 

Supporter Level 

American Rainwater Catchment Systems 

Association 

Anoka Conservation District 

Asphalt Pavement Alliance 

Borgert Products, Inc. 

Columbia Green Technologies 

Construction Specialties 

Decagon Devices, Inc. 

EnviroCert International, Inc. 

Ernst Conservation Seeds 

Filtrexx International, LLC 

Hatch Mott MacDonald 

Hazen and Sawyer 

HDR Engineering, Inc. 

Houston Engineering, Inc. 

HR Green 

Hydro International 

Land and Water Magazine, Inc. 

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

PaveDrain, LLC 

Prairie Restorations, Inc. 

Rainwater Management Solutions 

SEH, Inc. 

SRF Consulting Group, Inc. 

Stormwater ONE 

Tensar North American Green 

Upstream Technologies 

Vieux, Inc. 

Wenck Associates 

Williams Creek Consulting, Inc. 

Xeripave, LLC 

5

8:00 a.m.-12:00 

noon 

Meeting Room 2 Meeting Room 3 Meeting Room 4 Meeting Room 5 Meeting Room 6 

Intro to LID 

Rainwater 

Harvesting 

1:00-5:00 p.m. Advances in Design Incoporating LID 

1:00-5:00 p.m. 

Time Slot 

Session 

Track 1 

Meeting Room 2-3 

Sunday, August 18, 2013 

Pre-Symposium Short Courses (pre-registration required.) 

Track 2 


Operation and 

Maintenance 

Track 3 



Program At A Glance 

WinSLAMM 

Sponsor Exhibits Set Up & Symposium Registration Opens 

Track 4 


Community 

Stormwater 

Monday, August 19, 2013 

Track 5 


Track 6 

Ballroom A 

Track 7 

Ballroom E 

8:30 a.m. 

10:20 

Ballroom BCDFGH - Plenary Presentation 

Welcome to Minnesota 

John Linc Stine , Commissioner, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

Low Impact Development: Retooling Communities for the 21st Century 

Avi Friedman , Ph.D., Professor of Architecture and Director, Affordable Homes Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

Refreshment Break, Posters, and Exhibits - Ballroom Concourse 

10:50 AM A 

Green Infrastructure 

for CSO 

Communities 

LID Research Panel 

Urban Trees and 

Stormwater 

Management 

LID Education 

Approaches and Results 

Benchmarking, Sizing 

and Optimization of 

LID Practices 

Implementation 

Strategies for LID 

Retrofits 

Commercial and 

Institutional Success 

and Challenges 

12:20 p.m. 

Ballroom BCDFGH - Luncheon Presentation 

Luncheon Presentation: Integrating Art Upstream in the Stormwater Design 

Buster Simpson , Artist, Seattle, Washington 

1:40 B 

LID Codes and 

Ordinances Case 

Studies 

Bioretention 

Performance 

Permeable 

Pavement 

Performance 

Home Owner Directed 

Education Programs 

LID Optimization 

Modeling 

Commercial 

Applications of LID 

The Art of LID: 

Creating a Sense of 

Place Through 

Infrastructure Design 

3:10 

Refreshment Break, Posters, and Exhibits 

3:40 C 

5:10 

6:00 

LID Performance 

Standards 

Municipal 

Applications and 

Monitoring Results 

Bioretention 

Performance 

Poster Session and Exhibit Reception with Cash Bar - Ballroom Concourse 

Symposium Picnic at Harriet Island 

Statewide Stormwater 

Education Programs 

BMP Performance 

Modeling 

LID Commercial and 

Industrial 

Applications 

Tuesday, August 20, 2013 

The Art of LID: 

Unique LID Designs 

Time Slot 

Session 

Track 1 


Track 2 


Track 3 


Track 4 


Track 5 


Track 6 

Ballroom A 

Track 7 

Ballroom E 

Track 8 

Ballroom B 

Track 9 

Ballroom C 

Track 10 

Ballroom D 

Track 11 

Ballroom F 

Track 12 

Ballroom G 

8:30 a.m. D 

EPA Stormwater 

Rule Making 

Bioretention Media 

LID Implementation 

Strategies for 

Achieving Water 

Quality Goals 

Publications and 

Approaches for 

Mainstreaming LID 

LID Modeling 

LID Retrofits to 

Meet Load 

Reduction Goals 

LID Planning for 

Climate Change 

Adaption 

Pervious Pavements 

Modeling, Testing 

and Verification of 

LID 

Sustainable Cities of 

the Future and Social 

Technical Models 

Performance 

Monitoring of 

Multiple LID 

Practices 

Green Infrastructure 

Standards, 

Construction and 

Inspection 

10:15 

Poster Session and Break - Ballroom Concourse 

10:45 E 

Municipal Green 

Infrastructure 

Programs 

Bioretention 

Nutrient Removal 

Green Roof 

Performance 

Developing, Compairing 

and Reviewing LID 

Manuals 

Modeling BMP 

Performance 

LID Retrofits and 

Stream Restorations 

LID Planning for 

Climate Change 

Adaption 

LID Highways 

Financing and 

Trading 

Greening the Twin 

Cities Light Rail 

Monitoring 

Bioretention and 

Rainwater 

Harvesting Systems 

Urban Trees as a LID 

Source Control 

Measure 

12:15 p.m. 

1:45 F 

3:15 

Lunch on your own, Poster, and Exhibits - Ballroom Concourse 

Partnerships to 

Establish State LID 

Approaches for 

Compliance 

Institutional 

Acceptance and 

Lessons Learned 

from an Owner 

Perspective 


Bioretention Media, 

Stormwater Reuse 

and Prioritizing 

Maintenance 

Partnerships Moving 

LID Forward 

Evaluating LID with 

SWMM and Sustain 

Assessment and 

Strategic Planning to 

Meet Load 

Reduction Goals 

Green Streets 

LID Parking Lots 

Cost Effectiveness of 

LID Practices 

New York, CSO, and 

Complete Streets 

Bioswale 

Applications 

Proprietary Devices Best of WEFTEC 2013

3:45-5:15 G 

LID and Land Use 

Regulations 

Harvesting and 

Reuse 

Bioretention 

Vegetation 

Performance 

Interactive LID 

Education for Local 

Elected Officials 

Integrated 

Stormwater 

Watershed Scale LID 

Management 

Modeling Case Studies 

Retrofits for Water 

Quantity and Quality 

GI Planning and 

Design 

LID Construction 

Lessons Learned 

Cost of LID Practices 

Regional Fire 

Station, Medical 

Campus, Collage 

Campus 

Performance 

Monitoring of 

Multiple Practices 

Urban Pollutant Loads 

and Street Sweeping 

5:45 

Hydrosocial River Boat Tour (Sign up onsite required) 

Wednesday, August 21, 2013 

Time Slot 

Session 

Track 1 


Track 2 


Track 3 


Track 4 


Track 5 


Track 6 

Ballroom A 

Track 7 

Ballroom E 

Track 8 

Ballroom B 

Track 9 

Ballroom C 

Track 10 

Ballroom D 

Track 11 

Ballroom F 

Track 12 

Ballroom G 

8:30 a.m. H 

Taking LID to City 

Streets Case Studies 

Enhancing 

Bioretention 

Performance 

Green Roof 

Performance 

Approaches to 

Education and Outreach 

(In-Person, Online, Self- 

Directed) 

LID Modeling for CSO 

Communities 

GI Planning and 


Infiltration Rates 

Green Streets and 

Bioretention 

Maintenance of LID 

Practices 

LID Applications for 

Light Rail 

LID Monitoring and 

the International 

Database 

Local Leaders Needs 

and Assistance to 

Home Owner 

Education 

10:15 


10:45-12:15 I 

Green InfrastructureI 

to Meet MEP and 

TMDLs 

Bioretention Media 

Green Roof Plants Education and Audience 

and Growing Media Assessment 

LID Modeling for 

Flooding 

Watershed Scale 

Strategic Planning 

for LID Retrofitting 

Planning and Design 

Targeting Effective 

LID Implementation 

and a LID 

Construction Manual 

Design, Installation 

and Maintenance of 

Bioretention 

Commercial Infill, 

Industrial Park, 

Stormwater Park, 

Low Income Housing 

Applications 

12:30-4:30 

Field Tours (box lunches included) (pre-registration required)



STEERING COMMITTEES 

International and National Steering Committee 

Randall Arendt, FRTPI, ASLA (Hon.), President, Greener Prospects 

Thomas Ballestero, PE, PHD, CGP, PH, Senior Scientist and Co-Principal Investigator, Stormwater Center, 

Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire 

Seth Brown, P.E., Stormwater Program and Policy Manager, Water Environment Federation 

Michael Clar, P.E., CFM, DWRE, Chair, EWRI/UWRRC National Low Impact Development Committee, Assistant 

County Engineer, Department of Land Use, New Castle County, Delaware 

Allen P. Davis, PhD, PE, D.WRE, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of 

Maryland 

David Dickson, Extension Educator and Network Coordinator, National NEMO Network 

Gregory Hoffmann, P.E., Program Director, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

James Houle, M.A., CPSWQ., Program Manager/Outreach Coordinator, Stormwater Center, Department of Civil 

Engineering, University of New Hampshire 

William F. Hunt III, P.E., PhD, Associate Professor and Extension Specialist, Department of Biological and 

Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University 

Dena Kennett, ASLA, Manager, Professional Practice, American Society of Landscape Architects 

Keith H. Lichten, P.E., M.ASCE, Senior Engineer, San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board 

Ken A. MacKenzie, P.E., CFM, Master Planning Program Manager, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 

Holly K. Piza, P.E., Master Planning Program Senior Project Engineer, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 

Robert M. Roseen, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE., Associate, Water Resources, Geosyntec Consultants 

Thomas R. Schueler, Coordinator, Chesapeake Stormwater Network 

Scott Struck, Ph.D., PWS, Senior Water Resources Professional, Geosyntec Consultants 

Tracy Tackett, PE, Green Stormwater Infrastructure Program Manager, Seattle Public Utilities 

Robert G. Traver, Ph.D., PE, D.WRE, Professor and Director, Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership 

Neil Weinstein, P.E., R.L.A., AICP, MASCE, Executive Director, Center for Low Impact Development 

Christine Zimmer, P.Eng., MSc (Eng), Manager, Protection and Restoration, Credit Valley Conservation 

Midwest Steering Committee 

Roger Bannerman, Environmental Specialist, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

J.B. Dixon, CPESC, CISEC, Stormwater Specialist, Lower Platte South Natural Resources District 

Rebecca Kauten, MPP, CPESC-IT, Senior Research Associate, University of Northern Iowa 

Dean Mattoon, CESSWI, Engineering Technician / MS4 Compliance, City of Dubuque, Iowa 

Breanne L. McDonald, Project Manager in Planning, Research and Sustainability Division, Milwaukee Metropolitan 

Sewerage District (MMSD) 

Katie A. Pekarek, Stormwater Management Extension Educator, University of Nebraska Extension 

Wayne Petersen, Urban Conservationist, Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship 

Patricia (Pat) Sauer, Iowa Stormwater Education Program and Rainscaping Iowa Administrator, Iowa Association 

of Municipal Utilities 

Eric Schmechel, Urban Conservationist, Dubuque Soil and Water Conservation District 

Mary Skopec, Ph.D, Stream Monitoring Coordinator, Iowa Department of Natural Resources 

Andy Szatko, Graduate T.A., University of Nebraska at Lincoln; and City of Omaha Stormwater Program 

8

Minnesota Steering Committee 

John Bilotta, Stormwater Education Program Extension Educator, University of Minnesota 

Bryan D. Carlson, FASLA, President ALSA-MN, Bryan Carlson Planning & Landscape Architecture 

Tina Carstens, Water Resources Project Manager, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

John Chapman, P.E., Program Director, Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota 

Mary Davy, Minnesota Stormwater Partnership; and Minnesota Utility Contractor Association 

Lois Eberhart, Water Resources Administrator, City of Minneapolis Public Works Department 

Anna Eleria, Water Resource Project Manager, Capitol Region Watershed District 

Anne Gelbmann, Green Infrastructure/Low Impact Development Coordinator, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

John S. Gulliver, Ph.D., P.E., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota 

James Hafner, CPESC, Stormwater Manager, City of Blaine 

Mikael Isensee, Middle St. Croix Watershed Management Organization Administrator/Watershed Management 

Specialist, Washington Conservation District 

Pamela Massaro, P.E., Water Resources Engineer, Wenck Associates, Inc. 

Jay Michels, Senior Project Manager, Emmons and Olivier Resources, Inc. 

Shahram (Shane) Missaghi, Stormwater Education Program Extension Educator, University of Minnesota 

Tim Power, Regulatory Consultant, Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association 

Jay Riggs, CPSWQ/CPESC, District Manager, Washington Conservation District 

Fred Rozumalski, R.L.A., Horticulturist, Ecologist, Landscape Architect, Barr Engineering 

Wes Saunders-Pearce, Water Resource Coordinator, City of Saint Paul 

Doug Snyder, Executive Director/Administrator, Mississippi River Watershed Management Organization 

Dwayne Stenlund, MSc. CPESC, Transportation Program Specialist 4, Office of Environmental Stewardship, 

Minnesota Department of Transportation 

Scott Walz, PH, CPSWQ, Hydrologist, Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 

Leslie Yetka, Education Manager, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

Partners 

American Society of Landscape Architects 

California Water Boards 

Center for Watershed Protection 

Chesapeake Stormwater Network 

Credit Valley Conservation 

Environmental & Water Resources Institute 

Low Impact Development Center 

National NEMO Network 

North Carolina State University 

Seattle Public Utilities 

University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center 

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 

Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership 

Water Environment Federation 

Water Environment Research Foundation 

9



REGISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION 

Location 

The International Low Impact Development Symposium will be held at the Saint Paul RiverCentre, August 18-21, 

2013. 

Registration, exhibit area, poster sessions, concurrent sessions, and refreshment breaks will be held: 

Saint Paul RiverCentre 

Ballroom Concourse Level 

175 West Kellogg Boulevard 

Saint Paul, MN 55102 

www.rivercentre.org 

Monday evening social event will be held: 

Harriet Island 

Clarence Wigington Pavilion 

200 Dr. Justice Ohage Blvd 


Parking 

The Saint Paul RiverCentre is located in downtown Saint Paul at Kellogg Boulevard and West 7th Street and is 

serviced by the Saint Paul RiverCentre ramp directly connected to the complex. There are more than 50 parking 

ramps/lots within a brief walk. Many parking ramps are connected to the downtown skyway system and linked 

through pedestrian walkways. 

Registration Desk Hours 

University of Minnesota staff will be at the registration desk during the times listed below. Information about 

Minneapolis and Saint Paul is available near the registration desk area. 

*Short Course registration will be available for the a.m. workshops at 7:30 a.m. on Sunday. 





1:00-5:00 p.m. 

7:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 

7:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 

7:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 

Name Badge 

Your name badge is your entrance ticket to all plenary, concurrent sessions, poster and exhibit sessions, and social 

events. Participants are asked to wear name badges at all times. 

Message Board 

A message board is located near the registration desk in the Saint Paul RiverCentre. Participants are welcome to 

post messages about local meetings that may be arranged, job postings, and messages for other participants. 

10

Refreshment Breaks and Meals Provided 

Continental breakfasts 

Lunch 

Afternoon refreshment breaks 

Poster reception 

Summer picnic 

Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday 

Monday 

Monday, Tuesday 

Monday evening 

Monday evening 

Continental breakfasts, afternoon refreshment breaks, and Monday’s Poster Reception will be available near the 

exhibit booths and posters in the Ballroom Concourse area of the RiverCentre. Monday’s lunch will be served in 

Ballroom ABCEFG. 

On Tuesday, lunch is on participant’s own. The Headwaters Café on the lower level of the RiverCentre will have 

lunch options, and there are many restaurants located within walking distance nearby. Pick up a map of the area, 

and recommendations for restaurants at the Visit Saint Paul booth located by the registration desk. 

Wednesday’s Tours include a boxed lunch, which will be served prior to boarding the shuttle bus. 

Poster Session 

The poster session is scheduled on Monday, August 19, in the Saint Paul RiverCentre. Each poster presenter will 

have a 4x4 foot area for the poster. Posters may be attached by using t-pins, masking and clear packing tape. Pins 

and tape will be provided. 

The posters are numbered, and each board space includes a sign with the poster number. A list of all posters and 

presenters is included in the program in this book. 

Posters can be set up anytime beginning at 1:00 p.m. on Sunday, August 18, 2013, and should be in place by 10:00 

a.m., Monday. Posters will remain on display for the entire poster session, and through Wednesday morning. 

Presenters must have all posters removed by 12:15 p.m. on Wednesday, August 21, 2013. Posters not removed by 

12:15 p.m. on Wednesday will be recycled. 

Sponsor Exhibits 

Sponsors of the 2013 International Low Impact Development Symposium have exhibit booths set up throughout the 

RiverCentre Concourse. We encourage participants to visit the sponsors during breaks and open sessions 

throughout the symposium. 

Sponsor Exhibit Set Up: Sunday, August 18, 1:00-5:00 p.m. 

Sponsor Exhibit Take Down: Wednesday, August 21, 12:30-4:30 p.m. 

Social Media: #LIDSym13 

We invite you to join the conversation about the LID Symposium by posting updates to your LinkedIn and 

Facebook pages, or tweeting about the symposium. The conference twitter hashtag is #LIDSym13. Type this 

hashtag in your tweets to continue the conference "backchannel," or you may also search Twitter for this hashtag to 

view the tweets online. These social media efforts will help participants network and meet new colleagues prior to 

and during the conference. 

11

Social Events 

All registered attendees are invited to attend these events which are included in your registration fee: 

Poster Session and Sponsor Reception 


Saint Paul RiverCentre Concourse 

5:10-6:00 p.m. 

Light hors d’oeuvres and iced tea will be served, and a cash bar will be available. 

Symposium Picnic 



6:00-10:00 p.m. 

Participants are invited to attend an evening picnic across the Mississippi River from downtown Saint Paul. Guests 

will enjoy a summer evening at the park, watching boats on the river. A picnic dinner will be served (vegetarian 

options will be available), entertainment and opportunities for guests to network and socialize with other 

symposium attendees. The event will be held rain or shine, please dress accordingly. 

Participants will receive 2 drink tickets for this event. Each ticket is valid for one alcoholic beverage, or soda, at this 

event. Beyond the drink tickets, a cash bar will be available. 

Guests may walk the short distance across the river or ride the continuous shuttle buses which will also be provided. 

Shuttle bus service will begin at approximately 5:45 p.m. Buses will load and depart on the south side of the 

RiverCentre, on Kellogg Boulevard, in front of the building. Buses will shuttle from the RiverCentre to Harriet 

Island. 

Beginning at approximately 7:00 p.m., buses will continuously shuttle from Harriet Island, to the Crowne Plaza 

Hotel, to the RiverCentre, to the Holiday Inn St. Paul Downtown. 

The last bus will leave Harriet Island at 10:30 p.m. 

The Hydropolis Tour: An Interdisciplinary Adventure on the Mississippi River 



5:45-8:30 p.m. 

Guests must sign up onsite at the registration desk to receive a ticket, and to participate. Limited seats are available. 

Buses will pick up participants at 5:15 p.m. in front of the RiverCentre, and leave at 5:30 p.m. Guests will board the 

Betsy Northrup Paddleboat at the Lower Landing on Harriet Island in Saint Paul between 5:45-6:00 p.m., The boat 

will leave the dock at 6:15 p.m. and return at 8:30 p.m. 

A summer supper will be provided on board. Cash bar will be available. 

The Hydropolis Tour will head downriver to Mounds Park bluff and Pig’s Eye, then back upriver to the confluence 

of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, and Hidden Falls Park. The festivities will feature the musical talents of 

Dreamland Faces. Artists and scientists from Public Art Saint Paul's City Art Collaboratory, Saint Paul’s City Artist 

in Residence, and the Watershed Artist in Residence will be on board instigating entertainment and conversation. 

Buster Simpson, the internationally recognized water infrastructure artist, will also be on deck as our special guest. 

This event is hosted by Public Art Saint Paul. 

12

Tours 


12:30-5:00 PM 

Boxed lunch included, $40 per person 

Pre-registration is required, and tickets are provided within the nametag materials received upon check in at the 

registration desk. The tours will be held rain or shine, please dress accordingly. 

The tour shuttle bus will load and depart on the south side of the RiverCentre beginning at 12:30 p.m. on Kellogg 

Boulevard, in front of the building. Guests should arrive at the loading area as soon as possible. Tour guides will 

distribute boxed lunches, and collect tickets from attendees for each tour (buses will be marked for each tour group): 

Suburban Stormwater Solutions 

LID in the Urban Core 

BIG LID! Innovative and Large Scale in the Twin Cities 

LID Research – Minnesota Leading Efforts in Discovery and Exploration of LID Practices 

Cell Phones, Mobile, and Tablet Devices 

Please mute your cell phones, mobile and tablet devices while in all meeting rooms. Also, please turn the sound on 

your laptops to mute. 

Time Zone 

The time zone in Minneapolis is Central Daylight Time (CST). 

Internet Access 

Saint Paul RiverCentre features free wireless internet throughout the entire facility. Note that we will have many 

attendees accessing the internet throughout the symposium, and you may experience delays during peak times. 

Accommodations 

Holiday Inn St. Paul Downtown 

175 W 7th Street 


651-225-1515 

Crowne Plaza Hotel - St. Paul Riverfront 

11 East Kellogg Boulevard 


651-292-1900 

13



PARTNER LIST 

Low Impact Development Center 

14



Exhibitor Locations 

Booth Sponsor Exhibit Booth Sponsor Exhibit 

1 ........................... Tetra Tech, Inc. 

2 ........................... Capitol Region Watershed District 

3 ........................... CDM Smith, Inc. 

4 ........................... Target 

5 ........................... Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. 

6 ........................... AECOM 

7 ........................... Geosyntec Consultants 

8 ........................... Borgert Products, Inc. 

9 ........................... Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed 

District 

10 ........................ Nine Mile Creek Watershed District 

11 ........................ Mississippi Watershed Management 

Organization 

12 ........................ Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

13 ........................ Barr Engineering 

14 ........................ Contech Engineered Solutions LLC 

15 ........................ Filterra Bioretention Systems/KriStar 

Enterprises, Inc. 

16 ........................ Herrera Environmental Consultants 

17 ........................ SvR Design Company 

18 ........................ Asphalt Pavement Alliance 

19 ........................ Stormwater ONE 

20 ........................ American Society of Civil Engineers – 

Environmental & Water Resources Institute 

21 ........................ Center for Watershed Protection 

22 ........................ HDR Engineering, Inc. 

23 ........................ HR Green 

24 ........................ Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

26 ........................ Upstream Techologies 

27 ........................ Wenck Associates, Inc. 

28 ........................ Houston Engineering, Inc. 

29 ........................ Ernst Conservation Seeds 

30 ........................ Anoka Conservation District 

31 ........................ Hydro International 

32 ........................ AEWS Engineering, LLC 

33 ........................ Tensar North American Green 

34 ........................ Xeripave, LLC 

35 ........................ Chris Bauemler (Bush Fellow) 

36 ........................ SEH, Inc. 

37 ........................ Public Art Saint Paul 

38 ........................ Filtrexx International, LLC 

39 ........................ Columbia Green Technologies 

40 ........................ Hatch Mott MacDonald 

41 ........................ PaveDrain, LLC 

42 ........................ Vieux, Inc. 

43 ........................ Williams Creek Consulting, Inc. 

44 ........................ American Rainwater Catchment Systems 

Association 

45 ........................ EnviroCert International, Inc. 

46 ........................ Hazen and Sawyer 

47 ........................ Land and Water Magazine, Inc. 

48 ........................ Rainwater Management Solutions 

49 ........................ Decagon Devices, Inc. 

50 ........................ Prairie Restorations, Inc. 

51 ........................ Construction Specialties 

25 ........................ SRF Consulting Group, Inc. 

16




PROGRAM 

7:30 a.m. Short Courses Registration Open 

8:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m. Optional Pre-Symposium Short Courses 

1:00-5:00 p.m. Optional Pre-Symposium Short Courses 

1:00-5:00 p.m. Sponsor Exhibits Set Up 

Symposium Registration Open 

American Society for Health Economists 

4 th Biennial Conference 

Welcome and Plenary Sessionral Presentation Schedule 

Monday, August 19 

8:30 – 10:20 a.m. 

Welcome to Minnesota 

John Linc Stine, Commissioner, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

Ballroom BCDFGH 

Low Impact Development: Retooling Communities for the 21st Century Ballroom BCDFGH 

Avi Friedman, Ph.D., Professor of Architecture and Director, Affordable Homes Research Group, 

McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

10:20 a.m.-10:50 a.m. – Refreshment Break, Posters, and Exhibits Ballroom Concourse 



Concurrent Sessions Oral Presentation Schedule 


10:50 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. 

Track – Policies, Ordinances, and Regulatory Compliance 

A1 – Green Infrastructure for CSO Communities Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Seth Brown, Water Environment Federation 

6696 Evaluating Low Impact Development as a Mitigation Strategy for Alleviating Combined Sewer 

Overflows and Improving Stream Health within an Urban Connecticut Watershed 

Corinna Fleischmann, University of Connecticut; Joseph Bushey, University of Connecticut; Jennifer 

Hays, University of Connecticut (20 mins.) 

17


10:50 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. 



Oral Presentation Schedule Concurrent Sessions 

7000 Volume-Based Design Criteria – Flaws and Potential Solutions 

Andy Reese, AMEC (20 mins.) 

6393 Controlling CSOs by Retrofitting Residential Streets with Green Stormwater Infrastructure 

Kathryn Gwilym, SvR Design Company; Steve Burke, SvR Design Company; Mary Wohleb, King 

County Department of Natural Resources (40 mins.) 

Track – LID Practices 

A2 – LID Research Panel Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: Robert Traver, Villanova University 

7014 LID Research Panel 

Robert Traver, Villanova University; Allen Davis, University of Maryland; William Hunt, North 

Carolina State University; John Gulliver, University of Minnesota (90 mins.) 


A3 – Urban Trees and Stormwater Management Meeting Room 7-9 

Moderator: Tim Power, Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association 

6510 The Stockholm Solution - Ten Years of Experience of Urban Tree Planning and Management 

Combined with Local Storm Water Management 

Örjan Stal, VIÖS AB; Britt-Marie Alvem, City of Stockholm, Sweden; Björn Embrén, City of 

Stockholm, Sweden (90 mins.) 

Track – Education and Outreach 

A4 – LID Education Approaches and Results Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Angie Hong, Washington Conservation District 

6410 Implementing Green Infrastructure BMPs: Extension Programming Impacts in Stormwater 

Management Education 

Kathryn Pekarek, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension; Kelly Feehan, University of Nebraska– 

Lincoln Extension; Thomas Franti, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension; Steven Rodie, 

University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension; David Shelton, University of Nebraska–Lincoln 

Extension (20 mins.) 

6655 RiverSmart Communities 

Leah Lemoine, District Department of the Environment (20 mins.) 

6397 Blue Thumb - Planting for Clean Water: Organizational Partnership to Promote Clean Water 

Planting 

Elizabeth Beckman, Capitol Region Watershed District (20 mins.) 

6571 Lake Whatcom Watershed Homeowner Incentive Program 

Eli Mackiewicz, City of Bellingham, Washington (20 mins.) 

18





10:50 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. 

Track – Modeling and Computation 

A5 – Benchmarking, Sizing and Optimization of LID Practices Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: Andrew Anderson, North Carolina State University 

6489 Beyond LID: Using Sustainable Sites to Get the Most from Development 

Kim Chapman, Applied Ecological Services, Inc.; Doug Mensing, Applied Ecological Services, Inc. (40 

mins.) 

6688 Design Sensitivity and Optimization of LID-based Hydromodification Control Facilities 

Raina Dwivedi, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6698 A Site Development Spreadsheet Tool to Design and Size Stormwater Control Measures 

Dan Christian, Tetra Tech, Inc. (20 mins.) 

Track – Retrofitting and Redevelopment 

A6 – Implementation Strategies for LID Retrofits 

Moderator: Shane Missaghi, University of Minnesota Extension 

Ballroom A 

6406 PWD's Rapid Desktop Screening of Outfalls to Meet Planning Objectives and Identify 

Candidate Retrofit Sites 

Ted Brown, Biohabitats; Erik Haniman, Philadelphia Water Department; Joe Knieriem, McCormick 

Taylor (20 mins.) 

6459 MCD Subwatershed Analysis Program: Identifying Cost Effective Stormwater BMP's to Install 

through Subwatershed Retrofit Analyses 

Andy Schilling, Metro Conservation Districts (20 mins.) 

6398 A Balanced Approach to Implementing Green Infrastructure: San Francisco's Urban Watershed 

Assessment Program 

Rachel Kraai, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission; Eric Zickler, AECOM (20 mins.) 

6568 Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies 

Michael Clar, Ecosite, Inc. (20 mins.) 

Track – Planning and Design 

A7 – Commercial and Institutional Success and Challenges 

Moderator: Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District 

Ballroom E 

6739 A Case Study - Southbury Medical Facility and LID 

Steven Trinkaus, Trinkaus Engineering, LLC (20 mins.) 

6710 Stormwater Management as a Site Amenity at the Mississippi Watershed Management 

Organization Community Facility 

Eric Holt, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 

19


10:50 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. 



Oral Presentation Schedule Concurrent Sessions 

6700 Getting the Water Right: Lessons Learned in Creating the New Stroud Water Research Center 

Educational Building 

Michele Adams, Meliora Design, LLC (20 mins.) 

6626 Stormwater Retrofits: Creating Public Private Partnerships for Stormwater 

Zach Chamberlain, Target Corporation; Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District, Don Asleson, 

Target Corporation (20 mins.) 


12:20 – 1:40 p.m. 

Oral Presentation Schedule 



Luncheon Presentation 

Integrating Art Upstream in the Stormwater Design 

Buster Simpson, Artist, Seattle, Washington (80 mins.) 

Ballroom BCDFGH 


1:40 – 3:10 p.m. 




Concurrent Sessions 


B1 – LID Codes and Ordinances Case Studies Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: James Houle, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire 

6747 Difficulties in Meeting Regulatory Requirements and the Necessary Integration of LID Practices 

at Woodland Cove in Minnetrista, Minnesota 

Steve Christopher, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (20 mins.) 

6497 Use of Low Impact Development Principles to Achieve Expedited Approvals for Residential 

Subdivisions. 

Ian Roul, Dillon Consulting Limited; Allen Benson, Dillon Consulting Limited (20 mins.) 

6715 Cracking the Codes: Prioritizing Code and Ordinance Changes for LID Implementation Using 

Watershed Modeling and GIS Assessment Tools 

Kate Morgan, 1,000 Friends of Wisconsin; Juli Beth Hinds, Birchline Planning LLC, Will Mobley, 

Southeastern Wisconsin Watersheds Trust/University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (40 mins.) 


B2 – Bioretention Performance Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: Pete Weiss, Valparaiso University 

6474 Evaluating Residential Disconnected Downspouts as Stormwater Control Measures 

Natalie Carmen, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State University; 

Andrew Anderson, North Carolina State University (20 mins.) 

20





1:40 – 3:10 p.m. 

6400 An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Removal Mechanisms 

in Surface Flow Constructed Stormwater Wetlands Using Soil Amendment Strategies 

Kaitlin Vacca, Villanova University; Bridget Wadzuk, Villanova University (20 mins.) 

6531 Swale and Filter Strip Design for Sediment and Gross Solids Removal Using Settling Theory and 

Field-Collected Data 

Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State University (20 

mins.) 

6506 Increasing the Runoff Reduction Benefit of a Planter by Installing Gravel Columns 

Shao-Hua Marko Hsu, Department of Water Resources Engineering, Feng Chia University (20 mins.) 


B3 – Permeable Pavement Performance Meeting Room 7-9 

Moderators: John Gulliver, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota; Masoud Kayhanian, 

University of California, Davis 

6477 Hydrologic and Water Quality Benefits of Permeable Pavement Over Hydrologic Soil Group D 

Soils in North Carolina 

Alessandra P. Smolek, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State 

University; Ryan J. Winston, North Carolina State University (20 mins.) 

6515 Water Quality Performance of Three Side-by-Side Permeable Pavement Surface Materials: Three 

Year Update 

Robert Brown, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (20 mins.) 

6555 Water Quality Treatment and Flow Control Characteristics of Full-Scale Permeable Pavement 

Systems 

Curtis Hinman, Washington State University (20 mins.) 

6544 Using Porous Asphalt Pavement on Residential Streets to Reduce Application of Road Salt 

Ed Matthiesen, Wenck Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 


B4 – Home Owner Directed Education Programs Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Jim Hafner, City of Blaine, Minnesota 

6551 Don't Runoff, Take a Rain Check: PWD's Residential Stormwater Incentive Program 

Maggie Wood, Trans-Pacific Engineering/Philadelphia Water Department; Matt Condiotti, CDM 

Smith, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6714 How Can We Give Some Back - Lexington's Incentive Grant Program Giving Money Back to 

the Community 

Christopher Dent, Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government (20 mins.) 

21


1:40 – 3:10 p.m. 





6614 How Much for That Home in an LID Subdivision Resident, Developer, and City Staff Opinions 

on the Value of LID in Residential Development 

Jan Thompson, Iowa State University; Troy Bowman, Eaton Asphalt Paving (20 mins.) 


B5 – LID Optimization Modeling Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: Shawn Tracy, HDR Engineering, Inc. 

6469 BMP Optimization Modeling, A Summary of Tools and Their Application in a Series of Pilot 

Studies 

Jennifer Olson, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Bruce Cleland, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Ryan Murphy, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Bob 

Newport, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; John Riverson, Tetra Tech, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6490 Systemic LID Design Analysis and Planning: Where, What, How, in What Combination and at 

What Cost 

Shawn Tracy, HDR Engineering, Inc.; Melissa Barrick, Crow Wing Soil and Water Conservation 

District (40 mins.) 


B6 – Commercial Applications of LID 

Moderator: Tina Carstens, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

Ballroom A 

6590 Retrofitting Maplewood Mall for Stormwater Management 

Tina Carstens, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District; Erin Anderson-Wenz, Barr 

Engineering Company (40 mins.) 

6603 Stormwater Reuse for Irrigation of Municipal Ballfields, Centerville, Minnesota 

Mark Statz, Stantec, Inc.; Daniel Edgerton, Stantec, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6529 Monitoring and Modeling to Prove Stormwater Volume Reduction on a Large Corporate 

Campus 

Nathan Campeau, Barr Engineering Company; Kurt Leuthold, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 


B7 – The Art of LID: Creating a Sense of Place through Infrastructure Design 

Moderator: Daniel Miller, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

Ballroom E 

6670 Collaborative Reimagining of Water Infrastructure: Artists, Engineers, and Scientists 

Christine Baeumler, University of Minnesota (90 mins.) 

22





3:40 – 5:10 p.m. 


C1 – LID Performance Standards Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Anne Gelbmann, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

6394 Developing a Volume-Based Offset Program 

Randell Greer, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (20 mins.) 

6720 Washington State LID Requirements for Development Projects: Numerical Performance 

Standards, Feasibility Criteria, and Costs 

Alice Lancaster, Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6413 Working through Ordinance Revision with Local Communities - Using NEMO to Educate, 

Train, and Motivate Change 

Jay Michels, Emmons & Oliver Resources, Inc.; John Bilotta, University of Minnesota Extension & 

Minnesota Sea Grant (40 mins.) 


C2 – Municipal Applications and Monitoring Results Meeting Room 4-6 


6623 Retrofit of a Pervious Pavement System to Improve Storage Control in a Combined Sanitary 

Sewershed 

Scott Struck, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Nina Cudahy, City of Omaha, Nebraska (20 mins.) 

6596 Development of Analysis Framework and Testing of Optimized Pretreatment Configurations for 

Municipal Stormwater Control Measures 

James Nabong, City of San Diego, California; Chad Helmle, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Yvana Hrovat, Tetra 

Tech, Inc.; William Hunt, North Carolina State University; Masoud Kayhanian, University of 

California-Davis; Brad Wardynski, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University; 

Jason Wright, Tetra Tech, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6433 Transforming Our Cities: High Performance Green Infrastructure and Distributed Real-Time 

Monitoring and Control 

Marcus Quigley, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (40 mins.) 


C3 – Bioretention Performance Meeting Room 7-9 

Moderator: Fred Rozumalski, Barr Engineering Company 

6418 Water Quality and Quantity Performance Review of Bioretention Design Criteria and Operating 

Conditions 

Robert Roseen, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6436 Bioretention Retrofit for Enhanced Phosphorus Removal: Field Research 

Jiayu Liu, University of Maryland, College Park; Allen P. Davis, University of Maryland, College Park 

(20 mins.) 

23


3:40 – 5:10 p.m. 





6717 Advanced Denitrification of Stormwater Runoff Using Bioretention Systems 

Ian Peterson, University of Maryland, College Park; Allen Davis, University of Maryland, College 

Park (20 mins.) 

6528 Innovative Bioretention Design Used to Mitigate Impacts to Habitat in Response to Species at 

Risk Legislation, Ontario, Canada. 

Chris Denich, Aquafor Beech Ltd. (20 mins.) 


C4 – Statewide Stormwater Education Programs Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Thomas O’Connor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

6449 Developing Tailored Stormwater Educational Series to Meet Our Clean Water Goals 

Shane Missaghi, University of Minnesota Extension; John Bilotta, University of Minnesota Extension 

& Minnesota Sea Grant (40 mins.) 

6407 Stormwater Management Education in Nebraska: Integrating Extension, Teaching, and 

Research 

David Shelton, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Kelly Feehan, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; 

Thomas Franti, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Bobbi Holm, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Katie 

Pekarek, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Steven Rodie, University of Nebraska–Lincoln (20 mins.) 

6391 Rainscaping Iowa: Paving the Way to Clean Water 

Pat Sauer, Iowa Storm Water Education Program; Jon Biederman, Tekippe Engineering; Tom 

Brownlow, Charles City, Iowa; Jeff Geerts, Iowa Economic Development Authority; Jennifer Welch, 

Polk Soil Water Conservation District (20 mins.) 


C5 – BMP Performance Modeling Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: Bruce Wilson, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota 

6748 Simulating Long-Term Performance of Bio-retention in Prince George’s County, Maryland 

Tham Saravanapavan, Tetra Tech, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6574 Distributed BMP Performance Algorithms of the BMP Selection/Receiving Water Protection 

Toolbox 

Marc Leisenring, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Michael Barrett, Center for Research in Water 

Resources, University of Texas, Austin; Chris Olson, Colorado State University; Aaron Poresky, 

Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; A. Charles Rowney, ACR, LLC; Eric Strecker, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. 

(20 mins.) 


C6 – LID Commercial and Industrial Applications 

Moderator: Wes Saunders-Pearce, City of Saint Paul, Minnesota 

Ballroom A 

6723 Stormwater Retrofits and Pollution Prevention Measures Create a Lower Impact Concrete Plant 

Greg Wilson, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 

24





3:40 – 5:10 p.m. 

7015 EPA’s National Stormwater Calculator 

Jason Berner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (20 mins.) 

6631 Rain Gardens and Car Wash Runoff: Perfect Together 

Michele Bakacs, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers Cooperative 

Extension Water Resources Program; Steve Yergeau, Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water 

Resources Program (40 mins.) 

6520 Bioretention Stormwater Treatment for a Waterfront Log Sort Yard 

Ben Fuentes, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants (20 mins.) 


C7 – The Art of LID: Unique LID Designs 

Moderator: Anna Eleria, Capitol Region Watershed District 

Ballroom E 

6736 Stormwater Art and Interpretation at the Maplewood Mall Stormwater Retrofit Project 

Matthew Kumka, Barr Engineering Company; Eric Holt, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 

6585 EPA's Campus RainWorks Challenge 

Tamara Mittman, U.S. Enviornmental Protection Agency (40 mins.) 

5:10 p.m.-6:00 p.m. – Poster Session and Exhibit Reception with Cash Bar Ballroom Concourse 

6:00 p.m. – Symposium Picnic at Harriet Island (shuttle buses available in front of RiverCentre) 




Tuesday, August 20 

8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 


D1 – EPA Stormwater Rule Making Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Pamela Massaro, Wenck Associates, Inc. 

6744 Regulations, Incentives and Motivations in Stormwater: The National Stormwater Rulemaking 

and Beyond 

Seth Brown, Water Environment Federation; Bob Adair, Convergent Water Technologies; Bob 

Newport, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (60 mins.) 

6732 EPA Stormwater Rulemaking 

Karen Hobbs, Natural Resources Defense Council; Gary Belan, American Rivers (40 mins.) 

25


8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 






D2 – Bioretention Media Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: William Hunt, North Carolina State University 

7013 Engineered Media Panel 

Roger Bannerman, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Allen Davis, University of 

Maryland; John Gulliver, University of Minnesota, Bonnie Glaister, Monash University; William 

Lucas, Griffith University; Bill Lord, North Carolina State University (40 mins.) 

6445 Principal Component Analysis for Assessing Bioretention Media Performance 

Xiaohua Yang, Beijing Normal University; Ying Mei, Beijing Normal University; Zhenyao Shen, 

Beijing Normal University; Shaw Yu, University of Virginia (20 mins.) 

6570 Bioretention Systems Ability to Retain Pollutants as a Function of Engineered Soil Type and 

Depth 

Judy Horwatich, U.S. Geological Survey (20 mins.) 

6652 Nutrient Analysis of the Effluent of Bioretention Systems Containing Municipal Waste 

Incinerator Bottom Ash 

Jessica Eichhorst, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (20 mins.) 

D3 – LID Implementation Strategies for Achieving Water Quality Goals Meeting Room 7-9 


7001 Adaptive Implementation for Meeting Water Quality Goals 

Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District (40 mins.) 

7016 Buoyant Floating Devices to Increase Detention Storage Efficiency: Implications for Flow 

Control, CSO Reductions and Water Quality 

Willaim Lucas, Integrated Land Management, Inc.; John McDonnell, Thirsty Duck LP (20 mins.) 

6434 City of Neosho, Missouri Green Infrastructure Technical Assistance Program 

Neil Weinstein, The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6541 Mistakes We've Made Them! Success - We've Had That Too -Lessons Learned Implementing a 

Watershed-Scale Plan 

Christine Zimmer, Credit Valley Conservation; Robb Lukes, Credit Valley Conservation (20 mins.) 


D4 – Publications and Approaches for Mainstreaming LID Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: David Hirschman, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

6535 Harnessing the Emotional Response: Lessons Learned in LID Landscaping and Marketing 

Kyle Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation; Robb Lukes, Credit Valley Conservation (40 mins.) 

26





8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 

6549 A New Generation of Stormwater Manuals - Mainstreaming LID 

David Hirschman, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.; Joseph Battiata, Center for Watershed 

Protection, Inc.; Gregory Hoffmann, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6399 Stormwater Reuse: Educating Planners, Engineers, and Policy Makers on Stormwater Reuse 

Jodi Polzin, CDM Smith, Inc.; Patti Craddock, SEH, Inc.; Brian Davis, Metropolitan Council; Gabrielle 

Grinde, Hoisington Koegler Group (20 mins.) 


D5 – LID Modeling Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: Ted Brown, Biohabitats, Inc. 

6505 Mimicking Natural Hydrology: Use of Continuous Hydrologic Modeling to Determine a 

Stormwater Volume Control Performance Goal for Minnesota 

Nathan Campeau, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 

6649 Achieving LID Runoff Reduction Goals via Infiltration - The Potential for Unintended 

Consequences 

Rob Montgomery, Montgomery Associates: Resource Solutions (20 mins.) 

6662 Using the Envision Rating System on Your LID Project 

Jennifer Winter, HR Green, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6498 Quantifying Effective Impervious Area in Urban Watersheds 

Ali Ebrahimian, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota; John Gulliver, St. Anthony 

Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota; Ben Janke, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and 

Behavior, University of Minnesota; Bruce Wilson, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems 

Engineering, University of Minnesota (20 mins.) 


D6 – LID Retrofits to Meet Load Reduction Goals 

Moderator: Michele Adams, Meliora Design, LLC 

Ballroom A 

6633 Stormwater Controls on a Golf Course to Restore Impaired Trout Stream 

Karen Kill, Brown's Creek Watershed District (20 mins.) 

6611 Protecting Schwanz Lake from Impairment: Reducing Phosphorus Loads With Bioretention 

Basins in Eagan, Minnesota 

Eric Macbeth, City of Eagan, Minnesota; Gregg Thompson, City of Eagan, Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6612 Retrofitting Small BMPs to Reduce Runoff Volume and Pollutant Loading to Crystal Lake 

Diane Spector, Wenck Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6576 Citizen Blue: Lotus Lake Community Stormwater Retrofit 

Samuel Geer, reGEN Land Design (20 mins.) 

27


8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 





6647 Greening of Rural Residential Neighborhoods - The North Kitsap County Low Impact 

Development Retrofit Plan 

Robin Kirschbaum, HDR Engineering, Inc. (20 mins.) 


D7 – LID Planning for Climate Change Adaption 


Ballroom E 

6412 Potential Climate Change Impacts in Vegetation Installed in Green-Infrastructures 

Maria Raquel Catalano de Sousa, Drexel University; Stephanie Miller, Drexel University; Franco 

Montalto, Drexel University (20 mins.) 

6731 Adapting to Landuse and Climate Change: The Role of LID in Mitigating Impacts to Water 

Conveyance Infrastructure 

Michael Simpson, Antioch University New England; Latham Stack, Syntectic International (40 

mins.) 

6370 The Effects of Climate Change on Low Impact Development Facilities 

Douglas Beyerlein, Clear Creek Solutions, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6654 Vegetation Selection for Erosion Control Along Conveyances and Ponds with Changing Future 

Water Conditions 

John Chapman, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota 

(20 mins.) 

Track – Design and Construction 

D8 – Pervious Pavements 

Moderators: Masoud Kayhanian, University of California, Davis; John Gulliver, Department of Civil 

Engineering, University of Minnesota 

Ballroom B 

6483 Pervious Pavement as Public Infrastructure 

Mark Maloney, City of Shoreview, Minnesota (40 mins.) 

6680 Crumbling Concrete and Impenetrable Asphalt - The Colorado Conundrum 

Ken MacKenzie, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (20 mins.) 

6592 Permeable Alley Pilot Project, Saint Paul, Minnesota 

Daniel Edgerton, Stantec, Inc.; Wes Saunders-Pearce, City of Saint Paul, Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6518 Use of Time Domain Reflectometers (TDRs) in Permeable Pavement Systems to Predict 

Maintenance Needs and Effectiveness 

Robert Brown, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Michael Borst, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency; Justin Gray, Louisville/Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer; Lara Kurtz, URS Corporation; 

Joshua Rivard, University of Louisville (20 mins.) 

28





D9 – Modeling, Testing and Verification of LID 

Moderator: Dan Christian, Tetra Tech, Inc. 


8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 

Ballroom C 

6724 Challenges of Selecting a Water Quality Model - A State-wide Perspective in Michigan 

Brett Emmons, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc.; Camilla Correll, Emmons & Olivier Resources, 

Inc.; Peter Vincent, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (20 mins.) 

6618 Comparison of Tools Available for SCM Modeling 

Valerie Novaes, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Anne Thomas, Tetra Tech, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6432 Application of the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiraiton Equation for Urban Green 

Spaces and Green Infrastructure 

Kimberly DiGiovanni, Drexel University; Franco Montalto, Drexel University (20 mins.) 

6421 Development and Implementation of a Physical and Virtual Stormwater Management Trail at a 

Midwestern University 

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University (20 mins.) 

D10 – Sustainable Cities of the Future and Social Technical Models 

Moderator: Fred Rozumalski, Barr Engineering Company 

Ballroom D 

6557 Simultaneous Consideration of Socio-Economic and Engineering Factors for Low Impact 

Development Success 

Joseph Bushey, University of Connecticut; Carol Atkinson-Palombo, University of Connecticut; 

Corinna Fleischmann, University of Connecticut; Eric Jackson, Connecticut Transportation Institute 

(20 mins.) 

6543 Using Agent-Based Models to Investigate Green Infrastructure Emergence in Philadelphia 

Franco Montalto, Drexel University; Timothy Bartrand, Tetra Tech, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6453 Low Impact Development - A Stepping Stone Towards Sustainable and Resilient Cities of the 

Future 

Vladimir Novotny, AquaNova LLC (40 mins.) 

Track – Monitoring and Measurements 

D11 – Performance Monitoring of Multiple LID Practices 

Moderator: Kathy DeBusk, North Carolina State University 

Ballroom F 

6735 Integrating Redevelopment and LID Monitoring in the Credit Valley Watershed 

Sarah Ash, University of Guelph; Andrea Bradford, University of Guelph; Will Cowlin, Aquafor Beech 

Limited; Jennifer Drake, University of Toronto; Phil James, Credit Valley Conservation Authority (40 

mins.) 

6401 Performance of Infiltrating SCMs During Large Volume Events 

Cara Lyons, Villanova University (20 mins.) 

29


8:30 – 10:15 p.m. 





6424 Catchment-Scale Evaluation of the Hydrologic and Water Quality Impacts of Residential 

Stormwater Street Retrofits in Wilmington, North Carolina 

Jonathan Page, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State University; Ryan 

Winston, North Carolina State University (20 mins.) 

6729 Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of a Permeable Pavement-modular Bioretention 

Treatment Train and a Stormwater Filter Box in Fayetteville, North Carolina 

Andrew Anderson, North Carolina State University (20 mins.) 


D12 – Green Infrastructure Standards, Construction and Inspection 

Moderator: Margot Walker, New York City Department of Environmental Protection 

Ballroom G 

6563 NYC DEP's Green Infrastructure Program: An Overview 

Margot Walker, New York City Department of Environmental Protection; Magdi Farag, New York 

City Department of Environmental Protection (40 mins.) 

6567 The Application of LID/BMP Site Development Techniques to Six Linear Roadway Projects 

Josiah Holst, HR Green, Inc.; Daniel Goforth, HR Green, Inc.; Andrew McGovern, HR Green, Inc. (20 

mins.) 

6440 A Case Study of LID-Designed Road in China's First National LID Demonstration Area: 

Guangming New District in Shenzhen City 

Hu Aibing, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Yang Chen, Urban Planning & Design 

Institute of Shenzhen; Zeng Kelin, Urban Construction Bureau of Guangming New District; Ren 

Xinxin, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen (20 mins.) 

6405 Adopting Low Impact Development Practice for Stormwater Management - Pilot Studies in 

Sichuan, China 

Yi Shi, Sichuan Urban Environment Provincial Project Management Office; Jianpeng Zhou, 

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Joe Zhao, ESD China Ltd. (20 mins.) 

6659 Construction Assessment of Right-of-Way Bioswales in New York City 

Chris Syrett, AECOM; Karen Appell, AECOM; Thomas Wynne, New York City Department of Design 

and Construction; Sofia Zuberbuhler-Yafar, New York City Department of Design and Construction 

(20 mins.) 

10:15 a.m.-10:45 a.m. – Poster Session and Break Ballroom Concourse 

30





10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 


E1 – Municipal Green Infrastructure Programs Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Michael Clar, New Castle County, Delaware 

6562 NYC DEP's Area-Wide Approach to Green Infrastructure Implementation 

Margot Walker, New York City Department of Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

6558 New York City Department of Environmental Protection's Standards for Green Infrastructure: 

Right of Way Bioswale Standards 

Dahlia Thompson, Hazen and Sawyer; Magdi Farag, New York City Environmental Protection; 

Raymond Palmares, New York City Environmental Protection; Margot Walker, New York City 

Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

6464 1% for Green Program Promoting Green Street Construction 

Ivy Dunlap, City of Portland, Oregon; Charles Kelley, ZGF Architects (40 mins.) 


E2 – Bioretention Nutrient Removal Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: James Houle, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire 

6402 Role of Volume Reduction and Attenuation in the Loss of Nitrogen from a Bioinfiltration SCM 

Laura Lord, Villanova University; John Komlos, Villanova University; Robert Traver, Villanova 

University (20 mins.) 

6512 The Fate of Phosphorus in Stormwater Bioinfiltration Systems 

Bonnie Glaister, Monash University; Perran Cook, Monash Univeristy; Tim Fletcher, University of 

Melbourne; Belinda Hatt, Monash Univeristy (20 mins.) 

6475 Highly Efficient Removal of Phosphorus Through the Use of Bioretention Soil Matrix Amended 

with Phosphorus-Adsorbing Media 

Heather Broadbent, Centre for Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College (20 mins.) 

6438 Water Treatment Residuals as an Amendment to Bioretention Media: The Good, the Bad and 

the Ugly 

Margaret Greenway, Griffith University (20 mins.) 


E3 – Green Roof Performance Meeting Room 7-9 


6403 Green Roofs Research through EPA's Regional Applied Research Effort 

Thomas O'Connor, U.S. Enviornmental Protection Agency (20 mins.) 

6446 Substrate Particle Size Distribution of Mature Mid-Atlantic Green Roofs 

Whitney Gaches, University of Maryland; Steve Cohan, University of Maryland; Allen Davis, 

University of Maryland; John Lea-Cox, University of Maryland; Andrew Ristvey, University of 

Maryland; Joe Sullivan, University of Maryland (20 mins.) 

31


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 





6665 A Two-Year Comparison of Stormwater Retention by Experimental Greenroofs Planted in 

Different Sedum Species 

Olyssa Starry, University of Maryland, College Park; Steve Cohan, University of Maryland, College 

Park; John Lea-Cox, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Ristvey, University of Maryland, 

College Park (20 mins.) 

7004 Drivers of Living Roof Water Quality 

Elizabeth Fassman, University of Auckland; Robyn Simcock, Landcare Research NZ Ltd. (20 mins.) 


E4 – Developing, Comparing and Reviewing LID Manuals Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Chris Despins, Credit Valley Conservation 

6546 Adapting to Growth Pressures & Improving Water Management Approaches in Small, Medium 

& Large Municipalities: Developing Effective LID Retrofit Guidance Documents for Audiences 

With Varying Needs and Resources 

Chris Despins, Credit Valley Conservation; Robb Lukes, Credit Valley Conservation; Christine 

Zimmer, Credit Valley Conservation (40 mins.) 

6634 Compare and Contrast LID Design Standards and Ordinances 

TBD, AEWS Engineering (20 mins.) 

6653 Integrating Floodplain and Stormwater Management Through Green Infrastructure 

Hunter Loftin, Michael Baker Corporation (20 mins.) 


E5 – Modeling BMP Performance Meeting Room 13-15 


6471 Exploring the Hydraulics of Bioretention 

Richard Lucera, RBF Consulting (20 mins.) 

6435 A New Tool to Simulate the Phreatic Profile of Seepage Underneath LID Controls 

Yuan Cheng, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

7017 Incorporating Climatic, Physical, Economic, and Social Uncertainty into Watershed Scale LID 

Effectiveness Predictions 

Franco Montalto, Drexel University (20 mins.) 

6465 A New Concept in Modeling Low Impact Development Facilities 

Nian She, Shenzhen University (20 mins.) 

32





10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 


E6 – LID Retrofits and Stream Restorations 

Moderator: Holly Piza, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 

6431 The Role of Stream Restoration and LID in Green Infrastructure 

Justin Haynes, Straughan Environmental, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6728 What Do Whitewater and Stormwater Have in Common 

Eve Brantley, Auburn University; Katie Dylewski, Auburn University (20 mins.) 

Ballroom A 

6668 Integrating LID, Stream Enhancement, and Floodplain Functions in Urban Watersheds 

Greg Jennings, North Carolina State University (20 mins.) 

6734 Can Stormwater Infiltration Augment Stream Base Flows The Case of the Minnehaha Creek 

Watershed 

Trisha Moore, University of Minnesota; John Gulliver, University of Minnesota; Joe Magner, 

University of Minnesota; John Nieber, University of Minnesota (20 mins.) 


E7 – LID Planning for Climate Change Adaption 


Ballroom E 

6702 Building Community Resilience to Climate Change by Integrating LID into Local Adaptation 

Planning: A Case Study within the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

James Gruber, Antioch University New England; Leslie Yetka, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

(40 mins.) 

6451 The Plan to Apply LID in Waterfront Zone 

Kyung-Whan Lee, Korea Water Resources Corporation (20 mins.) 


E8 – LID Highways 

Moderator: Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University 

Ballroom B 

6598 Innovative Stormwater Management in the Linear Environment 

Hunter Freeman,Withers & Ravenel; Bill Lee, Withers & Ravenel (20 mins.) 

6461 Low Impact Development Design of an Urban Expressway, South of China 

Jianlong Wang, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Wu Che, Beijing University 

of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Hongliang Chen, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and 

Architecture (20 mins.) 

6501 How to Deliver a Low Impact County Highway 

William Klingbeil, HR Green, Inc. (20 mins.) 

33


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 





Track – Financing and Cost Benefit 

E9 – Financing and Trading 

Moderator: Mark Mittag, CH2M HILL 

Ballroom C 

6733 Achieving Greened Acres through Public-Private Sector Collaboration 

Karen Hobbs, Natural Resources Defense Council; Larry Levine, Natural Resources Defense Council 

(40 mins.) 

7006 The Economics of LID To Meet Water Quality Objectives 

Bill Stack, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.; Karen Cappiella, Center for Watershed Protection, 

Inc., Ried Christianson, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. (20 mins.) 

7005 Six Blind Men and the Pollutant Trading Program 

David Hirschman, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.; Bill Stack, Center for Watershed 

Protection, Inc., Karen Cappiella, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. (20 mins.) 

Track – LID Application 

E10 – Greening the Twin Cities Light Rail 


Ballroom D 

6586 Green Infrastructure for the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit Project 

Forrest Kelley, Capitol Region Watershed District; Anna Eleria, Capitol Region Watershed District 

(90 mins.) 


E11 – Monitoring Bioretention and Rainwater Harvesting Systems 


Ballroom F 

6745 Exploring the Need for a National Testing and Verification Program for Proprietary Stormwater 

Devices 

Seth Brown, Water Environment Federation (20 mins.) 

6749 Prince George’s County Bio-retention Monitoring at Laurel High School 

Tham Saravanapavan, Tetra Tech, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6487 When It Rains It Stores: Practical Methods for Monitoring Green Stormwater Infrastructure 

from Philadelphia's Green City, Clean Waters Program 

Stephen White, Philadelphia Water Department (20 mins.) 

6750 Bioretention and Rainwater Harvesting Performance at Site to Watershed Scales in the Semi- 

Arid Mountain West 

Steve Burian, University of Utah (40 mins.) 

34





E12 – Urban Trees as a LID Source Control Measure 

Moderator: Tim Power, Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association 


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 

Ballroom G 

6545 Maximizing Tree Stormwater Benefits for LID: Techniques, Mechanisms, Research Results and 

Case Studies 

Peter MacDonagh, Kestrel Design Group; William Hunt, North Carolina State University; Jonathan 

Page, North Carolina State University; Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University (90 mins.) 

12:15 p.m.-1:45 p.m. – Lunch on your own, Poster, and Exhibits Ballroom Concourse 





1:45 – 3:15 p.m. 


F1 – Partnerships to Establish State LID Approaches for Compliance Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Anne Gelbmann, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

6742 Minimal Impact Design Standards: A New Era of Stormwater Management in Minnesota 

Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District; Jim Hafner, City of Blaine, Minnesota; Mike Isensee, 

Middle St. Croix Watershed Management Organization; Randy Neprash, Stantec, Inc./Minnesota 

Cities Stormwater Coalition (40 mins.) 

6580 A Commitment to Change - Successful Collaborations 

Lauren Kolodij, North Carolina Coastal Federation; Hunter Freeman, Withers & Ravenel; Todd 

Miller, North Carolina Coastal Federation (40 mins.) 

F2 – Institutional Acceptance and Lessons Learned from an Owner Perspective Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: Tara Kline, Washington Conservation District 

6678 LID Institutional Acceptance - Chesapeake Bay Experience 

Fernando Pasquel, ARCADIS (40 mins.) 

7007 Lessons Learned from the Owner/Developer Perspective after Using Extensive LID Techniques 

in Three Developments 

David Newman, The Bancor Group, Inc. (40 mins.) 


F3 – Bioretention Media, Stormwater Reuse and Prioritizing Maintenance Meeing Room 7-9 

Moderator: Bill Lord, North Carolina State University 

6681 Advanced Bioretention Systems: Results from Four Years of Mesocosm Studies and Two Years 

of Field Studies 

William Lucas, Griffith University (40 mins.) 

35


1:45 – 3:15 p.m. 





6625 Stormwater Reuse - Retrofitting Last Century Systems for the Future 

Brett Emmons, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6458 Prioritizing Stormwater Pond Maintenance 

Todd Shoemaker, Wenck Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 


F4 – Partnerships Moving LID Forward Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Andrea Braga, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. 

6416 It Takes 18: Creating a Strategic Education Program for Multiple Partners 

Angie Hong, Washington Conservation District; Karen Kill, Brown's Creek Watershed District (40 

mins.) 

6467 Forging Partnerships to Implement Green Infrastructure Retrofitting Projects 

Don Green, City of Chattanooga, Tennesee; Mo Minkara, City of Chattanooga, Tennesee (20 mins.) 

6637 U.S. Veterans: A Workforce for Stormwater Solutions 

Amy Rowe, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Jan Zientek, Rutgers Cooperative Extension (20 mins.) 


F5 – Evaluating LID with SWMM and Sustain Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: David Rosa, University of Connecticut 

6463 Are We There Yet Modeling How LID Can Help Boston Comply with Stormwater Permits and 

TMDLs 

Jamie Lefkowitz, CDM Smith, Inc.; Mitchell Heineman, CDM Smith, Inc.; Paul Keohan, Boston Water 

and Sewer Commission (20 mins.) 

6577 Post-Audit Verification of the Model SWMM for Low-Impact Development 

David Rosa, University of Connecticut; John Clausen, University of Connecticut; Michael Dietz, 

University of Connecticut (20 mins.) 

6676 Lessons Learned Modeling LID Using SWMM LID Controls 

Zachary Eichenwald, CDM Smith, Inc.; Matt Gamache, CDM Smith, Inc.; Mitch Heineman, CDM Smith, 

Inc.; Paul Keohan, Boston Water and Sewer Commission; Jamie Lefkowitz, CDM Smith, Inc.; Ron 

Miner, CDM Smith, Inc.; Rich Wagner, CDM Smith, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6719 Evaluating SUSTAIN: A Case Study to Evaluate User Experience, Model Applicability and 

Limitations, and "Lessons Learned" for Basin-Scale Planning 

Meghan Feller, Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc.; Mindy Roberts, Washington Department of 

Ecology (20 mins.) 

36





F6 – Assessment and Strategic Planning to Meet Load Reduction Goals 

Moderator: Steve Carter, Tetra Tech, Inc. 


1:45 – 3:15 p.m. 

Ballroom A 

6638 Conceptual Plans to Address Dry- and Wet-Weather Urban Runoff for Downtown Los Angeles: 

Adding a Little Green to the Grey 

Steve Carter, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Dustin Bambic, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Shahram Kharaghani, City of Los 

Angeles, California; Alfredo Magallanes, City of Los Angeles, California; Jason Wright, Tetra Tech, 

Inc. (40 mins.) 

6569 Using LID for TMDL Compliance: Stairway to Heaven or Highway to Hell 

Dustin Bambic, Tetra Tech, Inc. (40 mins.) 


F7 – Green Streets 


Ballroom E 

6419 From Grey to Green Streets: Agency Tools for Institutionalizing Coordination 

Rachel Kraai, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission; Sarah Minick, San Francisco Public Utilities 

Commission (40 mins.) 

6645 Green Infrastructure Feasibility Scan for Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut 

Matthew Jones, Hazen and Sawyer; Sandeep Mehrotra, Hazen and Sawyer (20 mins.) 

6741 Assessing the Environmental Effects of Urban/Highway Snow and Ice Controls - Selecting the 

Most Effective Low Impact Practices 

Eric Novotny, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 


F8 – LID Parking Lots 

Ballroom B 

Moderator: John Chapman, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota 

6470 Design and Construction Implementation of a Metro Transit Park and Ride Facility Using LID 

Principles and Strong Plan Requirements 

Dwayne Stenlund, Minnesota Department of Transportation; Wayne Sicora, Natural Resource 

Group (40 mins.) 

6532 Innovative Stormwater Control Measures for Retrofitting State & Federal Highway 

Infrastructure in Chittenden & Franklin Counties, Vermont 

Andres Torizzo, Watershed Consulting Associates, LLC (20 mins.) 

6548 Not All That Different, Eh A Comparison of LID Monitoring Objectives, Experimental Design 

and Performance in Canada and the U.S. 

Chris Despins, Credit Valley Conservation; Kyle Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation (20 

mins.) 

37


1:45 – 3:15 p.m. 





Track – Financing and Cost Benefits 

F9 – Cost Effectiveness of LID Practices 

Moderator: Katie Pekarek, University of Nebraska–Lincoln 

Ballroom C 

6583 Urban Stormwater BMP Performance and Cost-Effectiveness: The Arlington Pascal Project 

Bob Fossum, Capitol Region Watershed District; Mark Doneux, Capitol Region Watershed District 

(40 mins.) 

6604 Commercial LID Redesign in Coastal NC 

Hunter Freeman, Withers & Ravenel (20 mins.) 

6644 Economic Analysis of Installing, Operating, and Maintaining Low Impact Development 

Stormwater Management Best Practices in Orange County, California 

Mark Grey, Construction Industry Coalition on Water Quality; Richard Boon, Orange County Public 

Works, OC Watersheds (20 mins.) 

Track – LID Applications 

F10 – New York, CSO, and Complete Streets Bioswale Applications 

Moderator: Neil Weinstein, Low Impact Development Center, Inc. 

Ballroom D 

6627 Integrating Green Infrastructure with Public Works Projects to Reduce Combined Sewer 

Overflows and Stormwater Runoff in Lancaster City, PA 

Brian Marengo, CH2M HILL; Charlotte Katzenmoyer, City of Lancaster; Andrew Potts, CH2M HILL; 

Daniel Wible, CH2M HILL (40 mins.) 

6657 Complete Streets and Low Impact Development Retrofits 

Neil Weinstein, Low Impact Development Center, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6468 Design for Today and the Future: The Challenge of Tidal Stormwater Planning in Staten Island 

Dahlia Thompson, Hazen and Sawyer; James Garin, New York City Department of Environmental 

Protecti; Dana Gumb, New York City Department of Environmental Protecti; Sandeep Mehrotra, 

Hazen and Sawyer (20 mins.) 

Track – Proprietary Devices 

F11 – Proprietary Devices 


Ballroom F 

6537 Silva Cell Tree and Soil Systems for Ultra Urban LID Stormwater Treatment 

Peter MacDonagh, Kestrel Design Group (40 mins.) 

6552 Green Roofs: A Decade Strong and Growing 

Angie Durhman, Minnesota Green Roof Council (20 mins.) 

38




F12 – Best of WEFTEC 2013 



1:45 – 3:15 p.m. 

Ballroom G 

6746 The Best of WEFTEC 2013 

Seth Brown, Water Environment Federation (90 mins.) 

3:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m. – Refreshment Break, Posters, and Exhibits Ballroom Concourse 





3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 


G1 – LID and Land Use Regulations Meeting Room 2-3 


6452 Crow Wing County Performance-Based Land Use Regulation 

Chris Pence, Crow Wing County (20 mins.) 

6740 LID Regulations in Connecticut: The Long and Tortured Road 


6539 LID Applications and Standards in Korea's New City 

Kyoung-Hak Hyun, Land & Housing Institute of Korea; Jung-Min Lee, Land & Housing Institute of 

Korea; Jong-Suk Jung, Land & Housing Institute of Korea; Yun-Gyu Lee, Taeyoung E&C (20 mins.) 

6639 Beyond Concept: Implementing LID Regulations with Clear Design, Effective Construction 

Techniques, and Monitoring for Adaptation 

Paul Moline, Carver County Water Management Organization; Kent Torve, Wenck Associates, Inc. 

(20 mins.) 


G2 – Harvesting and Reuse Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: Greg Wilson, Barr Engineering Company 

6635 Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting and Infiltration Facilities in the San Francisco Bay 

Area 

Laura Prickett, Parsons Corporation (20 mins.) 

6388 Leveraging Multiple Benefits and Funding Sources for Stormwater Capture and Beneficial Reuse: 

3 Case Studies 

Rebecca Kluckhohn, Wenck Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 

39


3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 





6485 Implementing Stormwater Reuse in a Cold Semi-Arid Climate: Lessons Learned 

Liliana Bozic, Urban Systems Ltd; Kristel Unterschultz, Urban Systems Ltd (20 mins.) 

6502 Rainwater Harvesting: Integrating Water Conservation and Stormwater Management Through 

Innovative Technologies 

Kathy DeBusk, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State University (20 

mins.) 


G3 – Bioretention Vegetation Performance Meeting Room 7-9 

Moderator: William Lucas, Integrated Land Management, Inc. 

6417 Development of a Bioretention-Gravel Wetland Hybrid to Optimize Nitrogen and Phosphorus 

Removal 


6621 Biological Elements in Rain Garden Design 

Anton Skorobogatov, University of Calgary; Bernard Amell, University of Guelph; Wendy Thorne, 

University of Calgary (20 mins.) 

6457 Evaluation of Plant Species for Bioretention Under Field and Lab Conditions 

James Coletta, Michigan State University (20 mins.) 

6364 Evaluation of Turf- Grass and Prairie-Vegetated Rain Gardens in a Clay and Sandy Soil 

William Selbig, U.S. Geological Survey (20 mins.) 


G4 – Interactive LID Education for Local Elected Officials Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Leslie Yetka, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

6414 Using Interactive Simulation and Hands-On Education and Training for Watershed Wide 

Implementation of the 3P's in Support of LID: Planning, Policy, and Practices: The Watershed 

Game 

John Bilotta, University of Minnesota Extension & Minnesota Sea Grant; Cindy Hagley, Minnesota 

Sea Grant; Angie Hong, Washington Conservation District; Jesse Schomberg, Minnesota Sea Grant 

(90 mins.) 


G5 – Watershed Scale LID Modeling Case Studies Meeting Room 13-15 

Moderator: Keith Lichten, San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board 

6674 Restoring the Health of Panther Hollow - Low Impact Development as a Means to Improve 

Urban Watershed Hydrology & Ecology 

Michele Adams, Meliora Design, LLC; Erin Copeland, Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy; Kate Evasic, 

Meliora Design, LLC (20 mins.) 

40





3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 

6661 Innovative Modeling Procedures for Incorporation of GI Benefits in Urban Watershed Models 

Sri Rangarajan, New York City Department of Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

6522 Wetland Degradation in Southern Ontario: Making the Case for Low Impact Development 

Andrea Bradford, University of Guelph (20 mins.) 

6404 Total Water Management: A Watershed Based Approach 

Thomas O'Connor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (20 mins.) 


G6 – Integrated Stormwater Management Retrofits for Water Quantity and Quality 


Ballroom A 

6427 North Street Reconstruction and Integrated Stormwater Management 

Jennifer Leshney, City of Lafayette, Indiana; Neil Myers, Williams Creek Consulting (20 mins.) 

6525 37th Avenue Greenway: A Flood Control Project Transforms an Urban Neighborhood Street 

into a Walkable Greenway 

Kurt Leuthold, Barr Engineering Company; Lois Eberhart, City of Minneapolis, Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6582 Twin Creek Preserve: Successful Low-Impact Development Delivers Environmental and 

Economic Benefit in an Urban Watershed 

Jennifer Eismeier, Mill Creek Watershed Council of Communities (20 mins.) 

6442 Study on the Planning and Implementation Method of Low Impact Development (LID) in 

Shenzhen City: Guangming New District as Case Study 

Tang Weizhen, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Yu Lu, Urban Planning & Design 

Institute of Shenzhen; Yu Shaowu, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Ding Shufang, 

Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Ren Xinxin, Urban Planning & Design Institute of 

Shenzhen (20 mins.) 


G7 – GI Planning and Design 

Ballroom E 


6725 Using Road Rights of Way to Control Undermanaged Stormwater Runoff 

Hunter Loftin, Michael Baker Corporation; Joni Calmbacher, Michael Baker Corporation.; Turgay 

Dabak, Michael Baker Corporation.; Matthew Meyers, County of Fairfax, Virginia; Andrea Ryon, 

Michael Baker Corporation; Ronald Tuttle, County of Fairfax, Virginia; Meredith Upchurch, District 

of Columbia Department of Transportation (20 mins.) 

6671 LID Retrofit Pilot Project Captures Roof Runoff in Urbanized Los Angeles 

Wing Tam, City of Los Angeles, California; Vik Bapna, California Watershed Engineering (20 mins.) 

6441 Low Impact Development (LID) Application in Shenzhen City in China 

Ding Nian, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen; Hu Aibing, Urban Planning & Design 

Institute of Shenzhen; Wang Wei, Urban Construction Bureau of Guangming New Distric; Huang 

Weidong, Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen (20 mins.) 

41


3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 





7017 Performance of the Nashville Greenstreet (Queens, NY) During Hurricane Irene and Superstorm 

Sandy 

Franco Montalto, Drexel University (20 mins.) 


G8 – LID Construction Lessons Learned 


Ballroom B 

6709 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Constructability Lessons Learned 

John Herchl, CDM Smith, Inc.; MaryLynn Lodor, Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati 

(40 mins.) 

6556 Construction Challenges for Neighborhood Scale Green Infrastructure Demonstration Projects 

in New York City 

Dahlia Thompson, Hazen and Sawyer; Magdi Farag, New York City Environmental Protection; Nick 

Lindow, Biohabitats; Raymond Palmares, New York City Environmental Protection; Margot Walker, 

New York City Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

6648 Green Infrastructure: Construction Matters! 

Molly Julian, Meliora Design, LLC (20 mins.) 

Track – Financing and Cost Benefits 

G9 – Cost of LID Practices 


Ballroom C 

6395 Life Cycle Cost Comparison of Traditional Stormwater Management and Low Impact 

Development 

Loretta Cummings, Williamsburg Environmental Group, Inc.; Megan McCollough, Williamsburg 

Environmental Group, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6646 EPA Green Infrastructure Community Partners Project: Conceptualizing LID in Beaufort, SC 

Jason Wright, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Lauren Kelly, City of Beaufort, South Carolina; Chris Kloss, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency; John Kosco, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Tamara Mittman, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency; Neil Weinstein, Low Impact Development Center (20 mins.) 

7019 Green Infrastructure Retrofit Construction at DC Water 

John Kennedy, DC Clean Rivers Project (20 mins.) 


G10 – Regional Fire Station, Medical Campus, College Campus 

Moderator: Brett Emmons, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. 

Ballroom D 

6716 Is "Zero Runoff" Realistic in Urban Areas 

Brett Emmons, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc.; Carl Almer, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc.; 

Ryan Fleming, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. (20 mins.) 

42





3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 

6527 Stormwater Volume Reduction - A Tale of Two Facilities 

Mike Gregory, AECOM (20 mins.) 

6536 Green Medical Campus - 6 Years Post Occupancy 

Kevin Biehn, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6411 Integrating LID Practices into a Green Campus Design in Southern China 

Haifeng Jia, Tsinghua University (20 mins.) 


G11 – Performance Monitoring of Multiple Practices 


Ballroom F 

6622 Performance of Green Infrastructure Source Control Retrofits within New York City 

Matthew Jones, Hazen and Sawyer; William Leo, HDR-HydroQual; John McLaughlin, New York City 

Department of Environmental Protection; Sandeep Mehrotra, Hazen and Sawyer; Julie Stein, New 

York City Department of Environmental Protection (20 mins.) 

6672 Development and Construction of an LID BMP Testing and Demonstration Facility at the 

Riverside County Flood Control & Water Conservation District Headquarters, Riverside, CA 

Arlene Chun, Riverside County Flood Control & Water Conservation (20 mins.) 

6523 Temporal Changes in Effluent Water Quality from Permeable Pavement 

Jennifer Drake, University of Toronto; Andrea Bradford, University of Guelph; Tim Van Seters, 

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (20 mins.) 

6422 Brownstown Middle School Green Roof Monitoring Project 

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Scott Isenberg, Lawrence Technological 

University (20 mins.) 


G12 – Urban Pollutant Loads and Street Sweeping 


Ballroom G 

6481 When Green Infrastructure Turns Brown - The Importance of Managing Gross Stormwater 

Solids 

William Stack, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.; Sadie Drescher, Center for Watershed 

Protection, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6701 Nitrogen Sources and Stormwater Composition in Urban Catchment 

Liqing Li, China University of Geosciences; Allen P. Davis, University of Maryland, College Park (20 

mins.) 

7012 Rethinking Nutrient Management in Cities 

Lawrence Baker, University of Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6587 Quantification of Nutrient Removal by Street Sweeping: The Prior Lake Street Sweeping Project 

Paula Kalinosky, University of Minnesota; Ross Bitner, City of Edina, Minnesota; Sarah Hobbie, 

University of Minnesota; Lawrence Baker, University of Minnesota (20 mins.) 

43


3:45 – 5:15 p.m. 





5:45 p.m.-8:30 p.m. – The Hydropolis Tour: An Interdisciplinary Adventure on the Mississippi River 

(pre-registration required, limited seats available) 

Wednesday, August 21 

8:30 – 10:15 a.m. 






H1 – Taking LID to City Streets Case Studies Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Dustin Atchison, CH2M HILL 

6690 Low Impact Development Implementation in City of EdmontonFayi Zhou, City of Edmonton, 

Alberta; Janice Dewar, City of Edmonton, Alberta; Penny Dunford, Stantec, Inc.; Xiangfei Li, City of 

Edmonton, Alberta; James Tan, City of Edmonton, Alberta; Chris Ward, City of Edmonton, Alberta; 

Tong Yu, University of Alberta (20 mins.) 

6673 Developing LID & GI Standards for DC Streets 

Meredith Upchurch, District of Columbia Department of Transportation (20 mins.) 

6496 The Emergence of LID in Arizona: Case Study of a Recent LID Ordinance and Implementation 

in the City of Flagstaff 

Kyle Burton Brown, City of Flagstaff , Arizona (20 mins.) 

6689 Implementing Seattle's Green Stormwater Infrastructure to the Maximum Extent Feasible 

Requirement 

Sherell Ehlers, Seattle Public Utilities; Bradley Wilburn, Seattle Department of Planning & 

Development (20 mins.) 

6726 San Francisco: City as Catchment 

Sarah Minick, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (20 mins.) 


H2 – Enhancing Bioretention Performance Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: Robert Traver, Villanove University 

6692 Retrofitting A Conventional Sand Filter for Capture and Complete Nitrification of Influent 

Nitrogen in Stormwater Runoff 

Golnaz Khorsha, University of Maryland (20 mins.) 

6617 Improving Stormwater Projects to Capture Dissolved Pollutants 

Andy Erickson, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota; Erin Anderson Wenz, Barr 

Engineering Company; John Gulliver, University of Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6642 Filtration and Bio-Retention BMP's: Monitoring for Adaptation 

Paul Moline, Carver County Water Management Organization (20 mins.) 

44





8:30 – 10:15 a.m. 


H3 – Green Roof Performance Meeting Room 7-9 

Moderator: Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University 

7003 Vegetated Roof Performance Monitoring 

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Elizabeth Fassman, University of Auckland; 

Bridget Wadnzuk, Villanva University; Angie Durham, AD Greenroof LLC (40 mins.) 

6491 Hydrological Performance of Engineered Media in Living Roofs and Bioretention 

Ruifen Liu, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Fassman, Department of Civil and Environmental 

Engineering, University of Auckland; Ajit Sarmah, Department of Civil and Environmental 

Engineering, University of Auckland (20 mins.) 

6677 Innovative Sensing Instrumentation Methodology to Measure Green Infrastructure Effectiveness 

Derek Wride, CDM Smith, Inc.; Michael Bolan, Urbanalta; Nancy Ellwood, CDM Smith, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6450 Quantifying the Water Budget for a Large Scale Extensive Green Roof in the Upper Midwest 

Ole Olmanson, Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (20 mins.) 


H4 – Approaches to Education and Outreach (In-Person, Online, Self-Directed) Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Katie Pekarek, University of Nebraska–Lincoln 

6455 Toolkit for Planning and Implementing a Successful and Effective TMDL Stakeholder Outreach 

and Engagement Program 

John Bilotta, University of Minnesota Extension & Minnesota Sea Grant; Vanessa Strong, Vadnais 

Lake Area Water Management Organization (40 mins.) 

6408 The Rain Garden App: A Mobile Approach to LID Outreach 

David Dickson, University of Connecticut Center for Land Use Education (20 mins.) 


H5 – LID Modeling for CSO Communities Meeting Room 13-15 


6751 Use of Outlet Controls to Improve CSO Reductions Using LID SCMs 

William Lucas, Integrated Land Management, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6640 Optimizing the South Bend CSO Long-Term Control Plan with Green Infrastructure 

Scott Dierks, Cardno JFNew (20 mins.) 

6530 Green Infrastructure for CSO Control: Small Distributive or Large Centralized 

Andrew Sauer, CDM Smith, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6712 Cost-Effective Sizing of Green Stormwater Infrastructure for CSO Control 

Andrew Baldridge, Sci-Tek Consultants, Inc.; Matthew Vanaskie, CDM Smith, Inc.; Jim Smullen, CDM 

Smith, Inc. (20 mins.) 

45


8:30 – 10:15 a.m. 





6683 Green Infrastructure Modeling for Missouri Avenue/Spring Lake Park Sewer Separation Project 

for City of Omaha 

Rocky Keehn, SEH, Inc.; Rachel Pichelmann, SEH, Inc. (20 mins.) 


H6 – GI Planning and Implementation 

Moderator: Pam Emerson, Seattle Public Utilities 

Ballroom A 

6663 Fresh Coast Green Solutions: Developing the MMSD Regional Green Infrastructure Plan 

Mark Mittag, CH2M HILL; Tom Chapman, Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District; Bre 

McDonald, Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District; Andy Potts, CH2M HILL; Karen Sands, 

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (20 mins.) 

7010 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Design – Lessons Learned in Philadelphia 

Brandon Vatter, Hatch Mott MacDonald (20 mins.) 

6437 Technical & Process Strategies for Community Acceptance of Retrofits on Residential Streets 

Pam Emerson, Seattle Public Utilities; Shanti Colwell, Seattle Public Utilities; Gretchen Muller, 

Cascadia Consulting (20 mins.) 

7011 SAFL Baffle Retrofit Program for Sump Manholes 

AJ Schwidder, Upstream Technologies, Inc. (20 mins.) 


H7 – Infiltration Rates 

Moderator: Todd Hubmer, WSB & Associates, Inc. 

Ballroom E 

6691 Oversized, Yet Underperforming Improving Subsurface Infiltration Design 

Brad Wardynski, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Yvana Hrovat, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Tommy Wells, AMEC, Inc. (20 

mins.) 

6675 Design Considerations for Stormwater Infiltration Systems 

Todd Hubmer, WSB & Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6705 Comparison of Infiltrometer-Based and Soil Survey-Based Curve Numbers 

Reid Christianson, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.; Glenn Brown, Oklahoma State University; 

Stacy Hutchinson, Kansas State University (20 mins.) 

6589 Getting the Rate Right: Estimating Infiltration Capacity for LID Practice Planning and Design 

Jay Dorsey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources; Doug Turney, EMH&T (20 mins.) 

46





H8 – Green Streets and Bioretention 

Moderator: Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University 


8:30 – 10:15 a.m. 

Ballroom B 

6561 Performance of Green Streets in a Cold Climate 

Kyle Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation; Kyle Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation 

(40 mins.) 

6607 Green Streets: A North Carolina Perspective 

Hunter Freeman, Withers & Ravenel (20 mins.) 

6694 Underdrains Under Water: Lessons from Two Permeable Pavement Flow Control Studies in the 

Pacific Northwest 

Dylan Ahearn, Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6703 Greening Streets: From Concepts to Reality (Case Studies and Lessons Learned) 

Dan Wible, CH2M HILL; Susan McDaniels, CH2M HILL; Andrew Potts, CH2M HILL (20 mins.) 

Track – Maintenance of LID Practices 

H9 – Maintenance of LID Practices 


Ballroom C 

6711 Ten Years Later - A Retrospective and Lessons Learned from the Burnsville Rainwater Garden 

Project 

Greg Wilson, Barr Engineering Company; Daryl Jacobson, City of Burnsville, Minnesota; Kurt 

Leuthold, Barr Engineering Company; Fred Rozulmalski, Barr Engineering Company; Leslie Yetka, 

Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (40 mins.) 

6389 Retrofit for LID Embraces City's Commitment to Sustainability 

Charles Taylor, Oldcastle APG (20 mins.) 

6390 A Comparison of Maintenance Cost, Labor Demands, and System Performance for LID and 

Conventional Stormwater Management 

James Houle, University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center; Tom Ballestero, University of New 

Hampshire Stormwater Center; Timothy Puls, University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center; 


6624 Refining the Maintenance Techniques for Interlocking Concrete Paver GIs 

Amirhossein Ehsaei, University of Louisville (20 mins.) 


H10 – LID Applications for Light Rail 


Ballroom D 

6388 Catalyzing Green Infrastructure and Redevelopment in an Ultra-Urban TOD Corridor 

Wes Saunders-Pearce, City of Saint Paul, Minnesota; David Filipiak, SRF Consulting Group, Inc.; Joni 

Giese, SRF Consulting Group, Inc. (40 mins.) 

47


8:30 – 10:15 a.m. 





6708 Context Sensitive Design of Green Infrastructure along the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit 

Eric Holt, Barr Engineering Company (20 mins.) 

6521 Do-It-Yourself Modular Green Roof Retrofit System Development 

Ed Matthiesen, Wenck Associates, Inc. (20 mins.) 


H11 – LID Monitoring and the International Database 

Ballroom F 


6599 Are My Low Impact Development (LID) Data Suitable for the International Stormwater BMP 

Database 

Andrew Earles, Wright Water Engineers, Inc.; Jane Clary, Wright Water Engineers, Inc.; Jonathan 

Jones, Wright Water Engineers, Inc.; Marc Leisenring, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Hayes Lenhart, 

Wright Water Engineers, Inc.; Aaron Poresky, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Marcus Quigley, 

Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6578 Monitoring Methods for LID Practices for Performance and Pollutant Removal 

Britta Suppes, Capitol Region Watershed District; Matt Loyas, Capitol Region Watershed District 

(40 mins.) 

6606 Improving SCM Effluent Quality Predictions through International BMP Database Analysis 

Shirley Clark, Penn State Harrisburg (20 mins.) 


H12 – Local Leaders Needs and Assistance to Home Owner Education 

Moderator: Elizabeth Beckman, Capitol Region Watershed District 

Ballroom G 

6602 Investigating Municipal Green Infrastructure Needs in New Jersey 

Amy Rowe, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Michele Bakacs, Rutgers Cooperative Extension; Pat 

Rector, Rutgers Cooperative Extension (20 mins.) 

6538 Got Cash We Can Deliver! 

Christine Zimmer, Credit Valley Conservation; Kyle Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation (20 

mins.) 

6581 STOP THE RAIN DRAIN: Downspout Redirection to Reduce Polluted Runoff in Urban 

Neighborhoods 

Elizabeth Beckman, Capitol Region Watershed District (20 mins.) 

6409 Stormwater Sleuth and Running Rain! Slowing It Down! Keeping It Clean! 

Kelly Feehan, University of Nebraska–Lincoln (20 mins.) 

10:15 a.m.-10:45 a.m. – Refreshment Break, Posters, and Exhibits Ballroom Concours 

48





10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 


I1 – Green Infrastructure to Meet MEP and TMDLs Meeting Room 2-3 

Moderator: Keith Lichten, San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board 

6679 Technical Guidance for Retaining Stormwater On-Site to the Maximum Extent Practicable: 

Lessons Learned from 2 Years of Implementation in Orange County, California 

Aaron Poresky, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Dan Bounds, CDM Smith, Inc.; Richard Boon, Orange 

County Stormwater Program; Lisa Austin, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Chris Crompton, Orange 

County Stormwater Program; Eric Strecker, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (40 mins.) 

6387 Alternative Compliance in Ventura County: Viable Options and Lessons Learned 

Rebecca Winer-Skonovd, Brown and Caldwell (20 mins.) 

6591 Kohlman TMDL Implementation Plan: A Problem of Dissolved Phosphorus & Volume 

Reduction 

Clifton Aichinger, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District; Erin Anderson-Wenz, Barr 

Engineering Company (20 mins.) 


I2 – Bioretention Media Meeting Room 4-6 

Moderator: William Selbig, U.S. Geological Survey 

6514 Bioretention Media Industry Development in Canada: Manufacturing Techniques, Testing 

Protocols, Variation During Construction and Specifications 

Chris Denich, Aquafor Beech Limited (20 mins.) 

6363 A Comparison of Runoff Quantity and Quality from Two Small Basins Undergoing 

Implementation of Conventional- and Low-Impact Development Strategies 

William Selbig, U.S. Geological Survey; Roger Bannerman, Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources (20 mins.) 

6550 Water Quality Treatment Characteristics and Biological Effectiveness of Full-Scale Bioretention 

Systems with Various Media Blends 

Curtis Hinman, Washington State University (40 mins.) 


I3 – Green Roof Plants and Growing Media Meeting Room 7-9 


6609 Impact of Recycled Materials in Green Roof Media on Water Quality and Biological Community 

Katherine Baker, Penn State Harrisburg; Yen-Chih Chen, Penn State Harrisburg; Shirley Clark, Penn 

State Harrisburg; Danielle Harrow, George Washington University; Abigail Mickey, Penn State 

Harrisburg; Byron Robinson, Penn State Harrisburg (20 mins.) 

6415 Plant Material Installation Types for Extensive Vegetative Roof Assemblies, an Overview 

Vanessa Keitges, Columbia Green Technologies, Elaine Kearney, Columbia Green Technologies (20 

mins.) 

49


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 





6547 Expanding the Green Roof Planting Palette with Native Plants for Increased Diversity and 

Stormwater Benefits 

Peter MacDonagh, Kestrel Design Group; Richard Sutton, Department of Agronomy and 

Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln (40 mins.) 


I4 – Education and Audience Assessment Meeting Room 10-12 

Moderator: Karlyn Eckman, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota 

6374 Como Neighborhood KAP Study: Community Clean-Ups for Water Quality 

Karlyn Eckman, Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota; Janna Caywood, Como Lake 

Neighbor Network (40 mins.) 

6565 Assessing Constraints and Opportunities for Community Engagement in Urban Watershed 

Restoration Initiatives 

Amit Pradhananga, University of Minnesota; Mae Davenport, University of Minnesota; Leslie Yetka, 

Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (20 mins.) 

6616 RiverSmart Homes: Four Years Later, New Insights 

Jenny Guillaume, District Department of the Environment (20 mins.) 


I5 – LID Modeling for Flooding Meeting Room 13-15 


6722 Nationwide Study of the Benefits of Green Stormwater Management for Flood Loss Avoidance 

Daniel Medina, Atkins; Zachary Baccala, Atkins; Jason Berner, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency; Leo Kreymborg, Atkins; Hair Lisa, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Jacqueline 

Monfils, Atkins; Allan Willis, Atkins (20 mins.) 

6593 Using Green Infrastructure to Mitigate Flooding, EPA's Assessment of System-Wide Benefits 

and Climate Change in the Midwest 

Jennifer Olson, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Chris Kloss, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Tamara 

Mittman, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; George Remias, Tetra Tech, Inc.; Bernard Lenz, City 

of La Crosse (20 mins.) 

6493 Evaluation of Decentralized Green Infrastructure for Flood Control and Other Benefits Using an 

Advanced 2D Modeling Approach 

Aaron Poresky, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. (20 mins.) 

6462 Quantifying the Water Quality Rainfall Event 

Shirley Clark, Penn State Harrisburg; Ruth Sitler, Meliora Design, LLC (20 mins.) 

50





I6 – Watershed Scale Strategic Planning for LID Retrofitting 

Moderator: James Wisker, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 

Ballroom A 

6664 Integrated Watershed Planning: Revitalization through LID Implementation 

James Wisker, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District; Michael Hayman, Minnehaha Creek Watershed 

District (40 mins.) 

7002 Soup to Nuts: Policy Making and Watershed Scale Planning to Site Specific Strategies in 

Chattanooga and Beyond 

Patty West, Andropogon Associates, LLC ; Jose Alminana, Andropogon Associates, LLC (40 mins.) 


I7 – Planning and Design 

Moderator: Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District 

Ballroom E 

6737 Paving Dubuque Green 

Todd Shoemaker, Wenck Associates, Inc.; Jon Dienst, City of Dubuque, Iowa (20 mins.) 

6382 Capitol Hill Water Quality Poject-Retrofitting for Water Quality in a Dense Urban Environment 

David Schwartz, KPFF Consulting Engineers (20 mins.) 

6656 Meeting Water Quality Goals through Watershed - Community Collaboration on Municipal 

Street Reconstruction Projects in the Middle St. Croix WMO - Washington County, Minnesota 

Jay Riggs, Washington Conservation District (20 mins.) 

6641 Retrofitting the Street Side Gardens as Low Impact Development Practices in the City of Tehran 

Sakineh Tavakoli, Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology; Ali Ebrahimian, 

St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota; Masoud Tajrishy, Department of Civil 

Engineering, Sharif University of Technology (20 mins.) 


I8 – Targeting Effective LID Implementation and a LID Construction Manual 

Moderator: Rebecca Kauten, University of Northern Iowa 

Ballroom B 

6533 After Design: Tools and Lessons Learned in LID Construction 

Robb Lukes, Credit Valley Conservation; Jay Michels, Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc.; Kyle 

Vander Linden, Credit Valley Conservation (40 mins.) 

7008 Performance Results from Small- and Large-Scale System Monitoring and Modeling of Intensive 

Applications of Green Infrastructure in Kansas City 

Robert Pitt, University of Alabama; Leila Talebi, University of Alabama; Dustin Bambic, Tetra Tech, 

Inc.; Deborah O’Bannon, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Michelle Simon, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (20 mins.) 

51


10:45 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. 





7009 Performance Results from Large-Scale System Monitoring and Modeling of Intensive 

Applications of Green Infrastructure in Areas Served by Separate and Combined Sewers in 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Leila Talebi, University of Alabama; Robert Pitt, University of Alabama; Laith Alfaqih, Metropolitan 

Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (20 mins.) 

Track – Maintenance of LID Practices 

I9 – Design, Installation and Maintenance of Bioretention 

Moderator: Bill Lord, North Carolina State University 

Ballroom C 

6685 Confessions of LID Designers: An Honest Critique of Design Choices for Successful 


Dustin Atchison, CH2M HILL; Nate Cormier, SvR Design; Kathy Gwilym, SvR Design; Alice Lancaster, 

Herrera Environmental Consultants (40 mins.) 

6524 Bioretention Research, Design and Implementation in the Missouri River Basin: Five Years of 

Enhanced Performance and Aesthetics 

Steven Rodie, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; Ted Hartsig, Olsson Associates; Andy Szatko, City of 

Omaha, Nebraska (20 mins.) 

6388 Designing with Nature-Compost BMP Designs for Green Infrastructure and Low Impact 

Development 

Britt Faucette, Filtrexx International; Rob Carrothers, Filtrexx International (20 mins.) 


I10 – Commercial Infill, Industrial Park, Stormwater Park, Low Income Housing 


Ballroom D 

6460 The Challenges and Successes in Planning, Designing and Constructing an LID Industrial Park 

Chantill Kahler-Royer, Bolton & Menk, Inc.; Timothy Olson, Bolton & Menk, Inc.; Michael McCarty, 

City of Mankato, Minnesota (20 mins.) 

6361 A Comparison of Runoff Quality and Quantity from a Urban Commercial Infill Low Impact 

Development and a Conventional Development 

Ryan Winston, North Carolina State University; William Hunt, North Carolina State University; 

Patrick Smith, Soil and Environmental Consultants (20 mins.) 

6738 Creating a Stormwater Park in the City Meadow of Norfolk, Connecticut 


6484 Redefining the Affordable Housing Landscape: Linking Neighborhood Stabilization with 

Stormwater Management 

Anna Eleria, Capitol Region Watershed District; Roxanne Young, Saint Paul Department of Planning 

and Economic Development (20 mins.) 

12:30 p.m.-4:30 p.m. – Field Tours (box lunches included) pre-registration required (Tour buses are 

waiting in front of RiverCentre. Please arrive at the buses as soon as possible.) 

52

Oral Presentation Abstracts 

53

6338 

Leveraging Multiple Benefits and Funding Sources for Stormwater Capture and Beneficial Re-use: 

Three Case Studies 

Rebecca Kluckhohn, P.E. – Wenck Associates, Inc. 

1800 Pioneer Creek Center 

Maple Plain, MN 55359 

763.479.4224 

rkluckhohn@wenck.com 

Storm water harvesting and beneficial re-use is a critical next step in meeting our water resources goals in Minnesota. 

Historically we have treated storm water as a waste product that is expensive to handle and treat. The price we have 

paid is lakes and streams impaired because of the storm water runoff they receive. Long practiced in more arid 

communities, a water-rich Minnesota has been slow to embrace the practice of harvesting rainwater or storm water 

because the costs have typically outweighed the benefits in an area with cheap, abundant water. However, by 

leveraging multiple benefits through creative design, storm water harvesting becomes a cost effective technique to 

conserve clean water, manage storm water runoff, protect natural resources, and provide recreational and municipal 

amenities at once. Designing projects with multiple benefits beyond storm water management opens the door to 

additional funding sources as well as increasing the benefit of the projects. Three storm water harvesting case studies 

with multiple benefits and funding sources will be presented from cities of varying sizes: For example, storm water 

runoff from the City of Kimball, Minnesota drained untreated into Willow Creek, a trout stream. Willow Creek is 

tributary to a chain of high-value recreational lakes, several of which are impaired by excess nutrients. The Clearwater 

River Watershed District, charged with achieving water quality goals in impaired lakes and streams locally sought to 

provide the city with cost-effective stormwater management to improve downstream water quality. They also wanted 

to protect the trout habitat in Willow Creek. Following an engineering feasibility evaluation, they implemented a storm 

water capture and beneficial re-use project to reduce phosphorus to downstream lakes and protect Willow Creek. The 

storm water is captured, filtered and used to irrigate the city’s baseball field, replacing the potable water once used and 

providing a significant cost savings to the city as well as a recreational amenity. The project incorporates pre-treatment 

as well and does so in a park setting while preserving and enhancing recreational opportunities. The presentation will 

present the finished Kimball case study and two other completed projects to outline design challenges and 

considerations when considering capture and beneficial re-use as well as funding sources and concurrent benefits of 

such projects. 

54

6361 

A Comparison of Runoff Quality and Quantity from a Urban Commercial Infill Low Impact Development and a 

Conventional Development 

Corinne Wilson - North Carolina State University 

Box 7625 Raleigh, NC 27695 

Email: Cedumonc@Ncsu.Edu 

Dr. William F. Hunt – North Carolina State University 


Email: Bill_Hunt@Ncsu.Edu 

Ryan Winston – North Carolina State University 


Email: Rjwinsto2@Ncsu.Edu 

Patrick Smith - Soil & Environmental Consultants 

11010 Raven Ridge Road, Raleigh, NC 27614 

Email: Psmith@Sandec.Com 

Urbanization and its associated increased impervious footprint lead to stream impairment through erosion, flooding, 

and augmented pollutant loads. Low Impact Development (LID) focuses on disconnecting impervious areas, increasing 

infiltration and evapotranspiration, and reusing stormwater on site through the use of stormwater control measures 

(SCMs). SCMs, such as bioretention, rainwater harvesting, and permeable pavement, can be used independently or in 

series to mimic pre-development hydrology. In this study, a conventional development (centralized stormwater 

management) and a nearby infiltration-based LID commercial site in Raleigh, North Carolina, were compared with 

respect to stormwater quality and quantity. The conventional development (2.76 ha, 61% directly connected 

impervious area (DCIA)) and the LID (2.53 ha, 84% DCIA) have underlying hydrologic soil group B soils. A dry detention 

basin, designed to mitigate peak flow rate, was the conventional development SCM. The LID site consisted of a 44,300- 

liter aboveground cistern used for indoor toilet flushing, two underground cisterns (57,900 liters and 60,600 liters used 

for landscape irrigation), and an underground detention system, which overflowed into a series of infiltration galleries 

beneath the parking lot of the shopping center. The LID shopping center was intended to mimic pre-development 

hydrology from a runoff perspective for the 10-year return period, 24-hour duration storm. For the 48 hydrologic 

storms monitored so far, a mean runoff reduction of 98% at the LID site, and a 50% mean runoff reduction at the 

conventional site, when normalized by DCIA. The conventional development had a 16x higher peak flow value, on 

average, than the LID site when normalized by DCIA. Flow proportional, composite water quality samples were analyzed 

for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia (NH 3 -N), nitrite-nitrate (NO 2+3 -N), 

orthophosphate (PO 4 -3 ) and total suspended solids (TSS). For the 20 water quality storms sampled so far, the LID site 

pollutant loadings for all species studied were less than 9% of pollutant loadings of the conventional site. Results from 

this innovative combined detention, stormwater reuse, and infiltration LID system will provide space-saving solutions for 

areas where aboveground SCMs, such as bioretention and constructed stormwater wetlands, are not feasible due to 

high land costs and constricted spaces. Moreover, whether a site in a clay-based underlying soil can truly meet strict LID 

hydrologic criteria will be evaluated. 

55

6363 

A Comparison of Runoff Quantity and Quality from Two Small Basins Undergoing Implementation of Conventional - 

and Low-Impact Development Strategies 

William R. Selbig – U.S. Geological Survey – Wisconsin Water Science Center 

8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562 

608-821-3823 

wrselbig@usgs.gov 

Roger T. Bannerman – Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

101 S. Webster St, Madison, WI 53703 

608-266-9278 

Roger.bannerman@wisconsin.gov 

Environmental managers are often faced with the task of designing strategies to accommodate development while 

minimizing adverse environmental impacts. Low-impact development (LID) is one such strategy that attempts to 

mitigate environmental degradation commonly associated with impervious surfaces. The U.S. Geological Survey, in 

cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, studied two residential basins in Cross Plains, Wis., 

during water years 1999–2005. A paired-basin study design was used to compare runoff quantity and quality from the 

two basins, one of which was developed in a conventional way and the other was developed with LID. The conventionaldeveloped 

basin consisted of curb and gutter, 40-foot street widths, and a fully connected stormwater-conveyance 

system. The LID basin consisted of grassed swales, reduced impervious area, street inlets draining to grass swales, a 

detention pond, and an infiltration basin. Data collected in the LID basin represented predevelopment through nearcomplete 

build-out conditions. 

Smaller, more frequent precipitation events that produced stormwater discharge from the conventional basin were 

retained in the LID basin. Only six events with precipitation depths less than or equal to 0.4 inch produced measurable 

discharge from the LID basin. Of these six events, five occurred during winter months when underlying soils are 

commonly frozen, and one was likely a result of saturated soil from a preceding storm. In the conventional basin, the 

number of discharge events, using the same threshold of precipitation depth, was 180, with nearly one-half of those 

resulting from precipitation depths less than 0.2 inch. Precipitation events capable of producing appreciable discharge in 

the LID basin were typically those of high intensity or precipitation depth or those that occurred after soils were already 

saturated. Total annual discharge volume measured from the conventional basin ranged from 1.3 to 9.2 times that from 

the LID basin. 

Development of the LID basin did not appreciably alter the hydrologic response to precipitation characterized during 

predevelopment conditions. Ninety-five percent or more of precipitation in the LID basin was retained during each year 

of construction from predevelopment through near-complete build-out, surpassing the 90-percent benchmark 

established for new development by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The amount of precipitation 

retained in the conventional basin did not exceed 94 percent and fell below the 90-percent standard 2 of the 6 years 

monitored. 

Much of the runoff in the LID basin was retained by an infiltration basin, the largest control structure used to mitigate 

storm-runoff quantity and quality. The infiltration basin also was the last best-management practice (BMP) used to treat 

runoff before it left the LID basin as discharge. From May 25, 2002, to September 30, 2005, only 24 of 155 precipitation 

events exceeded the retention/infiltrative capacity of the infiltration basin. The overall reduction in runoff volume from 

these few events was 51 percent. The effectiveness of the infiltration basin decreased as precipitation intensities 

exceeded 0.5 inch per hour. 

56

6363 

Annual loads were estimated to characterize the overall effectiveness of low-impact design practices for mitigating 

delivery of total solids, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus. Annual loads of these three constituents were 

greater in the LID basin than in the conventional basin in 2000 and 2004. Seventy percent or more of all constituent 

annual loads were associated with two discharge events in 2000, and a single discharge event produced 50 percent or 

more of constituent annual loads in 2004. Each of these discharge events was associated with considerable precipitation 

depths and (or) intensities, ranging from 4.89 to 6.21 inches and from 1.13 to 1.2 inches per hour, respectively. These 

same storms did not contribute as much of the annual load in the conventional basin. With large storms and saturated 

soils, the ability of low-impact design techniques to reduce runoff, and thus constituent loads, can be greatly diminished. 

For both the LID and conventional basins, the temperature of runoff was largely affected by ambient air temperatures. 

However, the temperature of discharge from the LID basin increased upon runoff cessation. This increase is likely due to 

solar heating of water that is temporarily stored in the detention pond and infiltration basin. 

57

6364 

Evaluation of Turf- Grass and Prairie-Vegetated Rain Gardens in a Clay and Sandy Soil 

William R. Selbig – U.S. Geological Survey – Wisconsin Water Science Center 

8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562 

608-821-3823 

wrselbig@usgs.gov 

Nick Balster – University of Wisconsin - Madison 

341 Soils-King Hall, 1475 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI 53706 

608-263-5719 

njbalster@wisc.edu 

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with a consortium of 19 cities, towns, and villages in Dane County, Wis., 

undertook a study to compare the capability of rain gardens with different vegetative species and soil types to infiltrate 

stormwater runoff from the roof of an adjacent structure. Two rain gardens, one planted with turf grass and the other 

with native prairie species, were constructed side-by-side in 2003 at two locations with different dominant soil types, 

either sand or clay. Each rain garden was sized to a ratio of approximately 5:1 contributing area to receiving area and to 

a depth of 0.5 foot. 

Each rain garden, regardless of vegetation or soil type, was capable of storing and infiltrating most of the runoff over the 

5-year study period. Both rain gardens in sand, as well as the prairie rain garden in clay, retained and infiltrated 100 

percent of all precipitation and snowmelt events during water years 2004–07. The turf rain garden in clay occasionally 

had runoff exceed its confining boundaries, but was still able to retain 96 percent of all precipitation and snowmelt 

events during the same time period. Precipitation intensity and number of antecedent dry days were important 

variables that influenced when the storage capacity of underlying soils would become saturated, which resulted in 

pooled water in the rain gardens. 

Because the rooftop area that drained runoff to each rain garden was approximately five times larger than the area of 

the rain garden itself, evapotranspiration was a small percentage of the annual water budget. For example, during water 

year 2005, the maximum evapotranspiration of total influent volume ranged from 21 percent for the turf rain garden in 

clay to 25 percent for the turf rain garden in sand, and the minimum ranged from 12 percent for the prairie rain garden 

in clay to 19 percent for the prairie rain garden in sand. Little to no runoff left each rain garden as effluent and a small 

percentage of runoff returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration; therefore, the remainder was considered 

recharge. During water year 2005, recharge was 81 to 75 percent of total influent volume for the prairie- and turf rain 

gardens in sand and 87 to 78 percent for the prairie- and turf rain gardens in clay, respectively. Maximum recharge 

volumes ranged from 90 to 94 percent of the total influent volume in the turf and prairie rain gardens in sand and 

occurred during water year 2004. Maximum recharge in the turf and prairie rain gardens in clay ranged from 89 percent 

during water year 2007 to 98 percent during water year 2004. 

Median infiltration rates were an order of magnitude greater for rain gardens planted in sand than for those in clay, 

regardless of vegetation type. Under similar soil conditions, rain gardens planted with turf grass had lower median 

infiltration rates than those planted with prairie species. Median infiltration rates were 0.28 and 0.88 inches per hour in 

the turf and prairie rain gardens in clay, respectively, and 2.5 and 4.2 inches per hour in the turf and prairie rain gardens 

in sand, respectively. In general, infiltration rates were greater during spring (April and May) and summer (June through 

August) months. 

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6364 

Of the six observed exceedences of the storage capacity of the turf rain garden in clay between April–November during 

2004–07, five were predicted by use of a combination of the normalized surface storage volume, the median infiltration 

rate, and an estimate of specific yield for soils under the rain garden to a depth equal to the uppermost limiting layer. By 

use of the same criteria, in water year 2008, when the contributing drainage area to the prairie rain garden in clay was 

doubled, all four observed exceedences of the total storage capacity were predicted. The accuracy of the predictions of 

when the total storage capacity of the rain gardens would be exceeded indicates that by applying measurements of the 

appropriate soil properties to rain garden design, environmental managers and engineers may improve the tailoring of 

design specifications of rain gardens for new or retrofitted areas. 

An examination of soil structure and the root systems in the rain gardens in clay revealed striking differences between 

turf and prairie vegetation. Soils under the prairie rain garden, although they possessed the remnants of a limiting clay 

layer, appeared well-drained, whereas those under the turf rain garden showed marked evidence of a perched water 

table. Although roots were present in all horizons sampled within clay soil in the prairie rain garden, roots were limited 

to the upper A and Bt horizons within the turf rain garden. Collectively, these differences point to greater pedoturbation 

and soil development in the prairie rain garden in clay relative to the rain garden planted with turf grass. 

59

6370 

The Effects of Climate Change on Low Impact Development Facilities 

Douglas Beyerlein – Clear Creek Solutions, Inc. 

15800 Village Green Drive #3, Mill Creek, WA 98012 

425-225-5997 

Beyerlein@Clearcreeksolutions.Com 

Low Impact Development (LID) facilities such as green roofs, bioretention, rain gardens, impervious runoff dispersion, 

and permeable pavement can be used to reduce stormwater runoff. 

The effectiveness of different LIDs to reduce stormwater runoff depends on the local climate in terms of rainfall and 

evapotranspiration. Climate change is altering rainfall patterns, volumes, and intensities, and is increasing air 

temperature, which in turn is increasing evapotranspiration. These climate changes affect the ability of low impact 

development facilities to mitigate the additional stormwater produced by land use development. 

Clear Creek Solutions used continuous simulation hydrologic computer modeling of LIDs to evaluate the effects of 

climate change on low impact development facilities. The LID modeling was based on HSPF using the WWHM interface. 

Results are presented in terms of the percent reduction in mean annual stormwater runoff for each LID for a range of 

climate change predictions. 

The University of Washington Center for Science in the Earth System Climate Impacts Group has analyzed the response 

to climate change for the Pacific Northwest. Three scenarios were selected to represent the lowest, middle, and highest 

expected climate warming for the Pacific Northwest. 

U.S. EPA has developed the BASINS CAT (Climate Assessment Tool) to modify HSPF meteorological time series data to 

incorporate climate change effects. CAT does this in two ways: (1) modifying precipitation data, and (2) modifying air 

temperature data to adjust potential evapotranspiration (PET). 

BASINS CAT was used to generate new precipitation and evapotranspiration time series to represent the three climate 

change scenarios described above. WWHM LID modeling results quantified the percent reduction in mean annual 

stormwater runoff and demonstrated the feasibility and limitations of using LIDs to reduce the impact of increased 

runoff from new land use development. They also show the value of retrofitting LIDs in existing urban areas to reduce 

existing stormwater runoff for the different regions. 

60

6374 

Como Neighborhood KAP Study: Community Clean-Ups for Water Quality 

Karlyn Eckman - University of Minnesota Water Resources Center 

173 McNeal Hall 

1985 Buford Avenue 

Saint Paul, Minnesota USA 55108 

612 625-6781 

eckma001@umn.edu 

Peggy Knapp – Freshwater Society 

2150 Third Avenue North, Suite 110, Anoka, MN 55303 

(763) 219-1252 

pknapp@freshwater.org 

Janna Caywood- Como Lake Neighbor Network 

1395 Avon Street North 

St. Paul, MN 55117 

(651) 261-7416 

janna@watercircles.org 

Elizabeth Beckman- Capitol Region Watershed District 

1410 Energy Park Drive 

Saint Paul, MN 55108-2408 

elizabeth@capitolregionwd.org 

Objectives of the study 

Community Clean-Ups for Water Quality (CCWQ) are local projects that reduce polluted runoff flowing into lakes and rivers by 

cleaning up leaves and yard debris from city streets. The Freshwater Society, in partnership with Capitol Region Watershed 

District, researcher Karlyn Eckman of the University of MN Water Resources Center, and Janna Caywood, lead organizer with 

the Como Lake Neighbor Network, proposed to study if, and the extent to which, participation in organized leaf cleanups had 

an impact on participants’ knowledge, attitudes, practices and constraints. 

The study was in support of TMDL-related phosphorus-reduction activities undertaken by the Minnesota Pollution Control 

Agency (MPCA), Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), the Como Lake Neighbor Network (CLNN), and Freshwater Society 

(FWS). Results of this study are being used to plan education/outreach activities and civic engagement activities of the 

Community Cleanup for Water Quality (CCWQ) project sponsored by the Freshwater Society, funded by the Capitol Region 

Watershed District, and organized by the Como Lake Neighbor Network. 

Methodologies- Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Study Methodology 

The University of Minnesota Water Resources Center (WRC) was contracted by The Freshwater Society to design and conduct 

a KAP study of the project area. The KAP method is a customized, highly focused social research and evaluation method that 

has been extensively used in international water, health, education and other disciplines since the 1930s. 

The project team (CRWD, CLNN, FWS and WRC) determined that a paired watershed approach would be desirable, comparing 

data from control (no education/outreach) with treatment (with education and outreach) areas. Como Lake subwatershed 2 

was designated as the treatment sample, because CLNN had previously organized a CCWQ, and some education and outreach 

had already been done. Subwatershed 6 was designated as the control sample, because it was of similar size, had no previous 

education and outreach, and was separated from subwatershed 2 by a buffer area (subwatershed 4). 

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6374 

This study had two distinct phases: a first-round baseline survey in late winter 2011 prior to commencing clean-up activities, 

and a second-round follow-up survey toward the end of the 2011 autumn leaf-raking season. This yielded two separate 

databases that could be compared. The field portions of the first-round survey were carried out from March 14-31 2011. 

Mailed questionnaires were received throughout the month of April 2011 and data entry and analysis was completed during 

the first week of May. A total of 357 questionnaires were received in the first-round survey. The adjusted sample for the firstround 

survey was 572 households within Como subwatersheds 2 and 6, for a response rate of 62% and margin of error of 

3.18. This is considered acceptable for a statistically representative sample of the study subwatersheds. 

The field portions of the second-round survey were carried out from November 14-20, 2011. Data entry and analysis were 

completed by December 31, 2011, although mailed questionnaires continued to be received through mid-January 2012. 283 

questionnaires were included in the second-round. The adjusted second-round sample included 563 households within the 

same geographic area as the first-round survey, yielding a response rate of 51% and margin of error of 4.11. Both first and 

second round samples are considered acceptable for a statistically representative sample of the study subwatersheds. 

Approaches, Techniques, and implementation 

The KAP study highlights a very strong, underlying sense of concern and stewardship among respondents for Como Lake, 

considerable “neighborly” goodwill, and strong attitudinal intent to “do the right thing.” The KAP values show very high levels 

of knowledge and self-reported “correct” practices for a majority of respondents. The study identified some areas where 

educational messages could be developed to target knowledge gaps. The study also identified a number of suggestions and 

ideas made by respondents to address stormwater issues in the subwatershed. 

Based on study findings, subsequent outreach and education strategies used to promote CCWQ build on the high levels of 

concern and stewardship expressed by residents. Positive messages and reinforcement (rather than negative or admonishing 

messages), filling in gaps in knowledge, and rewarding positive behaviors should be emphasized in education and outreach 

efforts. 

Many neighbors indicated a need for physical help to move leaves to a compost facility. CRWD has allocated a small fund to 

support residents to secure a truck to transport organic materials to a compost facility. 

While the great majority of residents understand that stormwater flows directly into the lake, their understanding about the 

role of nutrients in algae growth could be elevated. Since respondents appear to have different levels of understanding of 

nutrient loading, a tiered message structure with simple, intermediate, and more complex messages could be considered. 

The study identified a number of individuals that assist shut-in neighbors, mow and shovel, and rake and bag leaves for their 

neighbors. These individuals could be somehow recognized and rewarded, for example, with a gift certificate to a local 

restaurant, shop or hardware store. A “Como Lake Steward” yard sign could be considered for those residents adopting a 

storm drain. These positive examples will help to demonstrate best practices. 

Overall, the KAP study gave partner organizations valuable insight into how refine programs, and education and outreach 

efforts, to build leadership capacity in communities. If water education and restoration programs and projects are to succeed 

in the long-term, they must appeal to residents’ concerns, and empower residents to be actively engaged. For other 

organizations dealing with water quality education challenges, study findings offer specific recommendations for how to 

engage community members in non-structural best practices and take an authentic role in behaviors that improve water 

quality. 

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6382 

Capitol Hill Water Quality Project – Retrofitting for Water Quality in a Dense Urban Environment 

David E. Schwartz, PE, LEED AP 

Civil Principal Engineer 

KPFF Consulting Engineers 

1601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1600 

Seattle, WA 98101david.scwhartz@kpff.com 

206.926.0405 

Objective 

The objective of this project is to provide water quality enhancement for a currently untreated, 450 acre, portion of 

urban runoff from the Capitol Hill area of Seattle. In the current condition the runoff is discharged directly to Lake Union 

untreated. Stormwater runoff from the streets of upper Capitol Hill, which is a densely developed urban area, 

transports silts, oils, heavy metals and other pollutants from the streets to the stormwater collection system and into 

Lake Union. This project will significantly improve the water quality and remove a large portion of the pollutants, 

improving the long term environmental health of the Lake. 

Another significant part of the project was the City of Seattle entering into a public/private partnership providing 

sufficient space along the frontage to make the project a success. 

This project, when completed, will treat approximately 190 million gallons of stormwater runoff annually flowing from 

Capitol Hill into Lake Union. This project includes: 

Approach 

The project approach is to divert low flows out of the current storm drainage system into the treatment system that 

includes the swirl separator and the swales. The project starts with a flow diversion structure which backs stormwater 

up using a weir to divert water towards the treatment system. Higher flows during storm events will overflow the weir 

and continue down the existing 72-inch piped conveyance system. The diverted lower flows pass through a swirl 

separator to remove large sediments and floatables prior to continuing toward the swales. 

Flow splitting devises are used to divide the flows from the swirl separator into the 4 individual swales. Each of the flow 

splitting structures has an emergency overflow to prevent excessive amounts of water flowing into the swale and to 

provide for maintenance of the system. The total flow that the swales are intended to treat is 7.23 cubic feet per 

second or roughly 3240 gallons per minute. The different swales vary in width and length. The flow splitters are 

designed to divide the water so that each swale has a minimum residence time of nine minutes. 

The swales are designed so that the water entering the swale wells up out of a trench drain to ensure that the flows are 

spread across the width of the swales. There are also interim weirs to make sure the flows stay spread across the entire 

width and don’t create short circuits. The weirs also allow the swales to maintain a slope that will keep flow velocities 

low. The planting in the swales will be sedges and rushes densely planted in order to have a thick area of vegetation to 

slow and filter the water. Water quantity and quality monitoring will be installed at the upstream and downstream 

ends of the swales to monitor the water quality improvements. 

Even though the design of the swales was calculated as a flow through system the design includes using rain garden soils 

and an under drain to allow infiltration to occur and enhance the water treatment capacity of the system. The swale 

plants were required to be planted in the rain garden soil medium so as not to cause clogging of the rain garden soils 

after plant installation. 

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Summary of Methodologies & Funding 

As noted in the previous sections the project was developed as a public/private partnership between the City of Seattle 

Public Utilities department and the private developer Vulcan Inc. This partnership was critical to the success of the 

overall project. 

Total cost of this project is approximately $10 million. SPU has received a $1 million stormwater grant from the 

Washington State Department of Ecology’s FY2011 Stormwater Retrofit and LID Competitive Grant Program and a $1.8 

million loan from the Washington State Water Pollution Control Revolving Fund Loan Program. 

SPU is actively working with Vulcan, Inc., a local Cascade Neighborhood Partner, in developing and funding the Swale on 

Yale. They have provided technical and professional services and will be funding $1.2 million of the design and 

construction costs of the project as well as deeding land along the front of their development to the City so that 

sufficient space was available to construct the swales and still provide pedestrian walkways in the right of way. 

Project Status 

The project is currently under construction. The Seattle Public Utilities completed the diversion structure, swirl 

separator, conveyance piping and flow splitters under a City contract. The Vulcan Inc. private development will be 

constructing the swale facilities as part of the site development that is currently under construction. The swales for the 

northern block of the development will be started in early 2013 with planting to take place during the spring and 

summer of 2013. The southern block of development is not yet scheduled but the swales adjacent to this block will be 

built as part of the development of the block. The northern swales should be operational before the end of 2013 if 

planting has had time to establish. 

64

6387 

Alternative Compliance in Ventura County: Viable Options and Lessons Learned 

Rebecca Winer-Skonovd – Larry Walker Associates 

707 Fourth Street, 2 nd Floor Davis, CA 95616 

530-753-6400 

Rebeccaw@Lwa.Com 

Arne Anselm – Venutra Countywide Stormwater Quality Management Program 

Arne.Anselm@Ventura.Org 

The Ventura Countywide Stormwater Quality Management Program’s NPDES MS4 permit includes a low impact 

development (LID) post-construction provision that requires new development/redevelopment projects to limit 

effective impervious area (EIA) to no more than 5% of the project area. Impervious area is considered “ineffective” when 

the water quality volume (~0.75”) is retained onsite using infiltration, reuse, and/or evapotranspiration BMPs. If it is 

technically infeasible to reduce EIA to 5% then the “effective” impervious surfaces must be biofiltered at 1.5 times the 

remaining volume. Development projects can pursue alternative compliance measures/offsite mitigation if onsite 

retention and/or biofiltration BMPs cannot feasibly be used to meet the 5% EIA standard. 

Alternative compliance is based on the “mitigation volume.” The mitigation volume is the difference between the 

volume of runoff associated with 5% EIA and the volume of runoff associated with the actual EIA achieved onsite less 

than or equal to 30% (≤30%) EIA. The offsite mitigation requirement for EIA in excess of 30% (>30%) is 1.5 times the 

amount of stormwater not managed onsite. 

Ventura County permittees considered several options for an offsite mitigation framework. Unlike other communities 

that have created and managed offsite mitigation programs, the county opted to first project the future need/demand 

for offsite mitigation. The result of this analysis provided critical information for the county in determining the 

appropriate framework for an offsite mitigation framework. The project for future need indicated that the county could 

expect a relatively small need projected for offsite mitigation which diminished the need for regional BMPs. The 

presentation will review these considerations, and focus on the pros of cons of alternative compliance options including 

flat in-lieu fee, project specific in-lieu fee, private seller credits, and community facilities district. The presentation will 

also review lessons learned and make recommendations for future permit language. 

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6388 

Designing with Nature – Compost BMP Designs for Green Infrastructure and Low Impact Development 

Britt Faucette, Ph.D., CPESC 

Director of Research, Technical, & Environmental Services 

Filtrexx International 

Rob Carrothers, CPESC‐IT 

Regional Business Development 

Filtrexx International 

Urban planners, engineers, and architects require standard specifications and design criteria for sustainable best 

management practices that can be implemented in the rapidly growing fields of green infrastructure, green building, 

low‐impact development (LID), and sustainable site development. This presentation will introduce project planners, 

designers, regulators, and technical professionals to these concepts through as many as 20 different organic, recycled, 

bio‐based BMPs for construction and post-construction stormwater management scenarios. Building on concepts of 

biomimicry, natural capital restoration, and ecosystem service enhancement, attendees will learn how environmentally 

sustainable materials use natural processes to achieve high performance results, and how these practices can be easily 

designed into any plan. ”Designing with Nature” will emphasize how to engage and excel in green infrastructure and 

building projects from concept to design to implementation. It will provide information on how the outlined BMPs fit 

into and contribute to LEED Green Building Credits (3.0), restore predevelopment hydrology in LID projects, meet total 

maximum daily load (TMDL) guidelines, and reduce development site carbon footprints. Applications include sediment 

control, inlet protection, slope protection, sediment trap, stormwater reduction, vegetated walls, bank stabilization, and 

rain garden. The presentation will also report on a USDA‐ARS study which recently evaluated the performance of 

Filtrexx® SiltSoxx (compost filter socks) in reducing runoff flow transport of sediment and soluble pollutants on hill 

slopes, relative to conventional sediment control devices such as silt fence. 

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6389 

Retrofit for LID Embraces City’s Commitment to Sustainability 

Charles Taylor, Oldcastle APG 

900 Ashwood Parkway Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30338 

770-715-8901 

chuck.taylor@oldcastle.com 

2007 saw great fanfare for the Fulton Municipal Parking Plaza’s low impact design (LID) to demonstrate a sustainable 

method for stormwater management. The pavement began to deteriorate the next season and posed a liability hazard 

as well as a maintenance headache for the city of Nashville. 

This paper will detail the 50 year design method, construction, operation and maintenance, as well as performance of an 

infiltration pavement system to replace this vehicular area five years later without damage to the bio-swale materials or 

disruption to the stormwater capacity of the original system. This project was completed ahead of schedule, within 

budget and also facilitated the use of the pavement without disruption to city business being conducted at this building. 

This session will consist of the following learning objectives: 

1. Proper design for rate and flow and water quality using permeable pavement systems for stormwater 

management. 

2. Proper maintenance procedures for normal, remedial and winter conditions. 

3. Construction specifications for permeable pavement systems. 

4. Inspection procedures during construction and for post construction operation 

Stormwater management has been mandated by the EPA and will require municipalities to stretch their resources to 

comply with the Clean water Act. This paper will be a descriptive process that has been performed over 12 years in the 

United States and has provided cost efficient solutions for streets and parking areas while managing stormwater runoff, 

naturally. 

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A Comparison of Maintenance Cost, Labor Demands, and System Performance for LID and Conventional Stormwater 

Management 

James J Houle, M.A. - University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center 

Gregg Hall 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824 

603-862-1445/603-862-3957 

james.houle@unh.edu 

Robert M Roseen, Ph.D, Geosyntec Consultants 

1330 Beacon Street, Suite 317, Brookline, MA 02446 

603-686-2488/617.734.4437 

rroseen@geosyntec.com 

Thomas P Ballestero, Ph.D, University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center 


603-862-1445/603-862-3957 


Timothy A Puls, B.S. University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center 


603-862-1445/603-862-3957 


The perception of the maintenance demands of Low Impact Development (LID) systems represents a significant barrier 

to the acceptance of LID technologies. Despite the increasing use of LID over the past two decades, stormwater 

managers still have minimal documentation in regards to the frequency, intensity, and costs associated with LID 

operations and maintenance. Due to increasing requirements for more effective treatment of runoff and the 

proliferation of total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements, there is greater need for more documented 

maintenance information for planning and implementation of stormwater control measures (SCMs). This study 

examined seven different types of SCMs for the first 2-4 years of operations and studied maintenance demands in the 

context of personnel hours, costs, and system pollutant removal. The systems were located at a field facility designed to 

distribute stormwater in parallel, in order to normalize watershed characteristics including pollutant loading, sizing, and 

rainfall. System maintenance demand was tracked for each system and included materials, labor, activities, maintenance 

type, and complexity. Annualized maintenance costs ranged from $2,280/ha/yr for a vegetated swale to $7830/ha/yr for 

a wet pond. In terms of mass pollutant load reductions, marginal maintenance costs ranged from $4-$8 per kg/yr TSS 

removed for porous asphalt, a vegetated swale, bioretention, and a subsurface gravel wetland, to $11-$21 per kg/yr TSS 

removed for a wet pond, a dry pond, and a sand filter system. When nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus were 

considered, maintenance costs per g/yr removed ranged from reasonable to cost prohibitive especially for systems with 

minimal nutrient removal mechanisms. As such, SCMs designed for targeting these pollutants should be selected 

carefully. The results of this study indicate that generally, LID systems, as compared to conventional systems, have lower 

marginal maintenance burdens (as measured by cost and personnel hours) and higher water quality treatment 

capabilities as a function of pollutant removal performance. Cumulative amortized system maintenance expenditures 

equal the SCM capital construction costs (in constant dollars) in 5.2 years for wet ponds and in 24.6 years for the porous 

asphalt system. In general SCMs with higher percentages of periodic and predictive, or proactive maintenance activities 

have lower maintenance burdens than SCMs with incidences of reactive maintenance. 

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6391 

Rainscaping Iowa: Paving the Way to Clean Water 

Pat Sauer- Iowa Storm Water Education Program 

1735 NE 70 th Ave. Ankeny, IA 50021 

Ph: 515-210-6619 Fax: 515-289-2499 

psauer@iamu.org 

Jeff Geerts- Iowa Economic Development Authority 

200 East Grand Ave. Des Moines, IA 50309 

Ph: 515-725-3069 Fax: 515-725-3069 

jeff.geerts@iowa.gov 

Rainscaping Iowa is a statewide marketing, education, and training program that promotes Low Impact Development 

and Green Infrastructure for stormwater management. It educates numerous target audiences with a uniform message 

and recognizes the efforts of those that implement LID practices in their community projects. The program is a 

partnership effort between numerous entities such as the Iowa Storm Water Education Program, Iowa Department of 

Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Economic Development Authority (IEDA), Department of Natural Resources, 

Department of Transportation and private sector consultants. The Iowa Storm Water Education Program administers 

and markets the program and conducts training events. Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship Urban 

Conservation Program promotes Rainscaping Iowa statewide through their local technical and training support. The 

IEDA has integrated Rainscaping Iowa concepts into their Green Streets Program and their local community visioning 

and educational programs. These programs influenced two significant LID pavement projects in small communities in 

Iowa, the focus of which will be presented. IEDA piloted their Iowa Green Streets Program in West Union, Iowa through 

a LID project. A community visioning process for the community’s downtown historic district and a technical program 

led to a master plan that was implemented in 2011-2012. The project included the replacement of aging storm sewer 

infrastructure, 6 blocks of permeable pavers, rain gardens, energy efficient lighting and a downtown wide geothermal 

heating and cooling system. Results are the downsizing of planned gray stormwater infrastructure and the ability to 

infiltrate, cleanse and cool all runoff in the downtown up to at least a 3 inch rainfall event. This likely will result in a 

positive impact on the local cold water trout fishery. Another significant project was implemented in Charles City, Iowa 

that is leading the way in Iowa and perhaps the U.S. in the highest number of permeable paved streets. Local City 

leaders were influenced by training hosted by IEDA. They sought ways to improve aging infrastructure and sustainably 

manage stormwater. A comprehensive plan was developed to deal with street repairs and stormwater concerns. Phase 

I involved the installation of seventeen blocks of permeable pavers in the historic residential district in 2011. Phase II 

completed in 2012 expanded the permeable paver area to 27 blocks. Charles City also installed a stormwater park near 

the scenic Cedar River. A permeable concrete labyrinth, drainage system with runnels and other creative designs 

enhanced the area. River front development also included installation of an outdoor amphitheater, a wheelchair 

accessible trail to the river, and the creation of a world Class Kayak course that is generating tourism and economic 

benefits for the community. The result is improved stormwater management, elimination of drainage issues, reduction 

in street maintenance issues, improved aesthetics, anecdotal improvement in home values and a city commitment to 

expanded use of porous paver street systems. Local leadership that was influenced by educational efforts of 

Rainscaping Iowa partners made these projects happen in these two communities. Both communities have also become 

living laboratories visited by hundreds of people looking to learn from the leadership of these two communities. The 

effort of partners helps to solidify the Rainscaping movement in Iowa. 

69

6393 

Controlling CSOs by Retrofitting Urban Streets with Green Stormwater Infrastructure 

Mary Wohleb, PMP, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division 

201 South Jackson Street, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98104-3855 

Ph: 206-296-8028 

Email: mary.wohleb@kingcounty.gov 

Kathryn Gwilym, PE and Steve Burke, PE SvR Design Company 

1205 – Second Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle WA 98101 

Ph: 206-223-0326 

Email: kathyg@svrdesign.com and steveb@svrdesign.com 

In 2009 King County Wastewater Treatment Division (KCWTD) selected green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) as the 

preferred alternative for controlling combined sewer overflows (CSO) for the 1100 acre- Barton combined sewer (CSS) 

basin in Seattle. In 2008 KCWTD reported that the basin had an average of four overflows per year that discharge a total 

of four million gallons into Puget Sound. In order to reduce the overflows to no more than one CSO event per year for 

Washington State’s Department of Ecology (Ecology) compliance, KCWTD will retrofit select streets with bioretention 

swales in order to intercept, treat and reduce the amount of stormwater discharging into the CSS which then 

contributes to CSO into Puget Sound. After filtering through the bioretention soil and plantings, stormwater will 

discharge into an underdrain that conveys the flows into an underground injection control well for deep infiltration to a 

receptive soil layer beneath the area’s hard-packed glacial till. Intercepting stormwater before it enters the CSS will also 

reduce KCWTD’s annual treatment plant costs. Our presentation will cover challenges confronted by this pioneering 

project from planning, design and engineering that has been completed through June 2013. Construction will be 

starting in the Fall of 2013. 

The first challenge is working in a complex residential community and jurisdictional context. Since the project is located 

within an existing neighborhood and in the City of Seattle public right of way (ROW), community outreach was essential 

and KCWTD’s design and outreach efforts had to be aligned with the City’s ROW permitting process. Community 

concerns include access across the bioretention areas, parking, ponding depth and tree preservation. The project 

addressed these concerns through interactive meetings, diverse media and neighborhood canvassing. In this setting, 

CSO control performance had to be balanced with street performance so issues such as slope, planter width, existing 

utilities, existing trees, access and on-street parking patterns were key design drivers. 

The second challenge is maintenance. KCWTD will be responsible for the long term care of these GSI facilities in the 

same manner as traditional “grey” CSO control facilities. In order to ensure that the GSI provides CSO control, three 

primary concerns must be addressed: maintaining uninterrupted flow into the facility; maintaining plants and soils so 

that they function for water quality and CSO control; and continuing public outreach on the purpose of this living 

infrastructure. Monitoring and optimizing the performance of GSI is critical to CSO control as well as to shaping public 

perceptions that reinforce the commitment of public stakeholders. 

The final challenge is resilience, in terms of providing infrastructure that meets current needs while also incorporating 

flexibility to respond to an uncertain future and a changing climate. KCWTD will continue to monitor CSO events to 

determine the combined performance of the installed measures. Based upon monitored results, KCWTD will use 

adaptive management to ensure continued Ecology compliance. The public ROW is increasingly being recognized as a 

multi-functional asset and its ability to flexibly accommodate GSI is a particularly important characteristic as cities across 

the country weigh the relative merits of traditional storage facilities and GSI for CSO control. Implementation of the 

Barton CSO Control Project with GSI will begin in 2013. 

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6394 

Developing 1 Volume-Based Offset Program 

Randell K. Greer, PE – Delaware Dnrec 

Div. of Watershed Stewardship 

89 Kings Hwy, Dover DE 19901 

PHONE: 302-739-9921 

FAX: 302-739-6724 

EMAIL: randell.greer@state.de.us 

A viable offset program can be a useful element of a stormwater regulatory framework when site conditions or other 

unforeseen circumstances preclude on-site compliance. Options such as trading, off-site projects and/or fees-in-lieu are 

not new, and are already being used by many jurisdictions as a means to deal with these situations. To date, the vast 

majority of these urban stormwater offset programs have been pollutant-based, typically using “pounds removed” as 

the common currency for transactions. The recent trend toward runoff reduction standards in general, and for 

Chesapeake Bay jurisdictions in particular, has created somewhat of a quandary as to how to develop an offset program 

to support a runoff reduction standard. The rest of this paper will highlight Delaware’s attempt to develop such a 

“volume-based” offset program to support revised stormwater management regulations for new development that 

require specific reductions in stormwater runoff volume. The issues that arose during the development process and 

their proposed solutions will be discussed. In addition, the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and 

Environmental Control (DNREC) developed a framework for implementing the offset program with input from several 

stakeholder groups. The elements of this framework will be discussed in detail. While DNREC intends to take an 

adaptive management approach to their offset program, it is felt that this framework establishes a reasonable starting 

point for implementation while providing the maximum flexibility for compliance options to the regulated community. 

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Life Cycle Cost Comparison of Traditional Stormwater Management and Low Impact Development 

Loretta Cummings, Ph.D. 

Williamsburg Environmental Group, Inc. 

150 Riverside Parkway; Suite 301; Fredericksburg, Virginia 22406 

540-785-5544 

Lcummings@wegnet.com 

Low Impact Development (LID) is a recent innovation in stormwater management (SWM) that strives to replicate the 

pre-development hydrology after construction. While widely endorsed by government entities like the EPA and the US 

Army Corps of Engineers as an environmentally friendly stormwater solution, it has been slow to be adopted by builders, 

developers, and contractors in the private sector due to concerns about cost and long-term viability. Studies that were 

done previously have not included two vital factors in the cost estimates: the cost of land and environmental mitigation. 

This study incorporates these two factors with the cost of construction and maintenance for 15 years for a cost 

comparison. The purpose of this project is to evaluate overall cost in an effort to show that LID is cost effective. Thirty 

sites in central Virginia were analyzed using the cost of land, construction, maintenance, environmental mitigation for 

both traditional SWM and LID, using Present Value Cost (PVC). 

Results indicate that overall, using these four factors in northern and central Virginia with 2012 pricing, LID presents a 

cost savings over traditional SWM of approximately $28,000 per acre. Projects that were large (>50 acres), residential, 

and had stream or wetland impacts benefited more from LID than projects that were small, commercial and that did not 

have environmental impacts. 

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6397 

Blue Thumb – Planting for Clean Water: Organizational Partnership to Promote Clean Water Planting 

Elizabeth Beckman - Capitol Region Watershed District 

1410 Energy Park Drive, Saint Paul, MN 55108 

(651) 644-8888 


Tina Plant – Hedberg Landscape & Masonry Supplies 

1205 Nathan Lane, Plymouth, MN 55441 

(763) 392-5909 

tplant@hedbergaggregates.com 

Objectives 

While serving as Education Coordinator at Rice Creek Watershed District in Blaine, MN, Dawn Pape regularly heard from 

residents that they had difficulty finding information about landscaping that reduces pollution flowing to lakes and the 

Mississippi River, nurseries selling native plants and landscapers with experience designing raingardens and shoreline 

plantings. In response, Dawn created Blue Thumb: Planting for Clean Water® and bluethumb.org in 2004 with the goal of 

removing barriers for installing clean water projects. Bluethumb.org is a clearinghouse for clean water landscaping 

information with links to local retailers, grant information, a calendar of events for upcoming clean water workshops, a 

plant selector tool, a do-it-yourself homeowner raingarden manual and shoreline planning worksheets. 

Approaches and results 

Blue Thumb uses a partnership approach to achieve its wide reach. The program’s 74 partners include government 

agencies, cities, private businesses and nonprofits representing a wide geographical area in the upper Midwest. The 

partnership collaboratively manages bluethumb.org, prints educational materials and purchases advertising. Using 

these and other promotional techniques, Blue Thumb partners carry the collaborative’s standardized messages to their 

respective target audiences: no lectures on the virtues of raingardening to improve water quality, instead Blue Thumb 

materials offer “the secret to leisurely landscaping.” Homeowners are urged to plant natives because they are “lush and 

lovely”, allow for “lawn chair landscaping” and are “easy on the wallet.” The environmental benefits are mentioned, but 

are not the primary element used to motivate the audience. The program also relies on incentives since many Blue 

Thumb partners offer cost-share grants for clean water projects. Many partners also offer technical assistance to 

homeowners such as planting plans, soil testing and help choosing landscaping options. 

Blue Thumb partners like East Metro Water Resource Education Program (EMWREP) and others utilize communitybased 

social marketing strategies to persuade the public: EMWREP locates local residents to host neighborhood parties 

in subwatersheds prioritized for pollution reduction because of the presence of an impaired water body. Paired with 

financial incentives, technical support from staff, and Blue Thumb resources, parties hosted by a trusted neighbor serve 

to engage multiple households and have begun to change lawn care social norms. A two-hour party with ten guests 

resulted in 22 new raingardens within one Stillwater, MN neighborhood. 

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Summary of methodologies 

Some highlighted projects made possible because of the collaborative and access to its resources are: 

• Blue Community Makeover for Diamond Lake in Minneapolis is a collaboration of Minnehaha Creek 

Watershed District, Friends of Diamond Lake, Hale-Page-Diamond Lake neighborhood group and Hedberg 

Landscape and Masonry Supplies. With the rally cry of Go Blue!, the objective of the makeover was to install 

residential stormwater best management practices to reduce runoff to Diamond Lake and help improve its 

water quality. The impressive partnership assemblage included a $224,000 grant from Minnesota’s Clean Water 

Legacy Fund to offset project costs to homeowners, citizen-led neighborhood meetings and outreach programs, 

consultations provided by Blue Thumb partner Metro Blooms, labor provided by the nonprofit organization 

Minnesota Conservation Corp and expertise and labor provided by several private landscape contractors. The 

results were the installation of 25 raingardens, 14 pervious pavement projects (driveways and walkways), 22 

rain barrels, five 1,500-gal. cistern systems, and four trees. 

Participation includes 34 homeowners and staff from one church and a park contributing 1,617 volunteer hours 

and ten contractors hired by homeowners during the worst industry recession on record. The estimated runoff 

reduction per year is 1.5 million gallons! 

The city of Minneapolis assesses a stormwater utility fee to businesses and churches based on the amount of 

impervious surface on their property. Participating Diamond Lake Lutheran Church received a 100% stormwater 

utility credit for capturing and treating 100% of its runoff onsite through a combination of raingardens, 

rainwater harvesting and permeable pavers. Their efforts reinforce their congregational mission of being good 

stewards of the environment. 

• Fifteen Blue Thumb partners including nurseries, local and state agencies, nonprofit environmental advocacy 

organizations and the University of Minnesota – Extension came together to host the Landscape Revival Native 

Plant Expo & Market, a one-of-a-kind public event to educate potential native plant gardeners about the 

benefits of Minnesota native plants, and to make it easier for current native plant gardeners to purchase plants 

from native growers. With a supplies grant from Capitol Region Watershed District, partners welcomed more 

than 800 attendees to the event held in June 2012. 

• To celebrate National Pollinator Week, Blue Thumb partner Sherburne Conservation District hosted a native 

landscaping and prairie tour. Native plant vendors, a beekeeper, a native plant gardening book author, a 

carnival and education displays of Blue Thumb materials were part of the festivities for 150 visiting residents. 

The companion event Planting for Pollinators allowed visitors to plant a raingarden in the county’s Township 

Park and Blue Thumb materials were used to promote clean water projects. In 2012, county residents also 

installed one river bank restoration, two lakeshore stabilizations, three raingardens and five native prairie 

landscapes. 

Project status 

The partnership is ongoing. In 2012, the 74 partners contributed nearly 3,000 hours of service to promote clean water 

practices that are part of its focus through tabling at community events, house parties, educational workshops, 

presentations to elected officials, advertising and support to grantees. Bluethumb.org averages 50 visits per day with the 

average visitor spending three minutes on the site. Together partners participated in 63 workshops, expos and fairs 

dealing with native plants, raingardens or shoreline stabilization using plants. Partners hosted more than 700 residents 

in clean water workshops and oversaw the implementation of more than 450 projects including raingardens, shoreline 

plantings and native plantings with an estimated phosphorus reduction of 50lbs/yr. 

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6398 

A Balanced Approach to Implementing Green Infrastructure: San Francisco's Urban Watershed Assessment Program 

Rosey Jencks – San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 

525 Golden Gate Ave., 11th Floor 

San Francisco, CA 94102 

415-934-5762 

RJencks@sfwater.org 

Eric Zickler - AECOM 

300 California St., Suite 400 


415-955-2910 

Eric.Zickler@aecom.com 

San Francisco is leveraging its comprehensive Sewer System Improvement Program to integrate green and grey 

infrastructure solutions to meet citywide level-of-service goals within its combined sewer system. Integral to the 

success of the program has been developing the optimal combination of green and grey infrastructure. Both are 

essential, and make critical contributions towards developing a sustainable and resilient long-term infrastructure 

program within a dense urban setting. To that end, an Urban Watershed Assessment is being applied to deliver the goals 

of the program, while providing economic, social and environmental benefits (also referred to as triple bottom line 

benefits) to the community. This multi-disciplinary process integrates current engineering best practices and cuttingedge 

economic analysis with robust stormwater management policy, and regulatory and social values, to ensure triplebottom 

line benefits for the City. The result of the Urban Watershed Assessment will be a master plan and a set of 

prioritized stormwater management project alternatives that meet quantifiable performance goals for each of the City’s 

eight urban watersheds. 

The Urban Watershed Assessment uses a four step process: 

• Characterization of each of the City’s urban watersheds 

• Opportunities analysis for projects and locations 

• Development of projects alternatives 

• Triple bottom line ranking of alternatives 

Characterizing the City’s urban watersheds performs a unique due diligence task by using a combination of hydraulic and 

hydrologic models, data gathered from other city agencies, public outreach efforts, city staff interviews, a detailed social 

and economic needs analysis, proposed capital improvement efforts, and planning/redevelopment efforts to establish 

baseline conditions. 

The opportunities phase brings together these data sets to identify problem areas, ideal conditions for green 

infrastructure facilities, and synergies with other projects, as well as address the social/environmental needs of the City. 

Alternatives development identifies the combinations of green and grey projects to address the level of service within 

each urban watershed based on the output from the opportunities phase. 

Project alternatives are then vetted through an infrastructure investment evaluation process to guide recommended 

infrastructure solutions that optimize social, environmental, and economic benefits. This process is expected to be 

completed in the summer of 2014. 

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This session offers specific lessons learned for cities of all sizes, engineering consultants, and economic planners by 

describing this innovative infrastructure update process from the following perspectives: 

• Public Process/Policy Framework – A planning and regulatory perspective on how to develop stormwater policy 

while engaging the public. 

• Physical Performance - An engineering perspective on physical watershed characterization, hydraulic and 

hydrologic modeling, capital improvement efforts and specific project development. 

• Business Practices Developed – A municipal administrator’s perspective on how a new infrastructure investment 

evaluation process can incorporate triple bottom line principles. 

At the conclusion of the presentation, attendees will understand how to effectively combine engineering performance, 

city/regional planning analysis, and economic indicators to develop a capital improvement program that develops a 

long-term green infrastructure implementation plan. 

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6399 

Stormwater Reuse: Educating Planners, Engineers, and Policy Makers on Stormwater Reuse 

Jodi Polzin, P.E. 

Environmental Engineer/Project Manager 

CDM Smith 

7650 Currell Boulevard, Suite 300 

Woodbury, MN 55125 

651-252-3800 

polzinjm@cdmsmith.com 

Brian M. Davis, Ph.D., P.G., P.E. 

Senior Environmental Scientist 

Metropolitan Council 

390 Robert Street North 

St. Paul, MN 55101-1805 

651-602-1519 

Brian.Davis@metc.state.mn.us 

Patti Craddock, P.E. 

Senior Project Manager 

SEH 

3535 Vadnais Heights Center Drive 

St. Paul, MN 55110-5196 

651-490-2067 

pcraddock@sehinc.com 

Gabrielle Grinde 

Graduate Landscape Architect 

Hoisington Koegler Group 

123 North Third Street 

Suite 100 

Minneapolis, MN 55401-1659 

612-252-7141 

Gabrielle@hkgi.com 

The Metropolitan Council Stormwater Reuse Guide (Guide) introduces effective techniques for the reuse of stormwater, 

based on a long-range goal of reducing potable water demand in the Twin Cities, Minnesota metropolitan area. The 

Guide is tailored for city planners, engineers, and green thinkers, providing step-by-step instructions that describe how 

to successfully bring a stormwater reuse project from concept through assessment to implementation. The 

Metropolitan Council is the regional planning agency for the seven counties forming the Twin Cities area that includes 

the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Their primary services include operation of the transit system, collection and 

treatment of wastewater, in addition to overseeing long term planning goals of the 185 municipalities in the region. 

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The Metropolitan Council initiated the project in 2011 as part of a 

larger planning effort to manage the anticipated increase in 

groundwater consumption related to future population growth. In 

addition to the need to offset increased demand on groundwater, the 

Metropolitan Council envisioned a tool that creates: 

• general awareness of stormwater reuse; 

• a product that supplements state and local low impact design 

(LID) planning efforts; 

• an educational tool for municipalities to follow to implement a 

successful stormwater reuse project; 

• a centralized location for stormwater reuse information for use 

by project planners and designers; and 

• a source of information for legislators and rule makers to 

reference as they contemplate proposals to amend statutes, 

rules and codes. 

The initial phase of the project was the development of the Guide. 

The first step included a literature search for stormwater reuse guides 

in other states and countries. The team found a growing number of 

excellent documents that provide useful policy or technical guidance 

for harvesting rooftop runoff (often termed “rainwater”), but only two 

documents that expand the definition of reuse to include runoff from 

ground surfaces. Because of this lack of broader stormwater 

resources, the Guide developed into a first source of information 

pertinent to a broad range of users, from those who are learning the 

basics of stormwater reuse to experienced professionals looking for 

supplementary information to support a specific 

project. 

Cover, Metropolitan Council Stormwater Reuse 

Guide. Ribbons at top of page in electronic version 

act as both table of contents and provide links to 

first page of each chapter. Source: Metropolitan 

Council. 

The Guide allows users quick access to information 

that supports their specific needs. Users can navigate 

between a printable fact sheet, detailed case studies, 

project development checklists, and/or important 

implementation considerations. Thirteen pages of 

external links direct users to sources of additional 

information whenever more detail is necessary. A 

prominent feature of the Guide is a series of stepwise 

tools that provide information to characterize the 

source stormwater, identify the intended use, assess 

the feasibility of the concept, and then select and 

implement the appropriate collection, storage, 

treatment, and distribution components of the 

project. These tools are designed to allow a user to 

progress through the Guide either as a traditional 

handbook, or to jump through the Guide to quickly 

access specific information (see graphic) 

78 

The Guide uses visual symbols and colors with electronically linked 

tools to aid in navigation, as demonstrated on the first page of the 

Toolbox chapter. Source: Metropolitan Council.

6399 

The next phase of the project will involve introducing the Guide to municipalities and project planners, focusing on how 

to use the Guide and learning what can be done to remove barriers to attain the benefits of stormwater reuse. 

Approaches involve interviews of successful and non-successful project developers, municipal staff, presentations at 

local conferences, making the Guide readily accessible on the Metropolitan Council web page, and ultimately a series of 

hands-on workshops. Workshops are tentatively scheduled to be conducted in spring / early summer, 2013. 

Introducing the Guide to local professionals has revealed both enthusiasm for the benefits of reuse as well as concern 

regarding the barriers that commonly prevent wide-scale implementation. Major concerns expressed include: 1) lack of 

knowledge of how to develop a reuse project; 2) uncertainty of permitting requirements; and 3) concern regarding cost 

effectiveness given the low cost of potable water in the region. The benefits to offset these barriers--in addition to 

reducing the use of potable water supplies--include achieving TMDL goals, MS4 permit requirements, and nondegradation 

requirements. To accomplish these benefits, municipal agencies must learn how to assess whether a 

proposed reuse project has the necessary components to be successful, how to amend their land use planning 

requirements to ensure that reuse is encouraged and not prevented, and how to incorporate the concept of reuse into 

their water resource planning documents. Metrics to measure the success of the outreach/education efforts will include 

the number of presentations given (ten presentations to date), number of attendees at future workshops, number of 

website hits, and feedback on the content of the Guide. Long-term metrics will be measured by the number of 

successful stormwater reuse projects that are implemented. 

The presentation will be given in two parts. An introduction will highlight the Guide by including a demonstration of 

how to use the Guide. One feature of each of the Guide’s sections will be shown to demonstrate the level of detail 

available to users. The second part of the presentation will focus on the outreach phase of the project with a discussion 

on the content of the workshops, information on stormwater reuse lessons learned, and the next steps planned towards 

advancing stormwater reuse in the region. 

The Guide is a creation of the Metropolitan Council in partnership with CDM Smith, Short Elliott Hendrickson, and 

Hoisington Koegler Group, and is funded through the Minnesota Clean Water Land and Legacy Fund. 

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An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Removal Mechanisms in Surface Flow 

Constructed Stormwater Wetlands Using Soil Amendment Strategies 

Kaitlin E. Vacca 

PhD Candidate, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 

19085; PH: (215) 896-0130; kaitlin.vacca@villanova.edu 

Bridget M. Wadzuk 

Assoc. Prof., Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave. Villanova, PA, 19085; 

PH: (610) 519-5365; bridget.wadzuk@villanova.edu 

Soil amendments improve nutrient retention in certain stormwater control measures, such as bioretention, however 

these strategies have not been applied to constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs). The present research sought to 

determine which soil amendments are able to improve soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) retention in a CSW. First, the 

fate and transport of SRP within a surface-flow CSW was determined within two 2-D laboratory mesocosms. A vegetated 

and non-vegetated mesocosm was used to track the movement of SRP through a vertical and horizontal pathway. 

Results showed little change between the amount of mass removed by the vegetated system (876 mg as SRP) and the 

non-vegetated system (944 mg as SRP). Second, two soil amendment strategies were analyzed to determine which best 

removes SRP. Laboratory mesocosms were constructed and designed to closely mimic in-situ CSW conditions; soil 

amendments included an aluminum water treatment residual at different percentages and iron coated sand with and 

without plants to discern the effect of plant rhizosphere oxygenation on preventing iron reduced conditions. Phosphorus 

dosed inlet water was continuously circulated through each mesocosm and pore water samples were taken on a weekly 

basis at various vertical and horizontal depths within the soil column. Extracted soil samples were used to correlate SRP 

removal seen in the pore water. After a four week study, percent mass calculations showed 68.54% removal of SRP 

using a 5% aluminum water treatment residual (Al WTR) amendment; 49.52% removal using an iron (III) coated sand 

amendment strategy with plants; 52.71% removal with iron (III) coated sand without plants; 32.61% removal using 

typical wetland soil. Future results will include a 2% and 8% Al WTR soil mix. Additionally, a numerical contaminant 

removal modeling program, HYDRUS, was used to show SRP transport through each soil type. Results are in progress. 

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Performance of Infiltrating SCMs During Large Volume Events 

Cara E. Lyons – Villanova University 

139 Tolentine Hall, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 

(610)-519-4960; clyons8@villanova.edu 

Dr. Bridget Wadzuk – Villanova University 

139 Tolentine Hall, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 

(610)-519-5365; bridget.wadzuk@villanova.edu 

Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are typically designed to capture the first 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 – 1.5 inches) of a storm. 

However, with pre-treatment and consideration of during-storm infiltration, this assumption may be an underestimate 

of the actual capacity of SCMs. This research will compare the capacity and recession rates of two different types of 

infiltrating SCMs during high (greater than 0.635 cm/hr (0.25 in/hr)) and low intensity storms with both large (greater 

than 3.81 cm (1.5 in)) and small amounts of rainfall. Two infiltration trenches (IT), one with pre-treatment and one 

without pre-treatment, along with two rain gardens, with and without pre-treatment, will be analyzed. All of these 

systems are located on the campus of Villanova University. The first infiltration trench, constructed in 2004, was 

intentionally undersized to accelerate longevity effects. Water quantity measurements are available from immediately 

following construction to present. The second infiltration trench, built in October 2011, is the final SCM in the treatment 

train at Villanova, which includes a vegetated swale and two rain gardens as pre-treatment. The first rain garden is the 

bioinfiltration traffic island (BTI), which was built in 2001, providing over 10 years of water quantity data. The second 

rain garden for this analysis will be the two in series in the treatment train which have a vegetative swale as pretreatment. 

Previous studies on the old infiltration trench and BTI have shown varying infiltration rates based on seasonal changes. 

The old infiltration trench recession rates not only depend on temporal conditions but also the maximum depth of water 

in the IT during a storm. As expected, with more head, infiltration rates were higher. The new infiltration trench, which 

includes pretreatment, will be examined for similar characteristics although its overall depth is nearly 61 cm (2 feet) less 

than the old IT depth. The BTI has not shown any evidence of a decrease in performance over 11 years. Its infiltration 

data will be compared to the rain gardens with pre-treatment at the treatment train. Both sites have similar 

impervious-to-SCM area ratios; the BTI is approximately 10:1 and the treatment train is about 7:1. The old IT, however, 

was designed with a 130:1 impervious-to-SCM area for research purposes. While there is limited data available on the 

new rain gardens and IT at the treatment train, this initial assessment of its performance will be helpful in analyzing and 

predicting its potential longevity. Large and high intensity storms will be analyzed because most current and existing 

research focuses on the ability of SCMs to handle smaller storms. However, the new treatment train appears to be able 

to control larger storms at higher intensities than expected. This research aims to find out how effective SCMs can be 

during larger storms even though they are only expected to control small, low intensity events. 

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Role of Volume Reduction and Attenuation in the Loss of Nitrogen from a Bioinfiltration SCM 

Laura E. Lord – Villanova University 

800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085 

(610) 519-4960 

llord@villanova.edu 

Dr. John Komlos – Villanova University 


(610) 519-7397 

john.komlos@villanova.edu 

Dr. Robert Traver – Villanova University 


(610) 519-7899 

robert.traver@villanova.edu 

Volume reduction stormwater control measures (SCM) are commonly designed and constructed based upon either a set 

volume or percent removal criteria with little regard to the linkage between the hydrologic and pollutant removal 

aspects. A more accurate representation would be to base the SCM design on the regional rainfall characteristics and 

the impact that volume reduction and pollutant attenuationhave on the pollutants in SCMs. 

A bioinfiltration stormwater control measure (SCM) on Villanova University’s campus in Pennsylvania was constructed in 

2001 as a parking lot median retrofit in a residential student area. Since 2001, hydrology and water quality have been 

monitored to analyze its effectiveness in pollutant and volume reduction. The rain garden consists of a 1.2 m sandy loam 

media. Discharge for the system occurs as infiltration into in situ soil and groundwater; any overflow leaves as outflow 

from a converted storm drain. The site was unique at the time of construction with no underdrains or liners, which 

maximizes direct infiltration. 

Subsurface pollutant load removal was by a combination of attenuation processes in the infiltration bed and infiltration 

out the bottom of the bed. Particular to this research, the nutrients of concern were nitrogen species, such as total 

nitrogen (TN), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate-nitrite (NO x -N), nitrite (NO 2 - -N), and nitrate (NO 3 - -N). Attenuation 

consisted of the loss of nitrogen from the surface to the bottom of the rain garden due to processes such as nitrification 

and denitrification. Both surface and subsurface water samples from storm events collected throughout the site were 

analyzed to determine the relationship between attenuation and infiltration for load reductions. Ponded surface 

samples collected through a suction lysimeter were compared to overflow samples. If overflow did not occur, it was 

assumed to be complete infiltration. At the bottom of the rain garden (1.2 m depth), a suction lysimeter collected 

samples which represented stormwater leaving the system. Initial results indicated that TKN (n=16) had comparable 

load reductions due to volume reduction (51%) and attenuation (49%). Nitrate-nitrate (n=15) had greater mass 

reduction (61%) due to attenuation while only 31% was removed by volume. Further analysis for other nitrogen species, 

such as TN and NO 3 - -N, will be discussed during the presentation. From this research, the nutrient removal relationship 

between SCM volume reduction and attenuation will help further understand SCMs and their capabilities to reduce 

pollutants. 

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6403 

Green Roof Research through EPA’s Regional Applied Research Effort 

Thomas P. O’Connor, P.E. 

Project Officer, 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Urban Watershed Management Branch (MS-104) 

2890 Woodbridge Ave., 

Edison, NJ 08837 

(732) 321-6723 

FAX: (732) 906-6896 

oconnor.thomas@epa.gov 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) allows the Regions of the EPA 

to choose research projects to be performed in partnership with EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD). Over 

the last decade, several green roof projects were initiated and performed in different EPA Regions, including Regions 2, 

3 and 8. These projects provide results for different climatic conditions and a variety of green roof systems and sizes. 

The project in Region 3 was performed by the Pennsylvania State University (Berhage et al., 2009). Primarily this project 

was performed through the monitoring of replicate experimental setups using small-scale buildings exposed to the 

elements. Data were collected for 72 precipitation events from three green roofs and two flat asphalt roofs. A range of 

events were monitored including a high-intensity short-duration [1 in. (25 mm) in 30 min] event; and, a high-total 

precipitation steady-rate [2.65 in. (67.3 mm) over 8 hr] event. Data were also collected from winter snow events. 

Green roof performance was quite consistent during the warm summer months (limited runoff) but was more variable 

during winter months. Typically, runoff rates from green roofs were non-existent until the systems were saturated at 

which point runoff flow roughly equaled the rate of precipitation input. Even when rainfall led to saturated conditions, 

green roofs significantly increased the time to peak runoff as compared to the flat control roofs. Annual reductions in 

runoff were about 50% with nearly 100% in summer and approximately 20% over the non-growing season. 

Water quality parameters were evaluated in real time (e.g., flow, turbidity, electrical conductivity [EC], pH and nitrate) 

and by grab samples (e.g., color, nutrients and ions). Green roof runoff was colored yellow, had higher pH and EC, and 

generally had equal or higher concentrations of the nutrients and ions measured in solution. Loadings (in lb/acre) of 

various nutrients, with the exception of nitrate, and hardness from green roofs were greater than from flat asphalt 

roofs. However, other ion loadings in the green roof runoff were not statistically different from flat asphalt roofs. In 

summer, when green roofs retained nearly all precipitation, there was limited nitrate loading from the green roofs. The 

water quality impacts of the green roof are thus seasonal, and depend on loadings from the planted system, background 

precipitation concentrations, and runoff rates. 

The project in Region 8 was performed by Colorado State University at a full scale green roof at the EPA Region 8 

Headquarters in Denver, Colorado which is a semi-arid climate (Klett et al., 2012). Monitoring was performed over a two 

year period with the goal of assessing the suitability of a variety of native species to the climatic conditions. Native 

species were evaluated in monoculture and mixed species plantings with varying results dependent on species. Zeolite 

amendments were added to a proprietary growing media (GreenGrid®) and plant survivability and plant cover (area) of 

four species were assessed with varying results dependent on species. Zeolite, which can increase moisture retention, 

may have may have improved plant performance during summer when irrigation was employed, as Colorado’s climate is 

semi-arid, but may have also negatively impacted some plants over winter when irrigation was not practiced. Statistical 

analysis of volumetric water content measurements indicated that overhead spray irrigation delivered a more consistent 

amount of moisture to plants than did drip irrigation; less irrigation water was used and plant cover increased. 

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The project in Region 2 is being performed by Columbia University which is monitoring six different sites across three 

different boroughs. While data collection and analysis is continuing, early results seem to indicate that thin vegetative 

mat systems (2 in. depth) retain the least water. Containerized green roof systems (planters) have much less variability 

in the amount of runoff than other green roof systems, as the container systems would appear to act as a regulator on 

the flow of runoff from a green roof. In contrast, open planted systems had variable runoff and the causes of this, i.e., 

seasons, shading or ante-cedent moisture conditions are still being investigated. 

Data will be presented that show green roofs are an effective low impact development tool. Two of the projects have 

resulted in reports that are available on the EPA website: National Service Center for Environmental Publications 

(NSCEP) (http://www.epa.gov/ncepi/). A final report for the third project is in the works. 

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Total Water Management: A Watershed Based Approach 

Thomas P. O’Connor, P.E. 

Project Officer, 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Urban Watershed Management Branch (MS-104) 

2890 Woodbridge Ave., 

Edison, NJ 08837 

(732) 321-6723 

FAX: (732) 906-6896 

oconnor.thomas@epa.gov 

In this urbanizing world, municipal water managers need to develop planning and management frameworks to meet 

challenges such as limiting fresh water supplies, degrading receiving waters, increasing regulatory requirements, 

flooding, aging infrastructure, rising utility (energy) costs, shifting populations, and changing climate. The traditional 

paradigm for water resources and infrastructure management - characterized as once-pass-through use of resources, 

supply-side solutions to growth, end-of-pipe solutions to wastewater and runoff, and single-purpose projects - is no 

longer adequate to meet the rapidly evolving challenges of water management. Total Water Management (TWM) is an 

interconnected approach that reduces fresh water demands, increases water reclamation, changes stormwater 

management into water assets development through integration of low impact development (LID) strategies, matches 

water quality to end user needs and achieves environmental goals through multi-purpose, multi-benefit infrastructure. 

TWM represents a new paradigm for urban water systems. Traditional urban water management separates the 

municipality’s water resources into distinct classes of potable water, wastewater, and urban runoff, while TWM 

approaches water as a resource undergoing a continual cycle which can be managed in a fully integrated manner. A 

case study for the TWM modeling approach is presented demonstrating cost savings and decrease water usage based on 

data from the City of Los Angeles, California. 

A systems model was developed based on Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software (Stockholm Environment 

Institute), an object oriented platform in which water schematics are created using a drop and drag approach. WEAP 

allows users to build customized models of water systems, which can include water supply, distribution, treatment, 

reclamation, and disposal infrastructure. WEAP performs mass balances throughout the systems, allocating water based 

on user-defined demand priorities and supply preferences. Reservior and groundwater storage are tracked over time, 

and indoor and outdoor water demands can be split to account for conservation and irrigation with reclaimed water, 

respectively. The software can simulate supply reliability, total lifecycle costs, water quality of receiving waters, and 

additional environmental indicators. 

In 1999, Los Angeles embarked on a holistic, watershed approach for managing its water resources called the Integrated 

Resources Plan (IRP). The IRP was a partnership between the different departments within Los Angeles that managed 

water supply, wastewater and stormwater. The goal was to develop multi-purpose, multi-benefit strategies to address 

chronic droughts, attain compliance with water quality laws, provide additional wastewater system capacity, increase 

open space, reduce energy consumption, manage costs and achieve quality of life improvements. The IRP was 

completed in 2006. 

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Implementing TWM requires integrating traditional water resources of potable water, wastewater, and urban runoff 

characterized in this case study by the following: 

• 85% of the water Los Angeles consumes is from outside city limits. This imported water has to be pumped 

hundreds of miles, resulting in high energy use and carbon gas emissions. Imported water is also susceptible to 

droughts and environmental restrictions. 

• The Los Angeles wastewater system consists of a large secondary treatment plant and three water reclamation 

plants. By 2020, new wastewater and collection system capacity will be required. Reclamation only comprised 

1% of supply in 2006. 

• The separately sewered stormwater runoff system, which also received dry-weather runoff from excessive 

irrigation, discharges untreated to receiving waters. Total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for bacteria, metals and 

other constituents require Los Angeles address urban runoff. 

TWM strategies evaluated to meet projected indoor and outdoor demands included increased water conservation, 

expanded reclamation, graywater implementation, groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting. The model used a 

monthly time step based on a historical hydrologic sequence, i.e., 1978 to 2003, to project from 2008 to 2033. The 

TWM options used in this case study were programmed in WEAP with capital, and fixed and variable operations and 

management estimates. Hydrographs were used to determine wet weather flows and variability, and stormwater gage 

data was used to determine the average dry weather urban runoff. Zinc was a proxy for water quality and TMDL 

compliance. Wastewater treatment and water reclamation capacities were based on the IRP. Water supply yields and 

cost data for TWM strategies were derived from a variety of sources, i.e., IRP and literature search. 

Three scenarios were modeled: (1) baseline, representing traditional urban water management; (2) TWM #1, focusing 

on increasing local water supplies; and (3) TWM #2, focusing on improving water quality. The output from the WEAP 

systems model was analyzed in order to assess the relative benefits of TWM versus traditional urban water management 

(baseline scenario). 

Results of the WEAP systems modeling analysis clearly indicated TWM was superior to traditional water management as 

both TWM scenarios provided greater benefits at lower costs. 

By design, the TWM # 1 (water supply emphasis) had aggressive water conservation and reduced water demands by 

16% while TWM # 2 (runoff treatment emphasis) reduced water demands by 7% from the traditional urban water 

management (baseline), respectively. Under traditional urban water management, water demands in the year 2030 are 

projected to be 760,000 acres-foot/ year (AFY), while projected water demands for TWM # 1 and TWM # 2 were 648,000 

AFY and 718,000 AFY, respectively 

The high cost for imported water for Los Angeles, which is also very vulnerable to droughts, nearly predetermined this 

result. However, additional analysis on the robustness of a TWM approach, i.e., through effects of climate change and 

potential damage to water systems due to earthquake, further reinforced the benefits of the TWM scenarios versus the 

traditional approach for Los Angeles. 

Decision support tools such as WEAP and other system simulation models can be useful in analyzing whether TWM 

produces net benefits by examining water resources in a more interconnected and integrated manner. Each application 

of TWM needs to be evaluated based on local water resources challenges and unique baseline conditions. A final report 

of the Los Angeles case study was completed by CDM (now CDM Smith) and published (Report EPA/600/R-12/551). This 

report is available from the EPA website for downloading. The presentation will summarize the approach used and 

results of the report. 

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Adopting Low Impact Development Practice for Stormwater Management - Pilot Studies in Sichuan, China 

Jianpeng ZHOU, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Associate Professor 

Department of Civil Engineering, 

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, IL, USA 62026-1800 

Phone: (618) 650-3221. Email: jzhou@siue.edu 

Wei WANG, Chief Engineer 

China No 2 Railway Engineering Design Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China 

Phone (86) 28-8644-6463. Email: 183721631@qq.com 

Victor SU, M.Sc., P.Eng., Senior Engineer & Joe ZHAO, Ph.D., P.Eng., C.Eng., Director 

ESD China Ltd., 17C 728 Xizangzhong Road, Shanghai, China 20001 

Phone (86) 21-5308-0914. Email jzhao@esdchina.com.cn 

Due to rapid urbanization in China during the last 20 years, stormwater management has become critical in many cities 

of China. The urban stormwater runoffs, having increased in both peak flows and runoff volumes due to developments, 

also contribute to water pollutions. At the same time, many cities in China face water shortage, especially those cities 

that rely on groundwater as water supply sources. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater has caused rapid depression of 

groundwater tables and land subsidence. Searching for an effective approach that integrates urban stormwater 

management and water resources management is desirable and essential. Although Low Impact Development (LID) 

concepts and Best Management Practices (BMPs) were introduced to China in recent years and a few cities in China 

conducted some BMP demonstration projects, these projects are small in scales and a systematic approach to monitor 

and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of LID and BMP is missing. As a result, there haven’t been much change 

in engineering design codes and urban planning guides in China. 

The Sichuan Small Town Reconstruction and Development Program (i.e. Program) was established to direct and manage 

projects for recovery and reconstruction from the 2008 earthquake (8.0 magnitude scale) in Sichuan Province. This 

Program is supported by loans from the World Bank and is to explore and investigate how to adopt appropriate LID and 

BMP for their applications in China. The Program has planned to select two small towns for pilot studies, where 

permeable pavement for pedestrian sidewalks, bioswales, rain gardens, bioretention are to be integrated with road 

designs. A monitoring and evaluation scheme is to set up to collect baseline data, which is to be followed by a postconstruction 

evaluation. The pilot studies are to assess how LID and BMP may be applied to suit local conditions; and to 

evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefit of reusing stormwater for water resources and of reducing peak flows, 

runoff volumes, as well as pollutions. Findings from these pilot studies can contribute to the updating and revision of 

engineering design codes, urban planning guides, and policy making for urban stormwater management in China. This 

project is under the design stage with an anticipated construction to start in 2013. Our presentation and paper are to 

discuss the status and challenges of stormwater management in China, design and engineering considerations of the 

pilot studies, and issues related to the planning and practicality of the project. 

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6406 

PWD’s Rapid Desktop Screening of Outfalls to Meet Planning Objectives and Identify Candidate Retrofit Sites 

Jon Hathaway, PhD, PE - Biohabitats 

8212 Creedmoor Rd, Raleigh, NC 27613 

919-518-0311 

jhathaway@biohabitats.com 

Joe Knieriem – McCormick Taylor 

509 South Exeter Street, Baltimore, MD 21202 

410-662-7400 

jpknieriem@mccormicktaylor.com 

Erik Haniman – Philadelphia Water Department 

Philadelphia Water Department - Office of Watersheds 

Aramark Tower, 4th Floor 

11th & Market Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19107 

215-685-4877 

Erik.Haniman@phila.gov 

The Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) has a well-established history of pursuing and implementing meaningful 

retrofit treatment practices at stormwater outfalls. These controls provide a range of ecosystem services including: 

cleaning water, providing habitat, enhancing public open space, and providing local flood mitigation. Until recently, the 

projects pursued have been primarily opportunistic, being driven by committed stakeholders and staff or to address 

local nuisance and maintenance issues. PWD recognized the need to develop a more pro-active and science based 

planning process to identify a broader inventory of opportunities for restoration at outfalls. A priority was placed on 

establishing a rapid, repeatable, and effective desktop method to screen stormwater outfalls for retrofit potential 

before devoting resources to detailed field assessments. PWD developed a set of ten screening factors to evaluate 

outfall suitability for retrofitting, including: hydraulics, utilities, property ownership, impervious cover treated, 

earthwork (excavation), accessibility, clearing & grubbing, historical / cultural, practice area to drainage area ratio, and 

watershed health. In addition, weighting schemes were established to allow sites to be ranked for retrofit feasibility. 

The screening approach is intended more to remove infeasible sites from further consideration as opposed to identifying 

the top retrofitting candidates. 

A geodatabase was developed to store all spatial and tabular information associated with the desktop outfall 

assessments. This geodatabase structure is scalable. If there is a need to track new information, it’s easy to add new 

related tables or new fields to existing tables. The initial phase was tested and refined on 23 outfalls. Field verification 

occurred on a subset of these. Phase 2 will scale the effort up to the remaining 400 outfalls in PWD’s separate sewer 

area. 

This presentation will review the key elements of the screening process, the underlying data structure of the 

geodatabase, and the findings based on statistical and qualitative analysis of the assessments performed on the full suite 

of 400 outfalls in the city’s separate sewer area. Finally, the presentation will discuss how the screening tool has 

improved PWD’s planning process and streamlined their efforts to develop an inventory of candidate capital projects. 

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Stormwater Management Education in Nebraska: Integrating Extension, Teaching, and Research 

David P. Shelton 

University of Nebraska-Lincoln 

57905 866 Road 

Concord, NE 68728-2828 

402-584-3849 

dshelton2@unl.edu 

Kelly A. Feehan, Steven N. Rodie, Thomas G. Franti, Katie A. Pekarek, Bobbi A. Holm 

University of Nebraska 

Stormwater management is a critical concern for communities in the United States with populations over 10,000 largely 

because of mandates to reduce stormwater runoff volumes and associated pollutants. A Stormwater Work Group was 

organized at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) in 2006 to develop educational programs and materials to address 

municipal stormwater management through green infrastructure and other best management practices. A USDA-NIFA 

grant titled “Improving and Conserving Water Resources through Stormwater Management Education for Community 

Decision Makers of Today and Tomorrow” was received in 2009 which has further supported and greatly expanded work 

group efforts. This, coupled with support from numerous Nebraska communities, has successfully blended extension 

programming with several university teaching and research components. The resulting synergy has helped communities 

and individuals more effectively manage stormwater quantity and quality while building a knowledge-base of 

information that will continue to support future initiatives and programs. 

Extension programs have included: presentations for design and green industry professionals, MS4 stormwater program 

managers, municipal officials, Master Gardeners, and homeowners; all-day rain garden workshops/installations; green 

infrastructure practice tours; rain barrel construction workshops; web-based resources; an interactive rain garden 

model; youth activities; and publications. Research projects are generating information on rain garden hydrologic and 

plant growth attributes, homeowner perspectives on rain garden installation programs, and evaluation of current 

regional bioretention design standards. Academic programs at UNL in both landscape architecture and landscape 

horticulture are expanding curriculum in green infrastructure, low impact development, and stormwater BMP design 

and construction as a direct result of extension and research efforts. Efforts have culminated in new course lectures as 

well as several studio design projects that have conceptually addressed real-world clients and stormwater management 

projects. 

Key to the success of UNL stormwater management programming is the strong integration of extension, teaching, and 

research, which can often be a significant challenge. Fundamentals of this integration, the multi-faceted products that 

have broadened the value of urban-focused extension stormwater programming, and selected programming impacts 

will be illustrated and discussed. 

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6408 

The Rain Garden App: A Mobile Approach to LID Outreach 

David Dickson 

University of Connecticut Center for Land Use Education And Research (CLEAR) 

Middlesex County Extension Center, 

1066 Saybrook Road, Haddam, CT 06438 

(860) 345-4511 

david.dickson@uconn.edu 

Dr. Michael Dietz 

University of Connecticut Center for Land Use Education And Research (CLEAR) 

Middlesex County Extension Center, 

1066 Saybrook Road, Haddam, CT 06438 

(860) 345-4511 

Michael.dietz@uconn.edu 

Towns throughout the country have begun to pass ordinances requiring or encouraging that green infrastructure 

practices like rain gardens be used. Individual homeowners have also increasingly begun to install these practices 

voluntarily in an effort to protect water quality. While this increased awareness and interest is great, without 

informational tools to support the contractors, landscapers and homeowners as they begin to install these practices, the 

practices will likely be installed incorrectly. If this leads to failure, interest will quickly wane. Thus, it is particularly 

important at this stage of the evolution of GI/LID to ensure that early adopters have the support needed to site, size, 

design and install these practices correctly. 

The University of Connecticut Center for Land Use Education And Research (CLEAR) has launched a mobile application or 

“app” for smartphones focused on Rain Gardens. The App is designed as a resource for homeowners, landscapers, 

contractors, and others and guides them through the process of designing, installing, and maintaining a rain garden. 

The App includes several short video tutorials to help users with each step of the process, a plant selector tool, and tools 

to help determine the location, size and cost of a garden. It also allows users to save their various Rain Garden projects 

with the app for later reference, sharing with others, and setting maintenance reminders. 

This talk will provide a live demonstration of the App, initial data on usage, and how UConn CLEAR is using it to support 

the effective implementation of rain gardens at the local level. 

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6409 

Stormwater Sleuth and Running Rain! Slowing it Down! Keeping it Clean! 

Kelly Feehan, University of Nebraska-Lincoln-Extension 

2610 14 th Street, Columbus NE 68601 

Phone: 402-563-4901, Fax: 402-563-8001 

kfeehan2@unl.edu 

Today’s youth are the next generation of professionals and decision makers faced with water and other environmental 

issues in their communities. However, today’s youth generally have fewer interactions with, and less of a connection to, 

nature than previous generations. With stormwater management in urban and rural communities becoming a focus 

across the United States, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension is developing a stormwater education kit for 

youth and has developed and conducted education and outreach efforts to help youth become “stormwater and 

greenspace smart”. In 2009, the UNL-Extension stormwater team received a USDA-NIFA grant to improve and conserve 

water resources through stormwater management education. Youth education is one component of this integrated 

grant. In this presentation, we will share information about the “Stormwater Sleuth and Running Rain! Keeping it Clean! 

Slowing it Down!” youth education kit being developed for use by environmental educators and school teachers. The kit 

will consist of a comic-type booklet, “how to” sheets to guide educators in hands-on activities, awareness items, and a 

decision-making card game. Stormwater and green infrastructure related education activities used across the state will 

also be shared. These include Water Explore camps, Water Video View workshops, stormwater related activities at water 

festivals, and a We All Live in a Watershed 4-H school enrichment presentation. 

The objectives of UNL-Extension stormwater education for youth are to: 

- Increase awareness and understanding of issues related to stormwater runoff and nonpoint source pollution. 

- Raise youth knowledge about stormwater runoff and pollutant problems, and encourage them to personally use 

and advocate management practices 

- Increase awareness of the changing paradigm of stormwater management so as future decision makers they 

view green infrastructure as an accepted means of stormwater management. 

- Help youth identify related educational programs, career paths and entrepreneurial opportunities. 

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Implementing Green Infrastructure BMPs: Extension Programming Impacts in Stormwater Management Education 

Kathryn A. Pekarek – University of Nebraska Lincoln - Extension 

216 S. 9 th , Seward, Nebraska 68434 

(402) 560-3110 

kpekarek2@unl.edu 

David Shelton – University of Nebraska Lincoln - Extension 

57905 866 Road 

Concord, Nebraska 68728 

(402) 584-3849 

dshelton2@unl.edu 

Kelly Feehan – University of Nebraska Lincoln - Extension 

2610 14 th St. 

Columbus, Nebraska 68601 

(402) 563-4901 

kfeehan2@unl.edu 

Thomas Franti – University of Nebraska Lincoln - Extension 

242 Chase Hall 

Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 

(402) 472-9872 

thomas.franti@unl.edu 

Steven Rodie – University of Nebraska Lincoln - Extension 

AH 114 

Omaha, Nebraska 68182 

(402) 554-3752 

srodie@unl.edu 

There is a nationally recognized paradigm shift from managing stormwater with gray infrastructure to managing with 

innovative green infrastructure. In 2009, University of Nebraska Lincoln – Extension received a grant from the USDA 

National Institute of Food and Agriculture to improve and conserve water resources through stormwater management 

education for community decision makers. The UNL-Extension Stormwater Team is using a multi-faceted approach to 

provide stormwater management education focused on the new green infrastructure. Green infrastructure tours and 

hands-on rain garden workshops are two techniques that have been used successfully. 

Tours titled “Green Infrastructure Tour: Stormwater Management’s Shifting Paradigm” have been offered annually in 

Omaha, Lincoln, Grand Island, and Hastings, Nebraska between 2009 – 2012, and will be offered in 2013. The goal of 

these tours is to provide an opportunity for participants to view and discuss green infrastructure practices being used 

and to build networking relationships for potential implementation of these practices. In 2012, one hundred and six 

municipal employees, green industry and design professionals, Master Gardeners, and others increased their awareness 

and knowledge of green infrastructure methods for urban stormwater management and water resources protection by 

attending these tours. Post tour surveys indicated ninety-six percent of participants increased their knowledge of how to 

design, install and maintain green infrastructure BMPs for stormwater management. 

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Many of the tour participants were strongly committed to the use of green infrastructure stormwater management prior 

to their participation in UNL-Extension education programs. Of those participants indicating a change based on their 

past participation in UNL-Extension programming in the area of stormwater management, 63% have installed a green 

infrastructure BMP aimed at capturing and infiltrating run-off water; such as a rain garden, bioswale, bioretention 

garden or porous hardscape. Ninety-one percent have begun to use BMPs that have reduced potential water pollutants 

from leaving a property (such as sweeping granules and grass clippings from pavement). This presentation will describe 

the curriculum of this education and outreach method, evaluation methodology and programmatic impact. 

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Integrating LID Practices into a Green Campus Design in Southern China 

Haifeng Jia, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China 

jhf@tsinghua.edu.cn 

Chaopu Ti, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China 

tichaopu@163.com 

Xiangwen Wang, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China 

xwwang1124@163.com 

Yanyun Zhai, Ecovista Environmental Consulting, Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 

zhaiyanyun@yahoo.com.cn 

Richard Field, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Watershed 

Management Branch, Edison, New Jersey, USA 

rfield39@gmail.com 

Anthony Tafuri, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Watershed 

Management Branch, Edison, New Jersey, USA 

Tafuri.Anthony@epamail.epa.gov 

Shaw L. Yu, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA 

sly@cms.mail.virginia.edu 

A field test of selected LID-type best management practices (BMPs) was conducted in Foshan city under a collaborative 

effort between Tsinghua University, University of Virginia and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The 

BMPs selected include three grassed swales, a buffer strip, a bioretention cell, two graveled infiltration areas and a 

constructed wetland. The test site is on campus of Guangdong vocational college of environmental protection 

engineering in the City of Foshan in Guangdong Province in Southern China. The BMPs, arranged in a series, receive 

stormwater runoff from four tennis courts with an area of 2,808 m 2 and eight basketball courts with an area of 4,864 

m 2. Construction of the BMPs was completed in early spring of 2012 and sampling was conducted during May through 

July of 2012. During this phase the sampling effort was planned with emphasis on determining the performance of 

swales and the bioretention cell in controlling runoff quantity as well as quality. A total of ten storm events were 

monitored, with five (rainfall amount from 1.3 mm to 6.6 mm) producing no runoff and five (rainfall amount from 19.3 

mm to 105.4 mm) did. Data collected from the five storm events were analyzed for runoff quantity (peak flow rate and 

total runoff volume) and quality reduction by the BMPs. The Sum-of-Loads (SOL) method was used for calculating the 

water quality performance of BMPs. Results indicated that, for peak flow rate, bioretention reduction of 98-100% was 

obtained, and swale reduction was 24-100%. For runoff volume reduction, the reduction was 52-72% and 12-19%, 

respectively. For water quality, the bioretention cell showed good removal for zinc (100%), Copper (69%) and NH 3 -N 

(60%); fair removal for COD (57%) and TN (56%), while poor removal for TSS (-10%) and TP (-43%). The results for the 

swales are incomplete. A Phase 2 effort is being planned for 2013 with a goal of ten more storm events to be sampled. 

Also, the next sampling program will be expanded to include the other BMPs, namely the infiltration areas and the 

wetland. The study is one of the major “green Campus” initiatives the school has been undertaking in recent years. 

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6412 

Potential Climate Change Impacts in Vegetation Installed in Green-Infrastructures 

Catalano de Sousa, M.R.; Montalto, F.; Miller, S. 

Intro & Goals 

A pilot experiment was conducted from August 20 th to November 15 th 2012 seeking to better understand how climate 

changes projected for the NE region will impact urban vegetation installed in Green-Infrastructure. Specifically, we 

wanted to determine which of two species commonly found in Bronx, NY bioretention facilities adapt better to drought 

conditions and are able to recover their environmental functions immediately afterwards. 

Material & Methods 

This pilot experiment took place in a controlled weather environment and featured two species: Carex comosa (C1 and 

C2) and Liriope muscari (L1 and L2). 

The experiment comprised two cycles whereby two boxes containing the “test” plants (plants 2: L2 and C2) were 

subjected to drought until they were visibly stressed and significant differences in appearance compared to the control 

boxes (plants1: L1 and C1, kept near field capacity) were noted. At the end of the drought, the test plants were allowed 

to recover by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity until they reached stomatal conductance levels similar to the 

controls. 

Stomatal Conductance (g), volumetric water content (VWC, in the depths of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 cm), air temperature (T) 

and relative humidity (RH) were measured on a daily basis. 

Results 

The correlation between Liriopes stomatal conductance (for both plants L1 and L2) and air temperature was statistically 

significant (p-value < 0.05), as was the correlation between Liriopes stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit 

(VPD), indicating that increases in temperature and VPD will lead to decreases in Liriopes stomatal conductance. The 

correlation between Carex stomatal conductance (for both plants C1 and C2) and VPD were not statistically significant 

(p-value > 0.05), nor was the correlation between the stomatal conductance of C1 and temperature. However, the 

correlation between C2 stomatal conductance and temperature was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), suggesting 

that increases in temperature will lead to decreases in stomatal conductance in Carex under water stress. 

The VWC over the soil profile of plants 2 (subjected to drought) in both species was significantly correlated (p-value < 

0.05) to the differences in stomatal conductance between treatments, indicating that decreases in soil moisture of 

plants 2 will lead to decreased stomatal conductance of plants 2 and increased differences between treatments. 

It should be noted that in Liriopes stomatal conductance responses to temperature and VPD were influenced by soil 

moisture content. The stronger correlation coefficient between L1 stomatal conductance, temperature, and VPD 

suggests that temperature and VPD negatively affected L1 stomatal conductance more than L2. It is likely that under low 

soil moisture content Liriopes adapts a conservative water-use behavior, which will lead to stomata closure and make 

the stomata less responsive for any further climatic variations. On the other hand the opposite was observed in Carex. 

The correlation between Carex stomatal conductance, temperature, and VPD was higher in plants under drought 

treatment, indicating that Carex stomatal responses to climatic fluctuations are more intense in plants subjected to low 

soil moisture. This suggests that Carex has a less conservative water-use performance under water stress than Liriopes. 

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Final Comments 

The results showed that Carex presents higher stomatal conductance than Liriopes independent of treatment, indicating 

that they transpire more and uptake more water from soil, implying a better functionality from a stormwater 

management perspective. Also, their higher stomatal conductance indicate that these plants can uptake more CO 2 from 

atmosphere than Liriopes, meaning they can provide better benefits in terms of air quality than Liriopes. However, they 

demand more water than Liriopes and after drought treatment, Carex took longer to recovery than the Liriopes. In 

addition, during the treatment, they demonstrated a greater drought sensativity than Liriopes, indicating that Liriopes 

could adapt better to water-stress conditions than Carex. On the other hand, Liriopes revealed to be more sensitive to 

increases in temperature and VPD than Carex, suggesting that in a scenario with both longer dry periods and higher 

temperatures their ability to survival might be affected. Despite withstanding drought better than expected, altogether 

the plants did not recover from the second drought treatment as well as the first period of drought. Yet it should be 

noted that the second drought treatment (35 days) was much longer than the first (14 days) while the recovery period 

for the second cycle was shorter (10 days) than the first (24 days) and the same plants have been used since the 

beginning of the experiment. 

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6413 

Working through Ordinance Revision with Local Communities – Using NEMO to Educate, Train, and Motivate Change 

John Bilotta, Jay Michels, Jay Riggs, and Jean Coleman 

The ultimate goals of low impact development (LID) and your program might be cleaner water, protection of natural 

resources and healthier communities, but in order to get there, an effective implementation of LID requires you to 

inspire, catalyze, enable changes to local policies and ordinances. This presentation will feature an overview of the new 

Minnesota Minimal Impacts Design Standards (MIDS) model ordinances developed as part of the 

Community Assistance Package (CAP). The Package includes model ordinance developed to meet the new performance 

goals of MIDS including MS4, TMDL, and Anti-degradation; instructions about how to use the Package, flowcharts, 

checklists, training materials from the pilot implementation, and how communities can incorporate the MIDS BMPO 

calculator into local policies. This presentation will cover topics useful for educators and professionals who tackle the 

daunting task of ordinance revision to support LID. The CAP was implemented in 4 pilot communities in 2012‐13. The 

presentation will cover the role of the Minnesota Northland EMO program to test and implement the CAP in 

communities and the discoveries of policy tentacles the weave throughout local codes and plans that can support and 

hinder low impact development. This session will provide the results, the positive gains, and the challenges of working 

through ordinance revisions in the pilot communities. It will also highlight the process that was used. It will also include 

plenty of time for discussion of what works and what doesn’t, pitfalls, lessons learned, frustrations, triumphs and 

whatever else is on your mind when you step into town hall. 

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Using Interactive Simulation and Hands-On Education and Training for Watershed Wide Implementation of the 3P’s in 

Support of LID: Planning, Policy, and Practices: The Watershed Game 

John Bilotta, Jesse Schomberg, Cindy Hagley, and Angie Hong 

The Northland NEMO (Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials) program’s Watershed Game is an interactive tool with 

a record of success in helping local government officials and others understand the connection between land use and 

water quality. Participants learn how a variety of land uses impact water and natural resources, increase their 

knowledge of best management practices (BMPs), and learn how their choices can prevent adverse impacts. Participants 

apply plans, practices, and policies that help them achieve a water quality goal for a stream, lake, or river. It has been 

used throughout Minnesota and in other areas of the country to build the knowledge base of local leaders, providing 

sound science and easier understanding of TMDL's, watershed plans, and MS4 permits and their role as leaders to 

achieving them. This presentation will feature a presentation of the Watershed Game resource, showcase several case 

studies where and how it has been used and highlight its train-the-trainer program used to build capacity to more than 

75 Facilitators in more than 12 states and share some of the outcomes and impacts measured through evaluation. This 

presentation will also feature an actual use of the Watershed Game with participants in the session (will require 45 

minutes of the 90 minute session and will require dividing up the participants in the session and use of tables.) 

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Plant Material Installation Types for Extensive Vegetative Roof Assemblies, an Overview 

James H. Lenhart, PE, D.WRE & David Gilmore 

Phone: 503.756.1005 

Email: jlenhart@stormwaternorthwest.com 

Phone: 360.661.2767 

Email: davidg@northwesthort.com 

With the increasing application of Vegetative Roof Assemblies, “Green Roofs” throughout North America there are often 

many concerns from building owners, installers, specifiers, and designers regarding the plant material installation 

forms/methods and the species most commonly available for extensive assembly types. 

Given that these assemblies are relatively new to the North American market there is often many misconceptions in the 

market place in terms what installation forms/methods and species work best for any given scenario. These 

misconceptions can have a major impact on not only the initial cost of a vegetative roof system , but also species 

availability, the establishment period, long term maintenance, aesthetic and vigor of the entire vegetative roof 

assembly. These and other factors are critical to proper selection of plant materials for a successful extensive vegetative 

roof. 

In the current market there are typically four primary categories in which plant material installation forms fall under; Un- 

Rooted Cuttings, Plugs, Sedum Tiles/Mats and Pre-grown Modules. 

As their name suggest the Un-rooted cuttings are the cuttings from live plant stock and are typically machine harvested, 

partially dried to ensure quality, packaged and stored in temperature controlled environments until delivery. Cuttings as 

they are often called, are typically used when a high coverage rate and low cost are required. While cuttings from a 

material and installation cost perspective are considered quite economical they require greater and extended care 

during establishment and can be limiting in terms of precise planting layouts. 

Plugs are essentially a more mature form of cuttings that are fully rooted in growing media ranging in size and thus 

maturity level. Plugs sizes are typically determined by the tray’s quantity they are grown in. Plugs are typically grown in 

36, 50, 72, or 128 sizes/quantities. The 72 size plug is considered the industry standard because they are a welldeveloped 

plug that is also cost effective. Plugs are often implemented when species diversity and specific layout 

patterns are desired. While they provide less initial coverage than other methods, an established plant is being provided, 

which can often extend the seasonal installation timeline and help lessen establishment requirements. 

Grown from cuttings in a nursery environment Sedum Tiles/Mats are effectively “plant sod” for the roof. In growing a 

tile/mat the nursery takes sedum cuttings and places them onto a substrate in which the cuttings can root and be 

harvested in situ at a later date. Once the desired coverage rate is achieved the material is harvested, packaged and 

shipped to the project location within days. While more expensive than cutting or plugs, tiles/mats are full grown 

providing 90%+ coverage the day of installation. Installation times are faster than plugs and coverage rates similar to or 

greater than cuttings can be achieved. Because they are nursery grown significantly lower establishment and 

maintenance is required following installation. 

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Considered the most expensive planting option Pre-grown Modules also known as pre-grown trays incorporate the use 

of a module at the nursery that will be placed directly on the roof in a finished state. Almost always rectilinear in shape 

the modules are typically made of plastic and can vary in size and depth depending on the desired plant palette. The 

empty module is sent to a regional grower, typically close to the project site, where modules are filled with growing 

media, and then planted with the desired species. Both cuttings and plugs are typically used and the modules are grown 

out to the desired coverage rates, usually to 80% or greater. Once the coverage rate is achieved the modules are 

shipped to the project site and placed on the roof, complete. While the modules contain rooted plant material and have 

high coverage rates the cost of shipping and production often make this form of “planting” the most expensive. 

Additionally shipping and installation of the final product can be expensive due to weight generated by the pre-placed 

growing media. 

With any new and growing field there will often be a lack of clarity regarding the successful implementation and 

associated costs when there is significant product diversity in the market place. This paper will attempt to provide a 

general overview of the following elements while clarifying the most common situations found in the current market 

place along with the advantages and disadvantages that can be found in specifying various plant material forms for 

extensive vegetative roof assemblies; 

• Plant Installation Types Overview, including the advantages and disadvantages 

• General Cost Benefit Analysis of each type 

• An overview of the most common species used in extensive vegetative roof systems including comments on 

typical availability. 

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6416 

It Takes 18: Creating a Strategic Education Program for Multiple Partners 

Angie Hong – East Metro Water Resource Education Program 

C/O: Washington Conservation District 

1380 W. Frontage Rd. Hwy 36 

Stillwater, MN 55082 

651-275-1136 X.35 Phone / 651-275-1254 Fax 

Angie.Hong@Mnwcd.Org 

Karen Kill – Brown’s Creek Watershed District 

1380 W. Frontage Rd. Hwy 36 

Stillwater, MN 55082 

651-275-1136 X.26 Phone / 651-275-1254 Fax 

Karen.Kill@Mnwcd.Org 

Presentation Summary 

This 90-minute advanced technical learning session will provide an overview of a highly effective multi-jurisdictional education 

collaboration - the East Metro Water Resource Education Program (EMWREP) – and show how one of its partners, Brown’s 

Creek Watershed District, is using this education program to help meet water quality goals. This session will include a mix of 

presentations and small group work to help participants identify strategic partners, audiences and educational activities in 

their own communities. 

Project Objectives 

The East Metro Water Resource Education Program (EMWREP) is a partnership between 18 local units of government (LGUs) 

that was formed in 2006 to conduct water resource education and outreach in the east metro area of St. Paul, MN. (A map 

and list of EMWREP partners can be found at www.mnwcd.org/cleanwater.) The EMWREP partnership helps participating 

LGUs to: 

1. Raise awareness and understanding about water resource issues among the public and other key audiences; 

2. Promote voluntary best management practices (BMPs), especially in priority locations; 

3. Increase the adoption and use of LID policies and practices by local communities; and 

4. Meet federal, state and local rules and regulations. 

The EMWREP partnership serves as a model for how local units of government can work together to save time and money, 

while increasing the effectiveness of their water protection and improvement efforts. 

Approaches and Results 

EMWREP uses the following six education approaches: 

1. General Education Campaign: This includes participating in community events, writing articles for community 

newspapers and city newsletters, using websites and social media, and partnering with local non-profits and citizen 

groups. 

Result - These efforts have improved public awareness and understanding of water resource issues, and have 

also increased the effectiveness of direct landowner outreach and the willingness of local community leaders 

to consider LID policies and practices. 

2. Blue Thumb – Planting for Clean Water®: Along with more than 85 public and private partners in the upper Midwest, 

EMWREP uses Blue Thumb to promote the use of native plants, raingardens and shoreline plantings to reduce runoff 

pollution and conserve groundwater resources. EMWREP partners use educational messages, tools, activities and 

events created by the Blue Thumb partnership to promote their BMP and voluntary incentive programs. 

Result – Blue Thumb promotions, along with incentive grants for homeowners, has increased the number of 

voluntary BMPs built in Washington County from an average of 5 per year prior to 2004 to more than 200 in 

2012. 

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3. Direct Landowner Outreach: EMWREP provides support for direct outreach to commercial, residential, and rural (nonagricultural) 

landowners in priority areas. For these types of projects, messages and outreach strategies are tailored 

to the specific landowner or neighborhood. 

Result – EMWREP partners have gained the participation of critical landowners for water quality projects. 

4. Stormwater U: EMWREP helped to create the Stormwater U training program in collaboration with the University of 

Minnesota Extension and the Minnesota Erosion Control Certification Program. These technical workshops are 

offered for LGU staff – public works, engineers, planners and consultants – and have covered a range of topics 

including BMP design, installation and maintenance; turf, winter road and stormwater pond maintenance; and illicit 

discharge detection and elimination. 

Result - Many local communities have built BMP demonstration projects, several have begun to include LID 

retrofits in municipal road and redevelopment projects, and others have modified their practices or acquired 

new equipment to reduce the environmental impacts of their turf and winter road maintenance. 

5. NEMO: In collaboration with Northland NEMO (Non-point Education for Municipal Officialswww.northlandnemo.org) 

and other local partners, EMWREP also offers training and education for local decisionmakers. 

Past efforts have included a comprehensive planning workshop, three workshops out on the St. Croix River 

and individual community presentations. 

Result – Local communities have developed and implemented plans, policies and practices that protect their 

water resources. 

Methodologies – Case Study 

Brown’s Creek Watershed District (BCWD) has used EMWREP in combination with watershed rules and a BMP cost-share 

grant program to increase the number of infiltration practices built in subwatersheds draining to two of its priority water 

bodies: Long Lake and Brown’s Creek. 

General Education: Weekly articles on a variety of topics related to water resources appear in the Stillwater Gazette, which 

has led to an increase in public awareness and concern about these issues. These articles have also helped BCWD to publicize 

its water quality improvement projects, such as recent retrofits at Stillwater Country Club and Oak Glen Golf Course that will 

dramatically improve Brown’s Creek, a designated trout stream. 

Blue Thumb and Direct Landowner Outreach: The watershed district has used Blue Thumb workshops, neighborhood parties, 

and presentations to homeowners associations and community groups, to educate and motivate local homeowners in 

neighborhoods draining to Long Lake and Brown’s Creek to build nearly 60 residential raingardens. This year, the district 

identified best locations for road right-of-way raingardens in one priority neighborhood, developed an outreach strategy for 

that neighborhood, and secured a grant from MN Clean Water Land and Legacy funds to install the raingardens in 2013-14. 

Stormwater U and NEMO: Training and education provided through EMWREP has helped the city of Stillwater, which is within 

BCWD and also an EMWREP partner, to meet TMDL, MS4 permit and watershed rule requirements and also to adopt LID 

policies and practices. The city has built large demonstration raingardens in public spaces and now incorporates road right-ofway 

raingardens in their street repair projects. In 2010, Stillwater was recognized as one of Minnesota’s first “Blue Star” cities 

in recognition of their water-friendly ways. 


Since 2006, the EMWREP partnership has grown from seven partners to eighteen. It is now in its third round of three-year 

contracts, which will carry through until the end of 2015. 

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Development of a Bioretention-Gravel Wetland Hybrid to Optimize Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal 

Robert Roseen 

Geosyntec Consultants 

289 Great Road, Acton, MA 01720 


Robin Stone, Alison Watts, James Houle, Tim Puls 


Environmental Research Group 

35 Colovos Road 

University of New Hampshire 

Durham, NH 03824 

RML54@unh.edu 

Alison.Watts@unh.edu 

James.Houle@unh.edu 

Tim.puls@unh.edu 

This project presents the final results of a 2 year study examining novel design elements to create a hybrid bioretention 

and subsurface gravel wetland. Results indicate improved nitrogen and phosphorous removal in the footprint of 

bioretention system using many of the design characteristics of a gravel wetland. The study examined: 1) soil media 

composition with respect to optimization of phosphorus removal, and 2) structural configuration for optimization of 

nitrogen removal. The University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center (UNHSC) conducted lab and field investigations 

of various design characteristics of bioretention soil mix composition. Mix composition examined the use of sand, soil, 

compost and water treatment residuals. Residuals from the coagulation and flocculation process in drinking water 

treatment have been shown to adsorb ortho-phosphate, the most bioavailable form of phosphorus, in lab studies. 

Column studies reveal the effectiveness of a bioretention soil mix for phosphorus removal when water treatment 

residuals (WTR) are a constituent of the mix. Effective nitrate removal has been accomplished at the UNHSC field facility 

in a gravel wetland system, which promotes the process of denitrification in an anaerobic zone. These results have been 

utilized in the design of a bioretention system with an internal storage reservoir in the town of Durham, NH. System 

characteristics examined include: 1) phosphorus sorption capacity of soil media, 2) residence time of solution within soil 

media, 4) dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and 5) ortho-phosphate and nitrate concentrations. 

103

6418 

Water Quality and Quantity Performance Review of Bioretention Design Criteria and Operating Conditions 

Robert Roseen 

Geosyntec Consultants 

289 Great Road, Acton, MA 01720 


Shanti Colwell, Shelly Basketfield, Tracy Tackett 


700 5th. Ave., Suite 4900, PO Box 34018, Seattle, WA 98124 

shanti.colwell@seattle.gov 

Shelly.Basketfield@seattle.gov 

Tracy.Tackett@seattle.gov 

Robin Stone 


35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH 03824 

RML54@unh.edu 

Successful management strategies are in great demand as major investments will be made in stormwater management 

by municipalities around the country. Green infrastructure is often a preferred treatment technology where feasible 

prior to investment in costly traditional gray infrastructure controls. Bioretention systems are becoming increasingly 

common as they are relatively simple to build, and provide excellent removal for many stormwater contaminants, 

including suspended sediments, metals, and hydrocarbons. However, tremendous performance variations are observed 

for different filter medias in particular for nutrient removal. Positive nitrogen removal is observed in media systems with 

low infiltration capacity and low sand content, and in some instances neutral or even negative treatment is observed 

from media with high sand and/or compost content. There is a trend toward the use of rapidly draining medias because 

they can have reduced maintenance, enable smaller filter beds, and ultimately reduced cost for construction. 

This project will present an extensive literature review of significant published literature and other relevant data from 

over 150 entries of bioretention system performance. Design, site, and operating criteria will be evaluated for 

performance for a wide range of pollutants. Parameters examined include Site criteria (drainage area, impervious cover, 

land use, average annual precipitation, soil type), Design criteria (underdrain, media thickness, media composition (eg. 

sand, compost), design infiltration rates, slope, ponding depth, drawdown time, sizing methodology (static, dynamic), 

treatment depth, pretreatment, online or offline system), and Operating criteria (age of system, actual infiltration rates, 

maintenance). Pollutant treatment performance includes both quality and quantity parameters. 

104

6419 

From Grey to Green Streets: Agency Tools for Institutionalizing Coordination 

Rachel Kraai – San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 



415-554-1581 

RKraai@sfwater.org 

Rosey Jencks – San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 



415-934-5762 

RJencks@sfwater.org 

Streets make up over 25% of San Francisco’s limited land area – more space than the City’s entire open space system. In 

dense urban San Francisco, the right-of-way also serves as the city’s outdoor “living room” – locations for sitting, dining, 

gardening and playing. Yet many of the city’s streets remain an underutilized resource – with fragmented design due, in part, 

to a history of siloed city agencies working to achieve specific goals without regard to the multiple roles that streets can play. 

Until recently, green infrastructure was also not considered part of San Francisco’s streetscape design toolkit – this is no 

longer the case. 

San Francisco’s Better Streets Plan, adopted in 2010, creates a compelling vision for the transformation of the City’s streets, 

and includes green infrastructure within its guidelines. The Better Streets Plan has won multiple local, state, and national 

awards, including a 2010 Charter Award from the Congress for the New Urbanism, and the 2010 “Best Practices” Award from 

the California Chapter of the American Planning Association. 

The Plan seeks to balance the needs of all street users. It reflects the understanding that the pedestrian environment is about 

much more than just transportation – that streets serve a multitude of social, recreational and ecological needs. The Better 

Streets Plan process brought together staff from all City agencies with responsibility over design, construction and 

management of streets to create a once-in-a-generation comprehensive plan for the design of San Francisco’s streets. 

The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) is harnessing the tools of the Better Streets Plan to implement green 

infrastructure projects in the public realm as part of the agency’s $6.9 billion Sewer System Improvement Program (SSIP). 

During the first phase of the SSIP, the SFPUC will be constructing eight major green infrastructure projects – one in each of the 

city’s urban watersheds. 

These eight projects will bring staff together from various city agencies to plan, design, and implement multi-solution green 

infrastructure projects that reduce flows to the sewers while providing ancillary benefits such as traffic calming, enhanced 

community spaces, and improvements in air quality. The planning tools that city staff developed during the Better Streets Plan 

process will support projects that are integrated and multi-functional. 

This session will provide an overview on the primary tools that the SFPUC and other San Francisco agencies are using to 

implement the city’s vision for complete, green streets, including: 

• Tools to coordinate implementation of green streets at the early planning stages to realize project completeness and 

cost efficiencies across agencies; 

• Creation of resources to engage staff and community members in building Better Streets, including a user-friendly 

‘one-stop shop’ website for all information pertaining to making street improvements in San Francisco 

• Creation of life-cycle cost model and triple-bottom line analysis for assessing the long-term costs and benefits of 

different street design choices. 

105

6421 

Development and Implementation of a Physical and Virtual Stormwater Management Trail at a Midwestern 

University 

Donald D. Carpenter, Ph.D., P.E., LEED AP, AM ASCE 

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 W. Ten Mile Road, 

Southfield, MI 48075 PH 248 204-2549; FAX 248 204-2568; Email: dcarpente@ltu.edu 

Lawrence Technological University is a private university located on a 120-acre campus in highly urbanized Southfield, 

Michigan (Detroit, Michigan Metropolitan Area – United States of America). The campus was primarily developed over 

the last 50 years with limited or no stormwater controls as was customary with local regulations of the time. However, 

an updated campus master plan (2003) and the opening of a student services center in 2005 provided the opportunity 

for the campus to commit itself to green design and the use of low impact development (LID) techniques. The 40,000 

square-foot A. Alfred Taubman Student Services Center (Center) is a US Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and 

Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Certified green building that features a 10,000 square foot green roof; geothermal 

heating and cooling; cistern water harvesting; and other energy efficient technologies. As such, the Center provides a 

living laboratory for Lawrence Tech architecture and engineering students, local municipal officials, community planners, 

and design engineers to learn about sustainable design techniques and LEED certification. 

Concurrently with the Center design and construction, University officials reviewed the existing stormwater system and 

identified areas for retrofit with innovative stormwater management techniques as part of the institutional master plan. 

This provided a roadmap for potential retrofits and measurable improvement in the watershed. The campus now has 

three bioretention cells, naturalized detention, two native grow zone/riparian buffer, porous pavement, a vegetated 

roof, cistern, and bioswale. Several of these innovative stormwater mangaement techniques have been monitored for 

performance as part of ongoing research investigations. 

A unique aspect is that these techniques are strategically placed in the center of campus to provide for a compact 

educational experience while addressing current stormwater retrofit needs. The educational experience is unified 

through the development of a self-guided walking tour with professional educational signage supported by a virtual 

component (i.e. interactive website with videos and additional information accessible through smart phone technology). 

As such, the University has become a regional case study for stormwater retrofitting in an urban environment and a 

living laboratory of innovative stormwater best management techniques for education, outreach, and research. This 

assists the University in educating the next generation of professionals, landscape architects, community leaders, and 

urban planners on issues associated with stormwater as well as possible solutions for managing and treating 

stormwater. 

106

6422 

Brownstown Middle School Green Roof Monitoring Project 

Donald D. Carpenter, Ph.D., P.E., LEED AP, AM ASCE 

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 W. Ten Mile Road, 

Southfield, MI 48075 PH 248 204-2549; FAX 248 204-2568; Email: dcarpente@ltu.edu 

The Brownstown Middle School (BMS) Green Roof Monitoring Project was a collaborative effort between the Wayne County 

(Michigan) Department of Environment (WCDOE), Lawrence Technological University (LTU) and the Woodhaven-Brownstown 

School District; all of whom are committed to improving watershed quality through low impact development techniques (LID), 

monitoring and public education. 

A Xeroflor Vegetative Mat green roof was installed on the Brownstown Middle School (Brownstown, MI) during the fall of 

2010 with vegetation being established in October. A section of the Xeroflor green roof was identified for monitoring 

purposes based on ease of access, clear delineation of drainage area and uniform green roof coverage. The instrumentation 

applied to the green roof test section was also placed on an adjacent traditional asphalt roof which serves as the control 

installation. The area of the green roof is 880 ft 2 and the control roof is 3457 ft 2 . The specific objectives of the monitoring 

included: 

• Determine the overall volume of precipitation retained and detained by the green roof (water quantity) 

• Determine the water quality variable attenuation capabilities, including total suspended solids, pH and temperature 

(water quality) 

• Determine the reduction in ambient temperature (air quality) 

• Establish how a long-term monitoring station capable of determining green roof performance is a key feature in green 

infrastructure community education programs and can be integrated into public science curriculum (social impact) 

The project successfully established a long-term monitoring station at Brownstown Middle School to determine the 

effectiveness of green roofs at improving water quantity, water quality, and air quality when compared against traditional 

roofs. Data was only collected for 9 months because of green roof installation delays. The original plan was for the roof to be 

in place for one full growing season before monitoring but timing dictated that monitoring (started in August 2011) begin 10 

months and less than one full growing season after green roof was installed (installation complete October 2010). However, 

preliminary results do indicate the effectiveness of the roof and demonstrate its use as a teaching tool. 

Results indicate that the green roof retained approximately 54% of the rainfall received and was very efficient at retaining 

small storms. With regards to peak reduction, on average, the green roof is reducing peak discharge by approximately 55% 

and delayed the centroid of mass by approximately 45 minutes. This relatively modest reduction in peak discharge and delay 

is due in part because of the small section that was monitored. The larger sections of the vegetated roofs would exhibit 

longer delays. 

The water quality results for this experiment were mixed in terms of data quality and roof performance. The green roof was 

very good at buffering roof run-off with the pH averaging 1.5 lower for the green roof than the asphalt roof. In addition, the 

roof was moderately effective at removing solids, but the overall effectiveness is hard to quantify. Finally, water temperature 

was not effectively captured using the methods employed. However, air temperature reduction does provide an indication of 

the thermal benefits of green roofs with average daytime surface temperatures being 10 to 20 degrees cooler during the 

temperate fall and spring months. The summer benefits were not measured but would be significantly more substantial. 

Finally, project members assisted BMS middle school staff on further data collection and how to implement results into the 

state standard science curriculum. This broader impact is an important component of the project as the region tries to 

educate students and the public on the benefits of green roofs to increase their usage on public buildings. 

107

6424 

Cathment-Scale Evaluation of the Hydrologic and Water Quality Impacts of Residential Stormwater Street Retrofits in 

Wilmington, North Carolina 

Jonathan Page – North Carolina State University 

Po Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 

919.515.2011 

Jlpage3@Ncsu.Edu 

Ryan Winston – North Carolina State University 


919.515.2011 

Rjwinsto@Ncsu.Edu 

Bill Hunt – North Carolina State University 


919.515.2011 

bill_hunt@ncsu.edu 

Many urban watersheds suffer from degraded water quality caused by stormwater runoff from rooftops, parking lots, 

streets and other impervious surfaces. Low Impact Development (LID) is a design approach that utilizes stormwater 

control measures (SCMs) to maintain and restore the natural hydrologic features of an urban watershed through 

infiltration, runoff treatment at the source, and minimization of impervious surfaces. Limited peer-reviewed literature is 

available on impacts of multiple LID SCMs at a catchment or watershed-scale. A paired watershed study with calibration 

and treatment monitoring periods has been designed to evaluate the hydrologic and water quality impacts of multiple 

residential street SCMs at a catchment-scale in Wilmington, North Carolina. Calibration monitoring of the control (0.35 

ha) and retrofit (0.53 ha) catchments was completed from May 2011 to October 2011 (9 water quality samples, 14 

rainfall events). In February 2012 bioretention bumpouts, permeable pavement parking stalls, and a tree filter device 

were installed in the retrofit catchment. Treatment monitoring commenced in June 2012 and will continue through 

February 2013. Water quality, peak discharge and flow volume are being recorded at the catchment outlets (existing 

catch basins). Water quality samples will be analyzed for TSS, TKN, NH4-N, NO2-3-N, TP, Ortho-P, Cu, Pb and Zn. Mean 

rainfall depths during the calibration and treatment monitoring periods were 19 mm and 23 mm, respectively. 

Preliminary results (6 water quality samples, 10 rainfall events from June 1 to August 1 2012) indicate a 63% reduction in 

median runoff depth and 13% increase in median peak discharge during treatment monitoring. TSS, TN and TP median 

concentrations at the retrofit outlet decreased by 81%, 24% and 11%, respectively during treatment monitoring. 

Dramatic reductions in Cu, Pb and Zn median concentrations were also observed from the retrofit outlet. Preliminary 

water quality and runoff depth results are promising and substantial pollutant load reductions are expected upon 

completion of the study. Results and conclusions from this project will help refine street retrofit design standards to 

meet runoff volume reduction and water quality goals. 

108

6427 

North Street Reconstruction and Integrated Stormwater Management 

Ms. Jennifer Leshney, PE – City of Lafayette 

20 North 6 th Street, Lafayette, Indiana 47901 

765-807-1050 / 765-807-1049 

jshipe@williamscreek.net 

Mr. Neil Myers – Williams Creek Consulting 

919 N East Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 

317-423-0690 / 317-423-0696 

nmyers@williamscreek.net 

The City of Lafayette, like many older cities with a historically industrial base, is under consent agreement to eliminate 

its combined sewer outfall events. Also, like many other cities across the country, Lafayette has experienced 

deterioration of its transportation infrastructure over the past several decades. Due to the requirement to upgrade its 

stormwater infrastructure and desire to improve certain roadways, Lafayette is focusing on the opportunity for dual-use 

its stormwater investment along important urban corridors within the city. While Lafayette has successfully utilized 

Green Infrastructure (GI) within its streetscape for localized runoff control, the North Street Reconstruction and 

Integrated Stormwater Management project will be a unique complete green street approach which will revitalize the 

street corridor, abate significant stormwater volume during storm events, and significantly enhance the neighborhood. 

Williams Creek Consulting is the lead engineer designer on the North Street Reconstruction and Integrated Stormwater 

Management Project which will create one of the most sustainable urban streetscapes in the Midwest. Williams Creek 

will deconstruct, salvage and reuse the existing historic brick as architectural elements consistent with the character of 

the city’s neighborhoods and replace it with a permeable surface which will provide capture of stormwater while 

improving driving and pedestrian conditions. This will lead to greater than 76% volume reduction within the combine 

sewershed while avoiding the need for expensive storm sewer redirection and eliminating long term operations costs at 

the wastewater treatment plant. The primary benefit to the City’s wet weather management goals includes the removal 

of an estimated 6.6 million gallons annually from the City’s combined sewer system. Beyond the inherent stormwater 

benefits, the North Street Reconstruction and Integrated Stormwater Management Project will be a catalyst for 

neighborhood revitalization, improve pedestrian connectivity, increase on-street parking availability, provide vehicular 

controls, enhance streetscape conditions, and create opportunities for economic development. 

Williams Creek was also tasked with public outreach and education. A website was created and maintained which 

provided construction updates and educational information on the unique street design. Williams Creek also organized 

public outreach opportunities for youth that live in the neighborhood. The activities included education on way water is 

important and how the new North Street will benefit their community and overall health. 

109

6431 

The Role of Stream Restoration and Lid in Green Infrastructure 

Eileen K Straughan – Straughan Environmental Inc 

10245 Old Columbia Road Columbia Maryland 21046 

443-539-2501(P) 410-309-6160 (F) 

Estraughan@Straughanenvironmental.Com 

This presentation will address the variety of roles stream restoration can fill in green infrastructure in urban and 

suburban environments developed during the past sixty years. The term ‘green infrastructure” has only been around for 

the past 15 years and has definitions that are as narrow as approaches and techniques that mimic natural processes to 

improve the quality of urban stormwater, to broader definitions that additionally encompass elements of the watershed 

landscape that provide larger ecosystem functions, providing a network of interconnected green spaces that enhance 

the function of natural systems for cleaner and cooler air in urban environments, clean water, habitat connectivity for 

wildlife, and also serve for recreation and aesthetics in a community. Urban stream restoration can fulfill several of the 

elements of this broader green infrastructure definition, in particular aquatic habitat connectivity and community 

recreation and aesthetics. The presentation will also cite what urban stream restoration can and can’t do for water 

quality; i.e., a stream restoration that effectively reestablishes a normal riffle pool sequence that transports the 

sediment and water of the contributing watershed, reconnects and rehydrates the floodplain so that floodplain 

connected wetlands can provide nutrient transformation and sequestration and allow sediment deposition, will give a 

certain amount of ecological lift, (the presentation will cite five years of monitoring data for the restoration of the 

Western Tributary to Church Creek) but that lift is limited unless other sources of pollution in the watershed are 

addressed. Urban stormwater retrofits that effectively remove ‘hot spot” sources of hydrocarbon contamination and 

expand infiltration based practices to restore urban stream base flow farther up in the watershed are also needed. 

Combining all of these green infrastructure elements into a coordinated approach one subwatershed at a time holds 

promise for sustainable long term water quality improvement. 

110

6432 

Application of the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation for Urban Green Spaces and Green 

Infrastructure 

Kimberly Digiovanni – Drexel University 

Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering 

3141 Chestnut Street 

Philadelphia, PA 19104 

Ph: 215-895-6499 

Cell: 609-481-5977 

Fax: 215-895-1363 

Kad54@Drexel.Edu 

Franco Montalto – Drexel University 

Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering 

3141 Chestnut Street 


Ph: 215-895-1385 

Fax: 215-895-1363 

Fam26@Drexel.Edu 

Stuart Gaffin – Columbia University 

Center for Climate Systems Reseaerch/Nasa Goddard Institute for Space Studies 

2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 

srg43@columbia.edu 

The measurement and estimation of urban evapotranspiration (ET) has historically received limited consideration from 

researchers in the hydrologic and climatologic communities yet are arguably vital to both. Methods for the estimation of ET 

have been primarily developed for agricultural purposes and their application to urban green spaces thus limited by inherent 

assumptions of their derivation. 

In the studies presented, ET rates from four different urban green spaces have been measured using weighing lysimeter 

setups for periods ranging from one year to over three years. The experimental sites predominantly include in-situ 

engineered urban green spaces or green infrastructure installations throughout the boroughs of New York City, specifically a 

green roof, irrigated bioretention area, un-irrigated bioretention area, and a wooded area in one of the last remaining 

sections of old growth urban forest in NYC. 

Meteorological data collected at each of these sites has been utilized to estimate reference evapotranspiration at daily timesteps 

using the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation for short (grass) reference surface type. 

Evaluation of measurements and estimates of ET in conjunction with media moisture content have yielded relevant findings to 

the application of the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation for use in urban green spaces and green 

infrastructure installations including the use of crop coefficients and attenuating factors to improve estimates of actual 

evapotranspiration. 

Existing methods for the determination of evapotranspiration can be improved to better predict actual measurements of ET in 

urban green spaces by accounting factors like vegetative cover and media moisture conditions. For example, in these studies, 

an annually averaged crop coefficient of 0.91 was identified for mixed Sedum green roof species, while analysis of crop curves 

yielded seasonally averaged coefficients ranging from 0.59 to 0.98. Application of developed crop coefficients in comparison 

to measured rates of evapotranspiration over the period of record give a root mean square error of only 0.30 mm/day. 

111

6433 

Transforming Our Cities: High Performance Green Infrastructure and Distributed Real-Time Monitoring and Control 

Scott Struck – Geosyntec Consultants 

10955 Westmoor Drive, Westminster CO 80021 

303-586-8194 

sstruck@geosyntec.com 

Marcus Quigley - Geosyntec Consultants 


617-734-4436 

mquigley@geosyntec.com 

Jeff Moeller – Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) 

Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite G-110, Alexandria, VA 22314 

571-384-2100 

jmoeller@werf.org 

The application of conventional real-time and dynamic control and feedback systems is commonplace in industrial 

settings, water supply and treatment, wastewater treatment and conveyance, and Combined Sewer System 

management; however the use of automated and manually controlled onsite control systems in sustainable stormwater 

management has been quite limited. 

New approaches and recent advances in information technology infrastructure as well as hardware systems and 

software solutions are delivering the necessary underlying foundations of a future of ubiquitous, digitally-connected, 

green infrastructure that will change the means and methods by which we understand and control our urban 

environments and impact natural systems. The availability of a new breed of robust, low cost, highly functional, internet 

accessible, programmable logic controller systems coupled with the ease of wired and wireless communications are 

making onsite real-time and dynamic controls viable options for both new construction as well as retrofits with green 

infrastructure based stormwater systems. 

Typical stormwater analysis and modeling and most of current effort in the field of stormwater engineering is focused 

on analyzing and developing designs that passively achieve target goals (e.g., peak attenuation, volume reduction, water 

balance, pollutant removal targets, etc.); however, passive systems rarely represent optimal solutions. Dynamic systems 

are particularly well suited for complex situations where timing, duration, peaking control, volume reduction, use and 

reuse, and water quality are critically important. 

Focused research on distributed real-time control under funding from the Water Environment Research Foundation is 

developing new directions in applications, design, and equipment that incorporate the most recent advances in 

hardware and software. The inclusion of dynamic control systems in onsite stormwater systems and as integral 

components of holistic water management is proving to be one of the more effective tools engineers and scientists will 

have at their disposal in the coming years for meeting increasingly complex environmental goals. 

The system architecture and operation will be presented to demonstrate seamless integration of internet based 

information streams (e.g., stage sensors, weather forecasts, stream gauges, tides, other online monitoring networks) 

into on-board and server-side decisions allowing control of a wide variety of urban green infrastructure components. In 

addition, the presentation will provide several real case studies where data are available to demonstrate performance. 

112

6434 

City of Neosho, Missouri Green Infrastructure Technical Assistance Program 

Neil Weinstein, P.E. R.L.A., AICP, ENV PV. the Low Impact Development Center, Inc. 

Emily Clifton, APA, the Low Impact Development Center, Inc. 

John Kosco, Tetra Tech 

This presentation and paper provides an overview of the EPA Green Infrastructure Technical support the City of Neosho, 

MO to promote and facilitate the implementation of Green Infrastructure through a review of its codes and ordinances, 

developing outreach material and, working with the community on concept designs to identify specific opportunities for 

Green Infrastructure implementation in the community. Concept designs focused on a future trail system within 

Neohso’s existing park system, and city-owned property within Neosho’s historic downtown. Unique and standard LID 

features such as permeable surfaces, tree plantings, wetlands, a prairie boardwalk, a living wall, a terraced Church 

prayer garden, and an open performance space were woven into the designs. The paper and presentation will present 

the challenges and the opportunities to conducting a code an ordinance review and to integrate LID design features into 

the designs. The presentation will also present the lessons learned and a framework for future projects. 

113

6435 

A New Tool to Simulate the Phreatic Profile of Seepage Underneath LID Controls 

Yuan Cheng, Ph.D., P.E. 

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 

Bureau of Waterways Engineering, and Wetlands 

400 Market Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17101 

Phone: 717-772-5893; FAX: 717-772-0409 

E-mail yucheng@pa.gov 

Based on Darcy’s law and potential flow theory, a model has been developed to solve the phreatic profile, which is an 

unknown lateral boundary of the saturated seepage zone underneath the LID controls. The model has been designed to 

be operated by users through graphical interface based on a Windows form. The computer language and development 

environment used for the modeling is Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 Express Edition. The Boundary Element Method has 

been applied to solve the unknown variables, including the phreatic profile, the seepage pressure head within the 

saturated infiltration zone, and the steady infiltration rate. The phreatic profile defines the lateral boundary of the 

saturated seepage zone in steady state. The seepage pressure within the seepage zone can provide information for the 

analysis of the slope stability of roadway embankments when the LID controls are installed adjacent to the roadway or 

the embankment slope. The phreatic profile can be used in the engineering design to avoid seepage water encroaching 

upon infrastructures, such as the basement of a house. 

114

6436 

Bioretention Retrofit for Enhanced Phosphorus Removal: Field Research 

Jiayu Liu - University of Maryland, College Park 

Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, Bldg #88, 

University of Maryland College Park, MD, 20742 

+1 (202) 271 4542 

ljypax@gmail.com 

Allen P. Davis - University of Maryland, College Park 

Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, Bldg #88, 

University of Maryland College Park, MD, 20742 

+1 (301) 758 7559 

ljypax@gmail.com 

Water treatment residuals (WTR) incorporation with bioretention media has been demonstrated by many laboratory 

experiments as an effective method for enhanced phosphorus (P) removal. However, validating field data are limited. 

Our field research builds on the results of previous bench-scale and column research conducted with WTR (high in 

aluminum) as a bioretention soil media (BSM) amendment. In this field study, 5% (by weight) WTR was mixed with the 

top 40 cm depth of media in an existing traditional bioretention cell (installed in 2004). The site has been rigorously 

monitored for 18 months, beginning July 2011, to determine the P species removal performance. 

Flow-weighted time scheduled water samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), 

dissolved phosphorus (DP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Particulate phosphorus (PP) and dissolved organic 

phosphorus (DOP) were calculated by difference. 

Results indicate that the retrofit bioretention system achieves good performance for both hydrology and water quality. 

Volume reduction was noted for all storm events except one. More than 80% of both hydrologic monitored events and 

water quality sampled events after the retrofit met the effluent/influent volume ratio ( f 

v 

) of 0.33 compared to only 

34% before retrofit, indicating that WTR incorporation to the bioretention media does not negatively influence the 

hydrologic capacity of the bioretention system. 

TSS, TP and PP concentrations in inflow were significantly reduced compared to outflow. All of the TSS event mean 

concentrations (EMCs) were less than the 25 mg/L target level. TP removal efficiency was 28%; in the same cell before 

retrofit effluent TP mass increased by almost two times. SRP and DOP did not exhibit statistically significant differences 

between their input and output concentrations. Although influent SRP showed significant variation, the effluent SRP 

concentrations were stable around 0.05 mg/L. Both EMC and mass load were reduced for TSS and all P species except 

SRP. 

115

6437 

Technical & Process Strategies for Community Acceptance of Retrofits on Residential Streets 

Pam Emerson 


700 5th Avenue Suite 4900 

PO Box 34018 

Seattle WA 98124-4018 

phone: 206-386-4145 

fax: 206-386-9147 

pam.emerson@seattle.gov 

Shanti Colwell 


700 5th Avenue Suite 4900 

PO Box 34018 

Seattle WA 98124-4018 

phone: 206-386-1501 

fax: 206-386-9147 

shanti.colwell@seattle.gov 

Gretchen Muller 

Cascadia Consulting 

1109 First Avenue, Ste. 400 

Seattle, WA 98101 

phone: 206- 343-9759 

fax: 206- 343-9819 

gretchen@cascadiaconsulting.com 

Impetus 

While LID is increasingly required by local code or state legislation for new construction or redevelopment projects, the 

success and adoption of LID retrofit efforts may still pivot on the public’s understanding and acceptance of these 

relatively new landscape typologies. Siting and designing LID retrofit projects (such as roadside bioretention for CSO 

control) in dense, urbanized neighborhoods with established curb and gutter drainage systems presents a unique set of 

challenges and opportunities, including: 

• The challenge of balancing aesthetic preferences and place attachments of individual residents with public 

values such as streetscape design cohesion/aesthetic quality, water quality performance and long-term 

maintenance requirements 

• The challenge of providing sufficient time to build the informed consent of directly affected individuals and 

groups and the opportunity for meaningful public engagement that supports long-term stewardship of urban 

water systems 

• The challenge of optimizing trade-offs between fine-grain design variables such as ponding depth, cell depth, 

parking loss, linear feet of intervention, planting palette, side slopes, longitudinal slopes, material choice, setbacks, 

and pedestrian crossings… on a limited budget 

• The opportunity to align streetscape changes with broader urban sustainability goals such as pedestrian safety 

and walkability, bicycle safety/neighborhood greenway development, tree canopy recovery, and eco-literacy 

This research was born out of a technically challenging CSO pilot roadside project (in the Seattle neighborhood of 

Ballard) that was also implemented on a compressed schedule and was met with vocal resistance. The project did not 

intentionally optimize social function variables and did not build informed consent or integrate community knowledge. 

Goal, Objective and Approach 

The goal of this Advance Technical Learning session is to inspire municipalities and LID designers to integrate social 

function design variables and effective public engagement strategies into their retrofit project planning and delivery. 

The objective is to provide concrete tools and strategies that will help ensure high quality LID projects in the public rightof-way. 

116

6437 

Using neighborhood-scale combined sewer basins in and near Seattle, WA as study cases, this session will examine a set 

of siting and design variables that should be carefully considered by engineers and landscape architects when 

developing LID retrofit projects in the public right-of-way. Variables are stratified at three scales: neighborhood scale, 

block scale and site/raingarden scale. The presentation will also contextualize neighborhood retrofit work with the 

concept of “place attachment”, will challenge conventional notions of “NIMBYism”, and will detail strategies for 

building informed consent and developing an authentic (and effective!) public engagement process. 

Methods 

The Ballard project informed many process improvements within Seattle Public Utilities and King County. The session 

will highlight a sub-set of these: 

• Public Involvement Guidelines that offer strategies beyond the public meeting model -- strategies intended to 

engage key constituencies for the duration of the project, build informed consent, and help ensure a successful 

project 

• A framework for analyzing social function design variables at the site, block and 

neighborhood scales 

• Design concepts illustrating the overlap between water quality function and social function (aesthetic 

improvement, pedestrian safety improvement, human comfort and convenience, etc.) 

• Examples of communications materials and public engagement plans 

Status 

Study cases presented will include projects that will be in options analysis, siting, and final design/beginning 

construction (in August 2013). 

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6438 

Water Treatment Residuals as an Amendment to Bioretention Media: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 

Margaret Greenway, School of Environmental Engineering, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia 

M.Greenway@griffith.edu.au 

Water Treatment Residuals (WTR)-sludge from water treatment processing has been used as a soil media amendment in 

subsurface flow wetlands to improve phosphorus removal from sewage effluent. With as little as 20% WTR and 80% 

sand removal rates of 99% have been achieved. Mesocosms experiments were conducted in Brisbane,Australia to 

investigate the effectiveness of locally sourced WTR amendments in P removal and plant growth using 3 different 

influent concentrations: high (3.35mg/L PO4-P, 3.63mg/L TP); medium (0.44 mg/L PO4-P, 0.46mg/L TP) and low(0.025 

mg/L PO4-P, 0.045mg/L TP). The experiments ran for 3 years with annual harvesting of plant biomass. 

At high concentrations removal was 98% and 96% for PO4-P & TP; with outflow concentrations of 0.075 & 0.126 mg/L 

respectively. P removal efficiency decreased slightly over the 3 years. At medium concentrations removal was 86% and 

84%, with outflow concentrations of 0.06 & 0.07 mg/L respectively. P removal efficiency increased over the 3 years. 

However at low concentrations there was considerable P export especially in year 1 indicating desorption. In year 2 the 

mean removal was 10% for PO4-P but negative -35% for TP with outflow concentrations of 0.02 & 0.06 mg/L 

respectively. The mesocosms with elevated outlets and hence a saturated zone exported more P than the free draining 

mesocosms. 

Plant growth was greatest at high concentrations with annual P biomass 8g/m2; this accounted for 20% TP retention. 

Plant growth was lowest at low concentrations with an annual P biomass 1.5g/m2; in year 1 this exceeded P mass input 

suggesting the plants were obtaining most of their P directly from the WTR media. 

From this study 

The good: sand amended with WTR was an excellent media for P retention where the influent concentrations were 

greater than 0.12 mg/L PO4-P & 0.16 mg/L TP 

The bad: sand amended with WTR was ineffective at low influent concentrations with export occurring due to 

desorption. 

The ugly 

WTR can vary considerably in their capacity to remove P depending on their source. If already saturated with P they not 

be effective even at high influent concentrations; and will export P at low influent concentrations. It is therefore 

essential to investigate the sorption capacity of WTR prior to use in bioretention systems. 

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6440 

A Case Study of LID-Designed Road in China’s First National LID Demonstration Area: Guangming New District in 

Shenzhen City 

Aibing Hu - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 

Room 301, Jianyi Building, No. 3, Zhenxing Road, Futian District, Shenzhen City, China,518028 

Phone: 0086 13632852595 

Email: aibinghu@yahoo.com.cn 

Xinxin Ren - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


Phone: 0086 13421843968 

Email: renxx@upr.cn 

Kelin Zeng – Urban Construction Bureau of Guangming New District 

No.3 Government Building, Guangming New District, Shenzhen City, China,518107 

Phone: 0086 075583949134 

Email: 376047762@qq.com 

Chen Yang - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


Phone: 0086 15019496795 

Email: yangc@upr.cn 

China’s first national LID demonstration area—Guangming New District,situated in north-west of Shenzhen city with 

the total area of 155km 2 . The majority of the district belong to the Maozhou River basin. The current ecological 

background is fine in this area. However, large scale of urban development and construction activities are about to 

approach in the area since Guangming was positioned as a new district in Shenzhen. The effects of traditional 

development practices on the hydrologic cycle seems inevitable, Low Impact Development (LID) was introduced to 

Guangming at the beginning of urban development as a way to mitigate the negative effects of increasing urbanization 

and impervious surfaces. 

Road’s surface area is substantial in the urban region and the LID design for road is significant for LID demonstration 

area creating. Large volume of runoff and large masses of pollutants were generated from raod, therefore, roads 

become the flood-prone zones and the main sources of non-point source pollution. 

23 roads were designed as LID concept in the core zones with the area of 1.8km 2 in Guangming New District. To date 2 

roads (No.36 Road and No.38 Road), 3 kilometers length in total, had been completed and put into use for almost two 

years. Other roads were under construction or construction drawing design. Pervious asphalt, bioretention, and 

permeable pavement were used on the road. 

Pervious asphalt was installed as road surface, followed by gravel layer and roadbed successively. Bioretentions were 

adopted as the road green belt on both sides of the road. The elevation of bioretentions was lower 15 centimeters than 

road surface. Road runoff could flow into bioretentions through the interspace of pervious asphalt and gravel layer 

when it rained. As a result, the runoff could be infiltrated and purified by bioretention. The storm sewer and inlet were 

needed in the system to discharge the overflow runoff. Permeable pavement was installed on pedestrian and was slope 

to green belt, so the runoff from pedestrian could flow into the green belt as well. 

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The LID roads had a good performance for pollutants removal and runoff volume reduction. Field monitoring of roads 

had been performed in Aug. and Sep. in 2012. Two LID roads and five traditional roads were monitored. Results show 

that the removal of total suspended Solids (TSS) was >90% and COD was >70%. Nutrients and heavy metals were not 

monitored simultaneously and would be monitored in 2013. The stormflow volume reduction was calculated as well, 

Results show that 66% of 2-years rainfall could be infiltrated, and the rainwater treatment volume for NPS control is 

about 500m 3 . The comprehensive runoff coefficient was

6441 

Low Impact Development (LID) Application in Shenzhen City in China 

Nian Ding - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


Phone: 0086 13823678288 

Email: dingn@upr.cn 

Aibing Hu - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


Phone: 0086 13632852595 

Email: aibinghu@yahoo.com.cn 

Weidong Huang - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


Phone: 0086 075583949134 

Email: huangwd@upr.cn 

Wei Wang – Urban Construction Bureau of Guangming New District 

No.3 Government Building, Guangming New District, Shenzhen City, China,518107 

Phone: 0086 075583949134 

Email: szlee602@yahoo.com.cn 

Shenzhen is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong 

Kong. In merely 32 years, Shenzhen, a tiny border town of just over 30,000 people in 1979, has grown into a modern 

metropolis with 15 million population. It established many firsts in the history of world industrialization, urbanization 

and modernization. However, increasing in the impervious surfaces associated with rapid urbanization have resulted in 

serious water environment problems, such as frequent floods, non-point source pollution, water resources shortage, 

etc. Which have become one of the key factors to limit the development of city. 

Low Impact Development (LID)was introduced into Shenzhen by local water bureau in 2004. The purpose was to 

mitigate the negative effects of increasing urbanization and impervious surfaces. So far, Shenzhen took the lead in 

applications and research of LID in China. In this paper, the application status of LID in Shenzhen were introduced. The 

LID demonstration area creating, LID standards, codes, policies and LID basic research were presented in detail. 

The LID demonstration area 

Guangming new district, located in north-west of Shenzhen city, is the first “national LID demonstration area” in China, 

which was authorized by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China 

(MOHURD) in 2011. At present, some of the demonstration projects have been completed, which contains municipal 

roads and park. Some are under construction or construction drawing design. The LID demonstration area will be fully 

completed in 2020, then it will lay a foundation for the LID popularization and application in Shenzhen and even the 

whole country. 

LID codes 

The local government has issued three local LID codes in recent two years: (is being established), (SZDB/Z 49- 

2011), (SZJG32-2010). The aim is to 

promote the standard use of LID and provide guidance to the practitioners. 

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Basic research 

Basic research of LID has just begun in Shenzhen and even the whole country. To speed up the application of LID and 

upgrade technical level of LID, the National Water Pollution Control and Management Technology Major Projects: 

was set up. The research work is being carried out now and 

will be completed in 2015. 

Meanwhile, the problems and challenges of LID application in Shenzhen were analyzed, and corresponding solutions 

were proposed. Imperfect standards, lack of policies and weak basic research maybe the main problems and challenges. 

The key solution is to establish technique and management systems of LID, the purpose is to ensure the popularization 

and application of LID in China. 

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Study on the Planning and Implementation Method of Low Impact Development (LID) in Shenzhen City: Guangming 

New District as Case Study 

Weizhen Tang - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


FAX: 00 86 0755-83551905 

Email: tangwz@upr.cn 

Xinxin Ren - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


FAX: 00 86 0755-83551905 

Email: renxx@upr.cn 

Lu Yu - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


FAX: 00 86 0755-83551905 

Email: yul@upr.cn 

Shaowu Yu - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


FAX: 00 86 0755-83551905 

Email: yusw@upr.cn 

Shufang Ding - Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen 


FAX: 00 86 0755-83551905 

Email: dingsf@upr.cn 

The low impact development (LID) approach, developed based on Best Management Practices(BMPs), has been 

recommended as a significant innovation in municipal planning and design, which can mitigate the effects of flooding, runoff 

pollution, water resource shortage and ecology deterioration, and can promote sustainable utilization of urban water 

resources and virtuous cycle of water system as well. Guangming New District, Shenzhen City was appointed as the first 

national LID demonstration region by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. A 335-hectare area directly 

surrounding the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Guangming Station (Guangming Railway Demonstration Area) 

is the demonstration area. In this paper, two significant LID detailed planning, one for Guangming New District and the other 

for Guangming railway demonstration area, were formulated for the establishment of the LID demonstration area. Based on 

the objective of LID as well as the baseline value of runoff coefficient in Guangming New District, these two planning required 

that the runoff coefficient of post-development would be no less than 0.43 for Guangming New District and 0.36 for 

Guangming railway demonstration area. Additionally, in order to actually implement LID concepts, these planning laid down 

four technical and policy measures. First, urban area of Guangming would be divided into nine types containing community, 

business district, industry district, road and square and so on, with the runoff coefficient of each type stringently controlled. 

Second, the LID implementation guidelines for each type of urban region were set to guarantee that the runoff coefficient 

could be achievable. Furthermore, a series of standards and specifications about rain water utilization techniques, storm 

water utilization quality, and LID techniques were created during the establishment of the LID demonstration area. Finally, 

these planning innovatively proposed an LID management alliance involving Planning, Water, Environment, Transportation, 

and Landscape Bureau. Currently, the Guangming Railway Demonstration Area is under constructing in accordance with 

relevant planning. No.36 Road, No.38 Road, a 50-hectare community, and Niushan Science and Technology Park have been 

completed using such LID practices as bioretention, permeable pavement, grassed swale, constructed wetland and so on. The 

exploration and practice of LID storm water management in Guangming New District will provide reference and 

demonstration for national LID application. 

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6445 

Principal Component Analysis for Assessing Bioretention Media Performance 

Xiaohua Yang, Ying Mei, and Zhenyao Shen 

State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, 

Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 

xiaohuayang@bnu.edu.cn 

Yingmei@bnu.edu.cn 

zyshen@tsinghua.org.cn 

Shaw L. Yu 

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA 

sly@virginia.edu 

Bioretention is a vegetated infiltration practice for mitigating storm-water runoff impact in urban areas. A typical 

configuration of bioretention includes a layer of engineered soil/sand media that support a mixed vegetative layer and 

mulch layers. The selection of the media composition is very important to the performance of a bioretention system. The 

present study was aimed at providing a tool for assessing bioretention media performance based on the system’s 

removal capacity for multiple pollutants. Therefore the assessment methodology involved a multiple-objectives decision 

process and the principal component analysis was applied to determine the optimal bioretention media. 

A total of seven different media mixes were examined with their characteristics shown in Table 1 below. Pollutants 

tested include ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium. Removal efficiencies for the 

media mixes and for all pollutants were obtained by laboratory batch tests with synthetic stormwater runoff. The 

pollutant concentrations were prepared in accordance with literature data collected in China, especially in and near the 

City of Beijing. For the principal component analysis, the degree of pollutants removal by media was classified into five 

levels, i.e., high, medium high, medium, medium low, and low. The numerical values for all classifications varied among 

the various pollutants. 

The principal component analysis was then used to evaluate the performance of the media mixes in removing all the 

pollutants. An optimal media was defined as the one media that achieved the best overall removal of all pollutants. The 

results show that the principal component analysis is an effective tool for the assessment of bioretention media. The 

principal component analysis is able to take full advantage of both compatible and incompatible information, and is 

convenient to apply. 

Table 1 Characteristics of bioretention media 

PH Clay Silt Sand Classification 

% % % 

Media I 9.05 0.0 4.0 96.0 Sand 

MediaII 9.11 0.0 10.0 90.0 Sand 

MediaIII 8.68 2.0 37.0 61.0 Sandy clay 

MediaIV 9.17 0.0 11.0 89.0 Loamy sand 

MediaV 8.79 0.0 28.0 72.0 Sandy clay loam 

MediaVI 9.03 0.0 15.0 85.0 Loamy sand 

MediaVI 

I 

8.28 4.0 44.0 52.0 Sandy clay 

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6446 

Substrate Particle Size Distribution of Mid-Atlantic Green Roofs 

Whitney Gaches – University Of Maryland 

2125 Plant Sciences Building College Park, Maryland 20742 

256.282.2575 

Wgaches1@Umd.Edu 

John Lea-Cox – University Of Maryland 


301.405.4323 

Jlc@Umd.Edu 

Steve Cohan – University Of Maryland 


301.405.6969 

Scohan@Umd.Edu 

Andrew Ristvey – University Of Maryland 

Wye Research Center P.O. Box 169 Queenstown, Md 21658 

410.827.856 Ext.113 

Aristvey@Umd.Edu 

Joe Sullivan – University Of Maryland 

2122 Plant Sciences Bulding College Park, Maryland 20742 

301.405.1626 

Jsull@Umd.Edu 

Allen Davis – University Of Maryland 

1151 Martin Hall College Park, Maryland 20742 

301.405.1958 

Apdavis@Umd.Edu 

Green roofs are gaining popularity as storm water mitigation tools throughout North America. Current standards have largely 

been adopted from the FLL, a German landscape industry green roof manual; however, these standards are enforced on 

materials prior to or at the time of installation. No performance-based standards for green roofs or their components have 

been reported or enforced after green roof installation. 

The work described below aimed to compare green roof substrate samples collected from mature green roofs (three to seven 

years old) in the Mid-Atlantic region to FLL particle size distribution standards, which currently are guaranteed by substrate 

manufacturers prior to green roof installation. Green roof substrates in North America are primarily composed of expanded 

minerals of varying particle diameters to provide adequate water and oxygen to plant roots while maintaining a lightweight 

profile. If the distributions of particle diameters change, the quantity of available oxygen and water also changes. Five green 

roofs ranging from three to seven years old and representing four major green roof substrate manufacturers were sampled in 

Maryland in April and May 2012. Samples were oven dried and particle size distributions determined using ASTM standard 

sieves and compared to FLL particle size recommendation curves. None of the substrates met the FLL particle size distribution 

guidelines, and all of the substrates had higher than recommended amounts of fine particles. Working under the assumption 

that the FLL standards were guaranteed met by the manufacturer, the apparent degradation of the substrate must have 

occurred after installation of the green roof. Degradation of green roof substrates will lead to decreased permeability and a 

too-wet root zone which is detrimental to plant health. Additional research is under way to identify the cause and rate of 

substrate degradation. Understanding green roof substrate durability will inform the development of performance-based 

standards which will hold the industry accountable for storm water retention performance. 

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6449 

Developing Tailored Stormwater Educational Series to Meet Our Clean Water Goals 

Shahram (Shane) Missaghi 

Extension Water Resources-Stormwater 

4100 220th Street W 

Farmington, MN 55024-8087 

Phone: 952-221-1333 

Fax: 651-480-7797 

Miss0035@umn.edu 

John Bilotta 

Extension Educator - Water Resources 

University of Minnesota Extension & Minnesota Sea Grant 

Phone 651-480-7708 (Extension Regional Center) 

Phone 612-624-7708 (Campus at the Water Resources Center) 

Email jbilotta@umn.edu 

Minnesota Extension makes an impact in urban communities by providing educational programming and performing research that 

prevents, minimizes, and mitigates impacts from stormwater runoff. Stormwater runoff and nonpoint source pollution is one of the 

largest threats facing water resources in our communities today. Local governments are legally accountable to document and 

minimize the environmental impacts of their generated stormwater runoff and in Minnesota; they have looked to Extension to help 

them meet their clean water goals and regulations. Minnesota Extension has in turn responded since 2007 by successfully leading 

and implementing two collaborative and locally tailored stormwater public engagement, education and outreach programs for 

stormwater professionals and communities. NEMO or Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials focuses on providing elected and 

appointed leaders with information to make informed decisions on land use in the community that can have a significant positive or 

negative impact on water resources. Minnesota Extension’s Stormwater U is a response to provide training to city and county staff 

and professionals on stormwater best management practices in urban environments. 

A seven point criteria frame work was implemented to developed customized stormwater educations for receptive communities, as 

follow: 1) needs assessment, 2) identifying resources, 3) building collaboration, 4) researched based content, 5) innovative and 

effective program deliveries, 6) multi-scale evaluation and assessment, and 7) technology. Training materials are developed through 

an iterative stepwise (from concept to final presentation) followed by a peer reviewed process that allows flexibility for an up to 

date and locally customized materials. Each training focuses on a specific stormwater concept to allow participant to gain an in 

depth knowledge and sufficient skills to immediately begin addressing their stormwater needs. 

Recently, a novel introductory workshop has been developed that integrates both NEMO (watershed game) and Stormwater U (BMP 

fundamentals) curriculum. The workshop, Introduction to Stormwater, has been delivered across Minnesota where it has been very 

well received. The focus audiences are professionals new to stormwater. A typical respond to the class has been: “…The overview 

of BMP types and the watershed game….. gave me a good definition of BMPs to communicate to others in the future. I usually have 

trouble explaining the concepts…” 

We will share a brief overview of how this collaborative workshop was developed and present program evaluation statistics, 

outcome, impacts, descriptions, and what is missing from the program and its challenges. At this presentation, we will also hold a 

“mini” version of the class to allow audience to participate and get a firsthand experience in this workshop. We offer this model as 

an effective method of delivery and implementation of stormwater training that will allow communities to meet their regulatory 

needs as well as to insure the quality of their water resources. 

Summary 

Minnesota Extension makes an impact in urban communities by providing educational programming and performing research that 

prevents, minimizes, and mitigates impacts from stormwater runoff. NEMO or Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials and 

Stormwater U training for staff and professionals are successful models to help urban communities meet clean water goals. We will 

share on how to develop these classes and offer a mini version to provide firsthand experience. 

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6450 

Quantifying the Water Budget for a Large Scale Extensive Green Roof in the Upper Midwest 

Ole K. Olmanson – Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 

2330 Sioux Trail NW, Prior Lake MN 55372 

952-233-4238 

ole.olmanson@shakopeedakota.org 

Onsite stormwater mitigation is a major driver of green roof construction. Once implemented however, it can be difficult 

to determine its effectiveness in managing stormwater. Literature based green roof performance values, determined by 

a roof’s capacity to retain stormwater and return it to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration, can be used for reference 

purposes, but many available studies are laboratory based and use small plots and simulated environmental conditions. 

Additionally, equipping existing green roofs with sensors to measure water flux can be difficult because of incompatible 

infrastructure. 

This study was conducted on a physically isolated portion of a 3030m 2 extensive green roof located in east central 

Minnesota. Approximately 55m 2 of green roof space was instrumented to measure precipitation, irrigation, soil moisture 

and water drainage volume on an hourly basis over the course of four growing seasons from pre-establishment to plant 

maturity. During periods of precipitation, the data collection interval was decreased to five minutes and continued at 

this rate until 48 hours after precipitation was measured. From these values both evaporation and transpiration were 

able to be estimated which yielded a full accounting of all water fractions. 

The data collection period of this project has concluded and the data has been compiled on an annual basis. In addition 

to completing a general water budget for the plot, the resolution of the data allows for closer examination of roof 

response to individual storm events and the ability to compare similar events between various years. This may indicate 

the level to which plants affect water uptake from the growing medium as compared to unvegetated soil. 

Findings suggest that generally, all precipitation events less than 13mm can be fully contained on the green roof without 

flow through the drainage system. However, green roof performance is dynamically regulated primarily by soil moisture 

levels preceding a rain event. Initial soil moisture values are inversely proportional to the quantity of stormwater 

retention. This means under certain conditions, storm events much greater than 13mm can be handled, and conversely 

events less than 13mm may not be fully contained. Also of note is the fact that while irrigation is necessary for plant 

establishment and survival through dry periods, its use can impair optimum green roof performance. 

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6451 

The Plan to Apply LID in Waterfront Zone 

Kyung-Hwan, Lee – K-water 

560 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeock-Gu, Daejeon, 306-711, Republic of Korea 

+82-42-629-3151/+82-42-629-3199 

khwan@kwater.or.kr 

Ki-Yong, An – K-water 

560 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeock-Gu, Daejeon, 306-711, Republic of Korea 

+82-42-629-3165/+82-42-629-3199 

kyan@kwater.or.kr 

Introduction 

The impacts of recent climate change have appeared in the form of the frequent occurrences of flood damages against 

urban area. However, the expansion of drainage facilities (e.g. pump stations or culverts used to drain rainfall, etc.) to 

provide against those impacts has its own limitation in terms of spatial constraints and economic feasibility. On top of 

that, non-point pollution sources accompanied by urban runoff, which is also on the increase, raise a need to introduce a 

new concept of disposal methods. 

In response to this need, K-water has introduced the concept of Low Impact Development (“LID”) to maintain or restore 

natural water cycle (i.e. sound water cycle management) through making urban rainfall delay where it happens as long 

as possible to prevent consequent natural disasters, and thereby proactively control non-point pollution sources. 

Having successfully completed the 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project to prevent flood damages and secure water 

resources, K-water plans to systematically develop waterfronts around the rivers whose land value has recently 

increased. These waterfronts should be so developed in an environment-friendly way that any required anthropogenic 

activities may not cause flood damages, water pollution, etc., which is why a plan to apply LID in waterfront zone has 

been formulated. 

Application of LID in waterfront zone 

1) Target of LID 

The government guideline provides that the direct runoff of initial rainfall corresponding to 5mm to a river shall be so 

regulated as to reduce non-point pollution sources (MOE, Guideline to the Regulation of Non-Point Pollution Sources). In 

the case of riverside areas bordering a river, however, this requirement needs to be stricter since water quality and 

sound water cycle management should be taken into account at the same time; still, given economic feasibility, it’s not 

acceptable to increase the said requirement without limit. 

To reasonably determine this requirement for the direct runoff of initial rainfall in waterfronts, rainfall/runoff/non-point 

pollution analyses were performed herein, and then the goals of applying LID to the concept of percentile rainfall events 

suitable for regional rainfall characteristics were set herein. 

2)Classification & application of BMPs(Best Management Practices) by land use 

24 BMPs were classified into 5 groups according to the characteristics of waterfront zone, and how to apply the 

classified 5 groups was proposed as follows: 

- 5 groups: Vegetation filtration, seepage, retention, rainfall use, design facilities 

- Land uses: Residential, commercial, industrial, green zone, public, etc. 

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3)LID design criteria (design, standard specification, maintenance) 

To efficiently apply and manage LID techniques, technical guidelines suitable for regional characteristics are required. 

The following shows design/standard specification/maintenance guidelines to apply LID BMPs in waterfront zone: 

- Design guideline: Provides criteria for applying LID BMPs, design considerations, how to quantify efficiency & capacity, 

etc. 

- Standard specification: Provides application scope, requirements for materials / equipments, construction standards, 

etc. 

- Maintenance guideline: Provides checklists to maintain LID BMPs, including testing 

items & methods, etc. 

Case Study: Effects of LID BMPs in Waterfront zone 

A virtual waterfront zone was set, and then classified according to land uses to analyze and identify the effects of LID 

BMPs. As a result, runoff has decreased by 31%, with a decrease by 76% in non-point pollution in terms of BOD, which 

suggests that the LID BMPs are effective in terms of water quality and sound water cycle management: 

Virtual waterfront zone 

Effects of application 

(water cycle) 

(water quality) 

Conclusion 

The application of LID required to minimize the impacts of anthropogenic activities and develop waterfront zone in an 

environment-friendly way showed that it was effective in terms of water quality and water cycle management. There is 

a need to continuously improve the applicability of LID techniques through applying them in actual waterfronts and 

verifying their effectiveness. 

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6452 

Crow Wing County Performance-Based Land Use Regulation 

Chris Pence 

Land Services Supervisor for Environmental Services 

Crow Wing County Land Services Department 

322 Laurel St. Ste 14 

Brainerd, MN 56401 

218-824-1123 

chris.pence@crowwing.us 

When then-Governor Pawlenty in 2010 declined to submit to the legislature proposed revisions to the state Shoreland 

Rules, he challenged local governments to develop their own creative approaches to protecting land resources in their 

communities. He noted that local governments are better equipped to enact standards that work best for their 

communities. 

Crow Wing County accepted this challenge, and achieved a substantial overhaul of its Land Use Ordinance in March of 

2011. Hailed as one of the “most progressive in the state” by Minnesota Public Radio, the new ordinance establishes 

innovative performance standards as a regulatory approach to protecting natural resources in one of Minnesota’s 

premier lake areas. The County’s ordinance revisions earned the 2011 County Conservation Award from the Association 

of Minnesota Counties (AMC) as well as a “Lake-Friendly Protection Strategy Award” from a local coalition of natural 

resource groups and a National Achievement Award from the National Association of Counties. 

Central to these site‐specific, outcome-based performance standards are requirements for managing stormwater runoff 

on individual riparian lots based on the levels of impervious surface of each lot as well for a vegetative, no-mow zones. 

Riparian lots with impervious surfaces exceeding 15% are required to have in place a stormwater management plan 

designed to treat water runoff before it reaches the lake through natural filtration, rain gardens, berms or other 

common sense approaches based on the particular characteristics of each property. The County provided a number of 

tools to assist landowners in achieving compliance with these new standards. Using the stormwater manual and the 

latest statewide MIDs research, the County developed a stormwater sizing calculator based on a 1” rain event over all 

the impervious surfaces on the property. The calculator also determines the phosphorous loading generated from all 

riparian building permits and the loading reduced with effectively implemented stormwater management. 

Riparian lots with impervious surfaces exceeding 20% are required to have an assessment of the shoreline conducted to 

determine if a shoreline buffer will be necessary. The County worked with the Minnesota Department of Natural 

Resources to develop a Shoreline Rapid Assessment Model (SRAM) that “scores the shore” based on the amount of 

natural groundcover, shrubs, and trees in place along the shoreline and determines a buffer width based on the score. 

Crow Wing County’s 2008 elimination of over‐the‐counter land use permit approval and establishment of a site‐based 

permitting process requiring land service specialist to visit each property prior to issuing permits provided the 

foundation for the new site based standards. This site‐based approach has helped create a new partnership between the 

County and property owners, better informing citizens of land use requirements and providing better protection of 

resources. Crow wing County has found that the vast majority of property owners want to do the right thing to protect 

the lake. The County’s site based services help them achieve that, and new performance standards such as stormwater 

management will make that partnership even stronger. 

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6453 

Low Impact Development – A Stepping Stone Towards Sustainable and Resilient Cities of the Future 

Vladimir Novotny- Aquanova LLC 

20 Riggs Point Road, Gloucester, MA 01930 

Phone/Fax 978 865 3382 

Vnovotny@Aquanovallc,Com 

Eric V.Novotny – Barr Engineering 

4700 West 77 th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55435 

Phone 952 832 2636 

Enovotny@Barr.Com 

This presentation is based on six years of research of the senior author with the collaboration of the junior author on 

conceptualizationof the development of sustainable water centric communities (Cities of the Future), synthesis of worldwide 

developments of such communities and investigating retrofitting of older communities to become sustainable. The senior 

author was a member of the COF Steering Committee of the International Water Association. 

Low Impact Development (LID) methodologies were developed and created (Prince George County, 1999) to decrease the 

impact of urbanization, increased impervious surfaces on hydrology and pollution loads from urban and urbanizing areas and 

to maintain predevelopment hydrology in an area. In the pre- LID time period, urban best management practices 

concentrated on reduction of peak flow to prevent flooding by rare design storms and, implicitly but less efficiently, excessive 

pollutant loads. Current LID techniques promote use of natural and nature mimicking systems which can effectively remove 

sediment, pathogens, nutrients, metals and other pollutants from stormwater. In Europe such practices are called Sustainable 

Urban Drainage Design (SUDS). The LID approaches select ”integrated management practices” which emphasize smaller-scale 

mostly cluster on-site stormwater containment, storage, infiltration, and conveyance. The US EPA (2007) listed the 

environmental benefits of LID practices, which included the following: 

• Reduction of pollutants in runoff through settling, filtration, adsorption, and biological uptake 

• Protection of downstream water resources by reducing the amount of pollutants and volume of water reaching the 

water bodies, which reduces stream channel degradation from erosion and sedimentation 

• Increased groundwater recharge through increased infiltration 

• Reduction in frequency and severity of combined sewer overflows by limiting the volume and peak flow of water 

entering these systems 

• Habitat improvement 

LID practices also include controls such as green roofs, biofilters, or manufactured modular subsurface stormwater storage 

basins. By focusing on restoring predevelopment hydrology instead of solely focusing on more traditional stormwater control 

practices mitigating extreme storms, LID practices require less area. After the ten year history of implementation, LID 

developments have become popular because of their efficiency of flood control and also aesthetic values. But the fact remains 

that LID practices may sometimes fail the test of sustainability that balances the environmental, equity (societal) and 

economic values. New stresses on urban developments, old and developing, have emerged or have been recognized in the 

last decade, including the effects of global climatic changes such as increasing frequency of catastrophic storms on one side 

and prolonged drought on the other. This leads to the requirement of making urban watersheds resilient to increasing 

catastrophic events and providing more storage to fulfill water needs during the time of shortage. Thus requirements will also 

include developing landscape that would be resilient to extremes and provide also the fundamental ecological services. 

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Cities of the Future is an acronym for a worldwide movement towards sustainable and resilient communities (Novotny et al., 

2010; Novotny and Novotny, 2011). It is a change of paradigm of how the urban infrastructure is developed, implemented in 

new developments and/or retrofitted into older historic communities. The overall goals of COF have been formulated by the 

International Water Association, by the World Wild Wildlife Fund, UNESCO, and others. The common goals are 

• Significant reduction of water use by water conservation and reuse, stop using potable water for irrigation 

• Resilient landscape and groundwater zones to cope with the effect of increased severity of catastrophic storms and 

storing water for periods of severe water shortages 

• Surface stormwater conveyance and storage, minimization of storm sewer needs and eliminating CSOs 

• Minimization of energy use to achieve or approach net zero GHG emissions 

• Incorporating renewable energy production and energy recovery from used water and waste solids 

• Eliminate need for landfills 

• Distributed water and stormwater management which will maximize water reuse and resource recovery 

LID practices are an integral part of this paradigm change. However, the “low impact development” term and focus does not 

fully fit COF goals. The more appropriate term and more recent “green design” incorporates both objectives, i.e., LID’s focus 

on safe conveyance, pollution control and hydrologically, and ecologically functioning landscape that would incorporate the 

principle ecological connectivity which is a component of the green design. However, the most fundamental difference and 

paradigm change is COF considering both used water and rainwater/stormwater as a resource not only for potable and 

nonpotable uses but also for energy recovery in a form of biogas, electricity, or heat; and recovery (not just removal) of 

nutrients and other resources. 

Original LID concepts are best applied to relatively low density developments. However, such developments, especially in the 

US, use the most energy and reaching the goal of net zero GHG emissions may be elusive. Green design used even in more 

densely populated with combined sewers may eliminate the combined sewer overflows (CSO) and may significantly reduce 

the need for expensive underground storage (tunnels) and energy needs for pumping and treating the stored highly polluted 

content. Many progressive COF aiming cities are now following this path (San Francisco, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Malmő and 

Goteborg in Sweden, Zurich, etc.). 

The COF concepts advocate hierarchical water and energy 

management at the following levels: 

1. House/building (water conservation, infiltration, 

rainwater reuse, passive and appliance energy savings and 

small scale green energy production; 

2. Cluster (ecoblock) management for stormwater (using 

LID adapted concepts), gray water and stormwater reuse 

for irrigation, toilet flushing and heat (cooling) energy 

extraction from used water, restoring and daylighting 

natural surface drainage for stormwater management, 

conveyance and storage; and 

(3) Regional resource recovery. 

The presentation by the authors will cover: 

1. Outlining the common goals and differences 

between LID and COF concepts and developments 

2. Incorporating LID technology into COF and 

proposing modifications (e.g., green design vs. traditional 

LID; long term storage vs. short term peak flow attenuation only, incorporation resource recovery and green energy 

production) 

3. Presenting and synthetizing the parameters of currently being developed COFs (Dockside Greens in BC, Masdar in 

UAE, several European and Chinese new urban areas) and current efforts in the US to retrofit existing urban areas 

4. Future outlook 

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Toolkit for Planning and Implementing a Successful and Effective TMDL Stakeholder Outreach and Engagement 

Program 

John Bilotta and Vanessa Strong 

The TMDL process requires stakeholder and public outreach and education, more importantly though is the 

fundamental concept and need for community members and leaders, organizations, and agencies to have an investment 

in, ownership of, understanding of, and buy-in to the goals and implementation strategies set forth in these 

comprehensive plans. But how do you get there How do you get strong stakeholder engagement How do you get 

effective and meaningful input How do you create the knowledge needed How do you build an implementation 

strategy that will actually take root The answer is planning for and implementing a strong outreach and engagement 

program. 

This presentation will examine the components of a successful and effective TMDL stakeholder outreach and 

engagement program for the Vadnais Lake Area Water Management Organization (VLAWMO). The VLAWMO is located 

in the northeast region of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro Region and encompasses approximately 16,000 acres with 11 

lakes, 6 municipalities, and is composed of urban and suburban landscapes with intermix of green space and open areas. 

A watershed-based TMDL was completed for five lakes and for excessive nutrients and for excessive bacteria in Lambert 

Creek. The TMDL was developed in 2012 (and is targeted to be approved in early 2013). The VLAWMO partnered with 

Minnesota Extension and the NEMO (Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials) program to design and implement an 

outreach and education program for stakeholders at the local, county, and state level as well as community groups and 

organizations including lake associations, and community organizations such as water ski clubs and environmental 

groups. The use of various resources, tools, and approaches resulted in 1) broad participation by more than 50 

stakeholders including local leaders from all jurisdictions at multiple levels, 2) contributions from multiple agencies, 

professional staff, and all MS4s within the TMDL area 3) an overall increase in knowledge, understanding in, and 

increased buy-in to the TMDL, and, 4) valuable and meaningful input that is being used to create an implementation 

program. 

The program featured a strategy that included an assemblage of a multi-agency planning team and utilization of multiple 

tools including a series of story boards, the interactive Watershed Game TMDL model exercise, presentations, and 

stakeholder assessment using Turning Point technology. These tools as well as the methodologies used for invitation, 

promotion, and follow-up will be shared. The presentation will also include the specific successes, challenges, and how 

the various tools were effective and helped achieved the desired results. 

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Evaluation of Plant Species for Bioretention Under Field and Lab Conditions 

James A. Coletta – Michigan State University 

1066 Bouge St Rm A232 East Lansing, MI, 48823 

989-292-0035 

Coletta1@Msu.Edu 

Stormwater runoff poses many issues that can be mitigated by the installation of bioretention basins or rain gardens. 

These systems function to absorb water runoff and filter certain common waterway pollutants from urban 

environments. Bioretention systems are a recent tool being utilized as a Best Management Practice (BMP) for water 

runoff. Extensive research on these systems has shown definitively that vegetation provides increased filtration 

capabilities and improves retention of common water runoff contaminants. A multitude of stormwater management 

system plant lists have been created throughout the Great Lakes Region. Typically, these plant lists promote the use of 

native plants and not plants that are more typically available in most landscape nurseries. However, there has been 

limited research that actually compares a region’s native plant species with similar ornamental plants in regards to; 

retention, and immobilization of contaminants, as well as, plant growth and establishment within a bioretention system. 

Four plant genera were selected for use in this study; two herbaceous perennials (Rudbeckia & Pycnanthemum), one 

grass (Calamagrostis), and one sedge (Carex). Two plant species were selected from each of the four genera, for a total 

of 8 plant species. 

The field experiment consists of a functioning bioretention basin system at Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 

This first experiment is to evaluate the ability of the selected plant species to establish and perform under field 

conditions. Plants are evaluated bi-weekly from August to November 2012 and April to October 2013 by digital 

photographs to determine percentage plant cover. Images are analyzed using Leaf Area Index method by the histogram 

function of Photoshop CS 6.0 image software (Adobe Inc.). 

The greenhouse experiment is being conducted to evaluate the plants capability of capturing known pollutants using 

synthetic stormwater. A randomized design experiment was established at the Plant Research Greenhouse, East Lansing, 

MI. The experiment is designed to evaluate the capture of contaminates from synthetic stormwater. This experiment 

will be replicated; the first study runs for 8 weeks from December 2012 to January of 2013, and repeated, February to 

March of 2013. The water leached from the columns is collected and analyzed for potential removal of; orthophosphate, 

organic nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, lead, zinc, and copper from water. A Dionex ICS-5000 utilized 

ion chromatography (IC) is used to analyze water samples. Additionally, plant tissue and soil samples will be taken at the 

beginning and end of the experiment to determine the uptake of contaminants by plants and that retained by the soil. 

The experiment began August 2012 and all components will be concluded by October 2013. The goal for this work is that 

by having the knowledge available on how both ornamental and native plant species perform in Great Lakes Region 

bioretention basins, more effective vegetation selection can improve the water capture and storage capabilities of 

bioretention basins. 

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Prioritizing Stormwater Pond Maintenance 

Todd Shoemaker, PE, CFM – Wenck Associates, Inc. 

1802 Wooddale Drive, Woodbury, MN 55125 

612-414-7166 

tshoemaker@wenck.com 

Leslie Stovring – City of Eden Prairie, MN 

City Center, 8080 Mitchell Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 

952-949-8327 

lstovring@edenprairie.org 

The City of Eden Prairie, MN (population 62,409) is a suburb of Minneapolis and covers an area of approximately 12 

square miles. The City’s stormwater system consists of approximately 950 water bodies, including constructed 

stormwater ponds, wetlands, lakes, infiltration BMPs, and creek segments. A primary goal in the City’s stormwater 

program is to ensure adequate maintenance of all constructed ponds, infiltration BMPs, and wetlands that are either 

City-owned, under a drainage easement, receive public drainage, or are within City right-of-way. 

The City selected Wenck Associates, Inc. (Wenck) to evaluate over 230 water bodies in a portion of the Staring Lake 

watershed and over 30 water bodies in the Eden Lake and Neill Lake watersheds. (The remaining water bodies will be 

evaluated in subsequent phases.) 

Wenck spent 2010 through 2012 conducting visual inspections and sedimenation surveys for each of the basins in the 

Staring Lake, Eden Lake and Neill Lake watersheds. Design and as-built plans were reviewed; photographs of basin 

features were taken; plain-sight maintenance needs (i.e., erosion, accumulation of debris on trash racks, repairs to 

damaged structures) were recorded; the amount of aquatic vegetation was recorded; and basin length and width was 

measured. 

Wenck conducted a sedimentation survey using a survey-grade sub-centimeter GPS unit. The survey included a 

bathymetric survey of the basin, estimation of accumulated sediment depth, water surface elevation, and basin 

outlet/overflow data. Cross-sections were surveyed throughout each basin to determine the bathymetry and depth of 

sediment. 

Data from the sedimentation survey is being used to determine the sedimentation level, pollutant removal effectiveness 

of the basin, and, ultimately, which basins need sediment removal. 

The load-based removal efficiency was calculated and compared to NURP design standards. Maintenance has been 

prioritized by degree of sedimentation, proximity to public waters, potential water quality benefits and budget available. 

In the Staring Lake watershed, 22 basins were identified as high priority basins that should be routinely inspected. These 

basins were idenifited based on evidence of potential sedimentiation and location in the treatment train. Nineteen 

basins were identified as candidates for either sediment removal or expansion resulting in potentially over $1.2M worth 

of projects not including mitigation costs. Even if all of these projects were completed, they would only result in an 

additional 36 pounds of phosphorus removal on an annual basis. To put this in perspective, modeling for Staring Lake 

suggests that an almost 2,800 pound P reduction is required to meet state water quality standards. 

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Five basins in the Eden Lake watershed were identified as high priority basins that should be routinely inspected. These 

basins were idenifited based on evidence of potential sedimentiation and location in the treatment train. Fourteen 

basins were identified as candidates for either sediment removal or expansion resulting in potentially over $725,000 

worth of projects not including mitigation costs. Even if all of these projects were completed, they would only result in 

an additional 35 pounds of phosphorus removal on an annual basis. To put this in perspective, modeling for Eden Lake 

suggests that an almost 302 pound P reduction is required to meet state water quality standards. 

The Neill Lake watershed does not contain any storm water basins. Therefore, the 136 pound P reduction required to 

meet state water quality standards will need to come from retrofitting the watershed and reduction in internal load. 

Consequently, small incremental improvements in pond performance may not be the best expenditure of stormwater 

funds in every case due to the small return on investment. Those funds may be better invested in larger retrofit or water 

quality improvement projects that will have a greater water quality benefit to the lake or watershed such as in-lake alum 

treatment, carp removal or iron-enhanced sand filtration on key treatment ponds. 

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MCD Subwatershed Analysis Program: Identifying Cost Effective Stormwater BMP’s to Install through Subwatershed 

Retrofit Analyses 

Andy Schilling, Nate Zwonitzer, Mitch Haustein, Michael Goodnature – Metro Conservation Districts 

1380 W Frontage Road, Hwy 36, Stillwater, MN 55082 

651.275.1136 

Aschilling@Mnwcd.Org 

Nate Zwonitzer 

Urban BMP Specialist 

Capitol Region Watershed District 

1410 Energy Park Drive, Suite 4 


651-644-8888 Phone 

651-644-8894 Fax 

The Subwatershed Analysis (SWA) Program is a collaborating effort between the Metro Conservation Districts (MCD), a 

joint powers governmental entity consisting of eleven Soil and Water Conservation Districts in Minnesota’s Twin Cities 

metropolitan area. The SWA Program is implemented by Conservation Districts working with local cities and watershed 

districts to complete subwatershed retrofit analysis studies for subwatersheds of priority or impaired surface waters. 

The goal of these studies is to identify the most cost-effective opportunities to retrofit the stormwater conveyance 

system to improve water quality, reduce storm runoff volumes, and manage stormwater rates of discharge within 

priority subwatersheds. In this presentation we will explain the process used to meet this goal which includes 

identifying subwatersheds for analysis, finding locations for retrofit projects, modeling potential retrofit projects for 

pollution reduction estimates, and developing a cost estimate for each potential retrofit project. The final product is a 

ranked list of cost effective retrofit projects that provide the greatest pollutant reduction per dollar spent over the life of 

the project. The MCD has completed over 30 subwatershed retrofit analyses and has used the ranked lists from these 

studies to acquire significant grant funding for the installation of retrofit projects. Case studies will be presented on 

several implemented projects identified through the SWA program. 

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The Challenges and Successes in Planning, Designing and Constructing an LID Industrial Park 

Chantill A. Kahler-Royer, P.E. – Bolton & Menk, Inc 

1960 Premier Drive, Mankato, MN 56001 

Phone: (507) 625-4171 

Email: Chantillka@bolton-menk.com 

Timothy J. Olson, P.E., CFM – Bolton & Menk, Inc 

1960 Premier Drive, Mankato, MN 56001 

Phone: (507) 625-4171 

Email: Chantillka@bolton-menk.com 

Industrial parks are often thought of as anything but “green.” but the City of Mankato, Minnesota sought to change this 

perception by designing a Low Impact Industrial Park. The general concept included carefully chosen layout, access and 

design elements that ensure that the new industrial park had a minimal impact on the delicate Minnesota environment. 

The result proves that industrial parks can be “green” - both environmentally and financially! Bolton & Menk, Inc. was 

selected by the City of Mankato, Minnesota to provide a cost effective, low impact design for a new “Green by Design” 

40-acre industrial park that would enhance this Midwestern regional business center. 

The City adopted a Strategic Plan for Sustainability in May 2008. Included in this plan are design elements and policy 

initiatives to promote carbon reduction and reduce reliance on nonrenewable energy sources. Key low impact designs 

include decreasing pavement widths, tree planting, multi-modal transportation, and encouraging and promoting 

sustainable and efficient design practices when working with private developers. 

The objective was to provide a needed industrial business development area that implements numerous innovative 

ideas to ultimately reduce the impact of development on the surrounding environment and waterways. 

Stormwater was a major focus of this project, including bioretention basins, bioswales and native prairie seedings. 

Streets and trails in the industrial park are designed with a rural section so that runoff is immediately directed into 

roadside bioswales. The highly impervious clay soils in the area meant that underdrains needed to be designed into the 

bioretention basins and bioswales. The effective stormwater treatment train includes flow through bioswales and 

bioretention basins before ultimately entering a regional stormwater pond. The prairie plants not only provide aesthetic 

beauty and habitat and food for wildlife; their deep roots help prevent erosion and create channels to promote 

infiltration through the underlying clay soil. These plantings also provide nutrient uptake and transpiration. 

The City’s Strategic Plan heavily emphasizes bus transit which has a route that currently serves the nearby office park. 

Upon development of the industrial park, the City will complete a transit study to determine the greatest needs in the 

community and will adjust the bus routes based on the findings of the study. Additionally, Bolton & Menk’s industrial 

park design was with trails and walkways throughout the park to provide transportation choices for the businesses’ 

employees. The designs of these alternative transportation routes were completed with narrower widths to reduce 

pavement throughout the park. Also, informational kiosks along the trail are intended to help educate trail users about 

the significance of the design and its effort to enhance water quality. 

The City will encourage private developers of the lots within the industrial park to incorporate green practices such as 

green roofs, permeable pavement and pavers, bioswales, filtration and infiltration, tree boxes, etc. into their building 

and site designs. 

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Cost savings were achieved by opting for a rural section as opposed to curb and gutter, and a narrower width of 

pavement. Eliminating storm sewer manholes and reducing pipe resulted in cost savings. The chosen native prairie 

plantings require much less fertilizer, pesticides, water and mowing than conventional lawn grass, resulting in 

maintenance cost savings. 

The project was initiated in April of 2008. It is slated to be finished in 3 phases with an estimated comprehensive 

completion date of November, 2013. The project was designed for 25 acres of industrial lots. As of October 2012, the 

streets and the stormwater systems have been constructed with 8 acres of completed development and 6.25 acres that 

are currently under development. 

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Low Impact Development Design of an Urban Expressway, South of China 

J. L. Wang, H. L. Chen, W. Che 

Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and 

Architecture, Ministry of Education, 100044 ,Beijing, China, PH (86)10-68322407; FAX (86) 10-68322407; e-mail: 

wangjianlong@bucea.edu.cn;chewu812@163.com 

With the rapid urbanization of China, the non-point pollution caused by stormwater runoff has been becoming a major 

source of environmental watershed pollutants. Especially the pollution loads come from urban roadway stormwater 

runoff is approximately 30% of the total runoff pollution loads, urban roadway runoff pollution control has become an 

important part of watershed pollution control. In this context, taking one urban expressway project design as an 

example, which is under development and lies in a river network city of southern China, an innovative design program of 

urban road stormwater runoff management system on the basis of low impact development (LID) was proposed. such as 

permeable paving, intercepting gutter inlet, grass swales, tree-box, rain garden etc., which were implemented on the 

road green belt, and best management practices(BMPs) techniques such as stormwater wetland and pond were applied 

at the outlet of the road drainage system. Therefore, forming the entire process control of runoff quantity and quality, 

including source- conveyance-ending, it was can effectively reduce the total volume, peak flow and pollutant load of the 

road runoff, and ultimately to promote the level of local watershed quality. At present, the design process of this project 

had been finished,and it is now under construction. Through the road LID system design, it was expected to achieve 

the goal that the reduction of total runoff pollution loads (computed as SS) no less than 70% and reduce runoff volume 

of post-development area no less than 30% compared with traditional development model. SWMM model was utilized 

to simulate the impacts of LID measures’ size, location and combination on the control of runoff volume and quality, and 

an optimization scheme was proposed. In addition, the operating efficiency of this innovative urban road runoff 

management system under different rainfall reoccurrence periods was analyzed, and the runoff quantity and quality 

control effects of different LID techniques were evaluated. Based on the above result, an urban road LID design 

procedure were summarize and proposed, which including LID measures spatial layout model along urban road cross 

section, vertical connection relationship among LID measures and the way of link up between traditional drainage 

facilities and LID measures. Through above, hope to provide design support for the broad applying of LID techniques in 

urban road drainage system. 

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Quantifying the Water Quality Rainfall Event 

Ruth Ayn Sitler, P.E. – Meliora Design, LLC 

100 N. Bank St., Phoenixville, PA 19460 

(610)933-0123/(610)933-0188 

ruths@melioradesign.net 

Shirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE - Penn State Harrisburg, 

Middletown, PA 17057 

(717)948-6127/(717)648-6580 

seclark@psu.edu 

Quantification of water quality improvements through stormwater management continues to be a topic of controversy. 

There has been much discussion regarding implementation and quantification of pollutant reduction requirements, 

specifically 80% reduction in Total Suspended Solids when infiltration or other volume reduction standards cannot be 

met. Considering the typical land cover types found within a commercial development land use area and a residential 

land use area, and using rain data from National Weather Service rain gauges (minimum of 23 years of record), a water 

quality rainfall depth was developed at each of forty stations across Pennsylvania and the continental United States that 

correlates to 80% of the annual total suspended solids loading. These water quality rainfall depths were then compared 

to the federal facilities’ guidance for stormwater management “Technical Guidance on Implementing the Stormwater 

Runoff Requirements for Federal Projects under Section 438 of the Energy Independence and Security Act,” which 

requires retention of the 95th percentile storm event on site and managing it through low impact development 

techniques, and the one inch rainfall standard seen in recent municipal MS4 permits. Early results show that pollutant 

load and corresponding water quality rainfall depth varies by geographical location, as expected, as well as land use type 

with the 80% suspended solids load associated with larger rains than predicted by EISA. This paper will focus on the 

need for linking site-specific rainfall, land use, and stormwater control measure performance data in order to achieve 

water quality goals. 

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Are We There Yet Modeling How LID Can Help Boston Comply with Stormwater Permits and TMDLs 

Jamie R. Lefkowitz, P.E. and Mitchell Heineman, P.E., – CDM Smith 

50 Hampshire St Cambridge, MA 02144 

(617) 452-6591 

lefkowitzj@cdmsmith.com 

Paul Keohan, P.E. – Boston Water and Sewer Commission 

980 Harrison Ave Boston, MA 02119 

The Boston Water and Sewer Commission (BWSC) owns and maintains Boston’s storm drain system. Parts of the city are 

served by a combined sewer system, but 27 of the city’s 48 square miles are served by separated sewers and drains. 

Stormwater drainage discharges to three receiving waters - the Charles and Neponset Rivers and Boston Harbor - with 

total maximum daily load (TMDL) allocations for bacteria and/or nutrients. BWSC is charged with reducing total 

phosphorus and bacteria loads entering these receiving waters from its storm drainage system. 

CDM Smith developed a storm drain flow model using the EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) for BWSC in 

2007. Recently, the model was updated to include water quality parameters to simulate pollutant loads from the 

drainage system. The updated model simulates buildup and washoff of 13 contaminants across nine land uses over the 

27 square mile model domain. It routes stormwater flows and loads through the drain system, considering the effects of 

illicit discharges and groundwater inflow, and quantifying pollutant loads at each of BWSC’s 205 permitted outfalls. 

As with most permitted municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) throughout the country, BWSC must explore 

how implementation of low impact development (LID) practices can help reduce pollutant loading from the storm drain 

system. The SWMM LID module was applied to the updated SWMM model to quantify potential stormwater load 

reductions that could be achieved through deploying LID citywide. Various scenarios and alternatives were modeled to 

compare estimated reductions from LID against other management measures, such as illicit connection removal and 

street sweeping. Alternatives evaluated included: 

• Implementation of Massachusetts stormwater policy guidance, requiring capture of the first one-half to oneinch 

of runoff from newly developed or redeveloped impervious surfaces; 

• Implementation of Boston’s Complete Streets initiative, which requires LID practices to be integrated into 

transportation improvement projects; 

• General implementation of LID practices on a large scale, such as green roofs, porous pavement, and rain barrel 

programs. 

The analyses indicate that Boston’s diverse land use distribution requires an equally diverse approach to implementation 

of LID practices for reduction of stormwater pollution. Using a complete flow and water quality model of the entire 

storm drainage system allows BWSC to simulate expected pollution reductions and understand the benefit of LID 

practices before investing in or mandating construction. The model also helps BWSC meet its MS4 discharge permit and 

TMDL goals of reducing pollutant loads to receiving waters. 

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This presentation will summarize the results achieved to simulate pollutant loading with and without LID. Examples of 

how this approach can help cities meet TMDLs will also be presented. For example, the Charles River nutrient TMDL 

mandates that stormwater contributions of phosphorus to the river must be reduced by 60 percent to meet instream 

water quality guidelines. Analysis for this study indicates that Boston’s stormwater contributions should be reduced by 

up to 89 percent in some drainage basins to meet the TMDL allocations. Simulations for select basins within the area 

draining to the Charles River show that LID can reduce phosphorus loading by as much as 40 percent. The figure below 

shows simulated reductions from various management scenarios. The simulations will help BWSC answer the questions 

faced by many MS4 communities, “What LID techniques should we be employing, and how much good will they do” 

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1 % for Green Program Promoting Green Street Construction 

Ivy Dunlap – City of Portland, Environmental Services 

1120 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97202 

503-823-7754 

Ivy.dunlap@portlandoregon.gov 

Charles Kelley - Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects LLP 

1223 SW Washington Street, Suite 200 Portland, OR 97205 

503-863-2320 

charles.kelley@zgf.com 

(1) The objectives and results of the research, policy, or project; 

The project 

The "1% for Green" Program is an outgrowth of the City's 2007 Green Street Policy. It is an implementation, financing, 

and policy strategy to finance green street construction to restore watersheds and protect pipe capacity. The program 

uses in-lieu stormwater fees to fund green street construction. Candidate projects are evaluated against criteria with a 

goal of increasing the system, watershed and community benefit. In practice, it reallocates money budgeted in an 

infeasible project and injects the needed increment of cost into a feasible project to extend the reach of stormwater 

management. 

The objectives 

1% for Green projects are financed by project’s that can’t or are not required to meet the Stormwater Management 

Manual (SWMM). In some cases a street repaving program, a water bureau maintenance project, or a bike safety 

project cannot comply with the SWWM. They are allowed to pay an in lieu fee. It funds another project to make an 

improvement to the watershed and community. Public and private projects are eligible to apply through the 1% for 

Green program for matching funds. The evaluation criteria are focused not only on system and watershed need, but also 

on other multiple community and environmental benefits. 

The results 

• The program can help jump-start “early action projects” that would otherwise not have funding but occur in areas 

where future work has be identified 

• The program can fund green streets of high visibility and high education value to act as important demonstrations 

sites. 

• The program can provide technical assistance to applicants to improve the performance of their stormwater 

systems. 

• In some cases the program can fund full projects that don’t have any other funding source but have multiple 

benefits including bike and pedestrian safety. 

(2) Approaches or techniques and results of the implementation; 

To finance the 1% for Green program the City of Portland collects one percent of the construction budget of City 

projects in the public right-of-way that cannot meet the SWMM’s hierarchy of prescriptive, performance, or 

presumptive design approaches. Additionally off-site management fees that are collected when a private development 

cannot meet the SWMM requirements are added to the program fund. These funding sources are combined to fund the 

1% for Green program. 

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Applications are solicited twice a year from City bureaus, through the committee members, and Neighborhood 

Coalitions. The committee reviews project proposals. The review committee includes staff from City bureaus, the 

Portland Development Commission and a citizen representative. 

The program has approved funding for 28 projects and a total of $2.5 million over four years. It has contributed to the 

management of 9.5 acres of impervious area in the City and added value to many communities. 

(3) Summary of methodologies used in the study or project or policy 

The project proposals are evaluated to balance watershed and community development goals using the following 

criteria… 

• Address an identified watershed or infrastructure system need 

• Provide multiple environmental benefits 

• Provide multiple community benefits 

• Have multiple partners, matching dollars, or community involvement with nearby organizations. 

• Include diverse employment, job training, and/or education opportunities in project design or construction 

• Include certified MWESB in project design or construction 

• Test innovative new designs and technology 

• Have high visibility and/or educational value 

• Have a reasonable cost per square foot of impervious area treated 

(4) Status of the project (project completed or expected completion date). 

Representative completed project examples include both community partnerships and inter-bureau partnerships. 

• Park to Park - SE Lambert at 17th and Milwaukee 

• Safe Route to School – A group of projects initiated by Transportation 

• June Key Delta Community Center 

• Tabor Commons – Café au Play 

• Multnomah Village Stormwater System Improvements 

• Dekum Stormwater Bike Shelter 

The value of the program is threefold: 

1. A watershed/system value. 

2. A community, equity, demonstration value. 

3. The program builds an economy around watershed health that intersects with supportive community and 

neighborhood development goals. 

When all projects that are currently funded are completed 412,744 SF of impervious ROW will have been managed. This 

means over 3 million gallons of stormwater annually will be kept out of the CSO and over 6 million gallons annually will 

be treated for water quality. 

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A New Concept in Modeling Low Impact Development Facilities 

Nian She 

Ecological Technology Institute of Construction Engineering, 

College of Civil Engineering 

Shenzhen University 

Shenzhen, 518060, China 

Phone: +86-755-2673-2827 

Email: nianshe@szu.edu.cn 

Jian Liu 

Ecological Technology Institute of Construction Engineering, 

College of Civil Engineering 

Shenzhen University 

Shenzhen, 518060, China 

Phone: +86-755-2673-2827 

Email: liujian@szu.edu.cn 

Over the past decade Low Impact Development (LID) has been considered as an effective stormwater management tool 

to mitigate the storm runoff in urban environment and to control the nonpoint source pollution. However, the 

hydrologic and biologic processes in the LID facilities such as bio-retention, porous pavement, infiltration trench etc. 

have not been fully understood and adequately modeled. Especially the flow characteristics in the growing media of 

these facilities have not been investigated and identified. Most LID models assume the water movement in the media 

are uniform and at equilibrium state. Nevertheless none of these assumptions has been validated either in the 

laboratory or in the field. In this paper we introduce a new concept called preferential or non-equilibrium flow based on 

our observations that the flow drain out from unsaturated growing media and have a long drainage tail during recession. 

Accordingly we propose a dual process to model the water movement in the growing media. We assume that a portion 

of rainfall drain through the fractures bypassing a large part of the media matrix, while the rest of rainfall advance 

downward uniformly in the matrix in our modeling development processes. The model was calibrated and validated 

respectively using three years monitoring data from two green roofs in Seattle, Washington State. 

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Forging Partnerships to Implement Green Infrastructure Retrofitting Projects 

⁪Mo Minkara, Ph.D., P.E., CPSWQ, City of Chattanooga 

Water Quality Manager 

1250 Market Street, Suite 2100 

Chattanooga, TN 37402 

Phone (423) 643-5867 

Fax (423) 643-5862 

minkara_m@chattanooga.gov 

Don Green, LEED AP, City of Chattanooga 

Water Quality Supervisor 

1250 Market Street, Suite 2100 

Chattanooga, TN 37402 

Phone #: (423) 643-5875 

Fax #: (423) 643-5862 

green_d@chattanooga.gov 

The City of Chattanooga is undertaking a strategic approach to implement green infrastructure retrofit projects. In most 

cases, the cost to retrofit a site with green infrastructure is impeding its application. Therefore, the City of Chattanooga 

is partnering with more than a dozen of entities in the development and implementation of green infrastructures 

improvement projects. In some cases, the City is taking the lead but in other cases the City is providing the support and 

guidance during the planning, design and construction phases of the projects. The collaboration among various entities 

has been driven by: 1) need for infrastructure improvement, 2) increasing storm water fee, 3) offering alternative green 

solutions, 4) identifying multiple benefits of green infrastructures and 5) increased awareness of the important of green 


The projects that are undergoing have various land usage: 1) Revitalization of a commercial mid-town area that includes 

public and private properties, 2) Public school infrastructure improvement, 3) Commercial redevelopment and roadway 

improvement, and 4) Residential revitalization and institutional improvement area. 

The opportunity to conduct these infrastructure improvements is coinciding with the development of new volume 

reduction standards for development and redevelopment that will be implemented in December 2014. Chattanooga is 

also addressing existing properties through retrofitting with green infrastructures as a way to achieve improvement in 

water quality. 

In addition to partnering with properties owners, City of Chattanooga is making conscious effort in including many 

stakeholders, professionals, vendors, and multiple governmental and no-governmental agencies. Community outreach 

programs are being conducted as part of the collaboration process with valuable support and encouragement from the 

community. 

With the challenge of the economy, public-private partnership models have become an important and vital 

concept. Private business can bring a different level of value to a public project. The public-private partnership is an 

ever growing model that is changing the standards of public approach to developing and implementing public 

infrastructure. This partnership relies on a trust built-up between the public and private entities with expertise and 

resources that can bring into a project that neither the public nor the private entity alone can achieve or undergo 

effectively. 

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Design for Today and the Future: The Challenge of Tidal Stormwater Planning in Staten Island 

Dahlia Thompson, PE, Senior Principal Engineer – Hazen and Sawyer 

498 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10018 

212-539-7151 

dthompson@hazenandsawyer.com 

Dana Gumb, Jr., Chief, Bluebelt Program – New York City Department of Environmental Protection 

59-17 Junction Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11368 

718-595-7459 

dgumb@dep.nyc.gov 

James Garin, PE, Director of Engineering, Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations – New York City Department of 

Environmental Protection 

96-05 Horace Harding Expressway, Flushing, NY 11368 

718-595-5501 

garinj@dep.nyc.gov 

Sandeep Mehrotra, PE, Vice President – Hazen and Sawyer 


212-539-7011 

smehrotra@hazenandsawyer.com 

New York City Department of Environmental Protection’s (NYCDEP) Staten Island Bluebelt Program is most likely the 

largest network of storm water BMPs, municipally owned and operated, in the northeastern U.S. The BMPs link storm 

sewer networks to existing wetlands and stream corridors, providing flood control, water quality improvements and 

wetland habitat protection. The latest phase of the Bluebelt program on Staten Island is focused on the Mid-Island 

portion of the Island along the Atlantic Ocean coast. This predominantly low lying region, approximately 5,000 acres in 

size, was extremely hard hit by tropical storm Sandy. 

The Mid-Island watersheds -- South Beach, New Creek, and Oakwood Beach -- present a novel challenge to NYCDEP and 

its consultant, Hazen and Sawyer, because of its flat topography, barely above sea level, and tidally influenced 

waterways. The largely residential watersheds were built with only a partial storm sewer network and many streets are 

below legal grade, leading to significant flooding, even in minor storms. The existing channels and wetlands flow to 

Lower New York Bay via open channels and trunk sewers with tide gates that prevent tidal backflow. Because of the tide 

gates blocking flows, storm events that occur during high tide can inundate many streets and structures in the 

watershed. 

Since these neighborhoods feature large tracts of wetlands with open channels, a plan was developed to create Best 

Management Practices in the wetlands that not only provide flood control but also enhance natural resource values. 

Storm sewers are to be built in all the legal streets, discharging to the BMPs which primarily serve as detention basins 

for storm water while the tide gates are closed during high tide. When the tide goes out, the gates open and the stored 

storm water in the BMPs is released. In order to achieve this flow, the orifice/weir structures in these BMPs are 

designed for drawdown during a 6 hour tidal cycle, rather than the traditional 24 hour detention. The BMPs, which will 

have water quality and wildlife habitat benefits, will be extensively landscaped with native wetland and upland 

plantings. 

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Climate change poses a significant threat to the proposed system. The destruction in the area caused by the storm surge 

of Sandy has served to amply the need to plan for the side effects of climate change. While the Bluebelt wetlands do 

limit the number of people exposed to tremendous storm surges like that brought by Sandy, the Bluebelt drainage plan 

is designed to handle a conventional rain storm, not another Sandy. The Army Corps of Engineers is the agency 

considering a sea wall plan for the coastline of Staten Island. Nonetheless, the Bluebelt drainage plan for this low-lying 

coastal plain must consider the effects of sea level rise caused by climate change. The network is based on gravity flow, 

so rising sea levels mean shorter time periods for the BMPs to drain to the ocean. Therefore, the extended detention 

BMPs are designed with flexible orifices, so that as sea level rises and the time the tide gates are open is shortened, the 

BMPs will still be able to empty during low tide. The weirs are also adjustable, so that if the BMPs need to drain quicker 

in larger storms, the weir plates can be lowered. 

Finally and most importantly, the Mid-Island Bluebelt itself is an example of a flexible, green infrastructure program that 

is adaptive to climate change as opposed to a completely grey infrastructure approach with fixed pipes. The Bluebelt 

wetlands preserve open space, thereby limiting housing construction in vulnerable coastal locations while providing a 

first barrier during storm surge events. 

The first capital project in the Mid-Island Bluebelt which will build the first detention basins along the West Branch of 

New Creek is currently in design and will start construction in late 2013. 

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BMP Optimization Modeling, a Summary of Tools and their Application in a Series of Pilot Studies 

Jennifer Olson, Bruce Cleland 

Tetra Tech 

1468 W. 9 th Street, Suite 620 

Cleveland, OH 44113 

Jennifer.Olson@tetratech.com 

Bruce.Cleland@tetratech.com 

Ryan Murphy, John Riverson 

Tetra Tech 

10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340 

Fairfax, VA 22030 

John.Riverson@tetratech.com 

Ryan.Murphy@tetratech.com 

Bob Newport 

US EPA Region 5 

77 West Jackson Blvd. 

Chicago, IL 60604-3590 

Newport.Bob@epamail.epa.gov 

Urban stormwater has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a contributor to impaired 

waters within the Great Lakes region and in other parts of the U.S. The EPA funded a multi-year project which evaluated 

the use of various BMP optimization modeling tools and applied these tools to several watersheds within Minnesota, 

Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan. The purpose of this work was to: 

• Share information about BMP optimization modeling with states, communities, and watershed groups; 

• Work with states, communities, and watershed groups to plan and implement pilot applications using BMP 

optimization modeling tools; 

• Capture lessons about BMP planning and use of BMP optimization modeling tools learned from interactions with 

local partners through the pilot projects; 

• Develop specific recommendations on how BMP optimization modeling tools can effectively be used by 

communities and watershed organizations of all types and sizes. 

• Identify the need for and provide additional guidance on model use. 

Seven pilot projects addressed a number of existing issues including TMDL implementation, watershed protection, water 

quality improvement, and flood reduction. BMP optimization modeling was used to help inform current efforts in each 

of the watersheds by providing cost-effectiveness solutions that addressed these existing issues. Five steps to BMP 

optimization were used to determine the near optimal BMP solution that met watershed-specific goals. The five steps 

include: 

Step 1 - Establish baseline conditions 

Step 2 - Identify BMPs to consider 

Step 3 - Determine BMP configurations and performance 

Step 4 - Estimate costs 

Step 5 - Build targeting and optimization strategy 

Step 5 included the use of BMP optimization modeling. A variety of tools have been developed to support watershed 

planning efforts through the evaluation and selection of viable BMP options including Prince George’s County BMP 

Decision Support System (BMPDSS), the City of Griffin Georgia’s BMPDSS Navigator, and EPA’s System for Urban 

Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN). Each of these tools were used as part of this project. This 

presentation will provide an overview of the three BMP optimization models used as part of the pilot studies. The 

overview will provide a summary of the similarities and differences in these tools, applicability of these tools and key 

data needs. Pilot study results will provide for example applications and lessons learned from each pilot will also be 

shared. This project, including final documentation and reporting on each pilot, was c completed in December 2012. 

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Design and Construction Implementation of a Metro Transit Park and Ride Facility Using LID Principles and Strong Plan 

Requirements 

Dwayne Stenlund, CPESC 

Minnesota Department of Transportation 

395 John Ireland Blvd., MS620 

St Paul, MN 55155 

651-366-3625/651-366-3603 

dwayne.stenlund@state.mn.us 

Wayne Sicora, PE, LEED AP, CPESC 

Natural Resource Group 

80 South Eighth St 

1000 IDS Center 

Mpls, MN 55402 

612-347-7128/612-347-6780 

wtsicora@nrg-llc.com 

This presentation will discuss design elements, SWPPP synthesis and project construction for a Metro Transit Park and 

Ride facility at the intersection of TH36 and Rice Street, in Ramsey County, Minnesota. The clear goal of a park and ride 

transit facility is to maximize parking, and simultaneously provide safe access to bus transit. This level of new impervious 

surface development shoe-horned into available ROW of the bridge drainage, Highway 36 Ramp, Wetland, and county 

roads required an integrated approach using current research and published design guidance documents for stormwater 

management and post construction maintenance activities of snow storage and treatment. Attendees will be exposed to 

a decision LID matrix for water routing and treatment that lead to Stockholm style tree trench and sump storage for first 

flush treatment within the parking facility, filter pond ditch ring for snow melt treatment, second snow melt storage and 

filter, sump manholes, iron/sand infiltration pond and underground retention (includes underdrain) system prior to 

ultimate discharge to a wetland and the Mississippi River. Once the water quality BMPs were determined to meet the 

local watershed district requirements and space limits, a biddable/buildable detailed storm water pollution prevention 

plan was developed. Such complex and integrated water treatment systems cannot leave the construction process to 

chance with field changes and remain fair to both the low bid contractor and budgetary operatives of the Metropolitan 

Council. After significant review process, the SWPPP was incorporated into the project final plans in the form of 

narratives, details and plan locations. The second part of the presentation will focus on the implementation of the 

SWPPP and construction of the LID BMP practices until completion and utilization in early winter of 2012. 

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Exploring the Hydraulics of Bioretention 

By Richard Lucera, PE 

Senior Project Manager; RBF Consulting; San Diego, CA 

Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) NPDES Permits are requiring the use of bioretention for stormwater 

treatment with increasing frequency. Bioretention is often times the most effective treatment BMP and among the 

most cost effective means to comply with local water quality standards at the “project level.” A regulatory emphasis on 

volume reduction and hydromodification mitigation supports the need to accurately quantify the ability of bioretention 

cells to mitigate the rate and volume of inflow in very specific terms to demonstrate that a project design complies with 

treatment standards, flow duration standards, peak flow management, and volume management. Despite this need, 

very little published guidance is available from public agencies or other sources as to the appropriate method to model 

the hydraulic properties of bioretention. The author will examine computational approaches using commonly available 

software applications and compare/contrast the results against measured results and published studies performed by 

independent research. The investigation will consider aspects such as flow data, design dimensions, soil type and 

ground moisture level, planting and landscape material, and presence of liners and engineered sub-drainage systems. 

The author will also identify the primary variables that influence the results and provide recommendations for design 

engineers to consider in demonstrating compliance with water quality regulations. 

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Evaluating Residential Disconnected Downspouts as Stormwater Control Measures 

Natalie Carmen 

natalie.b.carmen@gmail.com 

919.619.9184 

Existing residential developments across the United States have been designed with the goal of quickly conveying water 

across a network of impervious surfaces to stormwater catchment structures and systems. At the watershed and 

commercial scale, Low Impact Development (LID) stormwater control measures (SCMs) have been researched, 

implemented, and recommended to help mitigate the impacts of increased impervious area. However, beyond 

bioretention cells or ‘rain gardens’ and rainwater cisterns, the current body of research largely overlooks the use of LID 

SCMs on the residential scale to treat stormwater at each parcel. Intuitively, allowing water to flow over a vegetated 

surface compared to a network of connected impervious surfaces will reduce runoff volume via infiltration. Research is 

lacking to quantify peak flow mitigation and runoff-reduction from relatively inexpensive and easy-to-implement 

practices that encourage infiltration, such as disconnected downspouts. This study compiles data from four urban 

residences in the Ellerbe Creek watershed of Durham, North Carolina. Each site was designed to compare the 

performance of disconnected downspouts releasing water over existing lawn for one of three varying conditions: slopes 

of lawn, lengths of lawn, or contributing roof areas. Although all sites perform differently due to variability of in situ soils 

and vegetation, water volume reduction is consistently being measured. In fact, preliminary results show disconnecting 

downspouts has completely eliminated runoff at one location. Recommendations for the suitability of disconnecting 

downspouts, and resulting volume reduction credit potential, are discussed. 

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Highly Efficient Removal of Phosphorus through the Use of Bioretention Soil Matrix Amended with Phosphorus- 

Adsorbing Media 

Dr. Brent Wootton, Director – Centre For Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College 

Fleming College, 200 Albert St, Lindsay, ON, Canada, K9v 5e6 

705-340-2936/705- 324-8805 

Bwootton@Flemingc.On.Ca 

Heather Broadbent – Centre For Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College 

Fleming College, 200 Albert St, Lindsay, ON, Canada, K9v 5e6 

705-324-9144 3267/705- 324-8805 

Hbroadbe@Flemingc.On.Ca 

An increasing focus of stormwater regulators and researchers is the impairment of water bodies due to nutrient loads 

transported in stormwater runoff. Regional authorities for watersheds in the U.S. and Canada, including Chesapeake Bay 

and Puget Sound, have targeted phosphorus as a primary pollutant of concern. The widespread adoption of bioretention 

cells utilized as a low-impact stormwater treatment practice has produced some well-documented water quality 

benefits, however, an increasing number of monitoring studies have detected substantial leaching of phosphorus from 

compost-containing bioretention installations. 

A study was undertaken by researchers at Fleming College in Ontario, Canada from May to October of 2012 to assess the 

impact on phosphorus removal from artificial stormwater using bioretention soil amended with varying quantities of a 

commercially available adsorptive media, Imbrium Systems Sorbtive®Media. Five bioretention cells were constructed, 

comprising a control of quartz sand and peat with no adsorptive media and four cells with the additive blended within 

the soil matrix at 3%, 5%, 10%, and 17% volume basis, respectively. Batches of artificial stormwater were spiked with 

potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH 2 PO 4 at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L (P-basis). Each bioretention 

cell was subjected to a series of daily simulated storm events of controlled water volume for five consecutive days, 

starting with the artificial stormwater containing the lowest phosphorus concentration. This five-day simulated storm 

event series was undertaken five times for each phosphate concentration. At the completion of the study, the total 

volume of phosphorus spiked artificial stormwater applied to each cell was representative of two years of regional 

cumulative urban runoff for a drainage area five times the size of a bioretention cell. 

Influent and effluent samples were collected for each bioretention cell and analyzed for total phosphorus (TP) and total 

dissolved phosphorus (TDP). Study results demonstrated a very substantial improvement in phosphorus removal by the 

bioretention cells containing the Sorbtive®Media amended soil matrix as compared to the control. Over the course of 

the study, the control cell’s total phosphorus removal efficiency decreased from 50% to 28%, while each of the amended 

cells maintained removal efficiency of up to 99% and at least 90% for the duration of the study. These results suggest 

that the adsorptive media utilized in this study, even when blended into the soil mix at only 3 - 5% volume basis, would 

be highly effective for improving phosphorus removal in bioretention installations. 

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Hydrologic and Water Quality Benefits of Permeable Pavement over Hydrologic Soil Group D Soils in North Carolina 

Alessandra P. Smolek – North Carolina State University 

D. S. Weaver Labs Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 

904-501-0502 

apsmolek@ncsu.edu 

William F. Hunt, III, Ph.D., PE, D.WRE – North Carolina State University 


919-515-6751 

wfhunt@ncsu.edu 

Ryan J. Winston, PE – North Carolina State University 


919-515-8595 

rjwinsto@ncsu.edu 

Permeable pavement is a stormwater control measure (SCM) implemented to mitigate the effects of urban 

development by reducing surface runoff and encouraging exfiltration from its aggregate layers during a storm event. 

Several studies have shown its effectiveness in reducing runoff and peak flow over Hydrologic Group A and B soils, 

particularly through infiltration. There are still questions of its efficacy over tighter Type D soils, specifically with the 

inclusion of an internal water storage (IWS) zone. Six retrofitted permeable pavement parking stalls were studied in 

Durham, NC. The SCM had an IWS zone of 15 centimeters as well as a contributing impervious area to permeable 

pavement ratio of 6:1. Data collection began in January 2012 and will conclude in January 2013. The site was monitored 

for rainfall depth, drainage outflow and water level within the permeable pavement cell. Inflow and outflow flowproportional 

water quality samples were obtained to investigate phosphorus, nitrogen, total suspended solids and the 

metals copper, zinc and lead. Additionally, a dissolved oxygen (DO) probe investigated the capacity for denitrification 

within the IWS zone. Results quantifying the effectiveness of the field permeable pavement test will be presented, 

including runoff reduction, peak flow reduction, lag to peak, drainage duration, exfiltration rate and pollutant load 

reduction. Furthermore, these data will be combined with hydrologic data from permeable pavement sites in 

Fayetteville, NC, Boone, NC and Cleveland, OH to be used as a basis for calibrating DRAINMOD to model the hydrologic 

response from permeable pavement. DRAINMOD is traditionally used for agricultural drainage modeling but has shown 

efficacy in modeling bioretention areas and has input parameters that are conducive to modeling permeable pavement. 

An introduction to this application of DRAINMOD will also be presented. 

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When Green Infrastructure Turns Brown - The Importance of Managing Gross Stormwater Solids 

William P. Stack, P.E. Center for Watershed Protection 

8390 Main Street Ellicott City, MD 21043 

bps@cwp.org 

410-461-8323 

Neely Law, Ph.D. Center for Watershed Protection 

nll@cwp.org 

Sadie Drescher, Center for Watershed Protection 

srd@cwp.org 

William Wolinski, P.E. Department of Public Works, Talbot County 

215 Bay Street, Suite 6, Easton, MD 21601 

wwolinski@talbgov.org 

410-770-8169 

Stormwater managers across the nation have embraced “green infrastructure” as a vital part of their strategies for 

meeting water quality as well as societal goals associated with “greening” the urban landscape. Green infrastructure 

figures prominently in plans to reduce combined sewer overflows in cities such as Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. 

From the adoption of ambitious tree canopy goals to the implementation of thousands of acres of bioretention 

practices, green infrastructure will continue to change the landscape over the coming decades. But what happens when 

the “green” in green infrastructure turns brown through the natural senescence of the plant materials so integral to 

green infrastructure BMPs Can these BMPs serve the role of the forest floor ecosystem that is so critical for recycling 

the nutrients from plant detritus This is certainly not the case for the more passive practices such as planting street 

trees. Typically stormwater runoff washes this material into storm drains which short circuits the natural nutrient 

processing that includes pollutant transformation via filtering and decomposition. Therefore, using ‘more green’ in 

urban watersheds introduces a research question regarding the overall performance of green infrastructure practices at 

the watershed scale. The question is, “What is the impact of additional vegetative material on watershed pollutant loads 

in urban watersheds given their reduced capacity to process nutrients” Our research suggests that this material, 

defined as gross solids, is an important source of nutrient loadings and often unaccounted for in watershed pollution 

models and studies. 

The Talbot County, Department of Public Works and the Town of Easton, is working with the Center for Watershed 

Protection (the Center), on a two year study to address this question using a monitoring program designed to estimate 

the contribution of gross solids, specifically leafy organic material to watershed nutrient loads. Funding from the 2010 

Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays Trust Fund was used to fit four storm drain outfalls with the Ecosol Net Tech© bag 

filters to capture the gross solids from stormwater from mixed urban watersheds ranging in size between 38 and 118 

acres. The bag filters are reusable heavy-duty polyethylene mesh nets that capture gross solids and allow filtered 

stormwater to continue downstream. The nets are also equipped with an automatic release mechanism that detaches 

the net when the bag is full to reduce the risk of backflow and flooding. Part of this effort was to test the sampling 

guidelines presented by the American Society of Civil Engineers to evaluate gross solids and their associated pollutants 

in Best Management Practices (BMPs). The study results are comparable to other studies and show the majority (>90%) 

of gross solids collected is rich in nitrogen in phosphorus (average TN and TP concentrations = 9,470 mg/l and 815 mg/l) 

and is comprised predominantly of leafy organic matter. 

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Cumulatively, the pollutants contributed from gross solids may contribute significantly to annual pollutant loads. These 

resultssuggest the need to include gross solids management as an integral component of green infrastructure BMPs 

comprised of volume capture practices (e.g., bioretention), housekeeping practices (e.g., street sweeping), or end-of 

pipe controls (e.g Ecosol Net Tech©). 

This presentation will describe how the County and Town worked together to install and maintent the nets, then 

collaborated with the Center to develop a gross solids standard operating procedure to quantify the nutrient pollutant 

load and cost-effectiveness of this practice Also, we will present the sampling findings and several “lessons learned” 

during this ongoing project. 

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Pervious Pavement as Public Infrastructure 

Mark Maloney, City of Shoreview 

jschaum@shoreviewmn.gov 

651-490-4665 

The City of Shoreview completed the largest pervious concrete public street project in North American history in 2009. 

The project is still receiving National attention for boldly implementing an innovative and sustainable approach to public 

infrastructure. After carefully considering alternatives for reconstructing the infrastructure in a quiet suburban 

neighborhood, the City elected to replace the existing streets and eliminate traditional storm drainage infrastructure 

with a pervious concrete road. Pervious concreate contains no fine sand, so water passes through the concrete matirx 

thereby promoting filtration of heavy metals, suspended solids, and even petroleum products. This method also 

promotes tree growth, lessens the urban heat island effect, and recharges aquifers. 

The neighborhood borders a lake in the community where declining water quality tends had become a concern, and the 

layout and development of the neighborhood required an innovative approach to storm water management. The 

community ultimately opted for an innovative strategy that would offer the benefits of storm water infiltration in the 

native sandy soils and the elimination of traditional storm water treatment infrastructure. 

The project area is located off the NE corner of Lake Owasso in a residential neighborhood, which is fully developed with 

homes constructed from the 1950’s to present. The existing streets within the project area consisted of approximately 

3800 linear feet of asphalt roadway varying in width from 16 to 22-feet with no curb and gutter. The existing storm 

sewer system was made up of one catch basin located on the north end of the project that discharged directly into the 

lake. 

The City’s usual or programmed improvement consisted of reconstructing streets to a width of 24-feet with concrete 

curb and gutter, extending watermain, repairing and replacing sanitary sewer, and installing a storm water collection 

and infiltration system for the public roadways. 

After careful analysis of stormwater treatment options, the City planned for the street and stormwater collection system 

to be combined into one system consisting of a pervious concrete road surface over a rock storage layer. Stormwater 

runoff from the pavement areas would pass through the pervious concrete into the rock storage layer then infiltrates 

into the sand sub-grade. Upon construction, this project became the largest use of pervious concrete for a public 

roadway in the country, approximately 8500-sq yd. 

The use of the pervious concrete infiltration system allowed the existing direct discharge to the lake be removed and 

directed overland flow that used to drain to the lake to the concrete where it is infiltrated. To see if there is an effect on 

ground water quality over time due to infiltration, the City installed three-ground-water monitoring wells within the 

project area and one up gradient. Municipal utilities were upgraded where needed and existing homes were connected 

to City water and sanitary sewer. The entire project was substantially complete in the fall of 2009. 

This project is unique in the fact that it was not an experimental project with grant or loan money from environmental 

agencies. It is a real public infrastructure project funded by the Shoreview Street Renewal Fund and assessments from 

residents within the project area. The initial capital cost of the project was approximately 10% higher than the 

infiltration chamber option, but when life cycle costs were considered between an asphalt roadway with conventional 

drainage systems and pervious concrete the costs were essentially equal. 

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Now four years into the service life of the streets, the project demonstrates that pervious pavements do work as public 

infrastructure. Other environmental benefits of this approach included saving trees with narrower street widths, 

leveraging high infiltration soils to recharge groundwater, and reducing salt use. Building on this experience, the City 

opted to continue building pervious surfaces. As part of a renovation to the Maintenance Facility, the City also 

constructed a pervious concrete parking lot which helped the Facility become LEED Gold Certified in 2011. 

The knowledge gained by this road project will help in the design and installation of future pervious concrete projects 

and provide invaluable information on the long-term performance of pervious concrete in a public road environment. 

The project has had a global impact of dramatically advancing the use of pervious concrete for public roadways and 

demonstrates the commitment of the Public Works Industry to sustainable infrastructure. 

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Redefining the Affordable Housing Landscape: Linking Neighborhood Stabilization with Stormwater Management 

Anna Eleria 




(651) 644-8888 

anna@capitolregionwd.org 

Roxanne Young 

City of Saint Paul Department of Planning and Economic Development 

25 West 4 th Street, Suite 1100 


(651) 266-6581 

roxanne.young@ci.stpaul.mn.us 

In summer 2011, the City of Saint Paul’s Department of Planning and Economic Development and Capitol Region 

Watershed District (CRWD) began a unique partnership to enhance residential landscapes and achieve water quality 

benefits at foreclosed homes acquired by the City for rehabilitation. Through the City’s Neighborhood Stabilization 

Program (NSP), the City and CRWD are designing and constructing environmentally friendly landscapes in Saint Paul, 

Minnesota that treat nearly all residential runoff on-site via downspout direction to rain gardens, rain barrels and other 

green areas. The partnership builds on synergy between two local government entities: CRWD provides expert advice 

and design to create an environmentally conscientious landscape plan, NSP provides the resources to install the plan, 

and the two entities work together to provide educational support for the occupants at the site. 

By the end of 2012, CRWD, with assistance from Ramsey Conservation District, has designed 87 residential site plans to 

benefit NSP. At the end of the first phase of the program in 2013, the project partners anticipate 120 rehabilitated 

vacant properties treating stormwater on-site for a total estimated infiltration volume of 171,000 cubic feet per year. In 

addition, CRWD, with input from the City of Saint Paul Forestry Department, incorporated enhancements to the City’s 

tree canopy in the residential landscape designs. Moving forward, the partnership with CRWD will be fully integrated 

into the City of Saint Paul’s scattered site single family program, resulting in an annual impact of 50-75 rain gardens at 

new construction and rehabilitated properties. 

Partnerships with CRWD, RCD, the Saint Paul Forestry Department, and Neighborhood Energy Connection have set the 

stage for NSP to begin certifying its rehabilitated homes through Enterprise Green Communities. The certification 

includes a stormwater management category with several criteria for stormwater infiltration, native landscaping, 

passive cooling, and water reuse. This partnership has ensured that appropriate native plants are selected for 

landscaping improvements and that appropriate trees to enhance Saint Paul’s tree canopy are integrated in design. 

Downspouts are directed to rain gardens and for some designs rain barrels are utilized to minimize potable water use for 

landscaping. 

By targeting technical and financial resources to foreclosed properties concentrated in low income, minority 

neighborhoods, CRWD and Saint Paul are creating sustainable, affordable housing and raising the visibility of local 

stormwater issues and landscaping best management practices in areas currently underserved. Each resident of an NSP 

property will be responsible for maintaining their rain gardens and other landscape amenities. To help guide and 

support the residents in the maintenance of their yards, CRWD and the City will be hosting workshops and preparing 

simple, straightforward flyers or guidebooks. 

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Implementing Stormwater Reuse in a Cold Semi-Arid Climate: Lessons Learned 

Liliana Bozic – Urban Systems Ltd. 

#101 - 2716 Sunridge Way N.E. 

Calgary, AB T1Y 0A5 

Telephone: 403-291-1193/Fax: 403-291-1374 

lbozic@urbansystems.ca 

Kristel Unterschultz – Urban Systems Ltd. 

Suite 200, 10345 - 105 Street 

Edmonton, AB T5J 1E8 

Telephone: 780-430-4041/Fax: 780-435-3538 

kunterschultz@urbansystems.ca 

Large urban centers in the Province of Alberta (Canada) have experienced rapid population and urban growth over the 

past decade and sustained growth is expected to continue. The ongoing urbanization is significantly impacting the health 

and natural hydrological regime of local watersheds. In 2005, the Province released the Alberta Water for Life Strategy, 

whose primary goals are the provision of safe and reliable water supply for a sustainable economy and protection of 

water quality and watershed health. The Province also requires two major urban centers, Calgary and Edmonton, to 

develop and implement Total Loading Management Plans for pollutants of concern. Both municipalities have committed 

to reducing pollutant loadings to net-zero impact from human activity, over the next 30 years. 

In addition to increased pollutant loadings due to urbanization, water scarcity is becoming an issue across the province. 

The entire southern region of Alberta is now closed for new water licenses, with the provincial government auditing all 

existing water licenses and regulating an emerging water market through license trading and selling. 

In response to increased regulation, municipalities across Alberta have been implementing more sustainable stormwater 

strategies and water conservation plans. The majority of Alberta watersheds now have approved watershed 

management plans that set restrictive limits to both rate and volume of stormwater discharges. Increasingly, Alberta 

municipalities are recognizing that stormwater reuse is a beneficial practice that can help meet both runoff volume and 

sediment loading targets, and has significant financial benefits through reduced potable water demand and potentially 

lower infrastructure costs. Barriers to large-scale implementation are still present, and they are primarily related to lack 

of provincial regulation and policy, potential liability issues with respect to water quality, and public acceptance. 

This presentation will focus on lessons learned during work on a variety of stormwater reuse initiatives in Alberta; it will 

draw on experience in formulating a reuse strategy for the City of Edmonton, developing reuse guidelines for the City of 

Calgary (believed to be the first of its kind in North America) and implementing reuse in commercial and residential land 

development projects in Alberta. The discussion will emphasize successful pilot projects, critical success factors, 

development of strategies, research and monitoring programs, public education and stakeholder engagement and 

outreach efforts, and cost/benefit analyses. 

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When it Rains it Stores: Practical Methods for Monitoring Green Stormwater Infrastructure from Philadelphia's Green 

City, Clean Waters Program 

Stephen E White - Philadelphia Water Department 

1101 Market Street, 4th Floor 


phone: (215) 685-6254 

cell: (252)-883-6430 

Stephen.White@phila.gov 

Chris Bergerson - Philadelphia Water Department 

1101 Market Street, 4th Floor 


phone: (215) 685-6234 

Chris.Bergerson@phila.gov 

The Philadelphia Water Department's (PWD) Green City, Clean Waters Program (CSO Long Term Control Plan Update 

(LTCPU)) outlines a vision of "large-scale implementation of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to manage runoff at 

the source on public land and reduce demands on sewer infrastructure." A GSI monitoring plan has been developed as a 

component of the "Comprehensive Monitoring Plan" required by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental 

Protection's consent order agreement with PWD. This GSI monitoring plan describes practical and affordable methods of 

monitoring performance in reducing overflows from the combined sewer system in a large scale scenario. The 

implementation of this plan and the refinement of the methods therein are currently underway. Discussion of select 

methods currently in use by PWD to observe the response of specific stormwater management practices (SMP) during 

precipitation events, and during simulated events is presented. Monitoring of Multiple SMP types are discussed from the 

perspectives of continuous performance monitoring (ex. continuous data set from observation wells) and performance 

testing (ex. surface infiltration rate testing with infiltrometers and simulated runoff testing). Preliminary data sets that 

are part of the annual reporting from continuous monitoring and performance testing of select SMPs are presented, 

including continuous monitoring data from the named storm events Hurricane Irene, Tropical Storm Lee, and Hurricane 

Sandy. 

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Catalyzing Green Infrastructure and Redevelopment in an Ultra-Urban TOD Corridor 

Wes Saunders-Pearce, – City of Saint Paul 

375 Jackson Street, Suite 220, Saint Paul, MN 55101 

Telephone: (651) 266-9112/Fax: (651) 266-9009 

wes.saunders-pearce@ci.stpaul.mn.us 

Joni Giese, ASLA, AICP – SRF Consulting Group, Inc. 

One Carlson Parkway N., Suite 150, Minneapolis, MN 55447 

Telephone: (763) 249-6705/Fax (763) 475-2429 

jgiese@srfconsulting.com 

David Filipiak, PE – SRF Consulting Group, Inc. 

One Carlson Parkway N., Suite 150, Minneapolis, MN 55447 

Telephone: (763) 249-6702/Fax (763) 475-2429 

dfilipiak@srfconsulting.com 

Currently under construction, the Light Rail Transit Green Line (Central Corridor LRT) will run from downtown 

Minneapolis to downtown St. Paul beginning in 2014. Lined with numerous underperforming parcels, the Central 

Corridor is ripe for redevelopment. As affected agencies planned for this new LRT line, implementing transit-oriented 

development (TOD) emerged as a primary redevelopment goal for the Central Corridor. TOD can be defined as higherdensity 

mixed-use development within a walkable neighborhood, typically within a half mile of transit stations that 

provides economic, environmental and social benefits to the community. Given that new TOD must meet current 

stormwater regulations, this project investigates the question: How can stormwater management assist in meeting 

corridor TOD goals 

Stormwater requirements are currently met parcel by parcel and project by project. Different requirements exist for 

projects of varying size. Depending on the TOD’s physical form, the development may compete for space with the 

required stormwater treatment. Alternatively, it may work in concert with stormwater treatment to achieve multiple 

community benefits within limited available space. 

Evaluating changes to the stormwater status quo in an ultra-urban locale to better facilitate the adopted Central 

Corridor vision is the basis of a study, the Central Corridor Stormwater and Green Infrastructure Plan. The plan, 

facilitated by the City of Saint Paul, is funded through the Sustainable Communities Regional Planning grant from the 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (administered by the Metropolitan Council, the MPO) and locally 

by the Mississippi Watershed Management Organization. 

The study investigates the feasibility of implementing shared, stacked-function green infrastructure (SSGI) – a system in 

which stormwater runoff generated from private parcels and public right-of-way is jointly treated in shared green 

infrastructure. The green infrastructure is located and/or designed to provide economic, environmental and social 

benefits to the community beyond treating stormwater (referred to as “stacked-function”). 

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Both technical and policy aspects of SSGI implementation are under investigation. One of the study’s key components 

includes identifying existing policy barriers affecting SSGI implementation and proposing an implementation approach 

that addresses each barrier. The goal of the implementation approach is to ensure stakeholder benefits outweigh the 

risks associated with SSGI implementation. A cost-benefit analysis will help determine if cost efficiencies can be achieved 

by using SSGI. The study also includes advance civil stormwater design on select TOD projects that are moving toward 

construction along the Central Corridor. The advance design will allow the research team to work side-by-side with 

project developers and governing agencies to better understand the technical and policy implications of implementing 

SSGI. 

A 20-member Stakeholder Advisory Committee was established for the project. Committee members represent various 

departments in the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Capital Region Watershed District, the Mississippi 

Watershed Management Organization, the University of Minnesota, the Saint Paul Riverfront Corporation, and the 

Metropolitan Council. The project’s multi-disciplinary research team is comprised of water resource engineers, 

landscape architects, planners, an attorney, and a public artist. 

The SSGI implementation approach and initial technical analysis are substantially complete. Advance design and 

development of a final report are planned for completion in late summer 2013. A key project outcome includes the 

replicable investigation process and implementation tools that can be referenced and used by other TOD corridors. 

In summary, within an ultra-urban context, this presentation will identify whether stormwater design can advance TOD 

goals such as new open space, density, and livability; if cost-benefit is realized by shared stormwater management 

approaches; and how green infrastructure policies can institutionalized. 

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6489 

Beyond LID: Using Sustainable Sites to Get the Most from Development 

Jacob Blue – Applied Ecological Services, Inc. 

17921 Smith Road 

Brodhead, WI 53520 

608-897-8641/608-897-8486 

jacob.blue@appliedeco.com 

Kim Chapman – Applied Ecological Services, Inc. 

21938 Mushtown Road 

Prior Lake, MN 55372 

952-447-1919/952-447-1920 

kim@appliedeco.com 

The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES) is a recently developed sustainability benchmarking tool, developed by the American Society 

of Landscape Architects and partners, for residential and land development projects. It complements the LID design approach, but 

few yet understand it or can apply it to actual projects. This session will illustrate with three case studies how SITES can be applied 

to enhance the LID design approach, and what are realistic expectations for SITES to deliver ecological functionality and 

sustainability. 

A co-author of the SITES program will review the history of SITES and its expected future. The SITES metrics for stormwater 

management will be compared to and contrasted with elements of a LID design approach. SITES prerequisites and credits will be 

compared and discussed in the context of residential and land development projects, with a focus on those credits which a LID 

design approach is most likely to encounter. Typical examples for meeting or satisfying a SITES credit for a new or retrofitted 

development project will be reviewed. 

The SITES criteria were applied to three designed and built LIDs: Wild Meadows in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, The Sanctuary at Bull 

Valley, Illinois, and Prairie Crossing near Chicago. These development projects were influenced or designed by Applied Ecological 

Services, Inc. using ecological principles of water management and ecological design. Each project was monitored to evaluate the 

ecological performance and outcomes of the design. Monitoring efforts focused on the establishment of native plant communities, 

and the control of invasive species. 

Monitoring data indicates that the practices used at the developments had benefits for some water quality parameters. Other 

benefits include an increase in native species presence and reduction in invasive species abundance. As a test of the SITES approach, 

a post-hoc evaluation of each project’s ecological function and level of sustainability was estimated and compared with the criteria 

and scores derived with the SITES program. 

Site selection is an important element of SITES. A project’s proximity to urban areas, its prior use, and its existing vegetative cover 

can result in higher scoring through SITES. The three case studies will be examined from the standpoint of site selection and its 

effect on the SITES score. 

In some cases SITES lacks the ability to evaluate ecological function, such as in the case of groundwater recharge, or to evaluate the 

level of sustainability achieved, such as no net increase in carbon emissions after a development is constructed. SITES is valuable in 

directing a design process that will lead to sustainable practices, but in some cases it is not nuanced enough to discriminate between 

ecologically appropriate and needed outcomes. 

The process of site design strongly affects outcomes for water quality, volume and rate control, and ecological functions, such as 

forest regeneration and soil building. As development design methods, including LID, continue to evolve, prescriptive outcomes 

such as SITES will be important guides. However, their limitations should be kept in mind. Using SITES or another outcome-based 

scoring approach will not necessarily deliver specific functional outcomes. Defining outcomes related to ecological functionality, for 

example, is only recently emerging in the mainstream as part of a green infrastructure approach or ecosystem services perspective 

on design, but it is a productive future direction for SITES and similar site evaluation tools. 

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Systemic LID Design Analysis and Planning: Where, What, How, in What Combination and at What Cost 

Shawn Tracy – HDR, Inc. 

701 Xenia Avenue South 

Mpls, MN 55416 

763.591.5412 / 763.591.5413 

Shawn.Tarcy@Hdrinc.Com 

Melissa Barrick – Crow Wing Soil and Water Conservation District 

322 Laurel St. Suite 13 

Brainerd, MN 56401 

Melissa.Barrick@Crowwingswcd.Org 

Landscape Architects, Engineers, Planners and Water Resource managers are challenged with tight budgets and 

increasingly stringent effluent pollutant and runoff volume goals. It is imperative to understand precisely where in the 

landscape to place best management practices (BMP) as well as how their estimated performance and multifunctional 

values measure up against each other, during the design or retrofit process. It is extremely beneficial to investigate the 

entire project area to assure the highest return on investment is attained by understanding how the various stormwater 

solutions can be optimized, how they perform against or in tandem with each other and exactly what combination of the 

multiple, scaled combination of alternative solutions brings us our pollutant and volume management goals for the 

lowest investment. Many TMDL’s and water quality management plans stop short of such a direct, precise guide on 

exactly what to install, and where, down to the parcel level. This presentation introduces the means of developing 

precise alternative plans to consider, beyond the conceptual level, to ensure the highest return on investment is 

achieved for LID and retrofit/redevelopment planning. 

This presentation discusses the presenter’s personal experiences of performing over 30 subwatershed water quality 

BMP analyses that helped bring this design and management paradigm to urban(-izing) areas of Minnesota. The 

presentation shows multiple examples of such work, but focuses on one such analysis performed with a Soil and Water 

Conservation District that the co-presenter manages. The presented approach is built off a synthesis of published 

techniques and experiences learned in working across a diverse urban/political landscape ranging from low-density 

suburbs to high density industrial areas. Four levels of analysis are presented that guide and inform the analyst’s 

consideration of where, what, and at what level to develop LID plans in a project area: subwatershed selection, 

catchment selection, site selection and incremental cost analysis, all related to the array of stormwater quality BMP 

options. The suitability and likelihood for successful placement of both regional and distributed BMPs is analyzed at each 

level, from coarse- to fine-scaled detail. Existing water quality treatment is analyzed for enhancement potential and 

treatment-chain efficiency in addition to treatment options for previously untreated or (re-) development areas. The 

“low-hanging fruit” options are analyzed across the entire subwatershed via a scaled treatment, incremental cost 

analysis to highlight the “best-buy” combinations given both a load-reduction target and a projected funding range. The 

designer/manager is then empowered with a to-do list of projects that are vetted against all identifiable retrofitting 

options to produce the greatest return on investment. The value-based results help guide the development and 

permitting process as well as municipal and water resource agency CIP development and redevelopment planning. In 

addition, the focused case study introduces how a City-wide analysis for LID retrofitting can be improved through publicprivate 

partnerships via water quality and invertebrate sampling and conservation planning. 

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6491 

Hydrological Performance of Engineered Media in Living Roofs and Bioretention 

Ruifen Liu - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 

Tel.: +64 9 373 7599 ext 89555; Fax: +64 9 373 7462 

Email: rliu040@aucklanduni.ac.nz 

Elizabeth Fassman - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland 


Tel.: +64 9 373 7599 ext 84540 

Email: e.fassman@auckland.ac.nz 

Ajit K Sarmah - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland 


Tel.: +64 9 373 7599 ext 89067 

Email: a.sarmah@auckland.ac.nz 

Living roofs and bioretention are two innovative Low Impact Development (LID) technologies for on-site stormwater 

mitigation. Engineered media used in the two systems plays a crucial role in determining stormwater treatment efficiency. The 

media is a soilless mix generally consisting of aggregate and compost, and has a noticeable coarse nature. Despite the many 

applications of engineered media in stormwater management projects, their unique features have not been documented in 

detail; moreover, how these features influence their hydrological performance remains unclear. As a result, there is no way to 

predict hydrologic performance of a living roof or a bioretention cell with high accuracy. 

The purpose of this study is to quantify the hydrological response from various media with different physical and hydraulic 

characteristics and explore the interactive relationship between the response and the characteristics. Media with different 

physical characteristics are assumed to have different hydraulic properties which in turn influence their hydrological 

performance. Six pumice-based living roof engineered media are designed with physical characteristics differing in particle 

size distribution of pumice, the volumetric ratio of compost, and the amendment of zeolite and sand. Four sand-based 

bioretention engineered media are also designed, in the similar way, but without any amendment. Hydraulic parameters of 

concern are maximum water holding capacity, water characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity (both saturated and 

unsaturated). The maximum water holding capacities of living roof media are determined by German guideline FLL (2008) and 

the water characteristics of the media are determined using a hanging water column and pressure plate apparatus. The 

measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity follows the FLL for living roof media, and the ASTM D 2434-68 standard for 

bioretention media. The measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity uses the instantaneous profile method. 

Preliminary data shows that less coarse pumice, larger volumetric proportions of organic compost, and the amendment of 

zeolite or sand can result in greater values of the maximum water holding capacity for these pumice-based living roof media. 

As expected, fine sand and larger compost ratio to sand-based bioretention media would also likely have an effect on their 

hydraulic properties. 

These media, with different hydraulic properties are then used to construct columns which are subjected to selected 

simulated rainfall events. To simulate the common configuration of a living roof and bioretention, a short media depth of 10 

cm is set for the living roof media and a long media depth of 100 cm is set for the bioretention media. The bottom boundary 

condition establishes a free drainage condition by setting a 5 cm gravel layer. The water content change within a media profile 

is recorded by Decagon ECH2O EC-5 moisture probes and the weight of outflow volume from the bottom is continually 

recorded by a load cell to approximate one-dimensional flow process through such media. 

For now, saturated hydraulic conductivities of all living roof media have been completed and water characteristic of all media 

will be completed within 2012. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of bioretention media will be done by Jan 2013. Hydraulic 

conductivities of all the media will be finished by Feb 2013, and the whole project will be completed by April 2013. 

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Evaluation of Decentralized Green Infrastructure for Flood Control and Other Benefits Using an Advanced 2D 

Modeling Approach 

Aaron Poresky (presenting), Marc Leisenring, Marty Christman, and Eric Strecker – Geosyntec Consultants 

621 SW Morrison St, Suite 600, Portland, OR 97205 

Ph: 971.271.5891; Fax: 971.271.5884 

aporesky@geosyntec.com 

Lee Sherman (presenting) and Mike Kelly – City of Austin, Watershed Protection Department 

One Texas Center, 11 th Floor 

505 Barton Springs Road, Austin, TX 78767 

Ph: 512-974-6555; Fax: 512-974-2846 

Lee.Sherman@austintexas.gov 

The Brentwood project area, in the City of Austin, Texas, consists of approximately 360 acres of urban land that drains to 

the Grover Channel within the Shoal Creek Watershed. The project area primarily consists of single-family subdivisions 

constructed in the late 1950s to early 1960s, with some high-intensity multi-family, commercial and institutional 

development as well. Minimal flow control and drainage features exist in the study area and the Grover Channel exceeds 

its conveyance capacity in storm events as frequent as a 2-year storm, which results in relatively frequent flooding of 

streets, yards, and structures. Additionally, the Grover Channel and downstream reaches have suffered from erosion, 

and all potential receiving channels experience flooding in larger storm events. In a recent feasibility study, the City 

found it would be cost prohibitive to bring the Brentwood area drainage system into compliance with the City’s Drainage 

Criteria Manual using traditional “grey” infrastructure solutions, including detention and/or major conveyance upgrades. 

The study also found that the use of traditional drainage improvements within the Brentwood project area would 

potentially result in downstream impacts associated with increased peak flow rates and volumes leaving the project 

area. 

The City, with assistance from Geosyntec, is exploring a decentralized, green infrastructure approach to reduce peak 

flows and runoff volumes to the existing stormwater conveyance system. Such an approach, which includes retrofitting 

the neighborhood with wide variety of potential green infrastructure practices, such as rain gardens, cisterns, street 

trees, and permeable pavement, has potential to reduce or eliminate the need for a system-wide upgrade to the 

drainage network, while providing ancillary benefits such as reduction in pollutant loads, reduction in channel erosion, 

and increase in water supply. The purpose of the project is to investigate and quantify the potential benefits of 

decentralized stormwater controls and use advanced modeling techniques, including continuous simulation and 2D 

models to evaluate the extent to which decentralized green infrastructure can be used to augment or replace traditional 

conveyance/detention approaches within the Brentwood storm drain system, to achieve the following goals: 

1. Reduce the frequency and magnitude of peak flows to reduce the frequency of flooding; 

2. Reduce the volume of runoff and increase the volume of infiltration; 

3. Reduce or eliminate the anticipated life cycle costs of system-wide stormwater conveyance upgrades; 

4. Reduce pollutant loads and erosion potential to receiving waters; 

5. Reduce the use of potable water for landscape irrigation; and 

6. Avoid adverse impacts to the base flood elevations of Shoal Creek. 

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This study area was selected by the City because it is typical of many watersheds in the City that experience similar 

flooding and erosion issues. Additionally, the study area is relatively constrained with respect to opportunities for 

placement of regional systems and has soil conditions that pose challenges for infiltration. As a result, green 

infrastructure or combined “green/grey” solutions that work for this study area would be generally transferrable to 

other parts of the City. 

To evaluate how well distributed green infrastructure can meet the objectives listed above, the project is employing an 

advanced continuous simulation modeling approach. This approach allows a realistic quantification of system 

performance utilizing 25 years of high resolution precipitation records that include many historically-significant peak 

flood events. Unlike event-based simulations, which require assumptions about antecedent conditions as well as the 

shape of precipitation events, a continuous simulation approach simulates the system performance over a wide range of 

observed antecedent conditions and precipitation patterns. It also allows a statistical analysis of output to answer 

questions such as, “how has each solution increased or decreased the recurrence interval for street/yard/structure 

flooding,” or “how many streets/yards/houses are no longer inundated” or “how much has long-term runoff volume 

been reduced” Additionally, the analysis includes simulation of design storm events and discrete real events extracted 

from rainfall records. 

The model used for this analysis features 25 years of high resolution precipitation inputs (1 minute), very high resolution 

surface topography (6 inches), and 2D overland flow simulation using PCSWMM 2D. The use of 2D surface modeling 

allows overland flow obstructions to be simulated and allows distributed green infrastructure controls to be integrated 

explicitly within the surface topography and drainage pathways. To support model calibration for existing conditions, the 

City has collected data at two flow monitoring gages within the watershed and has maintained a database of flooding 

complaints. Additionally, site investigations include soil and infiltration tests, supplemental topographic survey, and 

inventory of impervious area connectivity (such as presence of gutters). As part of the project, we will also be comparing 

the SWMM results to HEC-HMS results to translate study area improvements to system-wide floodplain modeling. 

This presentation will report on the development of the supporting data and the existing conditions model, as well the 

analysis of the first iterations of the Green Infrastructure Plan for the study area and early findings regarding the efficacy 

of the green infrastructure approach. The presentation will discuss the process that was used for identifying 

opportunities and evaluate the performance of these opportunities versus project goals. Preliminary findings regarding 

the potential benefits and limitations of a decentralized approach will be presented. The presentation will also discuss 

the transferability of study findings to other watersheds within the city, as well as other regions within the country. The 

study started in mid-2012 and will pass several major milestones, including model and conceptual design iterations, 

prior to August 2013. The study will concluded by August 2014. 

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The Emergence of LID in Arizona: Case Study of a Recent LID Ordinance and Implementation in the City of Flagstaff 

Kyle Burton Brown - City of Flagstaff, Arizona Stormwater Section 

211 West Aspen Avenue Flagstaff, AZ 86001 

928-213-2473 

kybrown@flagstaffaz.gov 

Malcolm Alter - City of Flagstaff, Arizona Stormwater Section 

211 West Aspen Avenue Flagstaff, AZ 86001 

928-213-2470 

malter@flagstaffaz.gov 

Flagstaff is a semi-arid city located at 7000 fasl in northern Arizona receiving 22 inches of rainfall per year. With a current population 

of ~ 67,000, it is projected that population growth could reach ~ 180,000 by 2080. With increasing demand on local and regional 

surface and groundwater supplies (100% imported from outside city limits until local well development in 1990s), increases in 

stormwater volume on existing infrastructure due to new development, and increasing drought and flood predictions as a result of 

climate change, strategic watershed management efforts are necessary to sustain growth and manage natural resources. In 2007 

the City of Flagstaff’s Stormwater Management Section began efforts to evaluate the benefits of Low Impact Development (LID) for 

the community. Through the use of local and regional cost-benefit analysis and site-scale hydrologic studies, LID was determined to 

demonstrate cost-benefits in Flagstaff for managing increases in stormwater runoff. In 2009 the Flagstaff City Council approved 

Ordinance No. 2009-07 requiring the use of LID practices for all new subdivisions, commercial and industrial developments, redevelopment 

of non-conforming sites (i.e. existing developed sites that do not have detention that have been razed and vacant for 

greater than six months), and other developments greater than ¼ acre in size. The ordinance was phased in over a three year 

process to gain community support and help developers and designers transition to new requirements. The first year of the 

ordinance sought voluntary participation in which only 3 public facilities utilized LID measures. During the second year, 

developments were required to retain ½ inch of stormwater runoff from all new impervious surfaces, and for the third year and 

current phase of the ordinance, 1 inch for all new impervious surfaces. To-date this is the only LID Ordinance requirement for a city 

or county in Arizona. As of the ½ inch requirement, there have been 20 private and 13 public projects completed. 

Major challenges to LID involve design constraints resulting from Flagstaff’s soil conditions, as well as a lack of political 

understanding of the benefits and costs of LID. Flagstaff is underlain by primarily clay loam soils falling into NRCS hydrologic soil 

groups B-D. Due to low infiltration rates (< 0.5 inch/hour), LID features 1 foot deep or greater (i.e. bioretention basins) require a 4 

inch perforated pipe underdrain system, and often it is difficult to “daylight” these underdrains. Local consultants argue these 

underdrains are costly and burdensome, despite a lack of consideration of cost-removals from traditional stormwater conveyance 

pipes. 

In order to address cost concerns, Stormwater Staff is encouraging local designers to consider the following strategies: 1) increase 

the time of concentration of stormwater across the site; 2) utilize 4 inch shallow landscape depressions without the need for 

underdrains; and 3) increase volume retention through extended detention. Strategy 3 is to be allowed by City Stormwater Staff 

after strategies 1 and 2 have been maximized. The majority of LID features installed to-date have included 4 inch deep landscape 

depressions and extended detention, with a few sites highlighting 1 foot deep bio-retention basins and rock/grass swales. Due to 

the fact that Flagstaff only has limited surface water bodies, water quality play a smaller role in justifying LID in this region compared 

to wetter climates. Urban beautification in conjunction with LID is only beginning to be utilized in public street development. 

As a result of current politicians concerns with LID changes to traditional development, City Stormwater Staff are encouraging all 

measures for cost-savings and emphasizing flood and erosion control as the primary benefit of LID. Despite these challenges, several 

City public projects have demonstrated multiple benefits of LID including: water quality improvements at Francis Short Pond from 

nearby dog park waste bioretention; enhanced city street side beautification from native plant raingardens, and improved 

community participation through active rainwater harvesting collection (i.e. Flagstaff has rainwater harvesting ordinance as of 2012). 

Future progress for LID in Flagstaff will need to be made in the areas of: 1) education and outreach to demonstrate multiple benefits 

of LID; 2) cost-benefit analysis for systems w/ underdrains vs. conventional stormwater conveyance; 3) monitoring/research of longterm 

LID performance (i.e. water quality improvements, peak flow and volume runoff reduction changes, plant growth and density 

changes); and 4) maintenance protocols tied to performance changes. Flagstaff will serve as an interesting case study for the 

ongoing adaptation of LID policy and techniques in a semi-arid mountain locale. 

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Use of Low Impact Development Principles to Achieve Expedited Approvals for Residential Subdivisions 

Ian Roul- Dillon Consulting Limited 

800-235 Yorkland Blvd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

(416) 229-4647 ext. 2303 

Iroul@dillon.ca 

Allen Benson – Dillon Consulting Limited 

800-235 Yorkland Blvd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

(416) 229-4647 ext. 2315 

Abenson@dillon.ca 

Showcasing Water Innovation is the province of Ontario’s program to fund leading edge, innovative and cost-effective 

solutions for managing drinking water, wastewater and stormwater systems. It is intended to fund projects that do the 

following: 

• Take an integrated and sustainable approach to solve water management challenges; 

• Use new and innovative approaches and technologies; 

• Produce results that can be easily used by other communities; and, 

• Create partnerships that highlight the benefits of collaboration. 

Of the 32 projects that were funded under the program one was the creation of an accelerated approvals process for 

land developments that exceed the standards for water and energy conservation by taking a leading edge position in 

terms of sustainability. The Mosaik Glenway community in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada (30 km north of Toronto) was 

selected to serve as the pilot project for this accelerated approvals process. 

Low impact development measures featured prominently in the selection of this project for inclusion in the Showcasing 

Water Innovation program. Specifically, the following measures were included in the design of the community: 

• Infiltration measures for the site equal to greater than the first 20 mm of rainfall; 

• Use of bioswales and exfiltration pipes; 

• Use of alternative landscaping methods to reduce external water demand including rain gardens; 

• Internal fixture modifications to achieve a 30% reductions in water consumption over the building code; 

• An experiment to test various seed and alternative sod methods to replace high water demand sod; 

• Wetland restoration of a highly degraded drainage system with increased storage; and, 

• Integration of the park with surface LID’s and wetland restoration areas. 

The community was designed in a collaborative process with the developers, Municipalities and Conservation 

Authorities meeting regularly with sustainability experts to ensure the plan could meet the high targets set by the 

expedited approval program in terms of both energy and water consumption. 

As construction is set to begin in the spring of 2013, this presentation will provide specific details on the process that 

allowed the developer to succeed in creating a sustainable development, the successes and hurdles of the expedited 

approval process, as well as details on the specific design of both low impact development measures and the 

experimental results from the seed vs. sod trial. 

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Quantifying Effective Impervious Area in Urban Watersheds 

Ali Ebrahimian - St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota 

2 Third Avenue Se, Minneapolis, MN 55414 

Phone: (612)481-4685/Fax: (612)624-4398 

Ebrah034@Umn.Edu 

Ben Janke – Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior. University of Minnesota 

1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108 

Janke024@Umn.Edu 

John Gulliver - St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota 

2 Third Avenue Se, Minneapolis, Mn 55414 

Phone: (612)625-4080 /Fax: (612)624-4398 

Gulli003@Umn.Edu 

Bruce Wilson - Dept. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota. 

1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 

Phone: (612) 625-6770 

Wilson@Umn.Edu 

The most important parameter in determining actual urban runoff is the “effective” impervious area (EIA), or the portion 

of total impervious area that is directly connected to the storm sewer system. Current and developing LID practices, 

such as rain gardens, infiltration basins, or pervious pavements, show awareness of the need to reduce EIA, or 

‘disconnect’ impervious areas from the drainage system. However, there are no standard methods to assess the impact 

of these disconnection practices, partly because the connectedness of the existing watershed is not well known. 

This paper describes a method to determine the effective impervious area especially in un-gauged urban watersheds. 

We investigated and improved two existing methods of estimating EIA in a watershed: (1) analysis of large rainfall-runoff 

data sets using the method of Boyd et al. (1993), and (2) overlay analysis of spatial (GIS) data, including land cover, 

elevation, and stormwater infrastructure, using the method of Han and Burian (2009). The two methods were applied to 

gauged urban subwatersheds within the Capitol Region Watershed District in St. Paul, MN. The rainfall-runoff data 

analysis technique has the advantage of being accurate, quick and relatively simple, but can only be applied to gauged 

watersheds where reliable data on runoff discharge and local precipitation is available. This analysis technique is also 

unable to determine spatially the locations of EIA within the watershed. By contrast, the GIS method can be used on ungauged 

watersheds, and also provides the location of EIA in the watershed. This latter feature makes it particularly 

attractive for honing the development and placement of LID practices in a watershed. Substantial experience in using 

both the GIS and the rainfall-runoff data analysis techniques on watersheds is necessary to develop the GIS method into 

an effective and reliable analysis tool. The results are used to evaluate the potential and the limitations of each method 

and provide directions for the next steps of this study through which the utilized GIS method would be modified in the 

future. The results have shown that the GIS method can be considered as a watershed management tool for watersheds 

that do not have the data required for the rainfall-runoff technique. Additional work is underway to further evaluate the 

useful of both methods for larger range of watershed conditions. 

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How to Deliver a Low Impact County Highway 

Bill Klingbeil, PE – HR Green, Inc. 

2500 University Avenue W., Suite 400N 

Phone: 651-644-4389 Fax: 651-644-9446 

bklingbeil@hrgreen.com 

Jonathon Kusa, PE, LEED AP – HR Green, Inc. 

2500 University Avenue W., Suite 400N 

Phone: 651-644-4389 Fax: 651-644-9446 

jkusa@hrgreen.com 

HR Green has completed final plans for a 3-mile segment of County Highway 19 for Washington County, Minnesota. The 

design was initially based on a nearby 4-lane project designed by HR Green and constructed in 2005. The Highway 19 

project posed several additional challenges due to the lack of available right-of-way along the corridor. The team 

worked closely with County and City staff to engage the public and local watershed to create a plan that met a diverse 

range of goals. Those goals included off-road bike paths, stormwater treatment, as well as safe and efficient roadway 

designs that included two new roundabouts. The street design included narrow lanes and shoulders as well as detailed 

vegetation planning to achieve the safety and aesthetic goals set by the community. The stormwater solution included 

two stormwater re-use systems that pump water from adjacent stormwater ponds to nearby golf courses for irrigation – 

exceeding the water quality goals for runoff from the watershed. The project has received over $550,000 in State 

funding to implement the stormwater solutions. This paper will present the challenges, rewards, and project delivery 

tips associated with delivering an urban low impact roadway for a County Highway Department. 

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Rainwater Harvesting: Integrating Water Conservation and Stormwater Management through Innovative 

Technologies 

Kathy Debusk – North Carolina State University 

Campus Box 7625 Raleigh, NC 27695 

Ph: 434-294-2175 

Kathy_Debusk@Ncsu.Edu 

William Hunt, III – North Carolina State University 

Campus Box 7625 Raleigh, NC 27695 

PH: 919-515-6580 

wfhunt@ncsu.edu 

Recent droughts, population increases, and predicted climate change have emphasized the fragility of water resources 

and the need for water conservation throughout the United States, including the state of North Carolina. Improving 

stormwater management is a regulated need, as it is essential to protecting the quality of our nation’s surface waters. 

Many streams, rivers and estuaries are listed as impaired, with urban runoff cited as a primary cause. 

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems provide the dual benefits of (1) acting as alternate water supply sources and (2) 

providing detention/retention of roof runoff that would otherwise become stormwater runoff. However, storage for 

water supply and storage for runoff detention are sometimes opposing functions and require designers and operators to 

make trade-offs between the two. That is, for a RWH system to detain water, there must be room available in the cistern 

for runoff. While a full cistern is ideal for water conservation (providing water when it is needed), a full cistern cannot 

provide the stormwater-management benefit of detention. Previous research has shown that many RWH systems are 

not used as frequently or effectively as initially expected, leaving cisterns full for extended periods and limiting the 

stormwater mitigation potential of these systems (Jones and Hunt 2010). 

The purpose of this study is to document how well RWH systems serve as both water conservation practices and 

stormwater management practices when equipped with innovative technologies. Two locations in Craven County, NC 

(Tryon Palace and NC Department of Transportation (NCDOT)) have RWH systems installed to capture roof runoff and 

store it for nonpotable uses. Tryon Palace and NCDOT each employ an innovative method of increasing the stormwater 

management potential of the system: an active release mechanism and a passive release mechanism, respectively. 

An active release mechanism releases water from the cistern when certain conditions are 

realized. The mechanism used for this project includes a real-time control (RTC) device that automatically releases 

stored water based on real-time forecasted precipitation and current conditions within the RWH system. Water is 

released only if there is not enough storage capacity in the cistern for the forecasted rainfall, and the release will 

precede the arrival of rainfall. Pre-event release does not contribute to stormwater runoff. At this location, release 

water is directed to a rain garden, which provides water quality treatment and allows the water to infiltrate. Active 

release mechanisms allow RWH systems to function similar to water-supply reservoirs. 

The passive release mechanism being tested divides the RWH tank into 2 zones: one that is reserved for harvesting 

rainwater and a second that allows both short term detention and harvesting. The two zones are created by positioning 

a drawdown orifice in the middle of the tank. Passive release mechanisms enable RWH systems to function similarly to 

stormwater detention basins, where a designated water volume remains in the tank for use, while any volume greater is 

slowly released. 

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Preliminary results show substantial stormwater mitigation by both systems, with total runoff volume reduction of 

approximately 92% and 91% for the passive and active release mechanisms, respectively. The system equipped with the 

passive release mechanism has completely captured all but 5 storm events (without resulting in overflow) from 

September 1, 2011 through July 1, 2012, with approximately 150,000L being captured and slowly released after a rain 

event and 48,800L being used by NCDOT staff. The active system has released approximately 63,300L in preparation of a 

precipitation event between January 1, 2012 and July 1, 2012. Approximately 63,275L have been used for irrigation 

between July 1, 2011 and July 1, 2012. 

Data collection has ended for both systems. Statistical analyses will be performed on all data sets to determine the 

efficiency with which each system satisfies stormwater management and water conservation goals. A full economic 

analysis will also be performed to determine the circumstances under which each system is most applicable and 

economically feasible. Following these analyses (estimated to be completed by March 2013), conclusions will be drawn 

regarding the potential stormwater management benefits of including mechanisms such as these in RWH systems across 

the state of NC and throughout the USA. 

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Mimicking Natural Hydrology: Use of Continuous Hydrologic Modeling to Determine a Stormwater Volume Control 

Performance Goal for Minnesota 

Nathan Campeau, PE - Barr Engineering Co. 

4700 W. 77 th Street, Edina, MN 55435 

952-832-2854/952-832-2601 

Ncampeau@Barr.Com 

In 2009 the Minnesota legislature authorized the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to develop performance 

standards to mimic a site’s natural hydrology to enable and promote low impact development (LID). The MPCA named 

the project MIDS (Minimum Impact Design Standards) and formed a work group consisting of representatives from 

municipalities, state agencies, watershed management organizations, soil and water conservation districts, developers, 

private industry, and other stakeholder groups to provide guidance and recommendations to the MPCA on the project. 

The first task of the MIDS work group was to recommend a performance standard that would mimic a site’s natural 

hydrology. 

With the assistance of Barr Engineering, the work group and the MPCA considered several types of volume control 

performance goals, ultimately selecting a performance goal that was easy to regulate and fit the differing soil types and 

development densities anticipated throughout the state. The selected performance goal defines the required volume 

control as a certain depth of runoff over the impervious surface area (X inches times the impervious surface area). 

Using XP-SWMM hydrologic and hydraulic modeling software, Barr Engineering developed continuous models spanning 

approximately 35 years of precipitation records from three different regions in Minnesota (North Central, Southeast, 

and Twin Cities – Minneapolis/St. Paul) for sites with different soil types and development densities (range of percent 

impervious). From these modeling results, Barr Engineering was able to determine the necessary size of stormwater 

volume control practices in terms of the depth of runoff over the impervious surface area to achieve annual runoff 

volumes that closely match runoff volumes from equivalent native forest and meadow sites. 

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Increasing the Runoff Reduction Benefit of a Planter by Installing Gravel Columns 

Shao-Hua Marko Hsu 

Professor, Dept. of Water Resources Engineering and Conservation 

Feng Chia University, Taiwan 

886-922-263468 

shhsu@fcu.edu.tw 

This study introduces gravel columns as a LID (Low Impact Development) improving technique into a planter for storm 

water collection facility. We took the advantage of the geological situation in central Taiwan, where large gravels layer 

with hundreds meter in depth underneath a thin top soil with only about 1m in thickness. Once the gravel layer is 

effectively connected through the top soil, infiltration capacity can be increased and enormous volume of storage will be 

created for storm water. 

Field experiments were performed in the campus of Feng Chia University, Taichung to examine the original infiltration 

rate of a planter, near the building of department of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering. A standard double-ring infiltration 

facility was employed as the main instrument for measuring surface infiltration of the top soil. Philip’s infiltration 

formula was adopted as the infiltration model. After the background information was collected, the planter was 

retrofitted by installing gravel columns into it. Each column has a size with 0.1 m as the diameter and a depth of 0.75m, 

as figure 1, which is long enough to touch the underneath gravel layer breaking through the top soil of the planter. The 

#4 gravel with particle size, D=4.75mm, was used to fill the column. The retrofit experiments have three stages. Each 

stage has different density and set-up of gravel columns and each stage has different infiltration rate. 

The averaged background infiltration rate of the original planter of is about 1.73 cm/hr. As a big contrast, the results of 

the retrofitted planters can be increased to about 15 to 43 times of the original experiment, as shown in figure 2. 

Therefore we concluded that it is very promising to introduce gravel columns into a planter for increasing infiltration 

rate at the site, which can reduce the surface runoff dramatically during a rainfall event in Taichung City. 

Figure 1. Double-rings infiltrometer with a drainage Gravel column 

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infiltration rate (cm/hr) 

The change of saturated infiltration rate be 

compared original condition and after the 

reconstruction 

Original 

stage 1 

stage 2 

stage 3 

time(hr) 

Figure 2. Infiltration rates of the planter before and after retrofit 

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6510 

The Stockholm Solution - Ten Years of Experience of Urban Tree Planning and Management Combined with Local 

Storm Water Management 

Örjan STÅL; Björn EMBRÉN; Britt-Marie ALVEM 

In Stockholm, as in most cities, the city streets offer but little space for trees, both below and above street level. The soil 

surrounding a city tree is heavily compacted by the construction of roads and since porosity is low, the tree roots have 

difficulties accessing oxygen and water. 

“Trafikkontoret”, the Road and Transport Office in Stockholm, is responsible for approximately 30 000 street trees in the 

city. Regular inspections have shown that a large number of these trees showed relatively low growth rates. 

Furthermore, many trees have yellow leaves in the early summer as a clear sign of lack of water and problems of gas 

exchange in the soils. 

For the last decade optimization of tree locations by means of using well-aerated, large-pore substrates (structural soil) 

that enable the roots to grow and find a good supply of oxygen and moisture, simultaneously allowing heavy load traffic 

on the surface. The structural soil is often stretching along the curb as a trench allowing each tree a minimum root 

volume of 15 cubic meters. 

The focus of this concept lies in the site improvement of urban trees and the targeted use of rainwater for irrigation of 

trees in paved areas. Storm water management on site in the form of infiltration or retention and choked drainage has 

won ground in the last few years. Through this decentralized measures such as groundwater recharge can be improved 

and recipients are spared. 

In the last ten years approximately 2 000 planting beds have been rebuilt in the inner city, from the medieval old town 

to new housing areas and industrial sites. The total surface for storm water management is approximately 35 acres of 

roofs and paved areas. In Stockholm the annual rainfall is 555 mm which means that the tree trenches can take care of 

at least 100 000 cubic meters of storm water. 

The growth rate on the 1500 replanted trees is in many cases better or as good as the growth in the nurseries where 

they come from. Also the 500 renovated trees show signs of improvement in foliage mass and density. 

Against this background the Road and Transport Office in Stockholm had a political mandate to implement the concept, 

including the above-described water management requirements, together with Stockholm Vatten (Water and 

Wastewater authority), the operator of the supply and sewer network in Stockholm. This concept is intended both to 

improve the growing conditions of the trees to get a better environmental in the city center of Stockholm. The method 

will also reduce the amount of polluted storm water into sensitive recipients by traditional pipe systems. Another 

benefit with this approach would be that it could help to conserve the old heritage buildings. By infiltrating more surface 

water in to the ground locally it could prevent settlements of the house foundation to avoiding that the tree poles will 

break down by the oxygenation of the timber. 

In 2012 the Road and Transport Office received the Stockholm City award for renewal and innovation (Förnyelsepriset) 

for developing the new method of improving urban tree status and stormwater treatments. To achieve even more cost 

efficiency requires continuous development in this field. The development work is performed by different types of 

applied research on real projects, monitored by experts from different fields and researchers from Universities. 

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The Fate of Phosphorus in Stormwater Bioinfiltration Systems 

Bonnie J. Glaister – Monash University 

Department of Civil Engineering and Monash Water for Liveability (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities), Monash University, 

Victoria, 3008, Australia 

Phone +61 3 9905 6202, Fax +61 3 9905 4944 

Email bonnie.glaister@monash.edu 

Tim D. Fletcher – University Of Melbourne 

Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Burnley, 


Email tim.fletcher@unimelb.edu.au 

Perran L. M. Cook – Monash University 

Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3008, Australia 

Email perran.cook@monash.edu 

Belinda E. Hatt – Monash University 

Department of Civil Engineering and Monash Water for Liveability (CRC for Water Sensitive Cities), Monash University, 


Email belinda.hatt@monash.edu 

Urban stormwater significantly impacts the health and ecosystem function of receiving waters. The discharge of 

phosphorus-polluted runoff into waterways can be particularly detrimental, leading to algal bloom proliferation, 

dissolved oxygen depletion and biodiversity loss. Extensive field and laboratory testing has demonstrated that biofilters, 

also known as bioinfiltration systems and raingardens, are an effective technology for the removal of phosphorus from 

stormwater. Biofilter studies to date have predominantly used a “black-box” approach, focusing mainly on effluent 

quality. However, it is also necessary to improve our understanding of phosphorus removal processes in these systems, 

so that design can be optimized to maximize performance longevity. The aim of this study is threefold: to determine the 

concentration and form in which phosphorus accumulates in biofilters; to investigate the influence of filter media and 

vegetation on the accumulation process, and; to establish how phosphorus accumulation may affect the long-term 

performance of these systems. 

Following 12 months of dosing with stormwater, soil samples were collected from 20 laboratory-scale biofilters at 

depths of 0, 25, 50, 75, 200, 300 and 450mm. The soil samples were subject to a four-step sequential extraction scheme 

then analysed for phosphate (PO 4 3- ) using flow injection analysis. This determined the fraction of phosphorus (P) found 

in the following phases: I) loosely bound or exchangeable P; II) Fe-bound P; III) P associated with amorphous iron 

oxyhydroxides; or IV) P associated with the organic phase. Initial observations suggest that P accumulation is most 

concentrated on the surface layer of the biofilters. This is largely related to the buildup of trapped sediment to which P 

is attached. P concentrations were found to be highest in the iron associated phases (II & III), which suggests Fe-P 

sorption interactions may play a key role in phosphorus retention. This hypothesis is corroborated by the higher P 

concentrations found in the biofilters configured with Skye sand, a naturally occurring iron-oxide coated filter media. 

The results also indicate that P concentrations in non-vegetated biofilters are typically higher, emphasizing the 

importance of vegetation to provide a P removal pathway through plant uptake. 

While these observations are only preliminary, they provide insight into alternative biofilter design to optimize 

phosphorus removal. Further investigation and statistical analyses are being conducted to develop quantitative 

relationships between P removal and biofilter design characteristics (e.g. ANOVA). Ultimately, the results of this study 

are expected to improve biofilter design and maintenance strategies to achieve long-term and effective P removal. 

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6514 

Bioretention Media Industry Development in Canada: Manufacturing Techniques, Testing Protocols, Variation During 

Construction and Specifications 

Chris Denich, M.Sc,. Aquafor Beech Ltd. 

55 Regal Road, Unit 3, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1K 1B6 

Ph: 519-244-3744 fax: 519-224-3750 

denich.c@aquaforbeech.com 

Will Cowlin, B.Eng, Aquafor Beech Ltd. 


Ph: 519-244-3744 fax: 519-224-3750 

cowlin.w@aquaforbeech.com 

Currently, integrated water management which include LID techniques and broader water conservation efforts in 

Canada are facing numerous challenges associated with implementation of LIDs due to a lack of industry knowledge, 

guidance and functional example projects. These challenges include difficulties in the specification, manufacturing, 

testing protocols and variation of bioretention media during construction. 

Due to the numerous challenges associated with developing, manufacturing and delivering the specified bioretention 

media during construction is resulting in a general lack of broader implementation, the under-realization of the broader 

watershed planning goals and targets, with only a handful of physical pilot sites to represent more than a decade of 

effort. 

To improve the implementation rate of LIDs utilizing manufactured media for infiltration and filtration of stormwater, 

Aquafor Beech has tested and assessed installed bioretention media from over a dozen sites across Canada and have 

developed and continue to refine standardized pre, during and post construction media testing programs. Working with 

custom soil manufacturers, this research is being used to build industry capacity with the goal of producing bioretention 

media in significant quantities to meet the demand of the construction industry while ensuring conformance to design 

specifications. 

Installed media testing and media development from initial ‘hand-mixed’ trails, to engineer approved mixes, to 

manufacturing and ‘as-installed’ materials have been documented and analyzed to understand and address key 

manufacturing issues, specifically: 

• The issues with existing media specifications; 

• How to manufacture media using low cost discrete elements to achieve specification conformance; 

• The variability in the types and combinations of individual media constituents that can utilized to conform with a 

single specification; 

• Ability to ‘up-scale’ prototype mixes (small hand mixed samples) to mechanically manufactured (large scale/ 

volume samples) and the impact on specification conformance; 

• Regional variability; 

• The role of the designer in media development; 

• How to develop standardized third party accredited laboratory testing programs that are accessible to the 

industry, low cost, and produce meaningful results to be used in approvals; and 

• Tolerances and impacts of media variation during construction; 

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Through this more than four (4) year program, Aquafor has documented and analyzed installed bioretention media for 

media composition (soil classification, grain-size analysis, % soil, % sand and % clay), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH, 

and organic content; linking the physical parameters to the in-situ hydraulic conductivity; as well as assessing overall 

media quality, design limitations and general performance. Result sub-sets are organized and evaluated in the categories 

of: 1) Pre-Construction Prototypes, 2) Approved Samples, 3) Delivered Samples and 4) Refuted Samples for both ‘small 

batch’ manufacturing and large scale ‘mechanically mixed’ media. Results have highlighted the importance of 

understanding the manufacturing process, the variability of key parameters during up-scaling of manufacturing for 

construction and the failures in hydraulic capacity resulting from manufacturing process failures. 

The application of this research has been successfully applied in design and construction of more than a half- dozen 

‘real-world’ bioretention and bioswale installations, totaling more than 3,000m 3 of media manufactured (ranging from 

1,300m 3 to 15m 3 per site) including Ontario first Green Street in Mississauga, Ontario and Ontario’s largest bioretention 

facility designed to protect an Provincially recognized Endangered Species of fish. 

Future research is targeted towards addressing Phosphorus releases from bioretention media, as this has been identified 

ongoing media design deficiency. Current Canadian design guidance suggest the use of a P-Index, however this test and 

subsequent calculation is not appropriate for manufactured bioretention media as it was developed strictly for 

agricultural purposes (OMAFRA, 2012) with regional tests such as the Olsen P-test (Ontario) and the Malic P-test 

(Quebec) and others applicable for media manufactured using local native soils. However these regional tests are not 

suitable for media manufactured from raw constituents (pure sands, peat, compost etc) and current specifications 

generally discourage and prohibit the use of media using native-soils due to the high clay content of Ontario soils. 

Options currently being explored and developed include the use of a phosphorous saturation test. 

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6515 

Water Quality Performance of Three Side-by-Side Permeable Pavement Surface Materials: Three Year Update 

Robert A. Brown – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Research and Development 

2890 Woodbridge Ave., MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837 

(732) 906-6898 

Brown.Robert-A@epa.gov 

Michael Borst – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Research and Development 


(732) 321-6631 

borst.mike@epa.gov 

Communities are increasingly installing structural low impact development (LID) practices to manage stormwater and 

reduce pollutant loads associated with stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement is a LID practice that has limited 

research on working-scale, side-by-side performance of different permeable pavement surface types. The existing 

studies commonly have small, short-duration datasets and are often limited to a single permeable pavement surface 

making it difficult to extrapolate and compare the results between surface types. 

In 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) constructed a 0.4-ha (1-ac), parking lot at the Edison 

Environmental Center in Edison, NJ. The 110-space parking lot was surfaced with three different permeable pavement 

types [interlocking concrete pavers (ICP), porous concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)]. Each permeable pavement 

surface type has four equally sized and spaced, lined sections that drain to 5.7-m 3 (1,500-gal.) collection tanks that 

enable composite sampling for water quality analysis. Each liner (0.45 mil EPDM membrane) was installed to a depth of 

0.41 m (16 in.) below the parking surface. The lined sections gravity drain through pipes under the roadway to collection 

tanks with a working storage capacity ranging from 3.41 to 4.06 m 3 (900 to 1,070 gal.). This enables all of the infiltrated 

water from rainfall events up to 38-mm (1.5-in.) to be completely captured. Each lined section is 55 m 2 (590 ft 2 ) and has 

an impervious hot mix asphalt contributing drainage area of about 36 m 2 (390 ft 2 ). Samples analyzed in this 

presentation were collected at roughly monthly intervals for more than two years. Samples from rainwater and asphalt 

runoff were also collected and analyzed to provide comparisons to the infiltrate. Some of the measured stressors that 

will be described include: nitrogen, phosphorus, chloride, heavy metals, and suspended solids. For many stressors, the 

concentrations varied significantly by surface material. As an example, the infiltrate from the PA pavement had the 

largest total nitrogen concentration, and the nitrogen-speciation varied among surfaces. 

Specifically for chloride, the concentrations of the infiltrated water exceeded the EPA acute criterion for aquatic life (860 

mg/L) in the winter months. Chloride concentrations remained measureable year round but did not exceed the EPA 

chronic threshold of 230 mg/L in samples collected after April. The chloride concentration decreased with cumulative 

rainfall depth since previous snow event. The ICP and PC pavements had similar decay rates and initial concentrations in 

the infiltrate. In comparison, the PA pavement had a smaller decay rate and smaller initial concentration, presumably 

due to its smaller pore size and subsequent slower infiltration rate. This resulted in a lower initial infiltrate chloride 

concentration from the PA pavement, but a larger overall mean infiltrate concentration from the PA pavement as 

compared to the ICP or PC pavement. The infiltrate concentrations from each surface were notably different from 

impervious hot mix asphalt runoff concentrations. The salt applied to the hot mix asphalt is flushed rapidly from the 

surface by the subsequent events and was often (>77%) undetected in samples, including in the winter months 

(undetected in three of six events). 

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6518 

Use of Time Domain Reflectometers (TDRs) in Permeable Pavement Systems to Predict Maintenance Needs and 

Effectiveness 

Robert A. Brown – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Research and Development 


(732) 906-6898 


Michael Borst – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Research and Development 


(732) 321-6631 

borst.mike@epa.gov 

Joshua Rivard – University of Louisville - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

WS Speed Hall 101, Louisville, KY 40292 

josh.rivard@louisville.edu 

Justin Gray – Louisville/Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District 

700 W. Liberty Street, Louisville, KY 40203 

gray@msdlouky.org 

Lara Kurtz – URS Corporation 

325 W. Main Street, Suite 1200, Louisville, KY 40202 

lara.kurtz@urs.com 

As the surface in permeable pavement systems clogs, infiltration capacity decreases, so maintenance is required to 

maintain hydrologic performance. There is limited direct guidance for determining when maintenance is needed to 

prevent surface runoff bypass. Research is being conducted using multiple embedded time domain reflectometers 

(TDRs) beneath the permeable pavement surface to remotely monitor surface infiltration. These instruments are used 

to measure the relative amount of infiltrating water at each location. This research refines earlier work at U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Edison Environmental Center and evaluates placement strategies and 

responses to maintenance activity at a field application in Louisville, Kentucky. 

Previous research has shown that surface clogging progresses from the upgradient edge. This occurs because runoff 

transports solids from the contributing drainage area to this location, and as runoff infiltrates through the surface, the 

solids that are unable to infiltrate will collect at this location. The trapped solids block the infiltration pathway which will 

accelerate additional clogging until the pathway is blocked. The decreased permeability at the surface forces runoff 

farther along the surface where the pattern repeats. Based on this presumptive clogging mechanism, a series of TDRs 

were installed along the length of the permeable pavement systems to remotely monitor the surface clogging 

progression. As clogging advances to a TDR position, more runoff infiltrates over the TDR producing a significantly larger 

response than the responses from direct rainfall only. The magnitude of the response will decline as surface clogging 

advances beyond the TDR location. Placement is critical to adequately evaluate surface clogging and develop 

maintenance guidance. 

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The Louisville and Jefferson County MSD is installing permeable pavement systems in parking lanes as 2.4 m (8-ft) wide 

strips that range in length from 16.8 to 36.6 m (55 to 120 ft). TDRs were installed at two controls in December 2011, and 

will be installed at four additional controls in February 2013. Contributing drainage area size and composition influence 

sediment load, so the ratio of drainage area to working width of permeable surface is an important design parameter to 

predict the rate of surface clogging. TDR responses from rainfall events at the first two installed controls support the 

hypothesized mechanics of surface clogging progressing from the upgradient edge. Manual surface infiltration 

measurements were conducted at each site before and after maintenance activities. These measurements supported 

changes in TDR response with the progression of surface clogging and evaluation of restoration of infiltration capacity. A 

benefit of the embedded sensors and remote monitoring capability is that manual surface infiltration measurements 

and repeated field visits are not required to understand surface condition and to schedule maintenance. This 

presentation will describe how TDRs were used to provide guidance for maintenance scheduling and highlight the rate 

of surface clogging from all six sites in Louisville. 

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6520 

Bioretention Stormwater Treatment for a Waterfront Log Sort Yard 

Ross W. Dunning, PE – Kennedy/Jenks Consultants 

32001 32 nd Avenue South, Suite 100 

Federal Way, WA 98001 

Phone – (253) 835-6449 Fax – (253) 952-3435 

RossDunning@KennedyJenks.com 

Ben Fuentes, PE - Kennedy/Jenks Consultants 

32001 32 nd Avenue South, Suite 100 

Federal Way, WA 98001 

Phone – (253) 835-6447 Fax – (253) 952-3435 

BenFuentes@KennedyJenks.com 

Export of lumber, wood products, and raw logs have been common industries in the northwest for almost 150 years 

providing the foundation for community growth in Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Canada. Stormwater 

runoff from wood products facilities has traditionally been covered under the State of Washington NPDES program 

Industrial Stormwater General Permit (ISGP) though changes to the permit are making it challenging for industrial 

facilities to comply. Log import and export facilities are faced with particular challenges as their operations often 

require vast areas located adjacent to sensitive rivers and marine waters. Rainwater that comes into contact with logs, 

bark, and the equipment used to sort, stack, and transport these materials creates runoff containing suspended solids 

and dissolved constituents with high organic content resulting in elevated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and 

chemical oxygen demand (COD). Runoff from these facilities also commonly exhibits characteristically low pH and 

elevated metals which are toxic to aquatic organisms at extremely low concentrations. Oil and grease can also be a 

problem. 

The state of Washington ISGP standards are the most rigid in the United States and will likely be considered by many 

other states as they develop and refine their own stormwater programs. This study will describe activities performed 

and currently underway at a Port of Tacoma waterfront log sorting and import/export facility to characterize runoff from 

its operations, evaluate the range of source and operational control and treatment best management practices, and 

describe the design of a four-stage filtration and bioretention treatment system designed to meet the stringent ISGP 

standards covering its discharge. 

The presentation to be provided will describe the ISGP requirements covering discharges from industrial facilities in 

Washington and provide an analytical summary of log sort yard runoff characteristics from the subject site as well as 

other similar facilities in Canada and Western Washington. Runoff data specific to the Port facility will be provided as 

well as a description of its drainage system and discussion of the specific challenges they face while trying to operate 

their businesses and reduce impacts to the aquatic environment. Runoff treatment alternatives ranging from traditional 

approaches including ponds, swales, and wetlands, low impact development (LID) techniques including bioretention, 

and advanced oxidation and biological treatment methods will be considered. A description of bench scale and field 

conducted pilot studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of bioretention for reduction of COD, TSS, turbidity, and 

metals concentrations in log yard runoff will be provided. Finally, specific details of the design of a first of its kind, fourstage 

filtration and bioretention system to be constructed by December 2013 will be provided. 

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Attendees will become familiar with the stormwater regulations in Washington that will likely represent elements of 

stormwater programs being developed across the US and abroad. They will learn about the characteristics common to 

industrial stormwater runoff and those specific to wood products and log handling operations, the traditional and 

emerging treatment technologies used to improve runoff water quality, and the criteria and evaluation process for 

selection of the range of techniques necessary to meet the ever-tightening industrial stormwater discharge 

requirements. 

Target Audience 

Industrial facility owners and operators, engineering consultants, and regulators responsible for administering industrial 

permits. 

Learning Objectives 

Understand the challenges and solutions associated with source control and runoff collection, conveyance, and 

treatment at expansive waterfront log import/export facilities. 

Conclusions Drawn 

Materials, methods, and laboratory analytical results from a pilot study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two 

different types of bioretention media in reducing COD concentrations in log yard runoff will be provided. The resultant 

design of a four stage filtration and bioretention treatment system will be applicable and of interest to multiple diverse 

industries in need of stormwater treatment solutions. 

187

6521 

Do-It-Yourself Modular Green Roof Retrofit System Development 

Ed Matthiesen, P.E., Wenck Associates, Inc. 

1800 Pioneer Creek Centre, Maple Plain, Minnesota 

763-479-4208 PHONE/ 763-479-4242 FAX 

ematthiesen@wenck.com 

Lucius Jonett, Wenck Associates, Inc. 

1800 Pioneer Creek Centre, Maple Plain, Minnesota 

763-479-4254 PHONE/ 763-479-4242 FAX 

ljonett@wenck.com 

The Shingle Creek watershed in northwestern Hennepin County, Minnesota is 43 square miles in size and almost entirely fully 

developed with urban and suburban land uses. Shingle Creek, which drains the watershed, is impaired by excess chloride and low 

dissolved oxygen, and has an impaired biotic community as well. Thirteen of the sixteen lakes in the watershed are impaired due to 

excess nutrients. Much of the lower watershed was developed prior to the enactment of rules regulating strormwater quality and 

volume for new and re-development, and large areas in that part of the watershed have little or no stormwater treatment and few 

options for retrofit of structural Best Management Practices (BMPs). Virtually all of the water resource restoration plans in the 

watershed call for reductions in runoff volume as a componet of project implementation. 

Connected impervious area is a known driver of urban hydrology and urban pollutant loads. A major component of urban 

connected impervious coverage is rooftops. Roger Bannerman found that in his commercial and industrial urban runoff study sites in 

Madison, WI, rooftop coverage comprised just over 20% of the site (second only to parking lots) and that 72% to 100% of the 

rooftop impervious was directly connected to the storm drainage system. It is reasonable to assume that this approximates the 

condition in industrial areas, office parks, and commercial strips that often characterize the intensively developed portion of 

suburban communities as well as in traditional inner-city commercial and industrial areas. Under such conditions, rooftops can be 

expected to contribute between 15 and 20% of the total annual runoff volume from these types of land uses. Substantially reducing 

runoff volume from highly developed urban and suburban areas is one of the greatest challenges in urban stormwater management. 

Green roofs are increasingly being used to reduce rooftop runoff. They are typically planting systems to capture rainfall in a waterretentive 

growing medium, then evapotranspirate that captured rainfall via native vegetation planting in the medium. Most green 

roof installations are constructed with new buildings, or are retrofit as part of a costly reroofing project. The cost of these 

installations and potential limitations on the load bearing capacity of many roofs are barriers to wider implementation. 

The objective of this project is to develop and test several versions of a light-weight, portable, modular system of soil media and 

plants that can be installed by non-professionals on existing rooftops to catch and retain precipitation that would otherwise be 

converted to urban runoff. The modular green roofs would be suitable for installation on existing roofs without the need for 

supplemental structural reinforcement, membrane installation to combat leakage, or intensive maintenance such as supplemental 

irrigation. If these cost factors can be removed or minimzed, we theorize that this type of urban BMP retrofit can be cost-effectively 

used in many locations in Minnesota and throughout the upper Midwest. 

The first phase of the project was to develop and test a variety of growing media to evaluate weight and water retention capacity. In 

Spring 2012, 13 light weight soils were formulated using combinations of perlite, vermiculite, compost, Hydrogel, biochar and earth 

worm castings. Each soil was monitored for dry and wet weight and pH. Following that bench testing, each of the 13 mixes was 

placed in three 2’x2’ plastic trays and planted with sedum. The 39 trays were placed on an asphalt parking lot in an effort to mimic 

roof top conditions and monitored three times a week for moisture content, weight, pH and plant survivability. If needed the trays 

were watered and were left outside all winter. 

In Spring 2013 the trays will be placed on typical municipal and office space roofs and monitored for moisture content, weight, pH 

and plant survivability. The trays will be placed, monitored, and maintained by local maintenance staff, who will observe and record 

information about ease of installation, maintenance, and durability. The goal of this study is to summarize this information into an 

easy to use, step by step booklet providing guidance on constructing, planting, installating, and maintaining small, portable, modular 

roofs suitable for a Minnesota climate. 

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6522 

Wetland Degradation in Southern Ontario: Making the Case for Low Impact Development 

Andrea Bradford – University of Guelph 

School of Engineering, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 

519-824-4120/ 519-836-0227 

abradfor@uoguelph.ca 

Laura DelGiudice – Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 

5 Shoreham Drive, Toronto, Ontario, M3N 1S4 

416-661-6600 / 416-661-6898 

ldelgiudice@trca.on.ca 

Despite increased awareness of the ecological functions and ecosystem goods and services provided by wetlands, 

resource managers face daunting challenges in their efforts to prevent degradation of hydrological and concomitant 

ecological functions of wetlands in Southern Ontario. Urbanization within wetland catchments is one of the key threats 

in this area. Several wetlands have been identified which have experienced degradation associated with urbanization 

and traditional stormwater management approaches. The original studies undertaken to predict impacts and 

effectiveness of mitigation are being revisited. The goal is to determine if there is a need for better confirmation of 

conceptual models and assumptions related to wetland hydrology and to identify necessary improvements to data 

collection and analysis techniques. Volume control is clearly essential to maintaining the natural hydrologic regime of 

wetlands. A low impact development approach can provide the essential focus on volume control and the pathways and 

timing of flows critical to sustaining wetland functions. The results of the study will be incorporated into training and 

guidelines to advance practices in Southern Ontario. They will also inform the experimental design of a long-term study 

of the effects of urbanization on wetlands in the Greater Toronto Area. 

189

6523 

Temporal Changes in Effluent Water Quality from Permeable Pavement 

Jennifer Drake - University of Toronto 

34 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A4 

416-978-2011 

jenn.drake@utoronto.ca 


50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1 

519-824-4120 


Tim Van Seters – Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 

9520 Pine Valley Dr, Vaughan, ON, Canada, L4L 1A6 

289-268-3902 

tvanseters@trca.on.ca 

The effectiveness of permeable pavements to capture and retain pollutants changes overtime. Permeable pavements 

improve water quality by reducing the concentration and loading of pollutants within stormwater. Removal mechanisms 

include mechanical filtration, adsorption, transformation, biological degradation and volatization. Under certain 

conditions, the materials used to construct permeable pavement systems can act as source of pollutants. Even though 

permeable pavements are constructed with washed aggregates it is not possible to construct a system absolutely free of 

fines. Dust and fines built into the permeable pavement may be flushed from the system during the first season of use. 

The chemistry of stormwater is altered as it infiltrates through a permeable pavement surface and base. For all 

concrete-based pavements, additional exchange processes can occur between the concrete structure, water and air. 

One of the most well documented changes to stormwater chemistry is increased pH in permeable pavement effluent. As 

a result of these processes effluent quality may exhibit non-seasonal temporal patterns. 

Monitoring data collected over two years from three permeable pavements at the Kortright Centre for Conservation in 

Vaughan, Ontario showed that stormwater quality changed as the pavement aged. Based on data indicating that the 

permeable pavement was a potential source of some pollutants additional testing of permeable pavement construction 

materials was undertaken. Outdoor tests were performed at the University of Guelph to further explore role of 

individual materials on effluent quality. Infiltrated rainwater was collected from boxes filled with individual pavement or 

aggregate layers and analyzed. The outdoor tests showed that the different pavement and aggregates had varying 

effects on effluent quality and were, initially, sources of some metals. The concentration of metals from the sample 

boxes replicated the temporal patterns observed in effluent collected from the Kortright installation and declined rapidly 

over a single summer season. 

The study showed that effluent quality stabilized over the first few months following construction. Since monitoring 

programs are often initiated immediately after construction it is important to recognize that water quality data collected 

within the first season may not be representative of long-term performance. The source of construction materials (e.g. 

quarry) and mix design of poured products will also influence effluent quality and thus results may be unique to each 

installation. 

190

6524 

Bioretention Research, Design and Implementation in the Missouri River Basin: Five Years of Enhanced Performance and 

Aesthetics 

Steven N. Rodie, Fasla - University Of Nebraska-Lincoln 

Department Of Biology, Ah114, Uno, Omaha, NE 68182 

402-554-3752 402-554-3532 

Srodie@Unomaha.Edu 

Andy Szatko – City Of Omaha Env. Quality Control Division 

5600 S. 10 th Street, Omaha, NE 68107 

402-444-3915 Ext. 200 402-444-5248 

Andy.Szatko@Ci.Omaha.Ne.Us 

Ted Hartsig, Cpss – Olsson Associates 

7301 W. 133 rd Street, Suite 200, Overland Park, KS 66213 

913-381-1170 913-381-1174 

Thartsig@Olssonassociates.Com 

Bioretention as a stormwater BMP has seen significant changes in recent years for design specifications, construction methods and 

maintenance procedures. Not only have the design knowledge base and associated technologies of methods and materials improved 

dramatically, but differing regions of the country are finding that local soils, climate, engineering paradigms and regulations all play a 

role in successful bioretention implementation. 

Kansas City, Missouri and Omaha, Nebraska are Phase I communities addressing EPA-mandated Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) 

directives. Both communities are implementing a combination of gray and green infrastructure, and bioretention has evolved as a 

widely-used green infrastructure BMP with significant potential for effective stormwater management on new and retro-fitted 

development sites throughout the region. 

The City of Omaha, Olsson and Associates Engineers/Architects, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln have combined design, 

construction, management and research expertise over the past five years in an effort to better understand and continually enhance 

the aesthetics and function of regional bioretention gardens. A variety of demonstration projects orchestrated through numerous 

grants and open-minded clients have provided a mix of garden sizes, soil types, site contexts, managed water volumes, water quality 

requirements, aesthetic expectations, and educational potentials for collaboration. In addition, project engineers and landscape 

architects have incorporated suggested enhancements into built projects and have added their experiences and suggestions to the 

regional knowledge database. 

This presentation, through specific research findings, tested recommendations and a variety of “hindsight” case studies, will 

specifically address the following: 

1) evolution of underdrain design, including pipe layout, trench volume and media composition; Midwest U.S. precipitation 

extremes have dictated a rethinking of well-drained engineered media extending across significant areas of a garden – while leaving 

plants high and dry during extended drought. 

2) lessons learned in soil structure, management and amendment within bioretention gardens as well as adjoining areas; native 

soil with minimized construction compaction remains a key component. 

3) requirements for successful planting design from functional, aesthetic and management perspectives; proper plant selection 

and placement will make or break long-term bioretention function as well as short- and long-term public acceptance of bioretention 

aesthetic character. 

4) the little details that maximize bioretention success; having a shared design/construction/management perspective between 

bioretention professionals significantly enhances long-term success potential. 

5) perspectives on where the next five years will take regional bioretention design; from media composition to new plant species, 

enhancements for successful bioretention implementation will continue. 

191

6525 

37th Avenue Greenway: A Flood Control Project Transforms an Urban Neighborhood Street into a Walkable Greenway 

Kurt Leuthold, Pe - Barr Engineering Co. 


952-832-2859/952-832-2601 

Kleuthold@Barr.Com 

Lois Eberhart – City of Minneapolis Public Works 

309 2 nd Avenue South, Room 300, Minneapolis, MN 55401 

612-673-3260/612-673-8239 

Lois.Eberhart@Ci.Minneapolis.Mn.Us 

For many years the Folwell neighborhood of Minneapolis had been plagued by frequent flooding during moderate to large 

rain events, resulting in property damage and frustration for residents. Beginning in 2008, the City of Minneapolis partnered 

with Barr Engineering to develop strategies to reduce residential flooding while not increasing the rate of stormwater 

discharge to nearby Crystal Lake. Since increased stormwater conveyance was not an option to alleviate flooding, flood 

storage had to be provided in the dense, urban neighborhood. This challenge created the opportunity for solutions that 

blended traditional stormwater management with low-impact design alternatives. 

Through a series of design charettes and neighborhood meetings, the concept of converting a street to a greenway to provide 

flood storage was developed. 

An east-west residential street, 37 th Avenue North, bisected the flood-prone 50-acre watershed and was chosen for 

conversion to a greenway. Six blocks along 37th Avenue North were removed so that precast concrete box culvert sections— 

the largest being 18 feet wide and 10 feet high—could be squeezed into the right-of-way underground as flood storage 

detention cells. Almost 1,400 lineal feet of underground boxes now protect homes from a 100-year flood event, capturing 

runoff and slowly releasing stormwater to the downstream conveyance system. 

In addition to providing a flood control benefit, the greenway enhances water quality. The project treats stormwater through 

iron-enhanced biofiltration basins constructed along the greenway. Runoff from streets, sidewalks, driveways and alleys is 

diverted to eleven biofiltration basins that remove particulate and dissolved phosphorus, metals, debris, and sediment before 

the runoff reaches Crystal Lake. Pretreatment is provided just upstream of the basins through sump catch basins outfitted 

with special baffles designed to prevent sediment resuspension. 

On two blocks of the avenue, the road was narrowed to a single traffic lane with bike contraflow to further slow traffic and 

improve pedestrian safety. Three blocks of the avenue were converted to a bike/pedestrian path and greenway with no 

vehicle traffic. The greenway terminates in a large neighborhood park, and the City has conceptual plans to eventually 

connect the west end of the greenway to the City’s Grand Rounds regional trail. 

Great care and effort was put into preserving as many of the mature boulevard trees that lined 37 th Avenue as possible. In the 

end, 64 new trees were planted while only 28 were removed. The additional trees will add shade and increase rainwater 

interception and evapotranspiration as the trees mature. 

The project was constructed in 2011 and has become a significant amenity to the neighborhood, creating open space that is 

heavily used by local residents for recreation and transportation. The completed greenway benefits residents and the 

traveling public by reducing flooding, reducing impervious surfaces, improving water quality, and enhancing public space. 

The 37 th Avenue Greenway is one of the planned stops on the “LID in the Urban Core” conference tour. 

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6527 

Stormwater Volume Reduction – A Tale of Two Facilities 

Mike Gregory - Aecom 

290-50 Sportsworld Crossing Road, Kitchener, ON, Canada N2p 0a4 

Tel: 519.650.5313 

Mike.Gregory@Aecom.Com 

The benefits of Low Impact Development (LID) are well documented and have helped to change the focus of stormwater 

management facility design from large-scale centralized water quantity and quality controls to small scale distributed 

source controls. Located as close to the source of runoff generation as possible, LID facilities are intended to capture, 

store, treat, and convey stormwater prior to discharge into the municipal stormwater management system. While LID 

cannot fully replace regional flood control facilities, for example, the coupling of centralized and distributed controls can 

provide a desirable multi-objective watershed based approach to water resources management, namely: 

• Water quantity controls that manage peak flows, flood stages, or velocities in order to protect people and 

property from flooding and erosion risks; 

• Water quality treatment controls that manage sediment and pollutant loads, peak concentrations, or 

temperature to protect habitat and public health; and 

• Water balance controls that manage runoff volumes in an attempt to preserve the natural or pre-development 

hydrologic conditions (i.e., surface runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration). 

Traditional water quantity controls such as piped collection systems and detention facilities are designed to attenuate 

the increased runoff due to development. A key design function of LID facilities is the retention and disposal of surface 

runoff volume near its source, either through infiltration, evaporation (e.g., roof storage), evapotranspiration in 

vegetated facilities (e.g., rain gardens, bioretention cells), or consumptive uses (e.g., rainwater harvesting/reuse). In this 

manner, LID spans all of the objectives listed above. By reducing runoff volumes, the size requirements of downstream 

water quantity controls can be reduced, the efficiency of downstream water quality treatment controls can be 

increased, and the imbalance of post- versus pre-development runoff volumes can be addressed. 

This paper summarizes the runoff volume reductions anticipated for two LID facilities located at different developments 

in Ontario, Canada, featuring very different site conditions: 

• Construction of a new infiltration gallery located on a site where soils are conducive to infiltration; and 

• Retrofit of a pond for consumptive use of stormwater on a site where soils do not allow infiltration. 

The infiltration gallery is located at a redevelopment site in Caledon, Ontario. The Alton Mill initiative converted a 

century-old plus heritage stone mill and pond complex into an artisan oriented tourism destination. A stormwater 

management servicing plan was developed to lessen the impact of this development on adjacent properties and on the 

receiving watercourse. The servicing plan featured a storm sewer and swale collection system along with an infiltration 

gallery designed to temporarily store surface runoff for subsequent percolation and groundwater recharge. Runoff is 

discharged evenly through a manifold perforated pipe system into the gallery, which is filled with clear stone and 

covered with native soil material. Runoff exceeding the capacity of the collection system or gallery is designed to 

discharge via overland sheet flow into the receiving watercourse. Construction of the stormwater facilities was 

completed in September 2008. While no formal post-construction monitoring was required as part of the permitting 

process, additional analysis was undertaken using continuous simulation to evaluate the long term water balance and to 

verify the system’s hydraulic performance under a full range of storm events. The EPA SWMM5 model was used 

throughout the pond design and post-construction analysis phases. Model results indicated that the infiltration gallery 

reduced the developed site runoff volume discharged into the receiving watercourse by over 50% (compared to predevelopment 

conditions) for a 19-year record of local rainfall data, or roughly 3% reduction per year on average. 

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6527 

A stormwater detention facility (wet pond) was included as part of the servicing plan for a new firefighter training facility 

in Kingston, Ontario. The pond was designed to provide flood control and water quality treatment of both wet weather 

runoff and dry weather discharge of water used for training activities. Construction of the pond was completed in June 

2012. Due to the presence of tight soils and bedrock near existing grade, there was no opportunity for infiltration to 

reduce post-development runoff volumes. However, stormwater reuse options to draw pond water for firefighter 

training activities was investigated as an alternative, and providing the secondary benefit of reducing potable water 

demands. The model used to design the pond (EPA SWMM5) was adapted to simulate the water demands for the 

various training activities according to the weekly fire training schedule and operating rules that included ending pond 

water use during periods of rainfall and when the pond level dropped below the permanent pool elevation. Model 

results indicated that pond water could supply over 70% of the water usage demands during an average annual rainfall 

year (i.e., April 1 through October 31). 

This paper will summarize the modeling methodologies of these case studies along with the unique planning, design, 

and engineering aspects involved in each project. The analytical approaches used to quantify the stormwater volume 

reductions are applicable to a wide range of LID facilities and help to demonstrate their benefit in minimizing 

downstream impacts on receiving watercourses or waterbodies. 

194

6528 

Innovative Bioretention Design Used to Mitigate Impacts to Habitat in Response to Species at Risk Legislation, 

Ontario, Canada. 

Chris Denich, M.Sc,. Aquafor Beech Ltd. 


Ph: 519-244-3744 fax: 519-224-3750 

denich.c@aquaforbeech.com 

In 2007 the Canadian Federal Government enacted the Engendered Species Act (ESA) this act provides broader 

protection for species at risk and their habitats. In general the purpose of the act includes the preservation and 

rehabilitation of habitat and the enhancement of other areas so that they can become habitat. Under the act habitat 

may be described by specific boundaries, features or “in any other manner” and may prescribe areas where species live, 

used to lie or is believed to be capable of living and beyond. The Act provides greater support for conservation 

organizations; a stronger commitment to recovery of species; greater flexibility; increased fines, more effective 

enforcement; and, greater accountability, including government reporting requirements. 

In response to the ESA, traditional stormwater management techniques are being evaluated against newly developed 

ESA stormwater management criteria. Imposed as a condition of approval, stormwater management facilities are 

required to limit maximum TSS loads above background levels in the receiving watercourse, preserve stream baseflow, 

minimize thermal enrichment and reduce chloride levels below acute and chronic exposure levels. As such traditional 

stormwater management techniques are being replaced with innovative LID techniques such as bioretention. 

To address stormwater impacts to the habitat of Red-Side Dace, a fish species provincially designated as ‘At Risk’ and 

protected under the ESA, Aquafor Beech completed the conceptual, detailed design, agency consultation and approval, 

in addition to construction supervision and administration services for Ontario’s largest bioretention facility which 

accepts drainage from approximately 4 hectares of newly constructed roadway. 

The innovative bioretention design goes beyond current Canadian design guidance with respect to maximum suggested 

contributing drainage area (max. suggested 0.5 hectares) and impervious drainage area to facility footprint ratio (33:1 

ratio, with suggested maximum being 15:1) by utilizing a unique four (4) stage treatment process with each successive 

stage providing an increasing level of water quality improvement and thermal mitigation. The use of a bioretention 

infiltration facility to provide water quality enhancements represents a ‘state of the art’ approach to stormwater 

management in response to sensitive species and their habitats. 

Concerns over water quality and thermal impacts as well as baseflow contributions in regards to the habitat of the Red 

Side Dace reach related to the road widening and culvert replacement in the provincially protected watercourse were 

largely the drivers for the project implementation. This project which was constructed in 2011 and is being monitored 

through a comprehensive five (5) year monitoring program. The monitoring program began pre-construction with the 

evaluation of soil media variations from specifications and the effect on in-situ infiltration rates, with the larger 

monitoring program begun in 2012. The program includes 

• Continuous flow monitoring at three (3) locations; 

• Four season water quality sampling of both influent and effluent (from the system underdrain) and groundwater 

for general chemistry including oil and grease, heavy metals, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen, pH, 

conductivity and nutrients; 

• Continuous groundwater level monitoring (upstream, downstream and within the bioretention facility); 

• In-situ infiltration testing using the Guelph Permeameter Equipment and methodology; and 

• Soil Chemistry of bioretention media grain size, organics, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, phosphorous 

content and organics. 

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6528 

The results are intended to determine the effectiveness of high impervious drainage area to facility footprint ratio when 

combined in a treatment train approach to better protect surface and groundwater quality, reduce stormwater volumes, 

preservation of baseflow (groundwater mounding and transmission), reduction in thermal impacts, and the reduction in 

chloride concentration peaks to the receiving streams. The monitoring program includes intensive monitoring in years 1 

and 2, reduced monitoring in years 3 and 4 and re-assessment through intensive monitoring in year 5 to confirm the 

continued function as seen in years 1 and 2. This paper will present the pre-construction monitoring, and the results of 

years 1 and 2. 

196

6529 

Monitoring and Modeling to Prove Stormwater Volume Reduction on a Large Corporate Campus 

Nathan Campeau, Pe - Barr Engineering Co. 


952-832-2854/952-832-2601 

Ncampeau@Barr.Com 

Kurt Leuthold, Pe - Barr Engineering Co. 


952-832-2859/952-832-2601 


In 2008 a Sustainable Campus Master Plan was completed for Lockheed Martin’s 51 acre Eagan, MN campus in an effort 

to reduce their environmental footprint. All the parking lots on the site were in need of replacement and the Master 

Plan reconfigured the 2,000 spaces in a more efficient multi-phase parking plan. A key goal of the Master Plan was to 

add stormwater treatment practices in conjunction with reconfiguring the parking to significantly reduce the volume of 

stormwater runoff leaving the site. A variety of volume reduction concepts were developed including impervious 

surface reduction, permeable pavement, conversion of turf to deep rooted native grasses, and numerous large and small 

infiltration basins across the entire 51-acre campus. Modeling predicted a stormwater runoff volume reduction of about 

90 percent for a one inch rain event. Lockheed Martin decided it was important to prove the effectiveness of the 

stormwater volume control practices once implementation of the Master Plan began. 

Extensive monitoring of 42 of the 51 acres was conducted in 2008 and 2009 (pre-construction) to develop a calibrated 

XP-SWMM hydrologic and hydraulic model of the pre-project conditions on Lockheed Martin’s campus. Phase 1 of the 

project, completed in 2009, included the reconstruction of a 1.2 acre watershed that included a new porous asphalt 

parking lot, pervious concrete sidewalks, and a large rainwater garden designed to capture the first inch of runoff from 

the impervious surfaces. Monitoring of this watershed compared with the calibrated pre-project conditions 

demonstrated an 89 percent reduction in annual runoff in 2010. The monitored period of seven months recorded 30.2 

inches of rainfall, the wettest summer on record in Minnesota. 

197

6530 

Green Infrastructure for CSO Control: Small Distributive or Large Centralized 

Andrew Sauer, P.E., CDM Smith 

9200 Ward Parkway, Suite 500, Kansas City, MO 64114 

Phone: (816) 444-8270 Fax: (816) 444-8232 

SauerAN@cdmsmith.com 

Brenda Macke, P.E., CDM Smith 

9200 Ward Parkway, Suite 500, Kansas City, MO 64114 

Phone: (816) 444-8270 Fax: (816) 444-8232 

MackeBR@cdmsmith.com 

Kyle Tonjes, P.E., CDM Smith 

1603 Farnam, Suite 121, Omaha, Nebraska 68102 

Phone: (402) 505-9594 Fax: (402) 342-9379 

TonjesK@cdmsmith.com 

Green infrastructure for combined sewer overflow (CSO) control is being implemented as part of many cities’ new or updated 

long term control plans (LTCP). Many studies have shown the benefit of green infrastructure in urban areas to control the 

“first flush” of runoff. This first flush, which is approximately the first 0.5 inches of runoff, represents the most frequent events 

that regulated LTCP must meet for CSO control. In addition, these are the frequent rainfall events that also carry the majority 

of stormwater pollutants. Therefore, green infrastructure is designed to control these most frequent events to benefit 

receiving water quality by either removing stormwater volume from the CSO or reducing stormwater runoff pollutant loading. 

In either case, the objective is to improve water quality using the most economical and feasible methods that are readily 

acceptable to the community. To effectively accomplish this objective, potential green infrastructure solutions should be 

evaluated for the full range of alternatives, including both small distributive solutions as well as larger centralized facilities. 

This paper will compare and contrast the implementation of small distributive green infrastructure solutions versus larger, 

centralized green infrastructure facilities for CSO control. Design criteria, including required land, available right-of-way, flow 

paths, inlets, discharge points, additional conveyance, volume of storage, water needs for vegetation, and private/public 

amenities, will be compared. The water quality benefits and associated construction, operations, and maintenance costs will 

also be evaluated for a range of stormwater service levels. Typically, the smaller, distributive green infrastructure solutions are 

perceived as being the most cost effective solutions for CSO control. However, in areas where sewer separation is also being 

consider for CSO control this is not always the case. Larger, centralized green infrastructure solutions may also be viable when 

considering the feasibility and practicality of additional storm sewer construction as part of separation projects. 

To demonstrate the practicalities of this evaluation, a case study of the John Creighton Boulevard (JCB) and Miami Area Sewer 

Separation CSO project in Omaha, Nebraska will be presented. This project included a comprehensive evaluation of potential 

green infrastructure solutions (both distributive and centralized) at the initial planning stage, a holistic watershed evaluation 

integrating green infrastructure into the 10-percent design, and then a value engineering of the recommended green 

infrastructure projects prior to the 30-percent design. Potential green infrastructure solutions that were evaluated included a 

series of bioretention cells and bioswales along the boulevard system; individual bioretention and rain gardens on parcels with 

available open space; and a large centralized wet pond and wetland at Adams Park. In this case, a large centralized wetland 

was the preferred alternative that provided the most economical, environmental, and social benefit. This paper and 

presentation will summarize the design criteria, watershed characteristics, cost evaluation, and community needs that 

resulted in the choice of a larger centralized facility over smaller distributed green infrastructure. 

198

6531 

Swale and Filter Strip Design for Sediment and Gross Solids Removal Using Settling Theory and Field-Collected Data 

Ryan J. Winston, M.S., P.E. 

Extension Associate, North Carolina State University Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Campus Box 

7625, Raleigh, NC 27695. 

Phone: 919-515-8595 Email: rjwinsto@ncsu.edu 

William F. Hunt, PhD., P.E., D.WRE 

Professor and Extension Specialist, North Carolina State University Department of Biological and Agricultural 

Engineering, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695. 

Phone: 919-515-6751 Email: Bill_Hunt@ncsu.edu 

Road runoff treatment is often limited by spatial constraints in the right-of-way. Therefore, it is imperative to 

understand the quality of runoff from roadways so that efficient stormwater control measures (SCMs) may be designed. 

In terms of TSS control, the particle size distribution of sediment in the runoff controls the amount of sediment (based 

on Stokes’ Law) that may be removed through particle settling in a typical vegetated SCM. For optimal treatment of TSS, 

the flow depth in vegetated SCMs during the design rainfall intensity (typically 2.5 cm/hr in North Carolina) should be 

less than the height of the vegetation. Typical roadside stormwater controls (vegetated filter strips and swales) could be 

designed for pollutant removal by calculating a hydraulic retention time for a particular removal of sediment. In order 

to do so, an understanding of median particle size distributions (PSDs) was needed for roads across North Carolina (NC). 

A field monitoring study was conducted (data collection has concluded) during May-December 2012 to obtain PSDs from 

roads in the three ecoregions of NC: mountains, piedmont, and coastal plain. Two sites in the mountains, six in the 

piedmont, and four in the coastal plain were monitored for TSS concentrations and PSDs for a minimum of six storms 

apiece. Roadway types were distributed across Interstate highways (6 sites), four lane divided highways (1 site), four 

lane primary roads (3 sites), and secondary roads (2 sites) to determine the effects that annual average daily traffic have 

on runoff PSDs and TSS concentrations. At the Interstate highway sites, two monitoring locations had a permeable 

friction course (PFC) overlay and one site had a NovaChip overlay, which may modify the expected PSD. Since nutrients 

are a concern in NC and across the US, nutrient concentrations (TN and TP) were monitored at four sites both in the 

stormwater and sorbed to the sediment. This will allow for modelling of nutrient removal performance for typical 

roadway SCMs by estimation of TSS removal from Stokes’ Law. The paper will also provide TSS removal estimations for 

typical highway SCMs (swales and filter strips) using an empirically derived model. 

Gross solids (trash, debris, and particles greater than 5 mm in diameter) are often overlooked in loading of nutrients to 

waterways. Automated stormwater samplers are not able to capture most gross solids, so stormwater managers in NC 

typically disregard these pollutants. However, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for these pollutants have been 

established for watersheds in California and for the Chesapeake Bay. Monitoring for gross solids was undertaken at four 

sites: one in the mountains, one in the piedmont, and two in the coastal plain. Two sites were Interstate highways and 

two sites were divided four lane highways. Dry mass of gross solids as well as nitrogen and phosphorus content were 

determined in the laboratory. It was determined that gross solids are a substantial portion of the nutrient load, and that 

they cannot be disregarded in stormwater sampling for nutrient load estimation. Effective measures for capture of 

gross solids should be implemented, as appropriate, in highway rights-of-way. 

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Innovative Stormwater Control Measures for Retrofitting State & Federal Highway Infrastructure in Chittenden & 

Franklin Counties, Vermont 

Andres Torizzo – Watershed Consulting Associates, LLC 

P.O. Box 1085 

Waitsfield, VT 05673 

(802) 496-5130 

Andres@Watershedca.Com 

In response to newly enacted Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for stormwater impaired watersheds in 

Chittenden and Franklin Counties, Vermont, the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTRANS) as a designated nontraditional 

small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4), has been actively assessing and implementing retrofits 

for impervious surfaces associated with existing transportation infrastructure, in areas where surface waters have been 

impacted by wash-off pollution and in-stream erosion due to stormwater runoff from existing development. A 

subsurface gravel wetland was designed and implemented to provide flow control and water quality treatment for a 

heavily-used Park and Ride Facility in St. Albans, VT. For the linear transportation environment, a series of innovative 

sand filter swales were designed and implemented in the median and exit ramp cloverleaves along Interstate I-89 in St. 

Albans and Williston, VT. The retrofits were adapted to address the unique safety and maintenance issues associated 

with the transportation environment, and were designed to help VTRANS meet flow restoration obligations for these 

impaired watersheds under their MS4 permit. 

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After Design: Tools and Lessons Learned in LID Construction 

Robb Lukes - Credit Valley Conservation (Cvc) 

1255 Old Derry Road, Mississauga ON L5n 6r4 

Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 

Rlukes@Creditvalleyca.Ca 

Kyle Vander Linden - Credit Valley Conservation (Cvc) 


Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 

Kvanderlinden@Creditvalleyca.Ca 

Jay Michels - Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. (Eor) 

651 Hale Ave. North, Oakdale, MN 55128 

Ph: 651-261-4546; Fax: 651-770-2552 

Jmichels@Eorinc.Com 

Few stormwater managers have not encountered a barren bioretention cell with stagnant water or an infiltration basin 

with an outlet installed at bottom grade. A survey by the Center for Watershed Protection of 72 constructed BMPs in 

the James River Watershed of Virginia found that 47% deviated from the original design plans, many in ways that 

diminished the function of the practice. Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) has had its own experiences with LID 

construction failures that stormwater managers throughout North America can likely relate to: 

• Bioretention projects constructed in which a soil mix that did not meet the specification was used and 

resulted in extended ponding times. 

• Permeable pavement examples in which the wrong aggregate was used and may result in early failures. 

• Numerous incidences of material storage, construction sediment deposition, and concrete washout in areas 

intended for infiltration practices. 

These failed or diminished stormwater management practices can be the result of plans with insufficient detail or the 

result of contractors that do not understand the technology or importance of certain procedures, materials, or erosion 

and sediment control. LID is a new form of stormwater management and urban design and most engineers and 

contractors are unfamiliar with how to properly construct these systems. 

For this reason, CVC has partnered with the US-based engineering consulting firm Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc., to 

develop guidance and training to educate engineers, contractors, and inspectors on LID Construction. This LID 

Construction initiative includes the following: 

• Low Impact Development Construction Guide (LID Construction Guide)* 

• Contractor’s and Inspector’s Guide for LID Construction (C&I LID Guide)* 

• LID Construction Training Program 

The LID Construction Guide alerts engineers of common LID failures throughout all phases of construction and how to 

avoid them through design, tendering, and specification guidance. The C&I Guide parallels the LID Construction Guide, 

but is developed as a practical field guide with guidance primarily delivered through graphics and photographs 

illustrating the DOs and DON’Ts of LID construction techniques. The LID Construction Training Program is a one day 

training course is open to engineers, contractors, and inspectors. The course material is based on LID Construction 

Guides and also incorporates real world case studies. Overtime the training course may be expanded and may also be 

used as a tool in the bid and tender process to ensure experience contractors are hired for LID construction projects. 

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Within the Credit River Watershed, the guides have already helped to improve the quality of LID construction. Although 

developed for Ontario, the guidance is universal. While only completed in 2011 and finalized in 2012, the LID 

Construction Guide has received recognition across Canada, the United States, and beyond. It has clearly filled a much 

needed gap in the LID implementation toolbox. 

The proposed 90 minute advanced technical learning session will be co-presented by Jay Michels, Robb Lukes, and Kyle 

Vander Linden. The presentation subject matter will include: 

• An overview of the LID Construction Guide content with an emphasis on the most common LID construction errors 

and how they can be avoided, 

• LID construction case studies from both Minnesota and Ontario, and 

• Approaches and lessons learned in reaching out to the suppliers and contractors in the construction industry aimed 

at reducing construction issues. 

If sound LID designs continue to be constructed improperly, then LID will get a poor reputation among the public and 

decision-makers. Therefore, it is critical that contractors and site inspectors understand the purpose of this new form of 

stormwater management and how to construct them properly. The tools that CVC and EOR are developing are a critical 

step towards addressing this gap in the available LID implementation guidance. 

*LID Construction and C & I Guide can be downloaded from the CVC website: 

http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/sustainability/lid/stormwaterguidance/index.html 

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Harnessing the Emotional Response: Lessons Learned in LID Landscaping and Marketing 



Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 




Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 


Today’s urban environments require a new vision, one that is effective at improving the health of communities and 

watersheds through innovative landscape management and design. Traditionally, stormwater management has been an 

end-of-pipe practice located on public property and maintained by public agencies. Often these systems are centralized, 

out of the public eye, and landscaped as naturalized features. In contrast, low impact development (LID) is integrated 

into the urban form, distributed on private property or within the right-of-way, and in most cases the maintenance will 

be primarily the responsibility of the property owner. If these practices are to be maintained and accepted throughout 

the urban fabric, then they must meet urban design aesthetic standards. Recognizing this challenge, Credit Valley 

Conservation (CVC) has become an innovator in the realm of landscape design and marketing of LID to the public. This 

Group oral presentation will introduce the tools and strategies that CVC and its partners have developed to effect 

market change in the landscaping sector. 

In 2010, CVC published the LID Landscape Design Guide*. The Landscape Guide walks landscape professionals through 

assessing site conditions, using urban landscape design principles, selecting the right plant for the right location, and 

specifying the correct landscape materials. Specific guidance for each of the vegetated LID practices is provided along 

with recommended plant lists. The Landscape Guide attempts to pull landscape professionals away from the mindset 

that all vegetated stormwater practices must look like natural features, instead promoting LID landscapes that have 

neat, clean, formal and patterned appearance when the surrounding urban environment dictates. 

This shift in practice has taken place following extensive market research conducted over a five year period on 

households within the Greater Toronto Area. Freeman Associates conducted marketing research on the attitudes, 

opinions, and practices of residents regarding their household’s landscapes. ** When surveyed, resident responses 

indicated that they viewed their landscape as a reflection of them and emphasized emotional responses such as beauty, 

peace and pride when describing their landscapes***. In contrast, residents’ responses to ‘sustainable’ landscapes 

indicated that they felt that sustainable would mean a net loss – a loss of beauty, neatness, color, and/or amenities from 

their landscape. 

The results of the market research indicate that while naturalized landscaping may be acceptable to the general public 

around stormwater ponds, when it comes to their household, emotional considerations come into play. As such, 

environmental outreach programs relying upon a rational/educational basis may not see significant levels of uptake, as 

they are not tapping into the emotional motivations of many homeowners when it comes to their landscapes. In the 

promotion of LID landscapes, words like sustainable, naturalized, or water efficient are often used, but these may, in 

fact, have the opposite impact than intended. 

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CVC has taken these lessons from market research and incorporated them in to an effective LID outreach program. 

When marketing one of its recent projects, the Lakeview Neighbourhood Retrofit, to residents CVC focused on 

presenting an artistic vision of the streetscape in order to tap into residents emotions rather than focus on the 

environmental benefits of the project. Although residents were initially wary of the proposed project due to its varying 

from the norm of curbs and catchbasins, residents outside of the retrofit area are now requesting the local councilor 

extend the green street project to adjoining streets. 

The proposed 40 minute group oral presentation will include a discussion on the: 

• Functional and aesthetic importance of LID landscaping, 

• Methodology, results, and conclusions from marketing research in the Greater Toronto Area on the public 

acceptance of lot-level stormwater controls, 

• Examples of LID landscape successes and failures from the Greater Toronto Area, 

• Three case studies of LID landscape makeovers, and 

• Lessons learned and recommendations on effective approaches to market transformation. 

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Green Medical Campus – 6 Years Post Occupancy 

Kevin Biehn - EOR 

651 Hale Avenue North Oakdale, MN 55128 

651.770.8448 

kbiehn@eorinc.com 

The Amery Regional Medical Center opened a new western Wisconsin facility in 2007. The hospital set out to promote 

human health and wellness through an ecologically enhancing and engaging environment. The resulting landscape has 

created a synergy between the hospital, the adjacent Apple River and the greater Amery community. The project has 

served as a regional precedent for LID and many green infrastructure components including ½ acre green roof, porous 

pavement and bioretention. 

This presentation will touch on the key development storylines including cost, modeled performance and construction 

sequencing. The balance of the talk will focus on the performance of the LID design 6-years post occupancy. Data on 

monitored performance and maintenance cost will be discussed along with insights from owner, patient and community 

interviews. 

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Silva Cell Tree and Soil Systems for Ultra Urban LID Stormwater Treatment 

Peter Macdonagh – The Kestrel Design Group 

7109 Ohms Lane 

Minneapolis MN 55439 

T 952 928 9600 X10 

F 952 224 9860 

pmacdonagh@tkdg.net 

Mature trees can contribute significantly to stormwater treatment and also provide many other benefits, such as, for 

example, cleaner air and water, and reducing the heat island effect. These benefits are especially needed in large cities. 

Aware of the multiple benefits of large trees, many cities are developing initiatives to plant large numbers of trees. New 

York City, for example, aims to plant one million trees over the next decade. However, if these trees are planted the 

way urban trees have been planted in the past, they will not survive long enough to become large trees. Therefore they 

will never grow large enough to produce anywhere near the level of ecological services they are ultimately capable of 

providing. 

Studies have found that trees surrounded by pavement in urban downtown centers only live for an average of 13 years 

(Skiera and Moll, 1992), a very small fraction of their much longer lifespan under natural conditions. The most significant 

problem urban trees face is the inadequate quantity of soil useable for root growth. A large volume of uncompacted soil, 

with adequate drainage, aeration, and fertility, is the key to the healthy growth of large trees. Research has shown that 

trees need about 2 cubic feet of soil volume for every square foot of canopy area (Lindsey and Bassuk 1991). Most urban 

trees, confined to a 4’ x 4’ x 4’ tree pit hole, have less than 1/10th the rooting volume they need to thrive, often severely 

limiting lifespan and mature size of these trees, as well quantity of stormwater benefits they provide over their lifespan. 

For example, a healthy 40 year old Hackberry tree in the Midwest is estimated to provide 14 times as much interception 

as a 10 year old Hackberry (McPherson et al 2006). Increasing soil volume to increase tree lifespan and size will also 

increase stormwater storage area in the soil. A 1,000 cf soil tree pit, for example, a typical soil volume needed to grow a 

medium to large tree to maturity, will have 16 times as much water storage capacity as a typical 4’x4’x4’ tree pit. 

Using innovative techniques, such as Silva Cell tree and soil suspended pavement systems, to extend rooting volume 

under HS-20 load bearing surfaces and create favorable tree growing conditions in urban areas, enables trees to grow to 

their mature size AND provide the stormwater and ecological benefits commensurate with mature trees. 

This presentation will include an overview of: (1) research on stormwater benefits of large tree and soil systems, (2) 

what Silva Cells are, (3) techniques to use Silva Cell systems to build tree and soil bioretention systems under HS-20 load 

bearing pavement, (4) case studies, and (5) results of research quantifying the stormwater benefits of Silva Cell tree and 

soil systems. 

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Got Cash We Can Deliver! 

Christine Zimmer - Credit Valley Conservation (Cvc) 


Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 

Czimmer@Creditvalleyca.Ca 



Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 


In this time of fiscal restraint and accountability, partnerships and diverse funding sources are critical to delivering 

programs and services to stakeholders. Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) is a community-based environmental 

organization, located in Southern Ontario, Canada, dedicated to protecting, restoring and managing the natural 

resources of the Credit River Watershed. Over the last 4 years CVC’s stakeholder strategy, and hard work by staff, have 

helped the organization to establish and engage 68 public and private partnerships. 

One of CVC’s major areas of focus is the implementation of LID in both new development and existing properties (LID 

retrofits). By engaging such a diverse range of partners, CVC and its stakeholders have been able to implement over 20 

LID retrofit sites, publish 6 technical guidelines documents, host 5 annual LID conferences, monitor 12 LID sites and raise 

over $3.8 million in funds for LID. Only a small fraction of these accomplishments could have been achieved using CVC's 

budget and resources alone. 

The core of CVC's stakeholder strategy is identifying stakeholder needs and delivering targeted messaging to engage 

behaviour change. This presentation will highlight marketing material and tools to overcome barriers within private and 

public partnerships which include: 

• Development of a matrix that directly connects the missions, goals, and motivations of CVCs’ funders and 

stakeholders to the LID projects the organization implements and the problems solved by CVC’s monitoring 

program. 

• Use of current and innovative marketing research methods to determine the true motivations and opinions 

of the populations served (e.g. using images and drawings to solicit emotional responses rather than rational 

responses). 

• Providing factsheets, website content, and update reports in language suitable for the general public that 

primarily utilizes graphics and images and minimizes the use of text. 

• Promoting needed services such as peer review for LID plans, onsite LID construction assistance, monitoring, 

and partner profile opportunities. 

• Engaging stakeholders with annual LID conferences and tours of LID sites. 

• Marketing the cost saving aspects of LID to business and municipalities (e.g. reduced maintenance and 

operation cost, increase in developable land, increase in infrastructure resiliency). 

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LID Applications and Standards in Korea’s New City 

Kyoung-Hak Hyun - Land & Housing Institute of Korea Land & Housing Corporation 

462-2 Jeonmindong, Useonggu, Daejeonsi, 305-731, Republic of Korea 

+82-42-866-8444/+82-42-866-8472 

Khhyun@Lh.Or.Kr 

Jung-Min Lee - Land & Housing Institute of Korea Land & Housing Corporation 


+82-10-3360-4502/+82-42-866-8472 

Andrew4502@Lh.Or.Kr 

Jong-Suk Jung - Land & Housing Institute of Korea Land & Housing Corporation 


+82-10-9703-0040/+82-42-866-8472 

Pobyasu@Lh.Or.Kr 

Yun-Gyu Lee –Taeyoung E&C 

10-2 Yeouidodong, Yeongdeungpogu, Seoul, 150-777, Republic of Korea 

+82-10-3819-0422 

Yglee@Taeyoung.Com 

Restoration of urban hydrological cycle as close as possible to its natural state was required in development of new 

towns for the response to climate change. LID project of Asan Tangjung new town has been planned first at city scale in 

Korea. Asan Tangjung new town (stage 1; 1,753,385 m2) will be completed in 2016. The district is divided into several 

sections (home-building district, commercial business district, public facilities district and development-postponed 

district). Design standards of LID-decentralized rainwater management system have been established by the following 

principles: based on Asan Tangjeong land-use planning and each characteristics of the land use plan(parks, green spaces, 

public facilities, roads and public spaces) for surrounding environment and landscape improvement ; harmony of LIDdecentralized 

rainwater management facilities and urban infrastructure ; substitution of stormwater pipe less than 

450mm in diameter using bio-swale, rain garden, etc ; management for scanty rainfall. First flushes of less than 5mm 

from impervious areas must not be discharged to reduce non-point pollutants and 10-50mm of rainfall from impervious 

surfaces must be stored to harvest rainwater in storage tanks. 

In addition, sustainable new town standard has been revised for LID application by the Ministry of Land, Transport and 

Maritime Affairs and Korea land & housing corporation. Further studies on LID application and monitoring in new town scale of 

Korea (focusing Asan new town) will be carried out and the results will be used for improvement and expanding of urban green 


This work was supported by Land & Housing Institute of Korea Land & Housing Corporation and by a grant (12 

Technology Innovation CO3) from Construction Technology Innovation Program funded by Ministry of Land, Transport 

and Maritime Affairs of Korean government. 

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Mistakes We’ve Made Them! Success - We’ve Had That Too -Lessons Learned Implementing a Watershed-Scale Plan 



Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 




Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 


Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) is a community-based watershed management agency dedicated to conserving, restoring and 

managing Ontario’s natural resources on a watershed basis. The Credit River is located in southern Ontario within the Greater 

Toronto Area. CVC has over 150 monitoring stations, including 5 real-time water quantity and quality stations to detect spills and 

floods across its 1,000 km 2 watershed. 

Despite urbanization and associated problems with water quality on the lower section of this river, it provides spawning areas for 

Chinook salmon and rainbow trout and supports a recreational fishing industry worth $48 Million a year. The watershed is home to 

750,000 residents (2006 census) 87% of whom live in the lower 1/3 of the watershed (within the municipalities of Mississauga and 

Brampton). In 2020 the population is expected to double - so what issues has CVC identified and what lessons has it learned that 

will help it continue to protect the watershed as we move into the future 

Despite the presence of end-of-pipe stormwater management ponds watershed monitoring within streams has found increasing 

trends in wet weather streamflow (3 times higher flows vs pre-development); this has translated into increasing trends in stream 

erosion and pollutant loading. Headwater modeling studies predict reductions in baseflow up to 50% due to water takings and 

current development and stormwater management practices minimizing infiltration. These reductions may have implications to 

increase cost and level of treatment required for wastewater treatment plants and impose restrictions on permits to take water and 

fisheries. Furthermore, natural features inventories have found that protected natural areas in urban areas are often fragmented 

and degraded, as connections between natural areas have not been protected. Buffer limits alone do not protect species diversity 

as water balance to these natural areas has not been protected. 

In response to these challenges CVC is undertaking a variety of strategies to protect the health of the Credit River Watershed. Some 

of these activities include: 

- Plans for additional real time stations throughout the watershed to better monitor watershed stream conditions for 

improved flood and spill detection, 

- To improve baseflow and reduce erosion in heavily urbanized sub-watersheds, promote LID in new and existing 

developments, 

- Facilitate LID implementation through pilot projects, monitoring of in-the-ground sites, and communicating LID best 

management practices and performance via CVC’s website, case studies and presentations to general public and 

professionals, 

- Implement CVC’s recently developed Stormwater Management Criteria for new development, which includes specifications 

for on-lot retention of stormwater for flooding, erosion, water quality and water balance protection, 

- Develop guidelines to facilitate the retrofitting of existing land-uses to incorporate LID practices, and 

- Reaching out to stakeholders and partners to develop a wider pool of resources to make positive changes within the 

watershed. 

This presentation shall discuss these issues and lessons learned in greater detail and outline the steps that the CVC is taking to 

position itself to provide the services that will have the greatest benefit for the watershed and its residents for the next decade. The 

presentation shall be of value to stormwater managers working at the watershed scale. 

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Using Agent-Based Models to Investigate Green Infrastructure Emergence in Philadelphia 


3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 

215-895-1385 

Fam26@Drexel.Edu 

Timothy Bartrand - Tetratech 

The spatiotemporal emergence of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is the physical manifestation of a complex set 

of interactions between different branches of government, community stakeholders, and the private sector. Our ability 

to forecast such changes is contingent upon the development of new modeling platforms that can superimpose physical, 

socioeconomic, institutional, logistical, and financial dynamics, in spatially and temporally meaningful ways. An agentbased 

model was developed to explore the potential interplay of these phenomena in a small neighborhood of South 

Philadelphia. In the model, new urban green spaces “emerge” in space and time as the byproduct of constrained policy 

choices made by the local water utility, as well as by other local stakeholders. Agent types, attributes, and behavioral 

rules were selected based on over two years of interactions with all of the local stakeholders. Three model runs are 

presented depicting the pattern of emergence of different kinds of GSI in the study area as a result of three different GSI 

policy alternatives (all hypothetical). The results illustrate specifically the potential sensitivity of GSI outcomes to 

decisions regarding permitting of GSI on both publically and privately owned vacant land, among other multi-domain 

factors. 

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Using Porous Asphalt Pavement on Residential Streets to Reduce Application of Road Salt 

Ed Matthiesen, P.E. – Wenck Associates, Inc. 



763-479-4208 (P) 763-479-4242 (F) 

Ematthiesen@Wenck.Com 

Richard Mccoy – City of Robbinsdale, Minnesota 

4100 Lakeview Avenue N 

Robbinsdale, MN 55422 

763-531-1260 (P) 763-537-7344 

Rmccoy@Ci.Robbinsdale.Mn.Us 

The Shingle Creek Watershed Commission and the City of Robbinsdale, Minnesota are conducting an EPA-funded study 

administered by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency to investigate whether a porous asphalt residential street can 

be used as a physical substitute for road salt as an ice prevention method. 

The Shingle Creek watershed is a 43 square mile basin in northwest Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is fully developed 

with urban and suburban land uses, and crisscrossed with city streets and county, state, and interstate highways. 

Shingle Creek, which flows 11 miles through the watershed to the Mississippi River, was designated an Impaired Water 

for excess chloride in 1998. A Total Maximum Daily Load study completed in 2006 showed that the primary source of 

this excess chloride was road salt applied for ice control, and determined that a 71% reduction in chloride load is needed 

to meet water quality standards across all flow regimes. 

Road authorities in the watershed (nine cities, Hennepin County, and MnDOT) have undertaken a number of 

management efforts to reduce road salt usage, including: pre-wetting salt; anti-icing; using road temperature sensors to 

more precisely control rates of salt application; calibrating spreaders more frequently; and increased training for 

applicators. The Watershed Commission has also provided training opportunities for private maintenance companies 

that apply road salt to parking lots and private streets. However, better, more precise salt application alone is unlikely 

to meet the load reduction goal. 

The Watershed Commission and cities are exploring load reduction from the other direction – is there a way to prevent 

or limit ice buildup on city streets, thus reducing the need to apply road salt. Parking lots constructed with porous 

asphalt pavement to reduce stormwater runoff by observation also seem to require less winter maintenance to control 

ice buildup. This research study investigates whether the use of porous pavement at street intersections can reduce or 

eliminate the need to salt those intersections. 

Two low-volume residential intersections in the City of Robbinsdale, Minnesota were selected as test sites. One leg of 

each intersection was reconstructed using porous asphalt pavement over a 12” reservoir of ballast rock. One site was 

constructed on a sand subgrade and one on a clay subgrade. An adjacent intersection at each site served as control sites. 

Temperature sensors were embedded in the pavement at all four sites, recording temperature at eight depths ranging 

from ½” below the surface to 17” below the surface. Pressure transducers were installed in the two test sites to record 

the depth of water stored in the reservoir. Closed-circuit cameras were mounted on power poles at all four sites to 

periodically take pictures several times a day and transmit them by cable modem to a dedicated laptop computer. 

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During the duration of the two year monitoring period, the control intersections were plowed and salted as usual. The 

test sections were plowed, but no salt or sand was applied. Images from the closed-circuit cameras were processed to 

determine the amount of bare pavement at each of the four intersections at 9 am, noon, and 3 pm each day. This daily 

percent of bare pavement was evaluated against air temperature, pavement temperature, and solar radiation to assess 

which factors were more predictive of melting rate. 

Results suggest that using unsalted porous asphalt pavement can result in comparable net bare pavement to a salted 

traditional pavement section. Salted pavement starts melting sooner, and that lag can be anywhere from a few to 

several hours depending on temperature and solar radiation conditions, and that performance may be less acceptable to 

the public. However, slushy snow and snowmelt infiltrates and does not refreeze on porous pavement, so the net 

amount of bare pavement is comparable. 

The pavement has been durable over three Minnesota winters of typical snow plowing. The only maintenance required 

has been to sweep the sections with a regenerative vacuum sweeper in the spring and fall. Porous pavement at lowvolume 

residential intersections shows promise as a potential Best Management Practice to reduce the need to apply 

road salt for ice control. 

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Maximizing Tree Stormwater Benefits for LID: Techniques, Mechanisms, Research Results and Case Studies 




T 952 928 9600 X10 

F 952 224 9860 

Pmacdonagh@Tkdg.Net 

William Hunt – North Carolina State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering 

208 D. S. Weaver Labs 

Box 7625, North Carolina State University 

Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 

Voice: (919) 515-6751 

Fax: (919) 515-6772 

E-Mail: Bill_Hunt@Ncsu.Edu 

Ryan Winston – North Carolina State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering 



Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 

Voice: (919)-515-8595 

Fax: (919) 515-6772 

E-Mail: Rjwinsto@Ncsu.Edu 

Jonathan Page – North Carolina State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering 



Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 

Voice: 843.384.7799 

Fax: (919) 515-6772 

E-Mail: Jlpage3@Ncsu.Edu 

William Hunt, Jonathan Page, and Ryan Winston from North Carolina State University and The Kestrel Design Group’s Peter 

MacDonagh team up to present the essentials of integrating large urban trees into LID. Trees are already part of virtually all 

development and can be integrated even into the densest urban areas. Many cities already have tree requirement ordinances. 

This presentation will show how to use this existing city infrastructure component – large trees – to provide stormwater 

benefits. Peter MacDonagh from The Kestrel Design Group will introduce the nuts and bolts of using large trees for 

stormwater management, including a description of the essentials needed to successfully use trees for urban stormwater 

management and techniques to integrate those essentials into urban areas. His introduction will be illustrated with case 

studies showing a range of projects that have used large urban trees for stormwater management at various scales. North 

Carolina State University’s Jonathan Page, Ryan Winston, and William Hunt will describe the many mechanisms through which 

trees provide stormwater benefits as well as monitoring results from an experiment they are leading in Wilmington, NC, to 

examine exactly what magnitude of stormwater benefits trees can provide. Their research group is monitoring two trees that 

are each receiving stormwater runoff from about 5,000 square feet of street, the length of an entire block. One tree is planted 

with a typical bioretention soil, the other with a typical tree planting soil. The trees are planted in suspended pavement to 

maximize rootable soil volume, thereby maximizing soil volume for the tree, as well as water storage capacity for sustainable 

stormwater management. Dr Hunt’s team is monitoring both stormwater volume as well as water quality benefits (including 

nutrient and metal removal) of each tree/soil system to show exactly how much one tree can contribute to urban stormwater 

management. 

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Adapting to Growth Pressures & Improving Water Management Approaches in Small, Medium & Large Municipalities: 

Developing Effective LID Retrofit Guidance Documents for Audiences with Varying Needs and Resources 

Chris Despins – Credit Valley Conservation 

1255 Old Derry Road W., Mississauga, ON, Canada, L5n 6r4 

Phone: 905-670-1615 X.288 /Fax: Fax: 905-670-2210 

Cdespins@Creditvalleyca.Ca 

Christine Zimmer – Credit Valley Conservation 


Phone: 905-670-1615 X.229 /Fax: Fax: 905-670-2210 


Robb Lukes – Credit Valley Conservation 


Phone: 905-670-1615 X.414 /Fax: Fax: 905-670-2210 


The Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH), a Toronto-centred region surrounding the western portion of Lake Ontario, 

makes up more than 25% of the population of Canada and is one of the fastest growing regions in all of North America. 

To facilitate this growth and minimize urban sprawl the Province of Ontario has developed the Places to Grow plan, 

which encourages municipalities to redevelop and intensify existing urban and suburban areas. Within this context, the 

Credit Valley Conservation Authority (CVC) is working with a wide range of stakeholders to adapt to these pressures by 

developing a series of ‘How-to’ guides providing a framework for retrofitting existing land-uses to incorporate LID for 

stormwater management. Each land-use to receive its own retrofit guide include: IC (industrial and commercial) lands, 

public lands, residential lands, road right-of-ways and an overarching ‘How to’ guide to identify which land use(s) to 

retrofit with LID in a given municipality. 

CVC operates within the Credit River Watershed, comprised of various municipalities, ranging in size from a large urban 

centre of 700,000 residents to villages of a few thousand or less. As such, guidance documents must take into 

consideration the vastly different levels of staffing, financial and technical resources available, operations & 

maintenance capabilities and numerous other considerations. To accommodate the varying levels of needs and 

resources among its member municipalities CVC is making targeted advice for small, medium and large municipalities a 

central component of the LID retrofit guidance documents currently under development. Another critical element is the 

generation of case studies that support the advice provided in the retrofit guides. The case studies highlight in-theground 

LID sites in small, medium and large communities throughout the GGH, providing in-depth examinations of the 

various barriers, successes and lessons learned encountered with implementing LID at a particular site. 

Development of the retrofit guidelines and case studies has been underway since early 2012, with draft case studies and 

retrofit guides targeted for June 2013. The participatory approach that CVC and its partners is taking to develop the 

guides shall be discussed, with a focus on the feedback and lessons learned from needs assessments and reviews on 

draft documents by stakeholder groups. Subsequent discussions shall focus upon the techniques applied within the 

various documents to effectively communicate with the three primary audiences – small, medium and large 

municipalities. The presentation will conclude with the proposed steps next steps for refining and completing 

development of the guides and case studies by February 2014. 

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Expanding the Green Roof Planting Palette with Native Plants for Increased Diversity and Stormwater Benefits 




T 952 928 9600 X10 

F 952 224 9860 

Pmacdonagh@Tkdg.Net 

Richard Sutton - University Of Nebraska Lincoln 

Dept. Of Agronomy & Horticulture 

202 Keim Hall 

Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 

T (402) 472-1127 

F (402) 309-0341 

Rsutton1@Unl.Edu 

While most green roofs are planted with sedums, diverse and regionally appropriate plants exist beyond sedum, and 

studies show that green roofs planted with a diverse plant palette provide more stormwater and other benefits than 

those planted just with Sedums. In this session, MacDonagh and Sutton discuss lessons learned from growing new plant 

species on their projects that had not previously been grown on Midwestern green roofs. Their trials on many green 

roofs in Minneapolis, MN, and Lincoln, NE, ranging from 2 years to 9 years old, have helped identify, test, and observe 

individual plant performance and also that of assembled plant communities. They have grown many of these plants 

species in a variety of rooftop conditions and maintenance regimes: including varying sun and wind exposure, and 

varying growing media depths. 

The plants they tested were chosen using a native plant community template approach: they selected species from 

native plant communities with conditions similar to those found on analogous extensive green roofs. An estimated 

10,000 years of plant selection have led to a suite of dry plant communities on cliffs, bedrock, eskers, kames, and scree 

beds that are adapted to harsh growing conditions similar in many ways to conditions found on extensive green roofs: 

hot, dry, windy environments with shallow, free-draining soil profiles. Plants in these communities generally have 

physiological characteristics that help them survive the harsh conditions in these environments, such as, for example: 

thickened cuticles, hirsute stems and leaves, highly reflective surfaces, fine or narrow leaves, sticky surfaces that can 

hold onto water, leathery rough leaf textures that reduce the speed of wind traveling over leaves, and water storage 

cells. 

Each presenter’s experience provides unbiased, reliable, and local plant knowledge. Such comprehensive plant testing 

on actual green roofs helps protect designers from unwanted and unexpected planting failure as they diversify plantings 

to maximize ecological services. 

Sutton will also summarize results from his research establishing green roof vegetation from seed to greatly reduce 

green roof costs. Over five years of trial on four cooperating green roofs, through observation and improvisation, he has 

sought to understand appropriate seeding seasons and spacing, determined coverage timing for the FLL 80% coverage 

threshold, produced and tested a method for successfully and inexpensively seeding green roofs to native grasses and 

worked out as needed irrigation protocols. Cost strongly impacts green roof design, implementation, and maintenance. 

Until green roof planting becomes standardized, inexpensive, simple and quick to cover, landscape architects and green 

roof professionals will be less likely to propose or install them, thus curtailing these roofs’ potential stormwater as well 

as other environmental and social benefits. 

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Not All That Different, Eh A Comparison of LID Monitoring Objectives, Experimental Design and Performance in 

Canada and the U.S. 

Chris Despins – Credit Valley Conservation 


Phone: 905-670-1615 X.288 /Fax: Fax: 905-670-2210 


Kyle Vander Linden – Credit Valley Conservation 


Phone: 905-670-1615 X.279 /Fax: Fax: 905-670-2210 


Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) is a community-based environmental organization, located in Southern Ontario, 

Canada, dedicated to protecting, restoring and managing the natural resources of the Credit River Watershed. CVC is 

currently engaged in an extensive multi-year LID monitoring program, consisting of quantity and quality monitoring at a 

variety of in-the-ground sites located in the Credit River Watershed. 

This monitoring is taking place in accordance with CVC’s Stormwater Management Monitoring Strategy, which directs 

where and how monitoring activities take place in accordance with a series of specific goals and objectives. These goals 

and objectives are aimed at answering specific questions and addressing stakeholder needs, a few of which include: 

• Are LID SWM systems are providing flood control, erosion control, water quality, recharge, and natural heritage 

protection as per the design 

• What are the long-term maintenance needs, and the impact of maintenance on performance 

• How do SWM ponds perform with LID upstream 

Sites currently being monitored include the Elm Drive green street reconstruction project, the Lakeview neighbourhood 

retrofit, IMAX Corporation Canada’s parking lot reconstruction and numerous other sites. Each of these sites is 

generating unique performance data and filling in data gaps as per the Monitoring Strategy. For instance, at Elm Drive 

quantity monitoring is being performed to verify that the bioretention cells infiltrate as per the design models, and also 

to assess how well LID practices can operate in tight clay soils. Monitoring at the Lakeview site (comprised of residential 

properties retrofitted from old roadside ditches to rain gardens within the road ROW) presents additional opportunities 

for addressing stakeholder needs. The quantity and quality data being collected is being used to assess the performance 

of these LID measures to determine potential rebates on development charges (for new construction homes), credits on 

municipal stormwater rates and the potential for reductions in flood insurance premiums. Finally, IMAX monitoring is 

exploring a wide variety of questions, one of which includes quantifying the benefits of placing LID practices in series 

with proprietary stormwater treatment devices in series as part of a treatment train. 

In light of the volume and variety of performance data being collected at CVC’s monitoring sites, the organization is 

currently undertaking an extensive review of the data collected to date and the experimental approach taken at each of 

the sites and is comparing this to practices performed in other jurisdictions such as the United States. These efforts are 

being undertaken to ensure that the data and associated observations and lessons learned are not limited to Ontario, 

Canada, but also transferrable internationally to benefit the widest audience possible. 

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To facilitate this review, CVC has partnered with two US-based consultants – Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water 

Engineering, Inc. The review is currently underway and it is anticipated that preliminary data analysis and the 

development of revised monitoring methodologies will be completed by May 2013. Another key task to be undertaken 

by CVC and its consultants is to incorporate CVC’s LID performance data collected to-date into the International 

Stormwater BMP database. This shall not only assist in sharing CVCs data to benefit the wider community but also help 

with comparing and contrasting American and Canadian LID performance findings (in particular to sites in the 

climatically similar North East portion of the US). 

The presentation shall provide a brief overview of the sites currently being monitored, the monitoring objectives, 

experimental methodology and the performance findings to-date. The preliminary results of the monitoring review will 

also be presented, with an emphasis on similarities and differences between Canadian and US practice in monitoring LID 

sites. This presentation shall be of note to practitioners establishing or re-aligning monitoring programs to better align 

with stakeholder needs and the standard practices of the broader international community. 

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A New Generation of Stormwater Manuals: Mainstreaming LID 

David J. Hirschman – Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

919 2 nd Street Se, Charlottesville, VA 22902 

434-293-6355 

Djh@Cwp.Org 

Gregory Hoffmann - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

8390 Main Street, 2 nd Floor, Ellicott City, MD 21043 

410-461-8323 

Gph@Cwp.Org 

Joseph Battiata - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

7368 Sunshine Court, Mechanicsville, VA 23111 

804-789-9595 

Jgb@Cwp.Org 

In the ever-evolving world of LID implementation, the role of state and local stormwater manuals is growing in 

importance. Stormwater manuals are the program tool that converts a “good idea” into practical guidance that answers 

such fundamental questions as: how many, how big, how deep, where, and what materials Stormwater practice 

specifications (often the main component of a stormwater manual) also provide consistency and predictability to the 

design process, and give both project designers and plan reviewers a common language of compliance. 

Many new stormwater manuals have been introduced in the last five years, many with the express intent of facilitating, 

encouraging, or even requiring LID practices. Some have been more successful than others in engendering actual onthe-ground 

implementation. Since 2008, the Center for Watershed Protection (CWP) has assisted with or written 

stormwater practice specifications and/or manuals for the states of Virginia, West Virginia, the District of Columbia, 

Delaware, and the Georgia Coastal Program. All of these products had an emphasis on increased implementation of LID 

and green infrastructure practices, while utilizing different compliance criteria based on regulatory drivers. Prior to this 

time, CWP also assisted with manuals in Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Maryland. 

We have found that there is a delicate balance between providing enough detail in these manuals so that designers and 

plan reviewers can use the specifications to inform the design process and avoid the most common pitfalls, and, at the 

same time, avoiding “monster” manuals that are simply too bulky and complex to be of practical use. 

Based on these experiences, we believe that modern stormwater practice specifications should consider the following 

key elements: 

1. System of Crediting a Wide Range of Practices: If LID practices are to be counted, they must be “countable.” In 

other words, there must a computational system in place to clearly show how various practices comply with the 

applicable standard. In some cases, this standard may be site-based pollutant removal criteria, while, in others, 

it may have more to do with volume reduction. CWP has based in most recent system on the “Runoff Reduction 

Method,” first developed for Virginia phosphorus-based compliance standard, but adapted to the volumetric 

standards of West Virginia and D.C. The key components of these systems is that they must understandable and 

based on good science. 

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2. Accounting for Storage in Practices: Since each state (or in some cases, locality) appears to have its own 

standard, the specifications must clearly show how the storage elements within a practice are accounted for, as 

this is becomes a key factor in practice sizing. One tricky piece is that some “site design” LID practices, such as 

impervious disconnection and sheetflow to a conservation area, do not have storage in the traditional sense of 

the word (in other words, they are not vessels that can be filled to a particular capacity). They do, however, 

provide runoff reduction benefits, and can be cost-effective as well as environmentally sound practices. In 

CWP’s recent specifications, we have developed a system that blends storage with surface area requirements to 

allow a wide range of practices to be considered. 

3. Dealing with the “Shall” versus “Should” Conundrum: In developing practice specifications, there is an ongoing 

tension between being adequately prescriptive (e.g., you must use non-woven geotextile fabric for this 

application) versus giving the designer flexibility based on the objective of a particular standard (e.g., the 

purpose is to provide a separation barrier between the soil and stone layers). Prescriptive standards lend 

themselves well to the checklist approach to plan design and review, but, very often, we lose sight of how and 

why a certain standard was developed, and they tend to take on a life of their own. In addition, many manuals 

do a poor job of making a clear distinction between the “shalls” and “shoulds” of the design process. 

These are only a few of the many complex issues involved with developing stormwater practice specification and manual 

that will result in successful on-the-ground implementation of practices. The specifications and manual are only one 

vital program tool, and they must work in concert with the enabling ordinances and plan review, inspection, and 

construction procedures. 

This presentation will address some of the key issues with developing a “modern” stormwater manual. 

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6550 

Water Quality Treatment Characteristics and Biological Effectiveness of Full-Scale Bioretention Systems with Various 

Media Blends 

Curtis Hinman - Washington State University 

2606 W Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371 

253-445-4590 

chinman@wsu.edu 

Washington State University (WSU) is testing various bioretention media blends at a new low impact development (LID) 

research facility in western Washington. WSU (with US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration) is also testing the ability of these systems to protect salmon and aquatic invertebrates from the 

biological effects of stormwater. The conference presentation will provide a brief discussion of the facility design and 

then focus on the initial testing of the full-scale, replicated bioretention systems (with vegetation) to determine nutrient, 

metal and hydrocarbon and bacteria treatment capability. Salmon and daphnia are then exposed to the untreated 

stormwater and treated effluent water to assess lethal and sub-lethal effects to those organisms. 

The bioretention component of the LID research facility includes twenty, full-scale replicated bioretention cells to test: 

the pollutant management capabilities of various soil mixes; long-term pollutant concentration trends in soils; plant 

growth and evapotranspiration performance; detailed hydraulic characteristics; and long-term infiltration rates 

influenced by various plant types and sediment loading regimes. 

Each cell is comprised of a 152 cm diameter tank filled with various soil media (61 cm deep) and planted with the same 

plant species. Each tank has an under-drain, flow monitoring instruments and water quality sampling equipment. 

Sixteen of the 20 cells are currently being tested (four soil media treatments replicated four times). The four media 

blends include: 

1. 60% mineral aggregate and 40% compost by volume. 

2. 80% mineral aggregate and 20% compost by volume. 

3. 60% mineral aggregate, 30% compost, and 10% water treatment residuals by volume. 

4. 60% mineral aggregate, 15% compost, 15% shredded cedar bark, and 10% water treatment residuals by volume. 

The soil media are experimental blends designed to optimize stormwater pollutant capture with particular attention to 

phosphate and nitrate management, plant growth and infiltration capability. Natural (lower pollutant concentrations) 

and synthetic stormwater (higher pollutant concentrations) are distributed to the cells. The water quality treatment 

part of the presentation will focus on the base-line testing of the bioretention media, treatment capability under 

leaching conditions (low pollutant concentrations) and treatment capability at higher pollutant concentrations. 

Wild juvenile coho salmon are then exposed to treated effluent from one of the bioretention soil media and untreated 

highway stormwater. The lethal effects of treated and untreated stormwater and the sub-lethal effects such as eye and 

heart development and olfactory degradation are assessed. The lethal and sub-lethal effects will be discussed. 

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6551 

Don’t Runoff, Take a Rain Check: PWD’s Residential Stormwater Incentive Program 

Maggie Wood – Trans-Pacific Engineering, Philadelphia Water Department 

Philadelphia Water Department 

1101 Market Street 

3 rd Floor 


215-971-6151 

maggie.wood@phila.gov 

Tiffany Ledesma Groll – Trans-Pacific Engineering, Philadelphia Water Department 

Philadelphia Water Department 

1101 Market Street 

3 rd Floor 


267-625-0589 

LedesmaGrollTD@cdmsmith.com 

The City of Philadelphia is investing in green stormwater infrastructure throughout neighborhoods—on streets, in parks, 

and around schools. Now, Rain Check is making these investments possible for Philadelphia residents. In June 2012, the 

Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) launched Rain Check, a pilot program designed to incentivize homeowners to 

install landscape improvements that manage stormwater. Over the next 25 years, Philadelphia will invest $2 billion to 

minimize combined sewer overflows through green stormwater infrastructure. While the Green City, Clean Waters plan 

is guiding this approach and is known in technical circles, Philadelphia residents must be on-board for the plan to work, 

making programs that reach residents through property improvements, job training and neighborhood collaboration, 

critical to improving the health of our waterways. 

PWD launched Rain Check with three broad objectives. First, to educate Philadelphia homeowners about the importance 

of stormwater management and the value of implementing the Green City, Clean Waters plan; second, to provide an 

incentive that motivates residential customers to manage stormwater on their properties; and third, to determine the 

feasibility of managing large amounts of stormwater runoff through residential green infrastructure. To meet these 

objectives, PWD structured a pilot program for 250 participants where the Water Department provides free stormwater 

property assessments and shares the cost of implementing one of five stormwater management practices, or “green 

tools,” on a participant’s property. The five green tools include downspout planters, rain gardens, pavement removal, 

porous paving and yard trees. PWD works through a non-profit partner to help provide job training for stormwater 

assessments and green tool installations, and to coordinate scheduling logistics with the participants. 

Rain Check provides Philadelphians with an opportunity to contribute to environmental improvements on their 

properties and in their communities; however, managing a residential program is challenging. Coordinating with nonprofit 

partners, training contractors and engaging participants is a time-consuming process with complicated logistics. In 

addition, managing roof runoff in space-constrained row homes requires new innovations in green infrastructure. In 

Philadelphia, where row homes account for over 50% of the total housing stock, there is little room for a rain garden or 

extensive landscaping to minimize runoff. For residents who want a planting space that manages stormwater, PWD is 

piloting the use of downspout planters, planter boxes specially designed to manage roof runoff. 

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In addition to evaluating the program in response to the three broad objectives, we plan to answer basic questions 

about how Rain Check will work best in Philadelphia. These questions include: Which green tools are most effective 

Which are most popular How much does it cost to manage stormwater on residential properties and what is an 

appropriate incentive 

At the time of the LID Symposium, the Philadelphia Water Department will have completed the first phase of Rain 

Check, including the installation of green tools on approximately 200 private homes throughout the City, and will have 

many participants registered for the second phase of the program. This presentation will provide an unvarnished look at 

the Philadelphia Water Department’s approach to education and outreach for the Rain Check program, the logistical 

tools we use to manage the program, and the various green tools we install. The success of Rain Check will be measured 

in the amount of runoff managed, but also in the increased level of education and awareness about the benefits of 

managing stormwater through the Green City, Clean Waters plan. 

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Green Roofs: A Decade Strong and Growing 

Angie Durhman- MN Green Roof Council 

C/o Cermak Rhoades Architects 

275 E 4th St Suite 800 


612-327-2953 

adgreenroof@gmail.com 

Gary Leatherman- MN Green Roof Council 

C/o Cermak Rhoades Architects 

275 E 4th St Suite 800 


gary@garyleatherman.com 

Green (or vegetated) roofs are not new in the US. In the last decade, green roofs have been touted for their proven 

benefits, and installed on a variety of public and private buildings. Green roofs increase urban green space and retain 

stormwater runoff where a building may not otherwise be able to meet stormwater volume reduction 

requirements. Aside from the important stormwater benefit and aesthetic value, the improvement of roof longevity 

and increased energy savings help the building owner’s bottom line. This session will explore these main benefits. We 

will also show how green roofs can be constructed to meet current wind and fire codes. The session will address system 

design as it varies across the US, including maintenance requirements. We will also discuss incentive programs across 

the US, including efforts in Minnesota. 

Minnesota alone claims over 170 unique green roof projects with an estimated one million sq.ft. covered (the national 

coverage is approximately thirty million sq. ft. according to Green Roofs for Healthy Cities members). The Minnesota 

Green Roof Council, a not-for-profit organization promoting green roofs as an environmentally responsible high 

performance roof system across the state, will showcase their new online green roof database which captures 

information on buildings across the state that boast a green roof. The database will reveal as much detail on 

construction and usability as possible. This database is used as a public outreach resource for those looking to design or 

fund a green roof, within a state where green roof construction is starting to increase. Lastly, the session will highlight a 

successful green roof by the City of St. Paul at Fire Station 1 & 10. We will also explore a recent feasibility study done on 

the Target Center in Minneapolis, where the costs and benefits show a return on investment of 7.6 years with a re-roof 

for an extensive green roof. 

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6555 

Water Quality Treatment and Flow Control Characteristics of Full-Scale Permeable Pavement Systems 

Curtis Hinman-Washington State University 

2606 W Pioneer, Puyallup, WA 98371 

253-445-4590 

chinman@wsu.edu 

Washington State University (WSU) is testing permeable pavement at a new low impact development (LID) research 

facility in western Washington. The conference presentation will provide a brief discussion of the facility design and then 

focus on the initial testing of the full-scale, replicated porous asphalt cells at various depths to determine metal and 

hydrocarbon treatment capability. Groundwater behavior under the pervious concrete cells constructed on a subgrade 

with a very low permeability will also be discussed 

The main parking lot (approximately 100 parking spaces) at WSU LID research facility was removed and replaced with 

porous asphalt and pervious concrete. While the entire lot provides stormwater management benefits, nine separate 

asphalt and six concrete cells divided by concrete curbs are dedicated to research. The asphalt cells have two parking 

stalls and associated travel lanes 3 m x 18 m (10 x 60 ft) and the concrete four parking stalls and associated travel lanes 6 

m x 18 m (20 x 60 ft). The asphalt is three inches thick and the concrete eight inches. Eighteen inches of clean crushed 

aggregate provide a structural base and stormwater storage for the entire parking lot. 

The measured infiltration rate for the permeable parking lot subgrade is 0.007 cm/hr (0.003 in/hr). 

The porous asphalt cells include three treatments replicated three times. Three of the asphalt cells are conventional 

impervious asphalt, three are pervious and will be maintained with high efficiency street sweeping equipment and three 

permeable cells will not be maintained. The asphalt cells are equipped with surface collection, drains just under the 

pavement and under-drains at the bottom of the pavement section. Tipping bucket flow gauges (Hydrological Services 

TBL1) measure flow continuously at the surface- and under-drains. 

Natural storms (lower pollutant concentrations) and synthetic stormwater (higher concentration) are applied to the 

pavement test cells. Water quality samples are collected from the surface of conventional impervious asphalt control 

cells, from just under the porous asphalt pavement and from the bottom of the facility after stormwater has passed 

through the pavement and aggregate base. Accordingly, a pollutant profile is developed to assess the treatment 

capability of each pavement component. 

Designers are often concerned about minimum infiltration rates that are appropriate for permeable pavement 

installations. The groundwater behavior is assessed under six full-scale pervious concrete cells locate on subgrade soils 

with very low permeability (0.007 cm/hr). The installation and continuous groundwater monitoring provide an 

examination of permeable pavement flow control performance in a very challenging setting. 

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Construction Challenges for Neighborhood Scale Green Infrastructure Demonstration Projects in New York City 

Magdi Farag, PE, Assistant Commissioner, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City Environmental Protection 


718-595-5176 

magdif@dep.nyc.gov 

Raymond J. Palmares, PE, Program Director – Engineering and Field, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City 



718-595-4093 

rpalmares@dep.nyc.gov 

Margot Walker, Director – Green Infrastructure Partnerships, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City 



718-595-4367 

MargotW@dep.nyc.gov 



212-539-7151 


Nick Lindow, PE, PhD, Water Resources Engineer – Biohabitats 

2081 Clipper Park Road, Baltimore, MD 21211 

410-554-0156 

nlindow@biohabitats.com 

As part of the Mayor’s PlaNYC 2030 initiatives, New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is leading 

the development of innovative and long-term sustainable measures to treat stormwater runoff and reduce combined 

sewer overflow (CSOs) through incremental investments in green infrastructure over the next 20 years. As part of this 

goal to reduce CSOs, DEP, in partnership with DEC, is constructing three neighborhood demonstration areas where 

green infrastructure will capture and treat at least 10% of runoff from impervious surfaces. 

Area 1, in the Edenwald neighborhood of the Bronx, consists of 22 bioswales being constructed across a 24 acre 

watershed. Area 2, in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, consists of 31 bioswales being constructed over a 23 

acre watershed. Area 3, in the Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn, consists of 19 bioswales being constructed over a 10 

acre watershed. The size of each of these demonstration areas posed significant complications in the design and 

construction of the bioswales. 

During design, challenges revolved around two major features: interagency/utility coordination and soil investigation. 

DEP was the agency constructing the bioswales, but since the bioswales were located in the sidewalk, New York City 

Department of Transportation had to approve each location. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation was 

also involved in approving the bioswales locations since they would be maintaining them post construction. The three 

agencies had different specifications for various items such as concrete sidewalk, so creating specifications that met 

each agency’s needs was an additional coordination issue. 

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Utility coordination posed another challenge. Since the bioswales were located in the sidewalks rather than in the 

streets, and were 5 feet deep and 10 to 20 feet long, they faced some different utility issues than a typical sewer or tree 

planting job. Some utility lines ran laterally under the sidewalk, and in those cases, efforts were made to relocate the 

utilities outside the bioswales. Where they crossed perpendicularly, for service connections, efforts were made to either 

shift the bioswale during design, or sleeve the utility with conduit to prevent future disturbance to the bioswale if access 

to the utility is needed. Not all of the utilities identified during design were found during construction, but some that 

hadn’t been identified were encountered and had to be examined to determine if they were in use and needed to be 

maintained, or could be removed and plugged. 

During construction, a number of other challenges arose, largely related to safety and management of such large work 

areas. The most significant concern during construction is always safety to the workers and to the public, and with such 

large work areas, maintaining the protective fencing around the individual bioswales was challenging due to vandalism 

and vehicular traffic. Timing of the different components was also complicated – the time period to do the concrete 

work is different than to do the tree planting, and certain activities should be done only after the trees are planted, 

making the staging of each task complicated. 

Finally, the most important part of the success of any construction project is education of the contractor. Oversight of 

the contractor was absolutely necessary to ensure that the micrograding within the bioswales was constructed as 

designed, which ensures that the entire bioswale would be efficiently utilized in capturing stormwater. The bioswales in 

Area 1 and Area 2 are completing construction in December 2012, and Area 3 will start construction in January 2013, 

finishing in April 2013. 

A second component to the neighborhood pilots was the design and construction of green infrastructure practices on 

New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) housing complexes within the demonstration areas. While having the same 

challenges encountered above, there some different ones as well, such as coordination with NYCHA design staff, as well 

as the residents and maintenance staff at the different complexes. Public meetings were held at Seth Low Houses in 

Area 2 and Hope Gardens in Area 3 to disseminate information and raise public awareness. 

From a design perspective, there was a focus on maintaining the existing open space, and enhancing where possible, but 

not converting existing hardscape to softscape unless it was currently unused. Both sites also had recent hazardous 

waste issues, so designs were adjusted at one site to avoid infiltrating stormwater in an active remediation zone. 

Parking was also a significant driver behind the design, especially with construction staging to limit impact to parking for 

the residents. Overall construction staging was also designed so as to maintain walking paths where possible, and keep 

complete closure of a walkway to a minimum. The NYCHA onsite practices will be constructed in spring 2013. 

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Simultaneous Consideration of Socio-Economic and Engineering Factors for Low Impact Development Success 

Corinna M. Fleischmann 

Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 

Joseph T. Bushey 

Presenting author 

Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 

Carol Atkinson-Palombo 

Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 

Eric D. Jackson 

Connecticut Transportation Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 

Stormwater runoff, and its associated pollutants, is a major environmental problem in urban watersheds where the 

runoff is either channeled into surface water bodies or directed through wastewater treatment plants prior to discharge. 

One emerging runoff control Best Management Practices (BMP) is Low Impact Development (LID), which aims to capture 

stormwater runoff close to the source. We performed an interdisciplinary study to examine the tradeoffs between 

hydrologic, transportation and socio-economic considerations in a model neighborhood in Hartford, CT. The EPA’s 

SWMM model was utilized to evaluate several LID technologies given the constraints of available space and costs. Traffic 

impacts of LID implementation were evaluated using VISSM. Resident preferences were assessed through a survey 

conducted during Summer 2012. Vegetated swales maximized runoff reduction while minimizing cost making them the 

most effective LID option for this area. At 100% roadway implementation, swales reduced stormwater runoff by 32%. 

Porous pavement and bioretention cells alleviated similar runoff amounts. Non-roadway options, tree boxes and rain 

barrels, did not perform as well due to limited impervious surface capture. While swales were the most costeffective, 

limitations to traffic flow prevent full-scale implementation in an existing urban setting. In this study, 4 km of 

implementation was deemed an upper implementation limit through traffic impact analysis. At the 4km implementation 

level, the possible reduction in watershed runoff was reduced to 2.5%. The survey results suggest that residents may be 

amenable to multiple treatment options. However, there was a preference for swales and porous pavement, 

demonstrating a possible impact of limiting parking reductions in the neighborhood. These socio-economic tradeoffs will 

be investigated further during neighborhood meetings in Spring 2013. 

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New York City Department of Environmental Protection’s Standards for Green Infrastructure: Right of Way Bioswale 

Standards 

Magdi Farag, PE, Assistant Commissioner, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City Environmental Protection 


718-595-5176 


Raymond J. Palmares, PE, Program Director – Engineering and Field, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City 



718-595-4093 

rpalmares@dep.nyc.gov 

Margot Walker, Director – Green Infrastructure Partnerships, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City 



718-595-4367 




212-539-7151 


New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is leading the development of innovative and long-term 

sustainable measures to treat stormwater runoff and reduce combined sewer overflow (CSOs) through investments in 

green infrastructure over the next 20 years, as outlined in New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan. A key component 

to the Green Infrastructure Plan is installation of green infrastructure practices in the right of way. In 2010, DEP 

constructed their first right of way bioswales, bioretention practices built within the sidewalk that accept sidewalk and 

roadway stormwater runoff, allowing for infiltration into the subsurface, thereby eliminating flow from the combined 

sewer system. The designs were modified with subsequent installations from 2011 to 2012, culminating in the release of 

right of way bioswale standards in August 2012. 

In order to implement green infrastructure city wide, a number of different agencies were identified to incorporate right 

of way bioswales into their capital projects. In 2011, an interagency green infrastructure task force formed to coordinate 

city efforts on green infrastructure, including representatives from the Department of Transportation (DOT), 

Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), and the Department of Design and Construction (DDC), the agency that is 

responsible for roadway, water and sewer construction in New York City. The agencies coordinated on developing 

standards consistent with DOT’s roadway and sidewalk design standards, DPR’s tree pits and DDC’s roadway 

construction experience. 

Bioswale lengths were set in five foot increments to best line up with the existing sidewalk flag lengths, which are 

typically five feet by five feet in size. Therefore, the widths of the bioswales were also set at five feet wide. The 

maximum length of bioswale was set at 20 feet, a decision that was made based on input from DOT, to limit 

inconvenience for people when exiting their car parked on the street. 

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Three types of bioswales were developed for the first generation of standards. The Type 1 Bioswale is five feet deep (not 

any deeper to avoid the need for sheeting during construction). The bottom 2 feet is open graded stone, topped with a 

engineered soil and plantings that were selected by DPR specifically to be able to handle dry periods between storms 

and inundation during storm events. The topsoil is graded to allow for three inches of ponding within the bioswale. The 

inlet to the bioswale is sloped at a 10% grade from the existing roadway to promote flow into the bioswale rather than 

bypassing the practice and continuing to flow along the gutter. 

Two modifications for the Type 1 Bioswale were also developed. One is to connect the bioswale to a stormwater inlet 

(which is similar in design to a standard catch basin). This is intended to be used primarily on steeper streets, where 

stormwater might be more likely to bypass the inlet. A 6-inch connection pipe would be installed connecting the 

stormwater inlet to a perforated pipe within the bioswale’s engineered soil layer. 

The second alternative was developed for situations when soil borings show that subsurface soils are more pervious at 

10 feet or greater below the surface than at five feet below the surface. In these conditions, rather than have the soils 

just below the bioswale limit the rate of infiltration, stone columns are bored down to the more pervious layer. The 

columns are constructed of solid PVC pipe within the engineered soil that transitions to slotted PVC pipe in the open 

graded stone in the bioswale to 5 feet into the pervious layer. The pipe is filled with open graded stone. The top of the 

pipe has an open cap, and sticks out two inches from the engineered soil, so that the primary method of outflow is still 

through the bioretention practice, but flow will overtop into the stone columns before the bioswale backs up into the 

street. 

The Public Design Commission of the City of New York (PDC) reviews any structures that are built above ground level on 

city-owned land, including in the public right of way. In 2011, DEP presented the first incarnations of the standard 

bioswale designs to PDC, which gave an approval for the overall bioswale program. This paved the way for the 

standards, since it was not dependent on PDC approval for each individual installation. DEP also has a maintenance 

agreement with DPR to maintain the bioswales, since most of the regular activities are similar to those involved with 

tree pit maintenance. 

The standards also allowed multiple agencies, including DPR, DDC and the New York City Economic Development 

Corporation (EDC) to issue contracts for bioswale construction, funded by DEP but limiting the design review burden on 

the agency. DEP is on its way to their requirement of management of 1” of rainfall over 1.5% of the impervious areas in 

targeted combined sewer watersheds by 2015, and these standards are making that possible. 

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Performance of Green Streets in a Cold Climate 



Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 




Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 


Chris Despins - Credit Valley Conservation (Cvc) 


Ph: 905-670-1615; Fax: 905-670-2210 


The City of Mississauga is a large urban centre located just west of Toronto, Ontario. In recent years, the city has been 

intensifying its urban core and is in the process of evaluating low impact development (LID) demonstration sites. The 

city has focused its efforts in existing urban areas which lack conventional end-of-pipe controls. The Credit Valley 

Conservation (CVC) in partnership with the City of Mississauga has implemented two of the first LID green street 

retrofits in Canada: Elm Drive and the Lakeview neighbourhood. Outflow from both sites drain to Cooksville Creek, an 

urban creek system characterized by a flashy hydrological response which then outlets to Lake Ontario. 

The Elm Drive and Lakeview green street retrofits were constructed in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and both 

incorporate both bioretention practices and permeable pavers. The designs differ in some ways as Elm Drive is a high 

density urban street design and the Lakeview LID retrofits are on located in a low density residential street. 

Performance monitoring is currently underway and includes both water quantity and quality monitoring at both green 

street sites. 

The objectives of the performance monitoring currently underway includes the following: 

• Assess performance of measures to determine potential rebates on development charges, credits on municipal 

storm water rates and/or reductions in flood insurance premiums, 

• Evaluate whether LID SWM systems are providing flood control, erosion control, water quality, recharge, and 

natural heritage protection as per the design standard, 

• Assess the performance of LID designs in reducing pollutants that are dissolved or associated with suspended 

solids (i.e. nutrients, oils/grease, and bacteria), 

• Assess the water quality and quantity performance of LID designs in clay or low infiltration soils and those that 

do not use infiltration, 

• Evaluate how a site with multiple LID practices treats storm water runoff and manages storm water quantity as a 

whole, 

• Evaluate long-term maintenance needs and maintenance programs, and the impact of maintenance on 

performance, 

• Demonstrate the degree to which LID mitigates urban thermal pollution 

• Assess the potential for soil contamination due to the infiltration practices employed, and 

• Evaluate the hydrologic and treatment performance throughout the cold weather season and determine what 

influence winter road maintenance has on LID performance. 

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6561 

Methodologies Used 

Monitoring stations have been installed at the downstream ends of both sites in addition to a control site. Water 

quantity and quality data are being collected with a water level logger (ISCO 4150) and an automatic water sampler that 

collects flow weighted samples (ISCO 6712 Auto Sampler). The flow meter is set to record water levels at 10-minute 

intervals. Precipitation data is being collected by heated tipping bucket rain gauges near each of the sites. 

A minimum of ten (10) precipitation events are being sampled per year and the samplers are connected to the water 

flow logger and will be triggered at a pre-determined level. The monitoring program will continue until a minimum of 

thirty (30) precipitation events have been collected at each of the green street sites. Samples collected are analyzed for 

chloride, turbidity, conductivity, pH, Total Suspended Soids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), nutrients (total 

phosphorus, orthophosphate, Total Kjehldahl Nitrogen (TKN), total ammonia, nitrate & nitrite), total metals, PAHs, E. 

coli, and oil & grease. 

The water level drawdown times are being measured by three piezometers within the bioretention cells at Elm Drive 

and by two piezometers within bioretention swales at Lakeview. Within all piezometers a HOBO U20 continuous water 

level logger has been installed. An additional logger has been put in place at both sites to measure barometric pressure. 

All loggers are set to record at 10 minute intervals. Water level readings are compared to rainfall amounts to calculate 

the drawdown times in the bioretention cells. 

Both the Elm Drive and Lakeview sites are visited a minimum of once every two weeks by CVC staff to check and 

calibrate equipment, download data, and take a record of site conditions and whether maintenance is required (i.e. 

plant health, garbage, and general appearance of features). 

Project Schedule 

At the Elm Drive green street project water quantity monitoring began in May of 2011 and water quality monitoring 

being initiated in August, 2012. Monitoring is to proceed until November, 2016. 

At the Lakeview green street site pre-construction monitoring began in the spring 2010 and was completed in March 

2012. Post construction monitoring began in August 2012 and is schedule to be completed by November 2015. 

Preliminary Results 

Elm Drive has shown that no runoff has been measured from the site with storm events ≤ 13 mm which accounts for 80 

% of rain events that fall with a given year in Mississauga. 

At Lakeview, preliminary monitoring has shown that no runoff has been measured from the site with storm events ≤ 28 

mm which accounts for 90 % of rain events that fall within a given year in Mississauga. 

The presentation proposed would present the following: 

• Drivers for implementing the green street projects, 

• Overview of the design, construction, and establishment, 

• Overview of monitoring methodologies utilized, 

• Up-to-date quantity and quality results at each site, and 

• Discussion on the implications for future green street implementation and design. 

231

6562 

New York City DEP’s Area-Wide Approach to Green Infrastructure Implementation 

Magdi Farag, PE, Assistant Commissioner, Office of Green Infrastructure – 

New York City Department of Environmental Protection 


718-595-5176 


Margot Walker, Director – Green Infrastructure Partnerships, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City Department 

of Environmental Protection 


718-595-4367 


DEP’s Office of Green Infrastructure (OGI) has been tasked with implementing green infrastructure (GI) projects in order 

to meet the commitments and targets laid out in our Amended Consent Order. In order to efficiently manage the design 

and construction of a large decentralized, urban green infrastructure (GI) program, OGI has adopted an Area-Wide 

approach for GI implementation. The Area-Wide approach is based on dense saturation for all feasible locations within a 

Priority Area. This creates efficiencies within our Program from contracting through design and construction, and 

contract management. It also allows OGI to complete a Priority Area in its entirety instead of piecemeal 

implementation. 

With support from the Bureaus of Wastewater Treatment and Environmental Planning and Analysis, OGI was able to 

prioritize the individual geographic areas tributary to specific combined sewer outfalls during wet weather. The criteria 

was based on water quality of the water body, frequency of overflow, volume of overflow, and other factors such as 

recreational uses. Once prioritized, OGI was able to strategize how best to saturate and completely build out GI 

opportunities within these discrete areas. 

This approach allows OGI to streamline the management of in-house contracts. OGI has also enlisted other city agencies 

in the management of design and construction of Area-Wide GI projects, such as the NYC Departments of Parks and 

Recreation, Design and Construction, and the NYC Economic Development Corporation. In order to initiate these 

contracts, OGI will estimate costs and transfer the funding the partnering agency. They will manage design and 

construction on behalf of DEP. 

During the siting/design and construction processes, the Area-Wide approach also allows for efficiencies in identifying 

specific Right of Way Bioswale locations. In addition, construction sequencing also benefits by having dozens of projects 

in a concentrated location that allows for economies of scale and minimized costs from bidders. At each step required, 

the benefits from the density of proposed and final sites are realized. 

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6563 

New York City DEP’s Green Infrastructure Program: An Overview 

Magdi Farag, PE, Assistant Commissioner, Office of Green Infrastructure – 

New York City Department of Environmental Protection 


718-595-5176 


Margot Walker, Director – Green Infrastructure Partnerships, Office of Green Infrastructure – New York City Department 

of Environmental Protection 


718-595-4367 


The NYC Green Infrastructure Plan was published in September 2010 in order to demonstrate that an adaptive 

management approach using both green and grey infrastructure would be cost effective for mitigating combined sewer 

overflow (CSO) New York City. Rather than build additional large storage tanks or tunnels to temporarily store 

stormwater, the Plan determined that it was more cost-effective to first construct green infrastructure to control 

stormwater from impervious spaces. In March 2012, DEP and the New York State Department of Environmental 

Conservation (DEC) amended a consent order to reduce CSOs which includes milestones for building green 

infrastructure and including those results in Long Term Control Plans (LTCPs). This consent order provides the certainty 

to continue the program while building in flexibility and accountability so that we can continually improve and refine our 

approach. 

DEP’s Office of Green Infrastructure (OGI) was created in December 2010 and now has a staff of 13. OGI has been 

tasked with implementing green infrastructure (GI) in order to meet the commitments and targets laid out in our 

Amended Consent Order. With support from the Bureaus of Wastewater Treatment and Environmental Planning and 

Analysis, OGI was able to prioritize the individual geographic areas tributary to specific combined sewer outfalls during 

wet weather. The Priority Areas drive much of the capital planning and program as Area-Wide Contracts. In addition, 

OGI manages the Neighborhood Demonstration Area projects, multiple GI retrofits to city-owned properties such as 

schools and parks, and a Green Infrastructure Grant Program as well as Research and Development and Project Tracking 

and Asset Management systems. 

Beginning with general wastewater and stormwater management in New York City, DEP will briefly describe the 

parameters of the CSO Consent Order related to Green Infrastructure, and provide a detailed description of the Green 

Infrastructure Program implementation, including status and completed projects to date. It will also cover current 

challenges and opportunities and OGI makes progress, such as NYC’s unique dense, ultra urban environment; largely 

built out sewer system; 100% retrofit program; necessary design protocols to ensure infiltration; costs and achieving 

economies of scale. 

233

6565 

Assessing Constraints and Opportunities for Community Engagement in Urban Watershed Restoration Initiatives 

Amit Pradhananga 

Teaching Assistant 

Department of Forest Resources 

University of Minnesota 

1530 Cleveland avenue N 


Phone: 612-532-9329 

prad0047@umn.edu 

Mae Davenport 

Associate Professor 

Department of Forest Resources 

University of Minnesota 

301F Green hall 

1530 Cleveland avenue N 


Phone/Fax: 612-624-2721/612-625-5212 

mdaven@umn.edu 

Leslie Yetka 

Education Manager 


18202 Minnetonka Blvd. 

Deephaven, MN 55391 

Phone/Fax: 952-641-4524/ 952-471-0682 

lyetka@minnehahacreek.org 

Introduction 

Global climate change has intensified urban planners’ interest in low impact development (LID) strategies that reenvision 

stream corridors and wetlands as assets rather than liabilities. Restoring an urban watershed’s natural 

hydrologic and ecological functioning requires visionary planning, trans-boundary policy coordination, and the collective 

action of multiple stakeholders including residents and local businesses. To be successful, civic engagement is critical at 

the onset of any LID project and throughout project implementation. Prior to engaging residents and businesses in 

watershed planning initiatives, community planners and water resource professionals must consider the question: What 

is the capacity of the community to engage in sustainable water resource management 

The University of Minnesota partnered with the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (MCWD) to assess community 

capacity to engage in watershed restoration initiatives along Reach 20 of the Minnehaha Creek watershed in the Twin 

Cities metropolitan area. The specific research objectives were to explore local stakeholders’ perspectives on (1) 

community assets and vulnerabilities, (2) constraints to community engagement in water resource issues, and (3) 

opportunities to better engage the community in water resource management. 

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Study site 

The Minnehaha Creek watershed encompasses 8 major creeks, 129 lakes and thousands of wetlands; it spans 181 

square miles from Lake Minnetonka to downtown Minneapolis. The watershed is divided into 11 subwatersheds, and 

partially or wholly contains 27 municipalities and two townships, as well as several water bodies of recreational and 

cultural significance, including Minnehaha Creek, Lake Minnetonka, the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes, and the iconic 

Minnehaha Falls which is considered a sacred site by the Dakota Sioux. Minnehaha Creek in particular has been 

significantly degraded by urban development and is listed on the state’s Impaired Waters list (303d List of Impaired 

Waters) for excess chloride, fecal coliform and biotic community impairments. What should be a cultural and 

recreational asset to residents of adjacent suburban and urban communities has become a detriment. Land use changes 

and increased impervious surfaces have resulted in creek channeling, a loss of habitat and decreased base flow, limiting 

the stream’s cultural (e.g., recreation use, aesthetic integrity) ecosystem services. 

The MCWD, a local unit of government charged with the management and protection of water resources within the 

watershed, has made significant investments to protect, enhance and restore water quality through large-scale capital 

improvement projects and habitat restoration. However, the majority of the land within the watershed is privately 

owned, requiring a community-based civic engagement approach that inspires a commitment to enhance water 

resources from community decision makers, residents and businesses throughout the watershed. Demographically, the 

upper and lower reaches of the watershed are vastly different. For example, populations in the lower watershed, 

including much of Minneapolis’ urban core, are more ethnically and racially diverse and have a significantly lower 

median income than populations in the upper watershed. To be successful, strategies to engage citizens and promote 

water resource stewardship must be tailored to these diverse audiences, responding to the unique assets and needs of 

the communities. 

Methods 

Data were gathered for the community capacity assessment study through key informant interviews with local decision 

makers, community leaders, and other actors including those from racial and ethnic minority groups and traditionally 

underrepresented populations within the MCWD. Study participants were purposefully selected for their knowledge or 

experience with community or water resource issues. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded. Data 

were analyzed using standard thematic qualitative analysis techniques. Data were collected and analyzed and a technical 

report was completed in 2012 and will be available online. 

Study Findings and Implications 

A total of 25 stakeholders were interviewed in the communities of St. Louis Park, Hopkins and Edina. Findings highlight 

the importance of building capacity at multiple levels including individual, relational, organizational and programmatic 

capacity. Interview participants were assigned to one of three stakeholder groups for analysis: (1) formal decisionmakers, 

(2) minority leaders and active residents, or (3) other community organization leaders. Perceptions of 

community assets and vulnerabilities varied across the three groups. Opportunities for and constraints to building 

community capacity to engage in water resource management will be discussed with a focus on strategies for increasing 

minority group engagement in watershed planning initiatives. Study findings will be used to create a framework for civic 

engagement including communication, outreach and education programs in watershed restoration and LID programs in 

the Minnehaha Creek watershed. The community capacity assessment project will supplement existing hydrologic and 

ecologically-based knowledge with culturally-based knowledge to enhance water resource programming and policymaking 

in the MCWD and other urban watersheds throughout the state. 

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6567 

The Application of LID/BMP Site Development Techniques to Six Linear Roadway Projects 

PRIMARY AUTHOR NAME – Josiah L. Holst, PE 

HR Green, Inc 

16020 Swingley Ridge Road, Suite 205 

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017 

Voice: 636-812-4207/Fax: 636-519-0996 

jholst@hrgreen.com 

CO-AUTHOR NAME – Daniel S. Goforth, PE 

HR Green, Inc 



Voice: 636-812-4203/Fax: 636-519-0996 

sgoforth@hrgreen.com 

CO-AUTHOR NAME – Andrew C. McGovern, PE 

HR Green, Inc 



Voice: 636-812-4216/Fax: 636-519-0996 

amcgovern@hrgreen.com 

The application of Low Impact Development (LID) sustainable techniques to site development has matured over the last 

decade. The design and construction of Best Management Practices (BMPs) at these development sites is well 

documented. There are a plethora of manuals and handbooks documenting how to engineer a site BMP. With the 

advent of Clean Water Act Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4) Phase II requirements, the need to include 

BMPs for water quality, channel protection and flood protection in new and rehabilitation linear roadway projects is 

now mandated in the Saint Louis Metropolitan area. The LID techniques used to develop six roadway projects will be 

presented. Two of the projects are constructed (one of which won a 2012 ACEC Engineering Excellence “Grand” Award), 

and the remaining four are at various stages of design. Within Saint Louis County, the Metropolitan St Louis Sewer 

District is the “umbrella” regulator of stormwater. The Saint Louis County group of project owners consists of MoDOT in 

joint venture with the City of Wildwood, the Saint Louis County Department of Highways & Traffic, and three local 

municipalities: Crestwood, Maryland Heights and St. Ann. The sixth project owner is the City of Wentzville located in 

nearby St. Charles County who is self-regulated under an MS4 permit. Prior to 2006, none of these owners were 

required to include LID/BMPs in their linear roadway projects. Times have changed, and a discussion of how the group of 

previously non-regulated regulators became educated to, and accepted the use of, LID/BMPs. 

Objectives of the presentation are to: 

• Show how municipal LID/BMP design rules and regulations for site development were, and are, interpreted and 

applied to linear roadway projects: mutual engineer-regulator learning curve. 

• How and why specific BMPs are selected for a particular roadway project. 

• Review constructability issues: how do you build a large scale BMP such as a wet detention basin in the limited 

area available adjacent to a roadway in a linear right-of-way to avoid significant property acquisition 

• Present impact of the cost of BMPs to roadway projects. 

• How and who will operate and maintain the roadway BMPs long term. 

• Public acceptance. 

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6568 

Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies for Watershed Level Restoration 

Michael Clar 

Ecosite, Inc., Ellicot City, MD, 21042, PH (410) 804-8000; Fax: 410-730-5464; 

Email: mclar@ecosite.pro 

William Lucas 

Integrated Land Management, Inc, Malvern, PA, 19355, PH (610)-644-0606, 

Email: wlucas@integratedland.com 

Watershed level restoration requirements associated with NPDES permits for MS4 jurisdictions and TMDL’s give rise to 

the questions of what are appropriate strategies for the use of LID BMP’s for this activity. LID BMPs tend to be microscale 

BMPs that are focused at the site level. The question then becomes can these micro-scale BMPs be deployed at a 

watershed level and is this a cost effective approach to watershed restoration. 

This paper presents a case study of such an analysis which was conducted for a typical Mid-Atlantic urbanized watershed 

of approximately one square mile (640 acres). Restoration strategies were organized into 4 groups which include; site 

level practices such as LID; community level strategies, regional strategies and stream restoration. 

Site level practices are defined as practices which are used for small sites up to 30 acres in size. Community strategies 

are used for medium sized sites ranging from 30 to 100 acres. Regional strategies are relatively large scale practices 

which serve drainage areas of 100 acres or more. Stream restoration is a subset of regional practices and usually serves 

drainage areas which also exceed 100 acres. 

The case study identifies the existing land cover (both pervious and impervious) and ownership (public vs private) for the 

study watershed. Opportunities are identified for each grouping of restoration strategies. Conceptual plans were 

developed which enables the development of performance metrics including volume control, pollutant removal and life 

cycle costs, both unit and total. This information is summarized and reported in this paper, which should provide much 

needed perspectives on various restoration strategies. 

237

6569 

Using LID for TMDL Compliance: Stairway to Heaven or Highway to Hell 

Dustin Bambic, P.H. – Tetra Tech, Inc. 

712 Melrose Ave, Nashville, TN 37211 

(615) 252-4795 

dustin.bambic@tetratech.com 

Steve Carter, P.E. – Tetra Tech, Inc. 

9444 Balboa Avenue Suite 215, San Diego, CA 92123 

(858) 268-5746 

steve.carter@tetratech.com 

Over 50,000 total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) have been developed across the U.S. to address impairments by over 30 classes of 

pollutants. Most of these TMDLs include requirements for MS4s to improve stormwater quality. For example, thousands of TMDLs 

require MS4s to reduce discharges of bacteria, nutrients, sediment, or metals. For some TMDLs, including those in California and 

Chesapeake Bay area, these requirements include implementation schedules for achieving pollutant reductions (e.g., must comply 

within 10 years). MS4s face difficult planning decisions for TMDL compliance, including whether LID is a viable approach to achieving 

required pollutant reductions. 

This presentation will describe key elements for MS4s to consider when evaluating TMDL whether LID is a viable approach to 

achieving required pollutant reductions. These elements will be described using examples and experience from major MS4s who are 

challenged by TMDL compliance and have evaluated whether LID retrofits should be a major component of TMDL implementation 

efforts. These key elements include the following: 

• Case studies of MS4s using LID retrofits in response to TMDL requirements: LID retrofit projects in southern California and 

Cheseapeake Bay area will be outlined, with an emphasis on projects designed/constructed specifically to address TMDL 

requirements, including green streets in southern California. 

• Estimating the effect of LID on a watershed-scale: most efforts to estimate the potential effectiveness of LID have been 

site-scale, but TMDL compliance efforts require watershed-scale analyses. The process for estimating LID effectiveness on a 

watershed-scale will be described and example outputs from BMP effectiveness models will be presented. Example 

modeled scenarios that will be presented include the following: 

o 

o 

Will green streets across an entire HUC-12 watershed result in TMDL compliance 

Would an LID ordinance result in TMDL compliance, given the expected rate of new development and 

redevelopment 

• Costs of LID compared to centralized BMPs: a primary consideration for TMDL compliance planning is which BMPs provide 

the highest level of pollutant removal per unit cost. Example planning efforts will be presented that have compared, on a 

watershed-scale, the cost-effectiveness of (distributed) LID versus centralized BMPs (e.g, retention basins). These planning 

efforts have also considered the types of subwatersheds that might be most suitable for LID versus centralized BMP 

approaches. 

• Timeline of LID compared to other approaches: a major hurdle for LID as a TMDL implementation tool is the timeline 

necessary to treat a large portion of the impaired watershed. That is, while centralized BMPs can be implemented to 

capture and treat runoff from a significant drainage area, LID routinely treats street-scale drainage areas. Examples where 

MS4s have considered the timeline for LID implementation compared to TMDL compliance schedules will be presented. 

This presentation will provide a unique experience for conference attendees, with presenters pulling experience and examples from 

multiple MS4s rather than focusing on one or two project examples. The material should interest a wide array of attendees, 

including municipal, state, federal, and non-governmental organizations. 

238

6570 

Bioretention Systems Ability to Retain Pollutants as a Function of Engineered Soil Type and Depth 

Judy Horwatich - U.S. Geological Survey 

8508 Research Way Middleton, WI 

608-821-3874/608-821-3817 

jahorwat@usgs.gov 

Roger T. Bannerman - Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 

101 South Webster 

Madison, WI 53705 

(608) 266-9278/FAX 

Bannerman@wisconsin.gov 

Wisconsin’s Department of Natural Resources technical standard for bio-retention systems (technical standard 1004) 

requires a minimum engineered soil thickness of 3 feet and a mixture of sand and compost. Unfortunately, many places 

in Wisconsin with shallow bedrock and groundwater tables restrict the use of bioretention systems. For many sites, 

another foot or two of separation might be all that is needed to keep the bioretention system above the bedrock or 

groundwater table. To evaluate the potential changes in pollutant reduction with different engineered soil thicknesses, 

this study monitored three bioretention systems with soil depths of 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 feet. Monitoring of three systems 

began in 2010 with an engineered soil mix of 50% sand and 50% compost. Analysis from the first year of water-quality 

samples concluded that the selected engineered soil mix leached large amounts of phosphorus for all three depths. In an 

attempt to find an engineering soil that does not leach phosphorus the UW Soils and Plant Laboratory evaluated a 

number of potential alternative mixes. In the fall of 2011, a new mixture of sand, peat moss, and a proprietary product 

was selected to replace the original sand and compost mixture. The three systems with the new soil mix were monitored 

through the summer of 2012. 

Results from monitoring the two engineered soil types show how the soil depth affects the level of pollutant reduction 

and how the composition of engineered soil impacts the leaching of nutrients. The soil mix with compost had effluent 

phosphorus concentrations that were not only much higher than the influent concentration, but also increased with cell 

depths. The geometric means for dissolved and total phosphorus concentration (in mg/L as P) were 0.043 and 0.47 at 

the 1 ft. depth, 0.79 and 1.0 at the 2ft. depth, and 1.5 and 1.6 at the 3 ft. depth, respectively. In contrast, the effluent 

phosphorus concentrations for the soil mix with peat moss were similar to the influent concentrations and they did not 

show a trend of increasing with depth. The effluent geometric means for dissolved and total phosphorus concentrations 

were 0.03, and 0.06 at the 1ft. depth 0.04 and 0.08 at the 2 ft depth, and 0.01 and 0.05 at the 3 ft. depth. Effluent 

concentrations from both mixes probably represent “irreducible concentrations” or the lowest effluent concentration 

achievable by a stormwater practice. To determine “irreducible concentrations” for the compost soil mix city water was 

sampled as it discharged through the bioretention cell. These results indicated the media can be the source of 

phosphorus and total suspended solids. As the influent concentration of phosphorus approaches the irreducible effluent 

concentration, such as was the case in 2012, the reduction measured for a bioretention system might appear negligible. 

A similar city water test on the peat moss soil mix is necessary to determine the amount of phosphorus and sediment 

leaching from the cells. A large percent reduction for both soil mixes was observed for total suspended solids, and the 

values might have been larger if the media was not a source. Bioretention cells monitoring will continue through the 

spring of 2013. 

239

6571 

Lake Whatcom Watershed Homeowner Incentive Program (HIP): Facilitating Watershed Stewardship with Technical 

and Financial Assistance 

City of Bellingham, Washington 

2221 Pacific St. Bellingham, WA 98229 

Eli Mackiewicz 

360-778-7742, emackiewicz@cob.org 

Emily Johnson 

360-778-7970, eejohnson@cob.org 

The City of Bellingham's Homeowner Incentive Program (HIP) combines citizen stewardship with technical and financial 

assistance to facilitate homeowner-scale retrofitting within a nutrient-limited watershed. The HIP employs a specialized 

suite of low-impact development best management practices designed specifically to limit phosphorus loading into 

stormwater. These strategies emphasize source control, on-site stormwater management, and reforestation as guiding 

principles to develop site-specific retrofits which limit phosphorus loss. Homeowners receive in-depth technical 

assistance, from site assessment through construction, and up to $6,000 in reimbursement for materials and labor 

associated with the retrofit project. The HIP is funded through a Water Quality Improvement grant from the Washington 

State Department of Ecology and match funding provided by the City of Bellingham Public Works Department. The HIP 

was established in January 1, 2011 and is funded through December 31, 2014. 

Lake Whatcom, the drinking water source for almost 100,000 Whatcom County residents, has seen a marked decline in 

water quality as a result of supplanting native forest with residential development, culminating in an "impaired water 

body" designation under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. In the summer of 2010, elevated nutrient levels 

precipitated algal blooms which clogged intake filters, temporarily impacting the City's ability to meet the drinking water 

demand of its municipal customers. The Lake Whatcom Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study, published in draft form 

in 2008 with final adoption expected in early 2013, indicates that the development-based phosphorus loading must be 

decreased by at least 86.7% to meet water quality goals. While the City is actively engaged in retrofitting stormwater 

facilities and providing end-of-pipe treatment for nutrients, technological and geographical limitations require that, in 

order to meet the water quality target, a portion of the retrofits must occur on private lots. The HIP is essentially a 

means by which private work is completed to provide a public benefit that extends not only to the watershed residents, 

but to all customers of the City's water distribution system. 

HIP-eligible projects focus on retrofitting existing surfaces and drainage features to mimic or restore native forest 

hydrology and replicate native forest ecosystems. Sponsored projects include, but are not limited to, forested planting 

areas which replace lawns, infiltration and treatment systems, permeable paving which replaces impervious pavement, 

rainwater harvesting and reuse, and shoreline and riparian restoration. Projects completed to date represent the 

removal of 4.3 lbs of dissolved phosphorus each year, equivalent to replacing over 3.5 acres of development with 

forested systems. Projections based on current approved designs estimate that an additional 4.5 lbs of phosphorus per 

year will be managed by projects currently under construction. Specific LID strategies include native planting, soil 

amendments, removal of impervious surfaces, bio-infiltration (low-phosphorus rain gardens), infiltration trenches and 

dry wells, pervious concrete and permeable pavers, cisterns used to irrigate landscapes and flush toilets, phosphoruslimiting 

sand filtration, and slope mitigation/terracing, amongst others. 

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City residents living in the Lake Whatcom Watershed are provided, upon request, a free site assessment to determine 

project options and HIP grant eligibility. During the initial site visit, City staff is able to engage the homeowner in a oneon-one 

interaction which allows for earnest, direct, and specific dialogue about the impact of their individual lot on 

water quality in the Lake. This on-site consultation also includes educational components related to behavioral best 

management practices for phosphorus management, which generally are not eligible for grant funding but are 

important components of comprehensive watershed restoration. To date, 148 eligible homeowners have requested site 

visits, with 37 projects fully completed and an additional 43 under permit and in construction. 

Project ideas are developed in cooperation with the homeowner, so their full understanding of the problem and its 

solutions is necessary to ensure that the maximum public benefit is achieved. In some cases, City staff will assist a 

homeowner in redesigning a pre-planned landscape or home improvement project in a way which provides water 

quality benefits and thus qualifies for the HIP. More often, however, HIP projects are designed to emphasize the most 

practical methods for dealing with nutrient runoff, on a site-specific basis which accounts for the unique conditions of 

each property. City staff work with homeowners to develop a "phosphorus-or-flow-limiting" project that includes all 

necessary engineering, including an erosion and sediment control plan and expert-approved guidance on native planting 

to improve water quality. All projects receive scrutiny, through the City's strict development regulations and permitting 

process, to ensure they represent significant improvements in phosphorus or stormwater management. Qualifying 

projects are provided a free stormwater permit. 

Dependent on the project specifics, homeowners have access to a number of professional services provided by City staff 

at no direct cost to the participant. These services include engineered site design, stormwater modeling, landscape 

design, material specifications, permitting assistance, construction oversight, inspection, and assistance completing all 

HIP-associated documentation. 

Throughout the implementation of this project, City staff have made assessments of the barriers homeowners 

experience to enrolling in the program or completing projects. Staff then find creative ways to help participants 

overcome those barriers, often by offering more technical assistance. During the first two seasons of the project, we 

have been able to engage residents who already see themselves as stewards of the lake as well as some who were 

already contemplating landscaping projects. In the upcoming years, participant recruitment strategies will focus on 

identifying the homeowners who are most likely to participate, and whose properties are most likely have the most 

benefit to the lake if retrofit. 

The City is mapping and recording improvements made through the HIP as part of its obligation to meet the TMDL goals. 

This program, funded as a pilot, is slated to continue beyond the conclusion of the grant funding as a significant 

component of watershed restoration efforts in both the short and long term. 

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Distributed BMP Performance Algorithms of the BMP Selection/Receiving Water Protection Toolbox 

Marc Leisenring (presenting), Eric Strecker (presenting), Aaron Poresky – Geosyntec Consultants 


Ph: 971-271-5904; Fax: 971-271-5884 

mleisenring@geosyntec.com 

Michael Barrett – Center for Research in Water Resources 

University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 

Ph: (512) 471-0935 

mbarrett@mail.utexas.edu 

A. Charles Rowney – ACR, LLC 

184 Tollgate Br., Longwood, FL 32750 

Ph: (407) 970-8744 

acr@rowney.com 

Chris Olson – Colorado State University 

1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 

Ph: 970-491-2839 

colson23@engr.colostate.edu 

Low impact development (LID) practices are a class of best management practices (BMPs) that are distinguished by their 

widely dispersed presence in a watershed. Examples include rain gardens, porous pavement, cisterns, stormwater 

planter boxes, and vegetated swales. Modeling each of these BMPs individually within a watershed model can require 

significant setup time and computational resources and may not be practical when conducting planning level analyses 

on wide-scale implementation scenarios. In addition, some watershed models do not have the functionality to support 

the simulation of the hydrologic and treatment processes occurring within these distributed practices. Also, in contrast 

to regional BMPs, the precise locations of distributed BMPs may not be known at a planning level, so the information to 

credibly represent them in a detailed model may not be present. Even if this information is available, resources may not 

be to accurately sub-divide a model into the small tributary areas necessary for explicit, individual BMP modeling. It is 

therefore of interest to seek ways to evaluate these BMPs at large scale without resorting to highly detailed models. 

The objective of this research is to present a simplified approach for simulating many distributed BMPs within a 

watershed. This method is based on the premise that although non-linearities in rainfall-runoff response are known to 

exist, given the number of unknowns and uncertainties in planning level analyses, linear response models of distributed 

hydrologic processes can provide a sufficient representation of watershed behavior. This notion opens the door to a 

linear systems approach to distributed BMP simulation. Practically speaking, by disaggregating the time series of flows 

and concentrations estimated at the downstream end of a watershed into separate small scale series, we can estimate 

the effect of a single BMP on a small sub-component of the watershed using appropriate BMP algorithms for various 

BMP types. This provides a relationship between a small portion of the watershed with and without the BMP in place, 

and the outcome can then be re-aggregated to determine overall expected effects of many instances of that BMP. 

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Computational algorithms of this approach are being integrated into the BMP Module of the BMP Selection/Receiving 

Water Protection Toolbox (Toolbox) – a modeling tool, currently under development by the Water Environment 

Research Foundation (WERF), that will automate the difficult task of writing custom code or manually converting input 

and output data in order to link various pollutant load generation or watershed models to various BMP and receiving 

water models. The BMP Module includes three general types of algorithms for BMP performance modeling: (1) hydraulic 

algorithms – these determine the volumes captured, stored, and bypassed by the BMP, (2) hydrologic algorithms – these 

determine the volume losses within the BMP due to infiltration and evapotranspiration and/or use (in the case of 

cisterns), and (3) treatment algorithms – these together determine the concentration and volume reductions/flowduration 

changes provided by the BMP. Time series disaggregation and re-aggregation allows for all of these 

performance algorithms to be utilized without explicitly routing flows and concentrations into/out of each individual 

distributed BMP in a watershed model. The lynch pin of this approach is whether or not it can be shown to perform 

effectively, that is, if the disaggregation/aggregation approach can approximate the results of a simulation done in 

exhaustive detail. Tests described in this research demonstrate that in many common problems, it can. 

This presentation/paper will summarize the BMP performance algorithms that have been developed for the Toolbox. An 

evaluation of the time series disaggregation/re-aggregation approach will be presented using hypothetical examples 

that compare the results of simulating LID controls more explicitly (i.e. each individual LID featured modeled) to the 

proposed time series disaggregation method using the BMP Module of the Toolbox. The Toolbox, which is the primary 

product of this WERF-sponsored project, has been under development since 2007 and is anticipated for beta release in 

September 2013. 

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Citizen Blue: Lotus Lake Community Stormwater Retrofit 

Samuel Geer – reGEN Land Design 

3042 42nd Ave S. Minneapolis, MN 55406 

Phone: (612) 520-1176 

Email: Sam@regenlanddesigncom 

This abstract is submitted to fit into the Retrofitting and Redelopment category of the 2013 Low Impact Development 

Symposium. Its focus area relates primarily to Identification and Implementation of Watershed Retrofit Opportunities and 

Retrofitting in the Built Environment. Please consider this abstract a request for a 40 minute advanced technical presentation 

with one person presenting. Additional supporting presenters may also be added at a later time. 

Project Scope and Purpose 

The Citizen Blue project is a pilot project to explore how a low impact development prioritization and retrofit program could 

work in the Riley Purgatory Bluff Creek Watershed District (RPBCWD). Samuel Geer, a landscape designer for Metro Blooms, 

used GIS landscape analysis and pollutant load modeling to direct outreach efforts and to prioritize and design the LID retrofit 

practices built around Lotus Lake in Chanhassen, MN. This approach mapped runoff and sediment loading into Lotus Lake at 

the neighborhood scale to determine precision locations and sizes for maximum BMP performance. The project had the 

following objectives, infiltrate or treat a 1.25” rain event, restore vegetatation in areas with high erosion potential, target 

outreach activities to reach key property owners, facilitate long term vegetative transformation, and coordinate with the city 

to implement infrastructure improvements. The project process encompassed initial analysis, conceptual design, homeowner 

outreach and education, construction documentation, securing legal agreements, and construction contract administration. 

The designed BMP practices are now built and the results and lessons learned from the project will provide guidance on the 

structure of future BMP implementation activities at RPBCWD and the City of Chanhassen. The presentation will demonstrate 

the analysis, outreach, and design methods used to move the process from conceptual design to completion. It will also 

explore the lessons learned and propose ways of organizing cost-share funding programs to prioritize public dollars to best 

leverage private investment and improve BMP performance. 

Methodology 

The process involved a desktop GIS analysis of the target area to map flow directions and catchments, followed by conceptual 

BMP design and cost estimation. This led to the ranking and prioritization of different BMP locations and the development of 

a project scope that reflected the available budget. This was followed by targeted door-to door outreach to recruit property 

owners and present them with conceptual designs for their properties and to solicit input on how these concepts could be 

integrated into the landscape designs for their homes. This information was then used to estimate pollutant load reductions 

and costs/benefits for each project. The designer worked with the property owner to advise them regarding maintenance and 

upkeep and to secure the legal agreements needed to protect the practice. Once in agreement, the projects were designed, 

built, and paid for by the watershed district. 

Project Status and Results 

The projects are all currently constructed and were built during the Fall of 2012 with construction completed in November. 

There remains the All told, the project had a construction budget of $110,000.00 and had three weeks of Conservation Corps 

of Minnesota time paid for by Clean Water Funding. The finished construction resulted in a trap-rock drainage swale with 

offline raingardens and pretreatment devices, the installation of large raingardens on five properties to capture runoff before 

it enters the swale and the installation of erosion control baffles, wattles and biologs on private and public forest floor 

drainage ways to prevent erosion and sediment loading into Lotus Lake. As a result of this effort, we estimated a pollutant 

load reduction of 1365.86 lbs of total suspended solids, 3.91 of retained phosphorus, and approximately 4.11 tons of retained 

sediment as a result of the project. Currently, the project is awaiting a spring inspection and check in with the property 

owners. 

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Post-Audit Verification of the Model SWMM for Low-Impact Development 

David Rosa 

University of Connecticut, Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, 1400 Storrs Rd, 1st Floor, Klinck 

Building, Storrs, CT 06269-4087 

1-860-486-0486 

david.rosa@uconn.edu 

John Clausen, Ph.D. 

University of Connecticut, Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, 1400 Storrs Rd, 1st Floor, Klinck 

Building, Storrs, CT 06269-4087 

1-860-486-0486 

john.clausen@uconn.edu 

Michael Dietz, Ph.D. 

University of Connecticut, CT NEMO Program, PO Box 70 1066 Saybrook Road 

Haddam, CT 06438 

1-860-345-4511 

michael.dietz@uconn.edu 

Demonstrating the effect of Low Impact Development (LID) on controlling runoff from extreme events is necessary in 

order meet to flood control requirements. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to predict flows 

and pollutant export from a residential watershed using LID techniques and a watershed using traditional curb and 

gutter runoff management. The purpose was to compare predicted to observed values and to model the effect of LID 

during 10, 25, 50, and 100-year 24-hour storms. Rainfall and runoff data recorded over 92 weeks at 15-minute intervals 

was used for calibration and validation. The LID watershed was simulated as a distributed parameter model consisting 

of 105 subcatchments, while the traditional watershed was modeled as a single lumped catchment. Sensitivity analysis 

was performed to identify the parameters with the greatest influence on predicted flow. Calibration was performed for 

a continuous 45 week period, while validation was performed using a separate 46 week period. Hypothetical 10, 25, 50, 

and 100-year 24-hour storms were developed based on SCS Type III synthetic rainfall distributions. Simulations to 

predict weekly and peak flows using default values and values obtained from the literature resulted in consistent underprediction 

of runoff from the LID watershed; the traditional watershed had better uncalibrated predictions. Calibration 

improved prediction for runoff volume and peak flow. For the LID watershed, the correlation between predicted total 

weekly runoff and observed values for the calibration and validation periods was 0.922 and 0.942 respectively (Nash- 

Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.92 and 0.88, respectively). For the traditional watershed, the correlation 

between predicted weekly total runoff and observed values for the calibration and validation period was 0.904 and 

0.960, respectively (NSE of 0.901 and 0.936, respectively). Predicted flow simulation yielded similar results. Simulation 

of a 100-year, 24-hour storm resulted in a runoff coefficient of 0.46 for the LID watershed and 0.59 for the traditional 

watershed, more common storms resulted in even lower runoff coefficients. This project is expected to be completed in 

May 2013. These results indicate that LID practices produce less runoff even during extreme events compared to 

traditional stormwater management. 

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Monitoring Methods for LID Practices for Performance and Pollutant Removal 

Melissa Baker, Capitol Region Watershed District 



651.644.8888/651.644.8894 (FAX) 

melissa@capitolregionwd.org 

Matt Loyas, Capitol Region Watershed District 



651.644.8888/651.644.8894 (FAX) 

matt@capitolregionwd.org 

Monitoring of best management practices is essential in determining their overall performance. Through monitoring, 

Capitol Region Watershed District is better able to track BMP performance and calibrate water quality models. Since 

2007, CRWD has monitored water quantity (level and/or flow), water quality, and the quantity of gross solids captured 

by the BMPs and their associated pretreatment units. 

Capitol Region Watershed District utilizes a variety of automated and manual field methods to assess the Arlington 

Pascal Stormwater Improvement Project BMPs. Data collection methods and equipment at each monitoring site were 

dependent on site characteristics and specific data needs. Each BMP monitoring site had a flow module and/or water 

quality sampler installed during the monitoring season. Water samples are also collected and analyzed for 

concentrations of nutrients, solids, and metals. 

The following water quantity and water quality sampling equipment were used to collect data at one or more of the 

Arlington Pascal Project BMPs: 

• ISCO 6712 Portable Sampler with ISCO 750 Area Velocity Flow Module; 

• ISCO 2150 Area Velocity Flow Module; 

• ISCO 4120 Level Logger; 

• Global Water Level Logger. 

• Onset Hobo Water Level Logger 

• Manual Crest Gauge Peak Water Level Measurement 

Gross solids (litter, organic debris, and coarse sediment), transported in stormwater runoff, accumulate within the BMPs 

and BMP pretreatment units. In 2011, monitoring was conducted to quantify gross solids loads and TP loads contained in 

gross solids captured by the pretreatment units and BMPs. CRWD developed its own unique approach to measuring and 

sampling the Arlington Pascal Project BMPs. 

Samples were collected from 30 sumped catch basins discharging to the infiltration trenches and from 15 locations 

within the pipe gallery of the underground system and analyzed for bulk density, TP, and particle size. To measure and 

sample the gross solids accumulating in sumped catch basins, the catch basin contents were lightly compressed, the 

liquid at the surface decanted, the volume of the remaining contents measured and a cylindrical volume of material 

removed to be analyzed. To measure and sample the gross solids accumulating in the underground infiltration system, 1 

longitudinal survey and 5 cross-sectional surveys were conducted in each of the three perforated pipes. Cylindrical 

volumes of gross solids were removed and collected for analysis and each of the cross-sectional survey locations. 

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A Commitment to Change – Successful Collaborations Working for the Widespread Application of Low Impact 

Development in North Carolina 

Lauren Kolodij, North Carolina Coastal Federation 

3609 Hwy 24, Newport, NC 28570 

p- (252) 393-8185 f- (252) 393-7508 

laurenk@nccoast.org 

Hunter Freeman, Withers & Ravenel 

111 MacKenan Dr. Cary, NC 27511 

p- (919) 469-3340 f- (919) 467-6008 

HFreeman@withersravenel.com 

Todd Miller, North Carolina Coastal Federation 

3609 Hwy 24, Newport, NC 28570 

p- (252) 393-8185 f- (252) 393-7508 

toddm@nccoast.org 

An effective and unique collaboration between a coastal environmental organization, local and state government 

agencies, developers, homebuilders, realtors, design professionals and academia is promoting the acceptance and 

implementation of Low Impact Development (LID) in North Carolina. What began as a single project along the coast has 

evolved into a strong partnership that is now encouraging widespread acceptance and use of LID across North Carolina. 

This session reviews the origins of this non-traditional partnership. Panelists will outline specific laws, rules, strategies 

and tools that have emerged from the collaboration, and discuss and evaluate many of its tangible accomplishments. 

The goal of the session is to share details and lessons learned from this joint venture, including how it has been funded, 

what innovative tools and practices it has devised, and how it enlisted the support of key stakeholders and decisionmakers. 

Speakers are active members of this partnership, and they will share their insights about how to enhance and 

spread the use of LID based upon what they have learned not only from this partnership, but also from many additional 

decades of experiences with environmental protection and stormwater management. 

Specifically, the session will discuss: 

(1) Environmental threats and laws that motivated this collaboration to form in the first place; 

(2) Organizational challenges and benefits associated with managing a diverse coalition of stakeholders; 

(3) Funding strategies used to obtain resources to devise LID plans and tools; 

(4) Educational tactics that encourage participation by key stakeholder groups; 

(5) Technical and policy obstacles to LID and how they were overcome; and 

(6) Efficient permit and tracking tools that facilitate support for LID by governmental agencies. 

This partnership has relied on federal and state regulatory mandates to provide a legal framework and accountability for 

the effective use of LID to protect water quality. The panelist will explain how LID practices are being integrated into the 

development of Total Daily Maximum Loads (TMDLs), National Pollution Discharge Elimination System stormwater 

permits, and Watershed Restoration Plans. Key features of these practices and plans will be explained. 

This session’s panelists will include: 

(1) Lauren Kolodij: As Deputy Director of the N.C. Coastal Federation, she has directed the involvement of this notfor-profit 

environmental group in promoting the use of LID to protect and restore coastal water quality. Lauren 

has managed more than a million dollars in grant-funded projects that have provided the resources for partners 

to work together. She has 20 years of experience in facilitating collaborative projects. 

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(2) Hunter Freeman: Hunter is a stormwater engineer for the consulting firm Withers & Ravenel, Inc. based in Cary. 

He specializes in designing and promoting the use of LID in new development as well as to retrofit existing land 

uses. He has provided engineering assistance to state and local governments and private sector clients for more 

than 15 years. 

(3) Todd Miller: Todd is the founder and executive director of the N.C. Coastal Federation. He has worked for three 

decades to bring about better protection of coastal water quality through effective stormwater management. 

The work of the federation resulted in the adoption of stormwater rules for coastal development in North 

Carolina beginning in 1985. Todd will moderate the discussion working with the three other panel members to 

engage the audience in session topics. 

Each member of the panel will give brief introductory remarks. The group will then lead the audience in a discussion 

about this partnership, and how this effort in North Carolina might be replicated in other communities. 

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6581 

Stop the Rain Drain: Downspout Redirection to Reduce Polluted Runoff in Urban Neighborhoods 

Elizabeth Beckman, Capitol Region Watershed District 


Saint Paul, MN 55108-2408 

PH: 651-644-8888 


Stop the Rain Drain (SRD) is a public education program sponsored by Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) in Saint 

Paul, MN with the goal of reducing polluted runoff through promotion of downspout redirection from impervious 

surfaces to lawn or garden areas where stormwater may infiltrate. Because of its ostensible simplicity, downspout 

redirection was identified as a preferred behavior in CRWD’s 2009 Education and Outreach Plan. Outreach focus for SRD 

gutter redirection was placed on garages in alleys, since because of the age of housing stock and the grid structure of 

many neighborhoods, it is estimated by Saint Paul Department of Planning and Economic Development that there are 

approximately 50,000 garages in the city. Although not the primary focus, redirection of gutters on homes was also 

eligible for the program. 

Beginning in 2010, CRWD staff hired a marketing firm to design a campaign identity, build the website stopraindrain.org 

and create printed materials. CRWD staff employed the volunteer support of a citizen outreach group made up of 

residents from targeted program areas. The citizen outreach group informed the design work of the marketing company, 

and made the final campaign identity selection. The group also advised regarding community marketing techniques for 

promoting the program, including doorknocking, doorhanging, the use of community outreach communication tools 

within neighborhood organizations, and the identification of key contacts who serve as a central source of information 

for their neighbors. The program was promoted in two target areas using these techniques, and watershed-wide using 

advertisements in nondaily newspapers. Homeowners self-identified themselves for program participation, and CRWD 

completed a site visit to determine eligibility before turning the work over to a certified contractor. 

In response to 2010 program feedback, CRWD staff sought to increase the treatment area and lower program costs and 

staff time in 2011. Staff also brainstormed ways to remove as many barriers as possible to participation in SRD. CRWD’s 

Americorps member visited on foot all alley garages in the District and identified garage downspouts that 1) drain to 

impervious surface that leads to alley or street where runoff meets a storm drain, and 2) were adjacent to a lawn or 

garden area where runoff can be directed and infiltrate without impacting a neighboring property, or crossing a 

walkway. An adequate flow path of six feet was sought since type B native soils in CRWD generally allow for adequate 

infiltration. After determining a guttered garage was eligible, the homeowner was left a doorhanger that included the 

why and how of SRD, a birdseye hand drawing of the redirection regime recommended by CRWD staff, and a tear-off 

pre-posted postcard that included waiver language. Interested homeowners returned the signed postcard, and CRWD 

staff arranged for redirection work to be completed by a contractor. If there was no response after three weeks, a 

reminder postcard was sent via US Mail. Contractors also installed previously-purchased rain barrels at no cost to the 

homeowner, who were then allowed to request a $50 reimbursement from CRWD for barrel cost. Homeowners who 

completed redirection work themselves were eligible for reimbursement at $4/linear foot after submitting paperwork 

and receipts. 

In 2012, CRWD seasonal staff revisited with an additional doorhanger the 300 homeowners who did not respond to 

2011 contacts. At the close of each of the three program years, CRWD staff completed a program evaluation with 

program participants over the phone. Participants were also asked to post a yard sign promoting the program and to 

commit to telling at least three neighbors about SRD or CRWD’s other grant programs. 

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When using public education techniques to promote behavior change that benefits the environment, barriers 

and motivators differ by practice for each citizen. Thus citizens participating in SRD were offered a range of support from 

reimbursement for the do-it-yourself homeowner to the full technical support of having a contractor complete the work 

at no cost to them. The end goal for CRWD is for the preferred practice of downspout redirection to become 

commonplace along with other practices that reduce water pollution. In many cases, messages about “the neighbors’ 

behavior” or the common social expectation are measurably most effective in motivating participants to change 

practices. Through SRD, staff sought to promote action through direct contact and neighbor-to-neighbor contact. 

Since there are lower pollutant concentrations in roof runoff compared to streets, volume reduction benefits for this 

program are most significant. The personal contact element of SRD is also easier to achieve than with structural BMPs 

which are often less visible. This presentation will discuss and highlight program development costs, level of 

participation, project costs as well cost benefit measurements including cost per pound of phosphorous removal and 

cost per cubic foot of stormwater volume reduction. 

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Twin Creek Preserve: Successful Low-Impact Development Delivers Environmental and Economic Benefit in an Urban 

Watershed 

Jennifer Eismeier – Millcreek Watershed Council of Communities 

720 East Pete Rose Way, Suite 420 

Cincinnati, OH 45202 

513.563.8800 / 513.621.9325 

JEISMEIER@MILLCREEKWATERSHED.ORG 

The Mill Creek Watershed Council of Communities (MCWCC) successfully applied for, won, managed, and implemented 

state and federal grants totaling $2.1 million for the construction of a 5-acre wetland and 4,300 linear feet of stream 

restoration at a 30-acre park named Twin Creek Preserve in Cincinnati, Ohio. The project is unique because it is a 

collaborative effort by many entities both public and private including the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, City of 

Sharonville, Butler County Water and Sewer, Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, Norfolk Southern 

Railroad, Ohio*Kentucky*Indiana Regional Council of Governments, AMEC, and others. The project is also unique 

because it combines water quality, flood control, aquatic and terrestrial habitat, groundwater recharge, aesthetics, 

education and recreation, all on one 30-acre site. 

The overall management of two grants, the multiple stakeholders, the project size and complexity, and compressed 

schedule make this ecological park a noteworthy success in a complex urbanized watershed. Twin Creek Preserve has 

design elements that, while individually are fairly common, when combined into one project, become a unique regional 

asset and a project worthy of recognition. The project reduces flooding to the businesses immediately adjacent to the 

site and downstream. The wetland stores this flood water, reduces sediment load and nutrients, recharges groundwater, 

and provides high-quality aquatic and terrestrial habitat. The Mill Creek and East Fork were historically straightened 

trapezoidal ditches lined with invasive plants. Two new channels with natural meander patterns, bank-full benches, and 

Newbury riffles significantly improve water quality in alignment with the State of Ohio’s Warm water Habitat Aquatic 

Life Use Standard. The old stream channels were converted to a series of oxbow lakes for additional flood storage and 

habitat. The entire site has been planted with thousands of native trees and shrubs making it a unique native arboretum 

and seed source for the rest of the watershed. Trails and signage provide new recreational and educational 

opportunities for the City of Sharonville residents and users of the City’s soccer complex, immediately adjacent to Twin 

Creek Preserve. 

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Urban Stormwater BMP Performance and Cost-Effectiveness : The Arlington Pascal Project 

Melissa Baker, Capitol Region Watershed District 



PHONE 651.644.8888/FAX 651.644.8894 

melissa@capitolregionwd.org 

Mark Doneux, Capitol Region Watershed District 



PHONE 651.644.8888/FAX 651.644.8894 

mark@capitolregionwd.org 

In 2005, the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) in St. Paul, Minnesota, began construction of eighteen 

stormwater BMPs in a 298-acre subwatershed (Como 7) for the Arlington Pascal Stormwater Improvement Project. This 

was a $2.7 million project aimed to alleviate localized flooding and reduce pollutant loading to Como Lake; a 303(d) 

listed impaired water. Construction of the BMPs was completed in 2007 and included: an underground, stormwater 

storage and infiltration system; a regional stormwater pond; eight under street infiltration trenches; and eight 

raingardens. The BMPs constructed, were designed to meet a target phosphorous load reduction goal (60%) set for 

each Como Lake Subwatershed. 

Operation and maintenance (O & M) activities have regularly been completed since 2007 and are coordinated and/or 

completed by CRWD. These activities and associated costs are documented and tracked by CRWD. Extensive 

monitoring efforts have been conducted by CRWD to ascertain and track operation and performance of the individual 

BMPs and the project as a whole, with regards to volume reduction and total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended 

solids (TSS) load reductions. Since 2007, from April to November each year, continuous flow data and/or flow paced 

water quality samples have been collected at the inlets and outlets to the underground system, the pond, and two 

infiltration trenches. Peak water level data, for storm events, have been collected at all eight raingardens since 2007. 

Because monitoring data is only collected for a portion of each year, these data were used to calibrate a P8 water quality 

model in order to simulate BMP performance (for volume, TP, and TSS) for an entire year. The model simulated annual 

performance results from 2007 to 2010 and for an average precipitation year (1995), for all eighteen BMPs. 

Additionally, supplemental monitoring was conducted to determine the TP and settleable solids (those particles larger 

than suspended size) which accumulated within the BMPs and was captured by pretreatment devices annually. The 

annual settleable solids load reduction was combined with the annual TSS load reduction to produce a cumulative, 

annual total solids (TS) load reduction for each BMP. Also, the annual TP load reduction which was associated with the 

removal of settleable solids was also combined with the annual TP load reduction (through infiltration of stormwater 

runoff and settling of suspended particles) to produce a total annual TP load reduction for each BMP. 

High volume reduction and pollutant removal efficiencies were observed for the underground system (100%), all 

infiltration trenches (75%-100%), and all raingardens (83%-100%) for all years. The pond generally had the lowest 

volume reduction (5%-10%) and TP removal efficiencies (30%) of all the BMPs. It was, however, efficient at TSS removal 

(69%-82%). 

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Since 2008 when all BMPs were operational, target phosphorous load reductions for the individual BMPs as well as for 

the project as a whole have been exceeded; on average 185 pounds (lbs) of phosphorous has been removed, 

collectively, by all BMPs each year. The 60% phosphorous load reduction set for the Como 7 Subwatershed, equates to 

an annual phosphorous load reduction of 77 lbs. 

The modeled BMP performance data, in addition to the actual design and construction and annual O & M costs, were 

used to determine the cost-benefit (life cycle costs) of the individual BMPs. This resulted in annual volume reduction 

and pollutant removal costs, from 2007-2010, for the individual BMPs and serves as a basis from which to compare. 

It was observed that volume reduction and pollutant removal costs are directly affected by annual loading and O & M 

costs. Higher volume reduction and pollutant removal costs were observed in those years in which there were lower 

annual precipitation amounts; less annual precipitation generally equates to lower amounts of stormwater runoff and 

pollutant loading than in those years in which annual precipitation is higher. In addition, higher volume reduction and 

pollutant removal costs were observed for those BMPs in years with higher annual O & M costs. Also, individual BMPs 

with smaller catchment areas (i.e. raingardens and infiltration trenches), had higher volume reduction and pollutant 

removal costs than those with larger catchment areas (i.e. underground system and the pond). This was primarily due 

to the lower amount of stormwater runoff and pollutant loads being generated from the smaller catchment areas. 

Overall, the pond had the lowest volume reduction ($0.05) and pollutant (TP: $394; TS: $0.68) removal costs than any 

other BMP. However, the pond had the lowest volume reduction and pollutant removal efficiencies of all the BMPs. 

The underground system had the highest efficiencies of all the BMPs, infiltrating and removing all runoff and associated 

pollutants since it became operational, and generally had the second lowest volume reduction ($0.05) and pollutant (TP: 

$656; TS: $0.70) removal costs. The raingardens generally had the highest volume reduction ($0.05) and pollutant 

removal (TP: $1,288; TS: $1.12) costs of all BMPs. This was due to smaller volumes of runoff and pollutant loads and 

higher annual O & M costs than the other BMPs. However, the raingardens exhibited the second highest volume 

reduction and pollutant removal efficiencies. Volume reduction cost for the infiltration trenches averaged $0.06 per 

cubic foot and TP and TS removal costs averaged $1,130 and $0.76 per pound, respectively. 

Monitoring of the BMPs is essential in determining their overall performance. By monitoring CRWD is better able to 

track BMP performance and re-calibrate water quality models. Through monitoring and modeling, it was observed that 

overall the BMPs are performing as or better than expected. These BMPs were properly designed and constructed and 

are also regularly inspected and maintained. This has led to high performance efficiencies and to all BMPs meeting 

annual (individual and project) phosphorous load reduction goals. 

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Integrating LID into Brownfields Redevelopment: Lessons Learned from EPA’s Green Infrastructure Community 

Partners Program 

Tamara Mittman – US EPA 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20004 

(202) 564-1093 

Mittman.Tamara@epa.gov 

Christopher Kloss – US EPA 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20004 

(202) 564-1438 

Kloss.Christopher@epa.gov 

In May of 2012, EPA announced a new design competition for college and university students to promote sustainable 

stormwater management – the Campus RainWorks Challenge. Entries were submitted December 14 and winners will be 

announced in April 2013. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the potential of LID design competitions to raise 

awareness among students and professionals, and to share some of the most effective and inspiring designs for 

integrating LID into college campuses. 

Nearly 380 student teams from 44 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico registered to participate in the U.S. 

EPA’s Campus RainWorks Challenge. These teams developed design boards, project narratives, and project videos 

describing innovative green infrastructure designs for campuses across the country. Student entries will be reviewed by 

judges from EPA, the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Water Environment Federation, and the American 

Society of Civil Engineers, and winning teams will be announced in April 2013. Winning teams will receive cash prizes as 

well as research funds for their faculty advisors. 

The judging criteria for the Campus RainWorks Challenge emphasize how green infrastructure / LID can accomplish 

multiple environmental, social, and even economic objectives. Submissions will be judged on the extent to which they 

demonstrate analysis of existing and planned future conditions; the extent to which they preserve or restore natural 

features; integrated water management; soil and vegetation management; value to campus; and likelihood of 

implementation. 

This year, the competition successfully raised the profile of sustainable stormwater management in classrooms across 

the country. Next year, EPA hopes to develop a competition that will raise the profile of sustainable stormwater 

management both in the classroom and on the campus grounds. In 2013, EPA plans to invite students to develop 

design-build projects as well as conceptual designs. 

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Green Infrastructure for the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit Project 

Forrest Kelley, P.E. 




(651) 644-8888 / (651) 644-8894 


forrest@capitolregionwd.org 

Anna Eleria 




(651) 644-8888 / (651) 644-8894 


Nick Landwer, P.E. 

Manager of Design and Engineering 

Central Corridor Light Rail Transit 

540 N Fairview Ave., Suite 200 


Nick.Landwer@metc.state.mn.us 

In 2010, Metropolitan Council (Met Council) commenced construction of the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit (CCLRT), 

an 11-mile, two-way light rail system that will link the downtowns of Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota. 

Requiring full reconstruction of heavily traveled streets, the CCLRT project presented a unique opportunity to improve 

the management of stormwater runoff, enhance aesthetics, and provide sustainability in this highly urbanized corridor 

that will not likely be seen again for decades. The Corridor is comprised of primarily commercial and industrial land uses 

with a small amount of residential property interspersed and has over 100 acres of impervious surface that drain directly 

to the Mississippi River through numerous outfalls. This stretch of the river is impaired for turbidity, nutrients, and 

bacteria. 

Seven miles of the CCLRT falls within the jurisdiction of Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD), a special purpose 

local unit of government created to manage and protect part of the Mississippi River and other local water resources. 

Because the CCLRT project disturbed more than 100 acres within CRWD boundaries, it was required to meet CRWD 

Rules, which apply to redevelopment projects one acre or larger. CRWD Rules require stormwater treatment and 

reduction through BMPs that remove 90% of total suspended sediment and retain the stormwater volume of one-inch 

over the impervious surfaces of the redeveloped area. 

Met Council and CRWD, in partnership with City of Saint Paul and Ramsey County, designed and constructed multiple 

green infrastructure practices within the Corridor to achieve significant and measurable stormwater management 

benefits as well as provide other benefits including more greenspace, enhanced aesthetics, reduction of the urban heat 

island effect and improved air quality. Four categories of green infrastructure practices were selected to achieve the 

runoff reduction and water quality goals of the project: 

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• integrated tree trench system; 

• stormwater planters; 

• rain gardens; and 

• infiltration trenches. 

By the end of construction in fall 2012, approximately 5.2 miles of integrated tree trench system was constructed and 

over 1,000 trees planted along the north and south sides of University Avenue. The system receives stormwater runoff 

from the street via catch basins that direct runoff to below grade infiltration trenches, and from sidewalks via pervious 

pavers that direct runoff to Cornell University structural soils (CU Soils). The CU Soils provide support for the overlying 

sidewalks yet enhance tree growth that in turn, will offer evapotranspiration, improved infiltration, and nutrient uptake. 

To further enhance treatment of stormwater runoff in the Corridor and the visibility of stormwater management for the 

general public, CRWD constructed two other types of surface green infrastructure practices, raingardens and 

stormwater planters, with visible inlets for stormwater runoff. These practices are located at nine highly visible sites 

adjacent to University Avenue next to schools, restaurants and retail businesses. The City of Saint Paul also constructed 

infiltration trenches beneath two side streets within the Corridor. 

In the fall of 2011, CRWD conducted field assessments on segments of the integrated tree trench to verify capacity and 

functionality of the system immediately after construction. The assessment included verifying the perforated drainage 

pipes were discharging runoff to the rock reservoir below; measuring the volume of the trenches and duration of time 

required to fill the trenches; and assessing the infiltration capacity of the underlying soils using a falling head test. This 

information will serve as a baseline and allow comparisons to tests conducted in subsequent years to verify the tree 

trenches functionality over time. CRWD will also monitor and maintain its nine surface green infrastructure practices to 

ensure functionality and record operation and maintenance costs. 

This project is partially funded by a State Clean Water Fund grant and has resulted in “greening” a major transportation 

corridor that was designed to achieve significant and measurable stormwater volume and pollutant reduction. As light 

rail continues to expand in the Twin Cities Metro area and other urban areas throughout the county, this project will 

serve as a regional and national model for sustainable transportation. 

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Quantification of Nutrient Removal by Street Sweeping: The Prior Lake Street Sweeping Project 

Lawrence A. Baker – University of Minnesota 

Dept. Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering 

319 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 

763-370-1796 

Baker127@Umn.Edu 

Paula Kaliosky – University of Minnesota 



612-501-3514 

Kali0013@Umn.Edu 

Ross Binter – City of Edina 

4801 W. 50th St., 

Edina, MNn 55424 

952-903-5713 

Rbintner@Edinamn.Gov 

Sarah Hobbie – Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior 

University Of Minnesota 


612-625-6269 

Shobbie@Umn.Edu 

Over the past decade, cities have struggled to meet requirements of two major EPA regulations: the MS4 (Municipal 

Separate Stormwater Sewer System) program and the closely related TMDL (total daily maximum load) program, both 

intended to improve the quality of receiving waters. Although much of the initial effort by cites has been focused on the 

use of “end-of-pipe” stormwater control measures (SCMs), they are discovering that structural SCMs have major 

limitations, including low and variable effectiveness of many pollutants, high cost, and accumulation of pollutants. 

Many cities are now looking toward various means of “source reduction” to keep pollutants out of the sewer in the first 

place. 

We hypothesized that street sweeping might be an effective and efficient way to remove nutrients from storm sewers. 

We present a study that is different in several ways from previous street sweeping studies. First, we quantified nutrients 

removed by the sweeper, rather than attempting to measure the effect of sweeping on stormwater loadings, on the 

premise that nutrients removed from the street are no longer available for transport to storm sewers, and hence 

represent a reduction in loading that could readily be incorporated into TMDL plans. Second, the Prior Lake study was a 

factorial experiment, in which we swept street under varying tree canopy levels (low, medium, and high) and with 

different frequency (1x/month, 2x/month, and 4 times/month). Third, we had a much longer sweeping period that most 

studies, starting just after snowmelt and continuing through autumn leaf fall, until the first snow event. Finally, we 

quantified costs of sweeping, including labor, fuel, and operations and maintenance of the sweepers, allowing us to 

compute efficiency ($/lb nutrient removed). 

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Over 350 street sweepings were collected over a two-year period (August 2010 – July 2012). We developed a unique 

laboratory protocol that allowed us to determine the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content in fine, coarse organic, 

and soluble fractions. The coarse organic fraction, which includes tree leaves, grass clippings, seed pods, and other 

vegetation fragments, has been analyzed in very few studies and was therefore of particular interest. 

For each sweeping frequency, nutrients collected (lb of N or P/curb mile) increased in direct relation to canopy cover. 

Conversely, for each level of canopy cover, the amount of nutrients collected increased with sweeping frequency. For 

example, four sweepings per month collected ~ 3 times more P than one sweeping per month. Combining effects, P 

removal (lb/curb mile-year) varied from 1.7 for the lowest canopy cover (8%) and sweeping frequency (1x/month) to 6.1 

(50% canopy, 4x/month). The composition of sweepings changed dramatically among seasons. During the fall, coarse 

organics comprised 20-25% of total solids in sweepings, but included about 70% of total P and > 80% of total N, whereas 

in March, coarse organics comprised only 4% of total solids, 8% of total P, and 59% of total N. Sweeping can also be very 

cost-efficient. In the fall, the cost of removing P by sweeping can be < $50/lb P, although the efficiency decreases during 

the summer. 

Finally, we conducted a leaf decomposition experiment by placing dry leaves (litter) of five common boulevard trees in 

fiberglass screen bags and placing them in a gutter of a parking lot, then collecting subsets of the bags for analysis at 

various time intervals. Up to 22 percent of the litter decomposed within 1.5 months, by the end of one year, about 80% 

of the litter had decomposed for all but one species. Phosphorus was rapidly lost from the litter: nearly all species had 

lost half of their initial phosphorus within one year. Hence, in the absence of sweeping, most of the P in leaves falling 

into streets would be solubilized. 

Our results show that street sweeping can be a cost-efficient way to prevent nutrients and solids from entering 

stormwater conveyances in watersheds with substantial tree canopies. We are currently writing a user support manual 

and spreadsheet tools to help public works departments evaluate the potential for removing nutrients and solids in their 

cities. Future research will focus on developing a GIS procedure to extrapolate findings from Prior Lake to other cities 

based on mapped canopy cover, conducting formal optimization analysis to minimize costs for a given nutrient 

reduction goal (or maximize nutrient reduction for a fixed sweeping budget), analyzing potential nutrient load 

reductions from sweeping on the clarity of several local lakes, and developing a citizen phenology network to help 

sweeping crews improve the timing (and hence effectiveness) of sweeping. 

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Getting the Rate Right: Estimating Infiltration Capacity for Lid Practice Planning And Design 

Jay Dorsey – Ohio Dnr, Div. of Soil & Water Resources 

2045 Morse Rd, B-3 

Columbus, Ohio 43229 

614-265-6647 

Jay.Dorsey@Dnr.State.Oh.Us 

Doug Turney – Emh&T 

5500 New Albany Rd 


614-775-4500 (Phone); 614-775-4802 (Fax) 

Dturney@Emht.Com 

Review of low impact stormwater designs has pointed out the importance for developing clear guidance for determining 

the subsurface infiltration rates needed to appropriately size, design and credit infiltrating stormwater practices such as 

pervious pavement, underground detention/retention systems, and bioretention. Infiltration rates for designs we 

reviewed were routinely overestimated by several hundred percent, and in several cases by over an order of magnitude 

(i.e., >1000%), for typical Ohio sites and soils. Overestimation can be attributed to: 1) using inappropriate techniques for 

measuring vertical infiltration into subgrade soil; and/or 2) inappropriate use of soil survey data. 

This presentation summarizes 1) guidance recently added to Ohio’s state stormwater manual (Rainwater and Land 

Development) that describes two methods for developing preliminary estimates of infiltration rate for project 

conceptualization and planning, and outlines an in-field soil infiltration testing protocol appropriate for stormwater 

practice design; 2) infiltration test results from 10+ sites where LID practices were installed or are planned; 3) equipment 

and testing costs; 4) application of test results to system designs; 5) groundwater mounding calculations; and 6) lessons 

learned by design engineers, regulators and contractors. 

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Retrofitting Maplewood Mall for Stormwater Management 

Tina Carstens 

Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

2665 Noel Drive, Little Canada, MN 55117 

651-792-7950 

Tina.Carstens@Rwmwd.Org 

Erin Anderson Wenz 

Barr Engineering Co. 

4700 West 77 th Street 

Minneapolis, MN 55435 

952-832-2805 

Eandersonwenz@Barr.Com 

Kohlman Lake is located in Maplewood, Minnesota, and is the headwater of the Phalen Chain of Lakes- an important 

recreational amenity to the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District (District) 

is responsible for the management of its water quality, which in recent years, was listed as one of Minnesota’s 

“impaired” lakes. 

The Kohlman Lake TMDL calls for the reduction of nutrients (phosphorus) from the Kohlman Lake watershed and from 

the lake’s internal nutrient load from its own sediments and macrophytes. A major source of the watershed’s 

phosphorus load is from impervious areas throughout the District (roads, interstates, and parking lots). As the District 

evaluated the Kohlman Lake watershed for stormwater project opportunities, the 70 acres of impervious surface at 

Maplewood Mall (and the additional 150 acres of other commercial buildings adjacent to it) stood out on the landscape. 

The District determined that retrofitting the Mall’s 35-acre parking lot to treat an inch of runoff would result in a large 

reduction of the area’s phosphorus load to Kohlman Lake. 

The District began discussions with the owners of Maplewood Mall (Simon Property Group) in 2008 to implement a fourphased 

(and extensive) project throughout the Maplewood Mall parking lot. Phase I consisted of large, showy rain 

gardens placed at each of the mall’s main access points from its ring road and was completed in 2010 with District funds. 

Phases II and III implemented stormwater features (rainwater gardens, Stockholm Tree Trenches for Management of 

Stormwater (STTeMS) and an iron-enhanced sand filter in the northeast and northwest quadrants of the Mall, as well as 

the incorporation of water features and artistic elements at the Mall’s main entrance. Phases II and III were completed 

in the fall of 2012. Phase IV, the final phase, consisted of more rainwater gardens and STTeMS throughout the southern 

half of the Mall parking lot, and the incorporation of water features and artistic elements at the Mall’s four remaining 

entrances. Phase IV was completed in the fall of 2012. The District received Clean Water Fund grants for Phase II and IV, 

a Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 319 grant for Phase III and a TMDL Implementation gran for Phase IV. The total 

project cost was $6.5 million. 

Ultimately, the project was successful in capturing approximately one inch of runoff from 90% of the Mall’s 35-acre 

parking lot through an extensive system of 55 rainwater gardens, 375 trees (200 of which are a part of the STTeMS) and 

porous paver crosswalks located at four of the Mall’s five building entrances. The project is expected to reduce the 

parking lot’s sediment loading by at least 90% and its phosphorus load by at least 60%. Treatment efficiency will 

increase with time as the trees grow into the system. Another project success is the demonstration of the STTeMS 

technique in a large-scale retrofit project, with minimal loss of parking spaces- a key design parameter for the project. 

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The project also serves an educational purpose for the Mall’s patrons. Interpretive signage covers the site, explaining the 

stormwater treatment function of the trees, rainwater gardens, and inviting interactive use of a 5,700 gallon cistern that 

captures runoff from the Mall’s roof. Patrons themselves can pump water from the cistern to water the rainwater 

gardens located in a large plaza at the Mall’s main entrance. Public art is another important part of the project, and is 

included at each of the Mall’s entrances. 

This presentation will review the lessons learned while designing and constructing a project on property owned by the 

largest retail property owner in the county. We will also discuss the process of identifying the types of stormwater 

management features to include in the project, including the critical design considerations involved in adapting the 

Stockholm Tree Trench method for the purposes of stormwater management and healthy trees planted in ultra-urban 

environments. Pre and post- project monitoring results, collected from the project’s first two years of operation, will 

also be presented. 

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Kohlman Tmdl Implementation Plan: A Problem of Dissolved Phosphorus Control & Volume Reduction 

Clifton Aichinger 



651-792-7950 

Cliff.Aichinger@Rwmwd.Org 





952-832-2805 


Kohlman Lake is located in Maplewood, Minnesota, and is the headwater of the Phalen Chain of Lakes- an important 

recreational amenity to the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District (District) 

is responsible for the management of its water quality, which in recent years, was listed as one of Minnesota’s 

“impaired” lakes. 

The Kohlman Lake TMDL calls for the reduction of nutrients (phosphorus) from the Kohlman Lake watershed and from 

the lake’s internal nutrient load from its own sediments and macrophytes. A major source of the watershed’s 

phosphorus load is from impervious areas throughout the District (roads, interstates, and parking lots). 

The study showed that particulate phosphorus is well managed by improvements throughout the watershed, but that 

dissolved phosphorus was still reaching Kohlman Lake. Reducing dissolved phosphorus can be accomplished by 

construction of a limited number of BMPs and structural facilities, but our study concluded that the most efficient 

implementation strategy would be to install volume reduction BMPs throughout the watershed. 

We also analyzed the potential 20 year impact of our volume reduction regulations on new construction. We found that 

additional BMP construction was necessary to meet our water quality goals. Following this conclusion, the District 

completed a Watershed analysis of existing developed areas, parking lots and roadways to identify suitable retrofit 

locations for infiltration and bio filtration BMPs. Our analysis indicated the need to obtain 3.2 acre feet of volume 

reduction annually to meet our goal in the next 20 years. This could be accomplished through the construction of nearly 

2000 rain gardens or the implementation of targeted retrofits to existing highly impervious areas and streets in high 

priority areas. 

This presentation will review this planning process and the programs designed to implement these volume reduction 

BMPs. 

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Permeable Alley Pilot Project, Saint Paul, Minnesota 

Daniel Edgerton – Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 

2335 West Highway 36, Saint Paul, MN 55113 

Phone 651-604-4820, Fax 651-636-1311 

Dan.Edgerton@Stantec.Com 

Wes Saunders-Pearce – City of Saint Paul 

Department Of Safety and Inspections 

375 Jackson Street, Suite 220, Saint Paul, MN 55101 

Phone 651-266-9112, Fax 651-266-9124 

Wes.Saunders-Pearce@Ci.Stpaul.Mn.Us 

The City of Saint Paul reconstructed alleys around the Hamline Library with permeable asphalt as part of a pilot project. 

The goal was to manage stormwater on site in a mixed-use, highly urban area with significant impervious coverage. The 

city has a strong sustainability philosophy as part of its goal of being “the most livable city in America.” Reducing 

negative impacts of alleys on surface waters is a city water resource strategy. The project exceeded the water quality 

and volume control standards of the Capitol Region Watershed District and will provide volume control credits that can 

be used on other municipal projects. Outreach was performed through meetings with the local Neighborhood District 

Council as well as educational materials provided at the Hamline Library. 

This is considered a pilot project, as the setting is a cold climate Midwestern city with significant snowfall and associated 

sand and salt application, particularly from adjacent private parking lots that drain to the alley. A pilot context was also 

appropriate as a means to implement construction, recognizing that the city’s capital improvement assessment policies 

would require property owners to bear full cost otherwise. Two years of stormwater monitoring is planned, to quantify 

the volume of runoff potentially not captured by the permeable pavement as well as to determine if infiltration capacity 

is reduced over time. There will also be monitoring of pavement condition, documenting any physical damage, rutting, 

or raveling of the permeable pavement four times annually for two years. 

Soil borings indicated native sandy soils located approximately five feet down. Double-ring infiltrometer tests were 

performed and indicated very high infiltration capacity in these native soils. The rock trench subgrade was designed 

with the goal of tying into these native sands, so as to maximize infiltration. Storm sewer was provided to capture any 

surface runoff leaving the site, to allow for stormwater monitoring. Two storm sewer manholes were provided with 

open bottoms, to encourage additional infiltration. 

Project construction is complete. Stormwater meters will be installed in the spring of 2013, with the goal of monitoring 

runoff during 2013 and 2014. 

The presentation will summarize capital costs, illustrate construction activities including construction challenges and 

lessons learned, and discuss how monitoring was incorporated into the overall project design. 

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Using Green Infrastructure to Mitigate Flooding, EPA’s Assessment of System-Wide Benefits and Climate Change in 

the Midwest 

Jennifer Olson and George Remias 

Tetra Tech 

1468 W. 9 th Street, Suite 620 

Cleveland, OH 44113 

Jennifer.Olson@tetratech.com 

George.Remias@tetratech.com 

Bernard Lenz 

City of La Crosse, Wisconsin 

400 La Crosse Street 

La Crosse, WI 54601 

LenzB@cityoflacrosse.org 

Chris Kloss and Tamara Mittman 

US EPA Office of Water, Water Permits Division 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 

Washington, DC 20004 Kloss.Christopher@epa.gov 

Mittman.Tamara@epamail.epa.gov 

The City of La Crosse Wisconsin has been experiencing localized flooding as a result of increased frequency of short duration, high 

intensity rainfall events coupled with undersized storm sewer systems and backwater effects along the Mississippi River. 

Consequently, the City wanted a long term strategy to mitigate flooding by evaluating system-wide green infrastructure 

implementation while considering potential impacts due to climate change. US EPA provided technical assistance to the City of La 

Crosse through the Green Infrastructure Community Partners Project to help the City evaluate and plan for green infrastructure as 

part of their overall stormwater management plan. 

This presentation highlights the steps taken to develop a system wide model, project future design storm depths to reflect climate 

change, evaluate green infrastructure system-wide based upon a defined level of service, and develop performance curves for 

implementation recommendations. 

The primary goal of the project was to develop a US EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) model to evaluate a range of 

storm events to better understand the locations and causes of local flooding under existing conditions and determine how a green 

street BMP could be used cost-effectively to achieve peak flow reductions and associated flood and pollutant load reduction. 

A highly detailed SWMM model was developed to assess the existing flooding problems in the City. The model included 224 

catchments ranging in size from 0.3 to 14.5 acres and over 400 pipes equal to or greater than twelve inches in diameter. A climate 

change scenario was derived from rainfall frequency analysis conducted as part of EPA’s Global Change Research Project which 

resulted in selecting a high intensity, short duration rainfall event which was 12 percent higher than the existing 10-year, 2-hour 

storm event. 

La Crosse is built on highly permeable materials adjacent to the Mississippi River; therefore the use of green infrastructure which 

promotes infiltration is a highly feasible option for stormwater management. The level of green infrastructure implementation 

needed was derived through analysis of a green street which included both porous pavement and bioretention BMPs. The 

effectiveness of a green street design to mitigate for existing flooding in the watershed was evaluated using SWMM LID. A series of 

performance curves were developed that identify the ability of the green street BMP to mitigate peak flows and flooding at various 

levels of implementation. A cost-effectiveness curve provides for an optimal BMP implementation scenario. 

This project will be completed March 2013. 

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Development of Analysis Framework and Testing of Optimized Pretreatment Configurations for Municipal 

Stormwater Control Measures 

James Nabong, P.E. – City of San Diego 

9370 Chesapeake Drive, Suite 100, Ms 1900, San Diego, CA 92123 

Phone: 858-541-4327 

Jnabong@Sandiego.Gov 

Brad Wardynski – Tetra Tech, Inc. 

9444 Balboa Avenue, Suite 215, San Diego, CA 92123 

Phone: 919-485-2079 

Brad.Wardynski@Tetratech.Com 

Ryan Winston, P.E. – North Carolina State University 

Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 

Phone: 919-515-8595 

Rjwinsto@Ncsu.Edu 

Yvana Hrovat, P.E. – Tetra Tech, Inc. 


Phone: 858-268-5746 

Yvana.Hrovat@Tetratech.Com 

William F. Hunt Iii, Ph.D, P.E., D.Wre - North Carolina State University 

Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 

Phone: 919-515-6751 

Bill_Hunt@Ncsu.Edu 

Masoud Kayhanian, Ph.D., P.E. - University of California-Davis 

One Shields Avenue, Ghausi Hall, Davis, CA 95616 

Phone: 530-752-8957 

Mdkayhanian@Ucdavis.Edu 

Chad Hemle, P.E. – Tetra Tech, Inc. 


Phone: 858-268-5746 

Chad.Helmle@Tetratech.Com 

Jason Wright, P.E. – Tetra Tech, Inc. 


Phone: 858-268-5746 

Jason.Wright@Tetratech.Com 

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In order to address Municipal Stormwater Permit requirements and target the reduction of various pollutants of 

concern, the City of San Diego implemented a series of low impact development (LID) street retrofits throughout the 

City. One of such retrofits, the 43 rd Street and Logan Avenue pilot LID project was intended to investigate the efficacy of 

implementing the curbside filter as a standard approach for addressing stormwater quality management needs where 

space is limited and traditional “green” LID features are not feasible. Excessive solids loading from the catchment, 

however, rapidly clogged inlets and caused runoff to bypass the system. Multimodal pretreatment was required to (1) 

prevent hydraulic failure due to inlet clogging by gross solids and (2) extend the functional life of curbside filter media by 

reducing sediment loading. A plot study was initiated in order to determine the most viable and effective pretreatment 

method and configuration for the 43 rd and Logan site, which could ultimately be used to propose a standard 

pretreatment configuration for City-wide use. Traditional pretreatment practices were precluded from the plot study 

due to limited footprint area, shallow-head conditions, low (annual) maintenance frequency, and high pollutant 

volumetric loading. A detailed site-specific analysis characterized the expected range of pollutant loading and 

composition. Alternative pretreatment configurations were then proposed based on site constraints and optimized to 

meet treatment goals. Innovative performance criteria, directly relating pretreatment sediment removal efficiency to 

downstream media maintenance frequency, were formulated to evaluate device efficacy. Five pretreatment designs will 

be tested during January 2013 using full-scale simulated runoff events performed at a range of synthetic stormwater 

flow rates and quality, consistent with site characteristics. Modes of failure will be forensically determined and the most 

effective alternative will be installed for pilot-testing during the summer of 2013. Scaling factors derived from 

experimental testing will be used to size future pretreatment and curbside filter configurations based on specific 

maintenance goals. Study results will be used to develop pretreatment standard details for City-wide application. 

Results will provide stormwater managers with a step-by-step strategy to characterize catchment pollutant loading and 

select, test, and implement optimized pretreatment measures for protection of LID structural assets. Such pretreatment 

measures ensure that LID practices remain functional and in compliance with Municipal Stormwater Permit 

requirements and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). 

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Innovative Stormwater Management in the Linear Environment 

William “Billy” Lee, PE 

111 MacKenan Drive 

Cary, NC 27511 

(919) 469-3340 

blee@withersravenel.com 

Operating under the requirements of their NPDES Phase I permit, NCDOT has recently made a concerted effort to 

develop BMPs specifically tailored to the unique characteristics of the linear transportation network. These initiatives 

have resulted in the construction of dozens of retrofits statewide. By putting innovative ideas into practice, NCDOT is 

able to evaluate new designs, adding new BMPs to their design toolbox when warranted. The result is a dynamic 

stormwater design philosophy using context sensitive solutions to address complicated water quality challenges. 

This past year NCDOT constructed numerous retrofits across the state. In this presentation, Billy Lee will discuss the 

design, construction, and lessons learned from a number of sites. Among them, the presentation will include case 

studies from 4 stormwater control structures within the cloverleaf interchange of Wade Avenue and I-440, 3 filtration 

retrofits in the Lockwoods Folly watershed in Brunswick County, 3 retrofits in Bocatchers Cut along I-240 in Asheville, 

and an innovative saltwater stormwater wetland in Manteo. 

Each of the projects were designed and constructed under the direction of the NCDOT Highway Stormwater Program, 

through their partnership with NCSU, URS, and Withers & Ravenel. This partnership, supplemented by local 

stakeholders, is continually evaluating the impacts of retrofits on local hydrology, stream health, and aquatic life. The 

design of the projects referenced above targeted various pollutants of concern ranging from temperature, solids, and 

nutrients in the Mountains, nutrients and peak flows in the Piedmont, and bacteria and erosion in the Coastal Plain. In 

each case the projects added treatment to a drainage network previous void of dedicated water quality components. 

Based on visual observation, each system has controlled rainfall events exceeding 1” without resulting in direct 

discharges. 

The successes of each project go far beyond their stormwater quality benefits. NCDOT is a nationwide leader in 

developing stormwater management strategies within the linear environment. Although roadside safety is paramount, 

NCDOT has shown that safety does not have to come at the expense of environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the 

partnership with NCSU has been a key factor in identifying the predominant pollutants within roadway runoff, enabling 

to the development of context sensitive BMP solutions to specifically target and treat those pollutants. 

To have a project become truly sustainable, that project must do more than simply clean runoff. The long term success 

of the project depends on how well it works within the entire operational structure of NCDOT planning, design, 

construction, and maintenance services. Projects like these further the education, experience, and working 

relationships that create a sustainable and comprehensive transportation program. 

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Are My Low Impact Development (LID) Data Suitable for The International Stormwater BMP Database 

T. Andrew Earles, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE (presenting), Jane Clary, CPESC, LEED-AP (presenting), Hayes Lenhart, P.E., Jonathan 

Jones, P.E., D.WRE – Wright Water Engineers 

2490 West 26 th Avenue, Suite 100A, Denver, CO 80211 

Ph: 303.480.1700; Fax: 303.480.1020 

aearles@wrightwater.com, clary@wrightwater.com 

Marcus Quigley, P.E. (presenting), Marc Leisenring, P.E., Aaron Poresky, P.E., and Eric Strecker, P.E. - Geosyntec 

Consultants 


Ph: 617.734.4436; Fax: 617.734.4437 

mquigley@geosyntec.com 

The International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database (BMP Database) was established in 1996 

through collaboration between the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Environmental & Water Resources 

Institute (EWRI) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Today the BMP Database is funded by a 

broad coalition including the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), ASCE/EWRI, the Federal Highway 

Administration (FHWA) and the American Public Works Association (APWA) and contains performance data for over 500 

BMPs, including many LID practices. As of late 2012, LID practices in the BMP database included 30 bioretention sites, 13 

green roofs, over 40 grass swales, over 40 grass buffer strips, 35 permeable pavement studies and two site-scale LID 

projects in addition to data from many other BMPs. 

The BMP Database has evolved considerably in recent years, with adjustments and improvements to make the Database 

better accommodate LID datasets and to make the overall database more user-friendly. Many people who may have 

used the BMP Database in the late 1990s or early 2000s, who have not visited the site recently, would see a far more 

robust and user friendly Database than previously experienced. The first part of this paper/presentation will review 

recent developments in the BMP Database, focusing on LID studies and associated analysis. The paper/presentation will 

provide examples of improvements to the Database with respect to quantifying the volume reduction benefits of LID 

practices and provides examples of how the data in the BMP Database can be used to characterize performance at other 

sites. Recently-added usability features, such as the ability to generate study-level statistical summary reports from the 

Database website and an interactive mapping tool to search for BMP studies in specific geographic areas, provide much 

more efficient and powerful access for a range of users. 

The second part of the paper/presentation will describe the process for entering and submitting data to the BMP 

Database and minimum data requirements for entering studies into the BMP Database. Through discussions with a 

number of stormwater researchers and professionals, there are some misconceptions about the level of detail needed 

for data to be accepted into the BMP Database – data requirements are much simpler than many people who are 

monitoring and collecting data realize, and there is excellent opportunity to further expand the BMP Database and 

improve its utility to the LID research, planning and design community through the addition of new studies. 

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Investigating municipal green infrastructure needs in New Jersey 

Amy Rowe – Rutgers Cooperative Extension 

621A Eagle Rock Ave., Roseland, NJ 07068 

Phone: 973-287-6360 Fax: 973-364-5261 

rowe@njaes.rutgers.edu 

Michele Bakacs – Rutgers Cooperative Extension 

42 Riva Ave., North Brunswick, NJ 08902 

Phone: 732-398-5284 Fax: 732-398-5276 

bakacs@njaes.rutgers.edu 

Pat Rector – Rutgers Cooperative Extension 

P.O. Box 900, Morristown, NJ 07963 

Phone: 973-285-8300, ext. 225 Fax: 973-605-8195 

rector@njaes.rutgers.edu 

The aim of this research project was to survey the attitudes of municipal officials regarding green infrastructure throughout 

New Jersey and to determine the barriers to implementation of low impact development techniques for the state’s 

municipalities. Many towns in the state have received grant funding to implement green infrastructure projects, but 

subsequently continue to implement traditional engineering approaches to stormwater management. An in-depth online 

survey was sent to various officials in each of the state’s municipalities: the mayor, the town engineer, and environmental 

commission/green team members, etc. This allowed for the collection of data from multiple sources and to compare 

perspectives from the same town as well as among different municipalities. The survey aimed to determine the current state 

of green infrastructure planning and implementation in New Jersey and will be used to create a database of existing green 

infrastructure projects throughout the state. 

Some survey questions included: whether municipalities have installed green infrastructure utilizing their own funds, time, 

and expertise after having received grant funding and training; funding sources for municipally-implemented green 

infrastructure projects; barriers to municipal implementation including but not restricted to: lack of funding, enthusiasm, 

knowledge, technical assistance, skilled labor; changes in the municipal planning requirements for new development to 

require green infrastructure; the driving force/individual behind green infrastructure implementation in towns, if any; and 

municipal needs for installing green infrastructure locally. 

Preliminary results have shown that that 83% of respondents would like to have more green infrastructure stormwater 

management practices installed in their town and 72% already had at least one installation in their area. Lack of funding (69%) 

and lack of education (76%) were the primary reasons that more systems had not been installed. These findings have led to 

changes in green infrastructure education and outreach programming to include cost analyses, presentation of available state 

funding sources, and increased educational efforts. 77% of participants responded that demonstration projects would be 

helpful in convincing officials that these installations handle stormwater efficiently. 

The results of this survey will be used to determine the agenda of a mini-conference that will be held to address the green 

infrastructure needs of New Jersey municipalities. The conference will focus on solutions for implementing green 

infrastructure and will focus on current research and local case studies. The goals of the conference are to create a network of 

professionals with practical knowledge of implementing green infrastructure techniques in New Jersey and to showcase 

successful projects around the state that help reduce flooding and nonpoint source pollution in local rivers and streams. 

It is expected that the survey will be administered and analyzed by March 2013 and the conference will be held in June 2013. 

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6603 

Stormwater Reuse for Irrigation of Municipal Ballfields, Centerville, Minnesota 

Mark Statz – Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 


Phone 651-604-4709, Fax 651-636-1311 

Mark.Statz@Stantec.Com 

Daniel Edgerton – Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 


Phone 651-604-4820, Fax 651-636-1311 

Dan.Edgerton@Stantec.Com 

For the past several years, the city of Centerville, Minnesota has planned for the redevelopment of their historic 

downtown. This included management of the anticipated stormwater runoff from a highly impervious area and 

protection of the nearby Centerville Lake, an important resource to the community. After several studies, interviews 

with potential developers, and discussions with the local watershed, it became apparent one of the keys to a successful 

project would be a cost-effective stormwater treatment program. 

Traditional pond and pipe systems were analyzed, but with the recent addition of stormwater volume reduction 

requirements, the system would need to be supplemented with some type of infiltration feature. Rough cost estimates 

were prepared for a number of different approaches, including: 

• Rain gardens and vegetated swales 

• Pervious pavers or pavements 

• Underground storage and other similar systems 

A combination of tight soils and limited space in the urbanized downtown area made these options less than desirable. 

Additionally, the prospect of ongoing maintenance for these types of best management practices was daunting. Looking 

for a more economical system, the city continued its search. They needed a stormwater approach with reasonable 

capital costs, low maintenance costs, and a smaller footprint in the downtown. 

Stormwater reuse was selected as the approach which best met the city’s needs. A stormwater reuse project was 

designed and constructed which involves collecting the stormwater runoff from the downtown area and reusing it for 

irrigation of municipal ballfields. Specific elements of the system include: 

• An off-site regional pond for collecting runoff and providing treatment of sediment and associated nutrients 

• A pump intake line with an inlet screen to prevent particles from entering the system which could clog the 

irrigation system 

• A submersible pump 

• High-capacity sprinkler heads that are able to efficiently cover large areas of the ballfields 

The system meets the stormwater volume regulations and exceeds the water quality standards of the Rice Creek 

Watershed District. Public outreach to obtain citizen input identified a concern from park users, particularly parents, 

about the water quality of the stormwater being used for the irrigation. Testing of the regional pond water quality 

indicated that it meets state standards for swimmable waters. Periodic monitoring of the pond water quality will be 

performed in the future to confirm that water quality remains acceptable. In addition, the sprinklers are timed for early 

morning application to minimize the potential for human contact with the water. Soils in the ballfield areas were also 

tested for various constituents to provide a baseline level. Periodic soil testing will be performed in the future to 

determine if there is any increase in the constituents that could be a result of the irrigation practice. 

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Economic analysis indicated that the life-cycle cost of the system is substantially lower than for other alternatives. The 

initial cost of the reuse system is comparable to other BMPs, and it will result in lower maintenance costs in the future. 

As an added bonus, the City’s 12-acre park gets “free” water for its irrigation system. Treated municipal well water 

would otherwise be needed for the irrigation. Besides the cost benefit of reducing the need for well water, there is less 

impact on regional aquifer levels. 

The presentation will summarize project design and life-cycle costs and illustrate construction activities including 

construction challenges and lessons learned. 

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6604 

Commercial LID Redesign in Coastal NC 

Hunter Freeman, P.E. 

Withers & Ravenel 



(919) 469-3340 

hfreeman@withersravenel.com 

Using grant funding, the North Carolina Coastal Federation and Withers & Ravenel partnered with Swain & Associates, a 

commercial development company located in Wilmington NC to complete a conceptual redesign of a commercial 

shopping center. The intent of the study was to compare anticipated construction costs and economic impact of 

conventional stormwater management techniques with Low Impact Development strategies. 

As part of the redesign, Withers & Ravenel added pervious pavement, tree wells, vegetated swales, cisterns, and a green 

roof to the site, making minor layout changes along the way. The increased efficiency of land use resulted in 10% 

increase in usable land, larger outparcels, and reduced infrastructure. 

The redesign effort was a collaboration between all three stakeholders, meaning that every change to the site plan was 

evaluated not only on its potential environmental impact, but also on the economic impact to the developer. Each 

decision also considered permitting and constructability, as well as the usability as it related to the anchor tenants. 

Balancing the needs of each stakeholder required careful analysis and prioritization throughout the project. 

This presentation will summarize the findings of the redesign effort, highlighting the site plan revisions, construction 

cost impacts, and long term financial impacts on the property. 

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Improving SCM Effluent Quality Predictions through International BMP Database Analysis 

Bridget J. Ellebracht 

Graduate Student 

bje5107@psu.edu 

Shirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE 

Faculty, Environmental Engineering Programs, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057 

Guidance documents on appropriate stormwater treatment technology selection provide estimated percent removals 

for a select group of pollutants (usually nutrients and total suspended solids [TSS]) and a set of design criteria, usually 

based on the size of either the drainage area or the impervious area. Determining the most effective of these 

technologies for a given site is one of the challenges associated with stormwater treatment development, along with 

sizing the system. An evaluation is underway using performance results, measured as both effluent quality and percent 

removal, and site design criteria (drainage area, infiltration rate, etc.) for Best Management Practice (BMP) performance 

studies as reported in the International Stormwater BMP Database. First, using correlation analyses, the pollutant 

removal and effluent quality of studies in each BMP category with sufficient data is analyzed. The analysis considers site 

design parameters like impervious area, total drainage area, and device size. Also storm characteristics such as total 

runoff volume are investigated as well. To meet current and future regulatory codes and requirements including 

potential TMDL numeric effluent limits, designers need reliable removal prediction capabilities, which are being 

developed here by employing real-world data and storm-and-device specific statistical analyses. Investigating the 

various design criteria for their effects on pollutant removal is the focus of this study, and the results are analyzed for 

correlations between the different pollutants for removal efficiency and effluent quality. In addition to the analysis of 

design parameters correlation with effluent quality, an analysis is underway to determine which conventional pollutants 

(such as solids and nutrients) are effective surrogates for pollutants that are not commonly measured in runoff (such as 

metals 

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6607 

Green Streets: A North Carolina Perspective 

Hunter C. Freeman, PE, LEED AP 



(919) 469-3340 


While Green Street programs have been an important and cost effective runoff reduction strategy in the Pacific 

Northwest, similar strategies have been slow to develop on the East Coast. This presentation will showcase the City of 

Greenboro’s efforts to incorporate green streets into their new urban greenway project. 

Originally conceived as a plan for “enhanced landscaping”, the Greensboro Downtown Urban Greenway design team 

embraced the idea of adding a water quality component to the greenway corridor. Withers & Ravenel designed small 

scale stormwater management devices within the urban streetscape arena, creating a series of multifunctional 

landscaped areas which treat runoff from roadways, sidewalks, and neighboring properties. The benefits of these 

devices go far beyond water quality alone – Greensboro also benefits from more aesthetic streetscapes, increased public 

educational opportunities, socio-economic impacts, and long term infrastructure maintenance savings. 

As communities face more stringent water quality regulations, including retrofit requirements, management of 

increased runoff volumes new development alone will not be sufficient to restore function within impaired watersheds. 

Furthermore, in urban areas, acquiring land for large scale BMP implementation is simply not cost effective. Well 

planned Green Street programs will be critical not only for regulatory compliance, but also in stretching municipal 

stormwater budgets as far as possible. 

Through our design experience, it has become apparent that the engineering aspect of any Green Street program is one 

of the easier obstacles to overcome. Although few question the watershed benefits related to Green Street 

implementation projects, our designs have generated lengthy discussion on bigger issues including how a Green Street 

will impact the day to day urban life, City maintenance obligations, and whether or not these types of projects fit into 

existing ordinances and plan review policies. 

To date, Greensboro has installed tree wells, curb extensions, and planter boxes along 3 city blocks. This presentation 

will walk through the design and construction process, highlighting lessons learned and also identifying the direction for 

future city projects. 

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Impact of Recycled Materials in Green Roof Media on Water Quality and Biological Community 

Katherine H. Baker, Ph.D.; Yen-Chih Chen, Ph.D.; Shirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE, Abigail Mickey, Danielle Harrow, 

Byron Robinson 

Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057 

khb4@psu.edu 

This research examined the potential to use shredded waste tires as the inorganic component of the medium and 

agricultural/municipal compost as the organic component, replacing expanded shale or slate and peat moss. The initial 

hydraulic studies focused on developing a mixture that could retain sufficient water for the growth of plants while not 

retaining excess water. Excess water can add significantly to the weight, resulting in stresses to the underlying roof 

structure, as well as the development of anoxic areas within the root zone inhibiting plant growth. In addition to 

hydraulics, we also examined water quality from the media. One concern raised with the use of composts and/or 

biosolids in green roof media is the release of pathogenic microorganisms and chemical contaminants, particularly 

inorganic nutrients into surface water via runoff from these systems. We examined the leaching of E. coli and selected 

chemicals of concern from systems containing commercially available media (peat/expanded shale) as well as two 

recycled media (compost/rubber, biosolids/rubber). There were no significant differences between the media and no 

coliform concentrations exceeded the USEPA Recreational Water Standards. The addition of microorganisms also had a 

positive benefit – the release of inorganic nitrogen was reduced as the microbial community incorporated it into the 

biomass. Once the composition was optimized, the final laboratory-scale studies involved establishing replicate planted 

(grass) microcosm systems to compare commercial and recycled media. Over the course of the study, the recycled 

media performed at least as well as, and for several parameters better than, the conventional medium. Furthermore, 

there were substantial differences in the release of inorganic nutrients in leachate when planted (grass) and non-planted 

systems were compared. There was no significant release of inorganic nutrients in the leachate from planted systems. 

These results demonstrate that the impact of organisms on the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and other materials. 

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6611 

Protecting Schwanz Lake from Impairment: Reducing Phosphorus Loads with Bioretention Basins in Eagan, MN 

Eric Macbeth – City of Eagan; Gun Club Lake Watershed Management Organization 

3501 Coachman Pt, Eagan, MN 55122-1452 

(651) 675-5300/(651) 675-5360 (fax) 

emacbeth@cityofeagan.com 

Gregg Thompson – City of Eagan 

3501 Coachman Pt, Eagan, MN 55122-1452 

(651) 675-5300/(651) 675-5360 (fax) 

gthompson@cityofeagan.com 

The City of Eagan (Eagan) has institutionalized comprehensive management of lakes and watersheds for nearly 25 years 

through intense and sustained efforts to improve water quality by reducing in-lake total phosphorus (TP) 

concentrations. A city of some 64,000 people located 15 miles south of Minneapolis-St. Paul, Eagan has an abundance of 

surface water resources. Its 200 natural lakes and wetlands an acre or larger in area are part of a stormwater 

management system of 1,270 natural and constructed waterbodies and 340 miles of pipe. 

In 2006, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) listed 11.5-acre Schwanz Lake—one of Eagan’s highest 

priority—as impaired for aquatic recreation under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, since mean summer TP values 

exceeded the then state standard for Class 2B recreational waters (i.e., 40 micrograms per liter (µg/L)). After Eagan had 

begun a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) analysis of the lake in 2008, however, USEPA approved Minnesota’s revised 

eutrophication standards that include a deep-lake standard (i.e., 40 µg/L TP) and a shallow-lake standard (i.e., 60 µg/L 

TP) within the city’s ecological region. Consequently, historical TP concentrations in shallow Schwanz Lake met or 

exceeded the revised standards, and MPCA removed the lake from the 2010 impaired waters list. Regardless, Eagan 

completed a loading assessment and modeled stormwater and lake response for a “Schwanz Lake Nutrient Management 

Plan” in 2010, with support from a MPCA grant. The city had decided to take extra steps to protect the lake from 

impairment by reducing runoff from nearby subwatersheds that drain stormwater to the lake without it first routing 

through storm basins (so-called “direct-drainage areas”). 

Schwanz Lake’s 763-acre, urbanized watershed (watershed-to-lake ratio = 66:1) includes over 50 natural wetlands and 

constructed storm basins and consists primarily of low- to medium-density residences. The loading assessment and 

modeling determined a 28-acre, “direct-drainage” residential neighborhood that comprises less than four percent of the 

watershed contributes an estimated 23 percent of the lake’s TP load. This neighborhood was developed before Eagan’s 

water quality requirements for stormwater treatment were established. 

With no available space to construct traditional storm basins, the city determined that a series of strategically located 

bioretention basins within public rights-of-way was the most practical approach to mitigate “direct-drainage” 

stormwater impacts. An analysis of neighborhood soils and drainage patterns established a total desirable 5,100 ft 2 of 

infiltration capacity into type “A” and “B” subsoils. Stormwater modeling using P8 Urban Catchment Model (Walker) 

further predicted the runoff-reduction project could reduce annual runoff volume by 12.1 acre-feet, TP load by 12.2 

pounds per year (lb/yr), and total suspended solids load by 4,329 lb/yr. These translate to expected reductions of 64, 72, 

and 84 percent, respectively, from the neighborhood. 

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Eagan initiated a neighborhood education campaign in 2009: 1) to increase resident awareness of the runoff impact on 

the water quality of Schwanz Lake, 2) to educate homeowners on practical landscape practices that reduce runoff, and 

3) to get community support for strategic integration of the bioretention basins in the neighborhood. The campaign 

targeted residents living adjacent to desirable basin sites. Subsequently, the city retrofitted the neighborhood with 25 

bioretention basins in 2009-2011, totaling 5,588 ft 2 of infiltration capacity, or an average of 224 ft 2 per basin. Project 

funding was from a combination of city stormwater utility fees and two cost-share grants to the Gun Club Lake 

Watershed Management Organization, one from Dakota County and one from the Minnesota Clean Water Legacy Fund. 

City staff conducted individual site surveys and developed basin plans. Bioretention basins were placed in rights-of-way 

only where adjoining landowners “approved” and also accepted some level of responsibility for vegetation maintenance. 

To maximize runoff-capture volumes, the city exploited basin footprints using vertical retaining walls, thereby 

eliminating storage loss to side slopes and keeping entire basin areas within rights-of-way. Basins were typically sited 

within or immediately next to buried utilities (natural gas, electric, fiber optic, cable, and telephone). Eagan utilities staff 

verified depths of buried cables and pipes using “hydro excavation,” a technique that jets water into the ground through 

a handheld nozzle, pulverizing the soil, while another nozzle simultaneously vacuums the loosened soil from the forming 

hole. Versus mechanical digging, this technique is significantly less hazardous to operators and poses no danger to 

buried utilities. In some cases, utility companies re-routed facilities that were in conflict with basin locations. Infiltration 

capacities of basins were maximized through: 1) soil replacement, based on results of soil borings collected during 

planning stages, 2) deep loosening of subsoil structure and incorporating compost, and 3) occasionally including 

underground chambers for additional temporary storage. The city installed shallow containment devices at all basin 

inlets (via curb cuts) to collect street debris and material. Two types of devices were used depending on the contributing 

drainage area and road slope. Landscape and excavation contractors constructed the basins, but a significantly 

interested and highly attended group of neighborhood volunteers planted the sites. 

Because the neighborhood drains into Schwanz Lake through one storm sewer pipe, the city installed a flow meter at the 

bottom of the last manhole to help determine the effectiveness of the runoff-reduction project. Rainfall data are 

downloaded from a nearby gage station. According to 2009 pre-construction flow measurements, the neighborhood 

originally discharged approximately 133,000 gallons (gal) of untreated runoff to the lake from an average one-inch rain 

event. Post-construction measurements in 2010-2012 suggest runoff volumes have been increasingly and significantly 

reduced from similar rain events: average runoff volume of 76,600 gal in 2010, average 54,600 gal in 2011, and average 

43,400 gal in 2012. Flow monitoring and runoff reduction analysis are ongoing. A cost analysis of the project will also be 

presented. 

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6612 

Retrofitting Small BMPs to Reduce Runoff Volume and Pollutant Loading to Crystal Lake 

Diane Spector – Wenck Associates, Inc. 



763-479-4280 (P) 763-479-4242 (F) 

Dspector@Wenck.Com 

Richard Mccoy – City of Robbinsdale, Minnesota 

4100 Lakeview Avenue N 

Robbinsdale, MN 55422 

763-531-1260 (P) 763-537-7344 

Rmccoy@Ci.Robbinsdale.Mn.Us 

Crystal Lake in Robbinsdale, Minnesota has been designated an Impaired Water for excess phosphorus concentration. The 

lake, which is a popular fishing and recreational lake, is hypereutrophic, subject to excessive algae blooms and with poor 

water clarity. A Total Maximum Daily Load study completed in 2009 determined that the phosphorus load to Crystal Lake from 

its watershed must be reduced by 64 percent, or just over 300 pounds per year. 

The watershed to the lake is densely developed with single family residential and commercial uses, including the downtown 

business district and shopping centers with large parking lots. Installing BMPs to achieve a significant amount of pollutant load 

or volume reduction will be challenging. To assist in that effort the City of Robbinsdale, the Shingle Creek Watershed 

Management Commission, Hennepin County Environmental services, and the Association of Metro Conservation Districts 

partnered to complete a detailed assessment of the 613 acre lakeshed. 

The goal of this study was to identify and prioritize retrofit treatment practices. Seventeen catchments ranging from 20 acres 

to 130 acres in size and their existing stormwater management practices were analyzed using WINSLAMM and P8 modeling 

for annual pollutant loading. A suite of potential stormwater practice options were considered for each catchment, such as 

biofiltration basins (rain gardens, swales, etc.); tree pits; permeable pavements; and pond modifications, given their specific 

site constraints and characteristics. A stormwater practice was selected by weighing cost, ease of installation and 

maintenance and ability to serve multiple functions. Ten of the 17 catchments were selected and modeled at various levels of 

treatment efficiencies. The process used for this assessment was modified from the Center for Watershed Protection’s Urban 

Stormwater Retrofit Practices, Manuals 2 and 3 (Schueler, 2005, 2007). 

On completion of the analysis, four BMPs were selected to be implemented immediately: retrofit of an existing stormwater 

pond with an iron-enhanced filter bench; a regional bioinfiltration basin to capture and infiltrate runoff form a large 

commercial area that had no other water quality treatment; a capture and reuse project that captured runoff from a large 

church parking lot and roof, then filtered and stored that runoff in a 2,500 gallon cistern adjacent to a park for use by 

gardeners at a community garden with no other source of water; and a neighborhood boulevard rain garden retrofit project. 

All of the projects except the rain garden retrofit project were completed in 2012 and are now functional. Unfortunately it was 

apparent that the rain garden project could not be organized and completed before the expiration of grant monies funding 

the implementation projects. That project was put on hold and will be revived when the City reconstructs streets in that 

neighborhood in the future. Some other neighborhoods due for street reconstruction in the next few years were also 

identified as good candidates for boulevard rain garden retrofits. The City will use the results of this study to site and install 

those rain gardens as part of those projects. 

The Shingle Creek Watershed Management Commission intends to replicate this study throughout the watershed, and will 

budget funds annually to cost share in city implementation of identified small practices. 

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6614 

How Much for That Home in a LID Subdivision Resident, Developer and City Staff Opinions on the Value of Lid in 

Residential Development 

Jan Thompson – Iowa State University 

Department Of Natural Resource Ecology and Management 

339 Science Ii Hall 

Ames, Iowa 50011-3221 

515-294-0024/515-294-2995 

Jrrt@Iastate.Edu 

Troy Bowman – Eaton Asphalt Paving 

207 Atwood Dr. 

Georgetown, Kentucky 40324 

515-450-3489 

Bowman.Troy.A@Gmail.Com 

John Tyndall – Iowa State University 

Department Of Natural Resource Ecology and Management 

339 Science Ii Hall 

Ames, Iowa 50011-3221 

515-294-4912/515-294-2995 

Jtyndall@Iastate.Edu 

Standard approaches to residential development are often associated with many negative environmental effects. At the 

same time, however, reluctance among stakeholders has slowed the widespread adoption of alternative approaches, 

including LID. We investigated the perceptions and values of residents, city staff, and developers in Ames, Iowa as a 

case study of their levels of interest and willingness to invest in LID features embedded in new subdivision 

developments. We surveyed 900 residents, six developers, and 15 city staff members, and conducted focus groups with 

members of each group of stakeholders (27 residents, six developers, and 15 city staff members). We used contingent 

valuation, a hypothetical referendum, and an experimental negotiation methodology to examine value for LID features. 

Resident survey respondents indicated moderate interest in LID subdivisions, while focus group participants indicated 

stronger interest in these designs when environmental attributes of the design were made explicit. Resident survey 

respondents expressed moderate willingness to pay for LID features (e.g. 52% indicated some willingness to pay for 

buffered streams, and 66% indicated some willingness to pay for rain gardens), and more than half expressed support 

for a public referendum for such features. Resident participants in experimental negotiations indicated greater 

willingness to pay for features with embedded environmental benefits, up to a 22% premium over a standard home 

price for homes in neighborhoods with integrated forest areas, a 17% premium for open spaces in general, and a 13% 

premium for streams with forested buffers. City staff were generally informed about and moderately interested in LID 

approaches (and predicted that residents would be interested in purchasing homes in them), although they expressed 

concerns about some LID features that would not meet subdivision regulation standards. Developers indicated a 

preference for LID approaches compared to standard subdivision designs. In simulated negotiations, developer bids also 

revealed a preference for LID. Combined evidence from these analyses suggests that all three stakeholder groups have 

substantial interest in subdivision designs that have environmental benefits, particularly when those features are made 

explicit. Limited familiarity with LID and lack of explicit knowledge about the environmental benefits of this approach 

may limit adoption of LID. Broad spectrum education and outreach to all three groups could increase LID 

implementation. More widespread implementation of LID could provide protection for ecosystem services in urban 

areas if such implementation is supported by clear (explicit) environmental goals, if such practices are monitored to 

demonstrate effectiveness, and when the design elements are configured to create broad appeal. 

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6616 

RiverSmart Homes: Four Years Later, New Insights 

Jenny Guillaume – District Department of the Environment 

1200 First Street NE Washington DC 20002 

202-535-2252 

Jennifer.guillaume@dc.gov 

The RiverSmart Homes program of the District Department of the Environment (DDOE) aims to reduce stormwater 

runoff by targeting single family homeowners as partners by subsidizing rain barrels, shade trees, rain gardens, 

BayScaping, and pervious pavers. The program began in 2008 with the installation of eight demonstration homes and 

has grown from a piloted program to a city wide program with over 5,000 applicants and on average 112 homeowners 

signing up a month. Our unique process of conducting a stormwater site audit on each property provides an opportunity 

to give site specific recommendations for stormwater management, ensure proper citing of the RiverSmart practices, 

and educate homeowners about stormwater issues as well as maintenance obligations of BMPs. To date DDOE has 

conducted 3,370 audits, installed 2,100 rain barrels, 1,300 shade trees, 441 native landscapes, 327 rain gardens, and 57 

impervious surface removal projects. 

Over the past four years, we have collected a robust data set to extract valuable information about participation. This 

presentation will explore and report on homeowner’s initial interests versus actual adopted installations as well as the 

popularity of certain BMPs. Factors that are taken into consideration for comparison are overall lot size, green space 

area, roof area and additional impervious surface area. With many jurisdictions starting lot-level stormwater programs, 

we hope to offer insight on reasonable expectations of implementation given certain conditions. 

This presentation will also review a sample of surveys and inspections. RiverSmart homeowners have been surveyed 

online for overall satisfaction on their installed BMP as well as the logistics of the program. A more in depth survey has 

been conducted as a follow up to gauge any change in behavior and knowledge of stormwater issues, benefits of native 

plants, and effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. For the past two years, DDOE has conducted randomized 

inspections of installations. Ranking factors including plant material alive, erosion, downspout extension intact, were 

devised to measure the level of maintenance achieved by the homeowner. 

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Improving Stormwater Projects to Capture Dissolved Pollutants 

Andy Erickson - St. Anthony Falls Laboratory 

2 Third Ave Se, Minneapolis, MN 55414 

612-624-4629 

Eric0706@Umn.Edu 

Erin Anderson Wenz - Barr Engineering Company 

4700 W 77th St # 200, Minneapolis, MN 55435 

952-832-2805 


John Gulliver – University Of Minnesota 

500 Pillsbury Drive Se, Minneapolis, MN 55455 

612-625-4080 


A recent nationwide study reports that most stormwater pollutants are approximately 45% dissolved. Very few 

stormwater treatment practices can consistently capture dissolved pollutants over the lifecycle of a treatment practice, 

and therefore a large portion of these pollutants is discharged to downstream lakes, rivers, and groundwater. In 

addition, the dissolved fraction is often more bioavailable (nutrients) or toxic (metals, petroleum hydrocarbons) to 

aquatic organisms. The objective of the projects described in this presentation is to improve water quality and protect 

water resources by removing dissolved pollutants from stormwater runoff. 

Over the past several years, the University of Minnesota’s St. Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL) and local engineering firms 

have researched and implemented new filtering techniques to remove dissolved pollutants from stormwater. One such 

technique is called the Minnesota Filter and is a mix of iron and sand, which can capture 80-90% of the dissolved 

phosphorus from stormwater. The filter media was developed at SAFL and is used in an increasing number of field 

applications throughout the Twin Cities Metro Area, including sand filters, rainwater gardens, swales and in filter 

trenches surrounding stormwater ponds. Rigorous field-testing and monitoring have verified laboratory-testing results 

that these systems can reduce the average dissolved phosphorus concentration to below 20 μg/L, which is better than 

water quality standards for most lakes and rivers in Minnesota. Other materials can be incorporated into stormwater 

projects to remove other dissolved pollutants from stormwater runoff. Compost, for example, is often incorporated into 

rainwater gardens and thorough laboratory testing has found that it can capture a significant load of dissolved metals 

(e.g., cadmium, copper, lead, zinc) and provide conditions for sustainable aerobic degradation of petroleum 

hydrocarbons such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). 

This presentation discusses these field-proven techniques for capturing dissolved pollutants and examines recent field 

installations. Both laboratory and field monitoring data are presented, as well as some lessons learned in specifying and 

placing these materials during construction. 

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Comparison of Tools Available for SCM Modeling 

Valerie M. Novaes – Tetra Tech 

1921 E. Miller Road, Suite A, Lansing, MI. 48911 

PH: 517-394-7900; FAX: 517-394-0011 

valerie.novaes@tetratech.com 

Daniel P. Christian – Tetra Tech 


PH: 517-394-7900; FAX: 517-394-0011 

dan.christian@tetratech.com 

Anne M. Thomas – Tetra Tech 


PH: 517-394-7900; FAX: 517-394-0011 

anne.thomas@tetratech.com 

Study Objectives 

A wide array of different tools is available for modeling and sizing stormwater control measures (SCMs) to meet project 

objectives and local design standards. Knowing which tool to use that best fits a project is important to matching the 

tool complexity with project budget and level of detail necessary. 

The purpose of this study is to perform a comprehensive review of tools available for modeling stormwater 

management facilities (i.e. SCMs). The objectives of this analysis are: 

• To evaluate each modeling tool and determine key input parameters and summarize advantages and 

disadvantages of each tool. Specifically, addressing how each tool helps to meet local design criteria, such as 

peak flow control, volume control, water quality treatment, etc. 

• To provide an understanding of the fundamental calculations involved in each tool and how they differ from one 

tool to another. 

• To determine how to set up each tool for BMP sizing and modeling. 

• To develop a summary matrix of data and information collected. 

Methodology and Results 

This study starts with a comprehensive literature review that identifies the various tools that are publicly available to 

model stormwater management facilities. The review focuses on developing a thorough understanding of the tool’s 

capabilities, functionality, and limitations. Example tools to be included, but not limited to, in the evaluation include 

SWMM, SDST Spreadsheet, SWAT, RECARGA, Win-SLAMM, LIDRA, L-THIA, P8-UMC, SET, Green Values Stormwater 

Calculator, MMSD LID Quicksheet, GWLF, STEPL, CWP Runoff Reduction Method.. 

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A matrix will be developed that includes a summary of the following information: 

• Has the tool already been used for a certain type of BMP design/modeling aspect 

• Does the tool allow both discrete storm event and continuous simulations 

• What scale does the tool function at 

• Is the tool proprietary 

• How complex is the tool 

• Does the tool offer alternative methods to model and design BMPs 

• What aspects of stormwater management does the tool address (water quality, channel protection, collection 

system, flood control) 

• What are the calculations used in the tool 

• What are the evaluation techniques (runoff curve number changes, infiltration model, etc) 

A select number of tools that each provide a different perspective on modeling BMPs will be run using an example site 

design with post-construction monitored data to numerically evaluate which tool best represents the site conditions. 


Expected completion date is April 2013. 

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6621 

Biological Elements in Rain Garden Design 

Anton Skorobogatov – University of Calgary 

PO Box 10 Site 16 DeWinton, AB, T0L0X0 

587-896-4074 

skoro.anton@gmail.com 

Wendy Thorne – University of Calgary 

2500 University Drive Northwest Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 

wthorne@ucalgary.ca 

Bernard Amell 

1601 17A Street SE Calgary, Alberta T2G 3W8 

main@riparia.ca 

Watershed degradation due to poor stormwater management practices that exist today is becoming a prominent problem. Treating 

stormwater at the source using bioretention systems or rain gardens is highly promising, yet practical implementation of these 

systems is hindered by a lack of guidelines, knowledge, and thoroughly analyzed precedents. This research project analyzes the 

function of biological elements of the rain garden design in the context of Southern and Central Alberta, Canada. In the past, 

vegetation had always played a role in drainage engineering – reducing speed of water flow, trapping sediment, preventing bank 

erosion. Somehow the capacity of vegetation to regulate the behaviour of water has not been translated adequately into rain 

garden design practices. For the most part, vegetation serves to improve the aesthetic appeal of rain gardens. 

This project’s objective is to examine the effect that vegetation has on soil hydraulic conductivity, and the practical implications that 

such effect would have on rain garden design. Select plant species have the ability to act as biofilters due to their unique ability to 

break down pollutants and toxic chemicals. Furthermore, as growing and decaying plant roots create macropores and facilitate 

microbial growth, the choice of plant species may significantly affect the soil hydraulic conductivity of rain gardens. 

Another objective of this project is to analyze the use of organic matter in rain garden soil media, as currently the soil media are 

primarily made of mineral soil materials. Thorough research is needed to substantiate the selection of a given soil media type. 

Compost use has been shown to cause an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity in select studies. This project is analyzing the effect 

of organic matter content on soil permeability in a rain garden setting. 

The operating instrument of this project is the Guelph permeameter. The benefits of this instrument include in-situ data acquisition, 

compactness of set-up, individual operation, saturation of soil media, and constant head of water in the test well. Constant head 

provides a more accurate representation of hydraulic properties of a given media since the weight of water column stays the same. 

Therefore, the rate of water movement is the function of the hydraulic nature of the material being tested. The permeameter was 

used to perform a series of measurements within isolated plant communities of anthropogenic origin, e.g. established garden beds 

and shelterbelts. By analyzing the relationship between soil hydraulic conductivity within the planted areas as compared to the 

surrounding space lacking the vegetation of interest (the control environment), the experiments provide insight into the effect of 

vegetation on soil-water properties. The age of plantings, plant species, as well as soil amendments are analyzed as hydraulic 

conductivity variables. 

To date, over 150 sites were tested. These primarily include parks and green areas of the City of Calgary, as well as shelterbelt 

plantings in the Town of Bowden, and bioretention sites in the City of Edmonton. The preliminary analysis indicates a positive 

correlation between aged woody plant communities and soil hydraulic conductivity. There is also data supporting the use of organic 

matter to facilitate rain garden permeability. The research project is currently in the state of data analysis, and more soil hydraulic 

conductivity data will be acquired in the summer of 2013. 

By introducing the biological variable into the design of rain gardens, this research has the potential to have considerable impact on 

the effectiveness and sustainability of alternative stormwater management. 

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Performance of Green Infrastructure Source Controls Retrofits within New York City 

John McLaughlin, Director, Office of Ecological Services – New York City Department of Environmental Protection 


718-595-4458 

johnm@dep.nyc.gov 

Julie Stein, Director, Wet Weather Planning & Water Quality Policy – New York City Department of Environmental 

Protection 


718-595-4397 

julies@dep.nyc.gov 

Matthew Jones, PE, PhD, Principal Engineer – Hazen and Sawyer 

4011 WestChase Blvd., Suite 500, Raleigh, NC 27607 

919-833-7152 

mjones@hazenandsawyer.com 


498 Seventh Ave., 11 th Floor, New York, NY 10018 

212-777-8400 


William Leo, PE, Senior Vice President – HDR-HydroQual 

1200 MacArthur Blvd., Mahwah, NJ 07430 

212-777-8400 

William.leo@hdrinc.com 

In order to meet stormwater management and combined sewer overflow challenges, the New York City Department of 

Environmental Protection (DEP) is leading the implementation of green infrastructure, with plans to manage runoff from 

10% of impervious surfaces in combined sewer areas. To support the foundation of this initiative, an array of green 

infrastructure pilots have been constructed at locations throughout the City and have provided critical information 

regarding the logistics of implementing these controls and details of their functionality and performance. A quantitative 

and qualitative monitoring program is a key aspect of pilot efforts. 

Performance monitoring has been conducted at more than 20 green infrastructure pilots for more than a year. Source 

control pilots include bioswales, permeable pavement, bioretention, subsurface infiltration, blue roof, and green roof 

installations. These practices have been installed within public housing facilities, rights-of-way, parks, parking lots, 

highway medians, and on rooftops. Remote monitoring equipment has supported quantitative performance 

evaluations, focusing on elements such as runoff detention and retention performance, infiltration rates and drawdown 

times, and water and soil quality. Flow monitoring equipment predominantly consists of various configurations of 

pressure transducers, weirs, and flumes. On-site hydrant testing of these flow monitoring installations has yielded 

valuable information regarding the accuracy of measurements and relation to laboratory calibrated rating curves, as well 

as generate pilot performance under controlled conditions. Qualitative evaluations, conducted during routine site visits, 

have considered elements like the success of planted vegetation and maintenance requirements. 

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In many cases, green infrastructure pilots have demonstrated their ability to provide substantial runoff retention 

benefits, even in dense urban areas with anthropogenic soils. The retention characteristics of these source controls 

effectively eliminate the effect of impervious areas on the downstream sewer system in some instances, even for storms 

in excess of 1 inch depth. In all cases, pilots are providing some level of stormwater control through a combination of 

detention and retention, although the nature and extent of runoff management has varied based on the type of control 

and location. 

Monitoring efforts have also supported evaluations of curb cut and runoff conveyance mechanisms, and general 

performance, such as drawdown rates and durations. For example, bypass has been observed at some curb cut 

retrofits, but varies depending upon the curb cut design, while drawdown durations at all pilots have generally been 

short enough to provide storage capacity for future storm events. Water quality and soil samples are also providing 

valuable information on the nature of influent and effluent pollutants, their potential fate within these green 

infrastructure controls, and associated maintenance implications. 

In total, pilot monitoring efforts have demonstrated the feasibility and benefit of stormwater management with green 

infrastructure in a dense, ultra-urban environment. These evaluations have provided crucial information regarding the 

functionality and performance of green infrastructure within the City, better informing future designs and guiding citywide 

modeling, planning, and implementation efforts. 

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6623 

Retrofit of a Pervious Pavement System to Improve Storage Control in a Combined Sanitary Sewershed 

Scott Struck – Geosyntec Consultants 

10955 Westmoor Drive, Westminster CO 80021 

303-586-8194 

sstruck@geosyntec.com 

Nina Cudahy – City of Omaha 

5600 S 10 St 

Omaha, NE 68108 

402-444-3915 ext. 229 

Nina.Cudahy@ci.omaha.ne.us 

The City of Omaha Public Works Department is concerned about the effectiveness of pervious pavement to improve 

water quality and mitigate peak flow rates in developed watersheds. Pervious pavement can be designed with some 

detention storage volume, a typical underdrain, and an overflow. The City is interested in reducing runoff flow rates of 

storm events to relieve pressure on the downstream conveyance system and receiving waters. The reduction and 

control of runoff volumes is important in all built up watersheds, in particular within the City’s combined sewer service 

area where on site control of runoff will help with the reduction of combined sewer overflow (CSO) volume, frequency, 

and magnitude. 

The City of Omaha is interested in monitoring and testing of a real time control system to gain increased peak flow and 

volume control by retrofitting the underdrain outlets and installing control and monitoring equipment within these 

systems. By implementing real-time controlled release valve systems within each of the underdrain pipes beneath the 

pervious pavement the City has the option of increasing the storage volume within the aggregate layer. Integrating the 

real-time controlled release valve system with water level monitoring equipment and forecasted precipitation data from 

a nearby weather station, site specific logic and decision making algorithms can be developed to capture stormwater 

runoff on-site during wet weather conditions, decreasing the volume entering the nearby stormwater conveyance 

system and the combined sewer system. For smaller storm events, the controlled valve within the underdrain system 

would be opened, drawing down the water level within the aggregate layer at a point runoff from the forecasted event. 

Monitoring of the Pervious Pavement 

Several monitoring sensor locations have been installed to provide information on function and determine decision 

making logic for real time control valves. Figure 1 indicates the pervious pavement installation and monitoring locations 

while Figure 2 shows a profile view of the built system and connection to stormwater infrastructure. 

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Monitoring Box 

Figure 2. Plan view of approximate monitoring locations. 

Monitoring 

Equipment 

RTC Actuator 

Figure 3. Profile view of approximate monitoring locations. 

Monitoring results will be shared with the audience to provide an understanding or volume control benefits of a real 

time control approach. In addition, water quality and construction implications will be addressed for wider applicability 

as well as for comparison to other passive control techniques which provide storage (e.g., up-turned pipe elbows). 

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6624 

Refining the Maintenance Techniques for Interlocking Concrete Paver GIs 

Amirhossein Ehsaei 

Presenter 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WS Speed Hall 101, Louisville, KY 40292 a.ehsaei@louisville.edu 

Sam Abdollahian 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WS Speed Hall 101, Louisville, KY 40292 

s0abdo02@louisville.edu 

Michael Borst 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2890 Woodbridge Ave., MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837borst.mike@epa.gov 

Robert A. Brown 

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2890 

Woodbridge Ave., MS-104, Edison, NJ 08837; PH (732) 906-6898 


Justin Gray 

Louisville/Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District, 700 W. Liberty Street, Louisville, KY 40203 

gray@msdlouky.org 

Lara Kurtz 

URS Corporation, 325 W. Main Street, Suite 1200, Louisville, KY 40202 

lara.kurtz@urs.com 

Surface clogging adversely affects the performance of Interlocking Concrete Pavements (ICP) by reducing their ability to 

infiltrate stormwater runoff. Determining the correct methods for remedial maintenances is crucial to recovering and 

maintaining efficient ICP performance. To examine the effectiveness of two maintenance techniques for recovering 

surface infiltration this study analyzed the recovered sediments from the surface of the ICP and the pre and post 

maintenance surface infiltration rates. 

The initial maintenance technique consisted of a regenerative vacuum sweeping truck treatment. The second 

maintenance followed a manufactures’ recommended air pressure blowout of the ICP surface and gaps. The 

maintenance techniques were employed on two ICP green infrastructure (GI) controls in a Louisville, KY area. 

The study collected samples of the material removed from the ICP installations during each maintenance and analyzed 

them for Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and Organic Matter (OM). The analysis indicated that the well graded sediment 

fell out first along the upper gradient of the ICP control, while larger organic material clogged down gradient gaps. To 

quantify the surface clogging, the study used both embedded instrumentation and surface infiltration testing. 

Through the analysis of recovered sediment samples, and comparison of pre- and post-maintenance infiltration rates 

against the rainfall data, the effectiveness of each technique is determined. Initial results indicated that the air pressure 

blow out technique is more effective in recovery of the surface infiltration rates. Going forward the study plans to 

continue the analysis of collected sediment samples and recovered infiltration rates to examine the impact of seasonal 

variability and the surround physical environment on sediment loading in the control. The results will be used to refine 

maintenance techniques and frequencies for ICP controls. 

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6625 

Stormwater Reuse – Retrofitting Last Century Systems for the Future 

Brett H. Emmons – Emmons & Olivier Resources 

651 Hale Ave. N. Oakdale, MN 55128 

651-770-8448 

bemmons@eorinc.com 

Klayton Eckles – City of Woodbury, MN 

8301 Valley Creek Rd. Woodbury, MN 55125 

651-714-3593 

keckles@ci.woodbury.mn.us 

Introduction 

Reuse and harvesting of stormwater for other needs is not new and has been used in many places and throughout time. 

However, in modern urban settings it seems to be a forgotten approach, but is prime for being rediscovered. Water 

supply in urban settings has been provided by potable water systems and all water needs have tended to migrate to that 

source. However, there are many water demands that do not need the high quality water delivered in potable water 

systems. 

Our approach has been to use an applied research grant to better understand and define how stormwater can be reused 

to reduce stromwater impacts and reduce our use of potable water, especially in cases where non-potable water is 

compatible. Challenges include quantifying stormwater benefits of reuse given the variability of rain and storage and 

adapting reuse approaches originally designed in arid regions to more temperate areas where stormwater treatment is a 

primary goal. 

Goals and Objectives 

The project is intended to address obstacles to making stormwater reuse a more reliable and common tool for urban 

stormwater managers. The reuse of stormwater, with emphasis on non-potable applications, has unique benefits that 

make it a good tool for meeting newly emerging stormwater volume control rules. The goal is to provide guidance on 

how to quantify the benefits or “credits” of stromwater reuse. This is especially applicable in urban settings where reuse 

does not have limitations associated with the some soils like other practices such as infiltration do. The objective is to 

operationalize stormwater reuse via a new spreadsheet calculator and through a selection process identifying retrofit 

opportunities. 

The Problem 

The challenges that are driving the re-examination of water reuse and harvesting are many-fold: 

1. Potable Water source systems are under pressure of being depleted and unsustainable 

2. Costs of both providing potable water and safe “disposal” of stormwater are increasing 

3. Volume control standards, which are quickly becoming the new norm, face challenges in difficult settings like 

problem soils and highly urban landscapes 

These are all aspects supporting a “one water paradigm,” which views water in our lives as an integrated system. In that 

context, sustainable water management will increasingly look to solutions that wisely manage resources across sectors, 

but this change has been slow to evolve. The one water paradigm is in contrast to the status quo of each “silo” trying to 

dispose of its problems and burdening other facets of our environment and systems in the process. Interestingly, 

integrating water management may also provide some more cost effective ways of providing better outcomes. 

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In our experience, utilizing water reuse for stormwater is good in concept, but defining benefits numerically, especially 

to meet a regulatory volume control standard, can be a challenge. Key challenges that still remain within the water 

reuse and water harvesting include: 

-Quantifying stormwater volume control benefits (credits) in reuse situations 

-Modifying the paradigm away from arid-climates emphasis on storage and hoarding of water to more of a temperate 

climate approach of more use and natural recycling of water 

The Approach 

There is more experience being in arid areas of the country and world where stormwater is a valuable resource and is 

hoarded to address water shortages. However, in less arid areas, stormwater volume control is needed to mitigate 

runoff from changing land uses. Therefore the focus must be less on retaining runoff for prolonged periods for later use, 

but rather using the water and recovering storage capacity in order to limit impacts of un-managed runoff. So while this 

distinction may seem minor, there are some important design elements that are different between the two types of 

regions in the country, especially in urban settings: 

-Storage can be expensive and optimizing storage for runoff volume control is important 

-Green space where water can be used for irrigation may be a limiting factor 

-Water quality of the source water must be compatible with the end use or treated 

The Solution 

To provide a practical solution to the designer’s and reviewer’s questions of how much credit should be given to a reuse 

facility, we developed a spreadsheet model to assess designs and quantify benefits. The model allows us to test the 

storage needed and green space used for irrigation to optimize the system. The optimized system is judged against the 

amount of runoff volume reduced from leaving the system, not necessarily minimizing outside needs for water. 

Figure 1. Model simulation of Basin Used for Reuse 

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Figure 2. Runoff volume fate for various hydrologic regimes using an optimized storage scenario. 

With the use of the model, we are able to optimize the storage needed while still being effective at volume control. The 

amount of green space needed to support effective treatment via irrigation was found to be a driving parameter in the 

design of reuse systems in urban situations. Also reviewed was the water quality of typical stormwater and limitations 

and treatment that may be needed when selecting water reuse as a practice. 

Case Studies 

Making water reuse operational is the next challenge. Site selection can be an issue and knowing where water is 

collected and stored compared to reuse areas is important. One systematic approach that a community, Woodbury, 

MN, is beginning to use is addressing runoff treatment requirements associated with road reconstruction projects. 

Treatment for road corridors is typically a challenge, but this community is looking more at using water reuse as their 

preferred stormwater treatment approach. Case studies of water reuse will be discussed to illustrate the design and 

operational aspects that must be considered, ranging from finding the appropriate irrigation expertise to locating public 

parks and open spaces. 

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Bioretention Basins in a Target Parking Lot 

Don Asleson – Target Corporation 

50 South 10 th Street, TP3-0705 

612-761-5066 

Don.Asleson@Target.com 

Zach Chamberlain – Target Corporation 

50 South 10 th Street, TP3-0705 

612-761-5949 

Zach.Chamberlain@Target.com 

Retails sites with expansive impervious surfaces can contribute to local stormwater quantity and quality management 

challenges. Site discharges may contain increased volume and pollutants such as metals, TSS, nutrients, and oils/greases 

within these highly developed areas. Treating these discharges is often difficult because retail centers have minimal 

undeveloped areas for additional stormwater treatment infrastructure. While it is difficult to find room for stormwater 

improvements at these sites, they are often prime areas for cost effective retrofits and could provide vast improvements 

to water management within local watersheds. 

While these sites have their difficulties, they are often overlooked by local governing entities as areas eligible for public 

private partnerships. Partnerships between public and private entities can provide a productive and beneficial way to 

manage and implement stormwater improvements in an efficient, cost effective manner. Instead of waiting for 

redevelopment or local land availability in densely developed areas, public and private entities should consider engaging 

private landowners through partnership projects. Partnerships outside of traditional regulatory framework can foster a 

culture of collaboration and communication with the result being highly productive and egaged stakeholders. 

Target demonstrates a commitment to the environment and stormwater through implementation of these partnership 

projects. Target benefits from these projects in a number of ways including, potential reduction in utility fees, cost 

sharing of construction costs, Improved Brand (aesthetics) and Guest Experience. Target strives to continue to be a Best 

in Community Partner as demonstrated through these projects. As opportunities present themselves target will continue 

to partner with local governing units to determine if additional water treatment BMPs are feasible on-site. When Target 

and local governing units find the right project that makes good business sense and satisfies local water management 

goals everyone wins, but most importantly stormwater wins. 

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Integrating Green Infrastructure with Public Works Projects to Reduce Combined Sewer Overflows and Stormwater 

Runoff in Lancaster City, PA 

Brian G. Marengo, P.E. – CH2M HILL 

1717 Arch St. Philadelphia, PA 19103 

215-640-9048 P/ 215-6409248 F 

brian.marengo@ch2m.com 

Charlotte Katzenmoyer, P.E. – City of Lancaster, PA 

120 N. Duke St., Lancaster, PA 17602 

(717) 291-4739 P / (717) 291-4721 F 

CKatzenm@cityoflancasterpa.com 

Andrew Potts, P.E. – CH2M HILL 

1717 Arch St. Philadelphia, PA 19103 

215-640-9048 P/ 215-6409248 F 

Andrew.potts@ch2m.com 

The City of Lancaster comprises approximately 7.4 square miles, including 248 acres of publicly-owned park land and 

playgrounds, 125 miles of streets and 27 miles of alleys. The City is heavily paved with impervious surfaces and approximately 

45% of the City is served by combined sewers. During wet weather events combined sewage flows exceed the capacity of the 

Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant and combined sewage is discharged directly to the Conestoga River. The Conestoga 

River is a tributary of the Susquehanna River which discharges to the Chesapeake Bay 

The Chesapeake Bay is a high priority for pollutant load reductions required by the revised total maximum daily loads (TMDL) 

issued by EPA as well as the Presidents Executive order 13508 requiring a new strategy for protecting and restoring the 

Chesapeake Bay. In addition, the City is required to reduce the frequency and volume of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) 

and storm water discharges. The City has developed an integrated approach to reduce the impacts of these pollutant sources 

through the use of green infrastructure (GI) and is achieving cost savings by integrating stormwater reduction projects as part 

of its core public works practices. 

The presentation will provide a review of case study projects excerpted from the 21 projects that have been implemented as a 

result of the City’s GI Plan completed in March 2011. The case studies provide cost effective approaches to integrate green 

infrastructure with other urban renewal and infrastructure needs. The approaches allow public works programs to better 

leverage public investments to meet clean water goals for CSO, MS4, and nutrient TMDLs at the same time as other city 

infrastructure is restored for parks, roads, and buildings. 

A cost effectiveness analysis indicated that the estimated incremental cost for GI (i.e. deducting costs that would be part of 

other needed improvements) is significantly less than the preliminary cost for gray infrastructure (e.g., large CSO storage 

tanks). Further, the GI Plan is demonstrating that integrating runoff management into typical public works projects can 

achieve runoff reduction benefits that are more cost effective than traditional conveyance and storage approaches while also 

providing community improvements and therefore extending the existing City budgets to accomplish more. 

Key lessons learned in cost savings approaches will be shared including City Parks restoration projects that manage 

stormwater from adjacent roads and right-of-way condition assessment approaches to identify opportunities to create green 

streets. The City has also developed effective methods to leverage the private sector to through public-private partnerships, 

innovative contracting vehicles and stormwater utility fee structures and associated rebate and incentive programs on typical 

property types. The GI plan is being considered as a statewide model and has received broad endorsement. 

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Rain Gardens and Car Wash Runoff: Perfect Together 

Michele E. Bakacs- Rutgers Cooperative Extension Middlesex/Union Counties 

42 Riva Ave. North Brunswick, NJ 08902 

P(732) 398-5274 F(732) 398-5276 

bakacs@njaes.rutgers.edu 

Steven E. Yergeau, Ph.D. 

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 

Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program 

14 College Farm Road 

New Brunswick, NJ 08901 

(848) 932-6745 

syergeau@envsci.rutgers.edu 

Christopher C. Obropta, Ph.D., P.E. 

Extension Specialist in Water Resources 

Associate Professor of Environmental Sciences 

Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 

14 College Farm Road, 2nd Floor 

New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551 

908-229-0210 

obropta@envsci.rutgers.edu 

This abstract describes results of a two year study investigating the nature of car wash runoff and whether rain gardens 

are an appropriate management practice for reducing car wash pollutants. Multiple car wash runoff contaminants, 

including surfactants in detergents, heavy metals, oils and greases, phosphorus, nitrogen, bacteria, and sediment, have 

been shown to impair aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted as part of a sustainable, green car wash project 

that utilizes rainwater harvesting and rain gardens installed in the Township of Clark, New Jersey. Four rain garden 

mesocosms were built by Rutgers Cooperative Extension in June, 2011 following guidelines outlined in the Rain Garden 

Manual of New Jersey. Car wash runoff was generated by mimicking typical car wash fundraiser events and then 

applying the soapy runoff to the mesocosms. Car wash runoff was collected prior to being discharged into the rain 

garden mesocosms (as influent) and upon exiting the mesocosms (as effluent) after being retained within the 

mesocosms for 24 hours. Samples were analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and surfactants. Removal efficiencies were calculated for these parameters. 

Temperature, dissolved oxygen content, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential were also measured to help evaluate the 

analytical results. Results indicate that mean TSS and surfactant effluent concentrations were significantly lower than car 

wash runoff influent for three mesocosms. Mean TP effluent concentrations were higher than the car wash runoff, 

although the results were not significant. PAHs were below detection limits in all samples. Removal efficiencies 

calculated for surfactants were above 89%, however these removal efficiencies were not enough to reduce 

concentrations to below literature-based values for chronic aquatic toxicity. This presentation will focus on the research 

results as well as how car wash fundraisers can be used as an educational opportunity for promoting watershed 

protection. 

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Stormwater Controls on a Golf Course to Restore Impaired Trout Stream 

Karen Kill – Brown’s Creek Watershed District 

1380 West Frontage Road, Hwy 36, Stillwater, MN 55082 

651-275-1136 x 26 FAX 651-275-1254 

Karen.kill@mnwcd.org 

Stillwater Country Club (SCC) has 65 acres of significantly altered surface hydrology, using a drain tile system to quickly 

move untreated stormwater from areas within play directly to Brown’s Creek, a designated trout stream listed as 

impaired for lack of biota due to high temperatures and TSS. A 74% TSS reduction is needed to meet TMDL goals. SCC, 

Browns Creek Watershed District and Washington Conservation District used funds from the 2010 Clean Water Legacy 

Fund to improve water quality. 

A series of raingardens, check dams, native plantings and 650 Enviro-lok Bags where installed in 12 project areas on the 

course to allow infiltration and to stabilize soils. Project implementations included two large raingardens near the club 

house to eliminate water within the fairway that was discharged to storm drains leading directly to Brown’s Creek, a 

constructed wetland, flowing into a raingarden series constructed to slow and improve water quality just upstream of a 

catchbasin, and a large treatment train of swales, native plantings, native planting waterways with check dams and 

additional raingardens off and online to reduce runoff from more than 65 acres of course prior to directly discharging to 

Brown’s Creek. The check dams were constructed using the Enviro-lok Bag system. 

The 12 project areas had a result of a 7% reduction in TSS loading to Brown’s Creek. The educational opportunities on 

the course have been tremendous as well with a large member audience learning about the project through direct 

ovservation, signage and handouts on what is blooming on the course each week. The SCC is very pleased with project 

results aesthetically and with course playability keeping greens and fairways free of water without increased drain tile. 

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Compare and Contrast LID Design Standards and Ordinances 

Brian C Lowther, PE 

Brian.lowther@aewsengineering.com 

919-900-4109 

We are conducting a comparison of design standards and ordinances for Low Impact Design (LID) practices. Design 

standards for these practices will vary on a state-by-state basis, as well as among municipalities. There are many 

published LID manuals by non-profit organizations, universities, state agencies, and municipalities. LID practices are 

being required in many NPDES Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permits. For example, the new Los 

Angeles County-wide MS4 permit requires permittees that implement a watershed management program must 

demonstrate that they have a LID ordinance in place, as well as LID design principles, LID strategies and LID control 

BMPs. Our study will focus on identify the LID Design Manuals and Ordinances currently available, and compare and 

contrast them. We plan to identify trends that are developing from the first manuals to the most current. One of the 

first LID manuals developed was in Prince George Maryland (1997) and more recent LID manuals have been approved 

like the LID Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound (2012). We believe there will be trends in the manuals based on 

new and ongoing research and learning from previously completed LID projects. 

As part of our study we also plan to examine stormwater rules, permits, ordinances, incentives, and credits among 

various state and municipal programs. Our focus will be on design standards for LID practices including but not limited to 

bioretention cells, infiltration basins, permeable pavement, open space, cisterns and reuse. The study will include 

comparisons of LID requirements for new development, urban retrofit and redevelopment projects. The study will 

primarily investigate approved LID design manuals and ordinances, and will also examine projects that have been built 

according to each design manual. 

This project is currently in the conceptual phase but it is will be completed by the time papers/presentations need to be 

completed. We feel this study will be very helpful for us as well as the participants of the conference. 

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Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting and Infiltration Facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area 

LAURA PRICKETT, CPESC, AICP – Environmental Project Manager 

50 Fremont Street, Suite 1500 


415.490.2383 office 

415.693.8429 mobile 

415.546.1602 fax 

Laura.Prickett@parsons.com 

Jill Bicknell, P.E. – EOA, Inc. 

111 West Evelyn Avenue, Suite 110, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA 

Phone 1.408.720.8811 / Fax 1.408.720.8812 

Jcbicknell@Eoainc.Com 

Stormwater quality regulations in California are increasingly requiring onsite retention as a method of stormwater 

treatment. A number of municipal stormwater National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits 

requiring low impact development measures for land development projects and emphasizing onsite stormwater 

retention have been issued in recent years. This approach is well suited to jurisdictions with suburban patterns of 

development, but there are significant challenges for onsite retention in urban locations with existing high density 

development and plans and policies to prioritize development in areas served by transit facilities and other 


In 2011, municipal stormwater permit requirements for low impact development phased in for 76 jurisdictions in the 

San Francisco Bay Area, requiring that development projects over a specified size threshold treat stormwater runoff with 

infiltration, evapotranspiration, or rainwater harvesting and use. Where this is infeasible, the permit allows 

development projects to use biotreatment (bioretention with underdrains). Challenges to implementing onsite 

retention in the Bay Area include predominantly clayey soils, small lot sizes, and the need to address the new 

requirements in high density, urban redevelopment projects. 

As required by their shared regional stormwater permit, the 76 jurisdictions developed criteria for evaluating, on a 

project by project basis, the feasibility and infeasibility of implementing rainwater harvesting and infiltration to meet 

stormwater treatment requirements (evapotranspiration was assumed to be part of all landscaped treatment 

measures). The criteria are now in use, and the jurisdictions are currently collaborating to assess the implementation of 

the criteria. A regional Feasibility Criteria Status Report is being prepared for submittal to regulators by December 2013. 

This presentation will describe the criteria for evaluating the feasibility of using rainwater harvesting and infiltration to 

meet stormwater treatment requirements, present data on the number and percentage of projects subject to 

stormwater regulations that include infiltration facilities and/or rainwater harvesting systems, provide case studies of 

projects in which infiltration and/or rainwater harvesting and use is feasible, and identify aspects of the projects and 

project sites that allowed infiltration and/or rainwater harvesting to be feasible. 

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U.S. Veterans: A Workforce for Stormwater Solutions 

Amy Rowe – Rutgers Cooperative Extension 


Phone: 973-287-6360 Fax: 973-364-5261 

rowe@njaes.rutgers.edu 

Jan Zientek – Rutgers Cooperative Extension 


Phone: 973-228-3719 Fax: 973-364-5261 

zientek@njaes.rutgers.edu 

Through a partnership consisting of Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Essex County and the Veterans Affairs NJ Health Care 

System (VA NJHCS), unemployed NJ Veterans have been trained through a green job skills program focused on sustainable 

landscaping and stormwater management at the East Orange Campus of VA NJHCS. The Sustainable Landscape and 

Stormwater Management program provided in-class sessions reinforced with hands-on installations of rain gardens, rain barrel 

construction and installation, organic gardening techniques, and planting of native plants around the campus. The veterans 

learned job skills in a rapidly-growing industry while serving as a workforce for preventing stormwater damage, resulting in an 

environmentally-friendly facility and aesthetically-pleasing hospital grounds. 

The landscape at the East Orange Campus was redefined as an opportunity to teach veterans about the natural world and 

provide them with the therapeutic value of practicing horticulture. These changes have led to managing the existing landscape 

organically, incorporating native plants that can tolerate insects and diseases without chemical intervention, and encouraging 

veterans and staff to enjoy their surroundings. Peer mentoring also occurred with class participants introducing other veterans 

to gardening. 

Training participants practiced their newly-acquired skills in the local community through demonstration projects, which may 

lead to industry connections and job opportunities. The class worked with a community non-profit group in Newark, the 

Ironbound Community Corporation, to install a cistern that will provide water for the neighborhood garden. The class also 

participated in hands-on training to install permeable pavement at the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s 

Region 2 facility. This field training reinforced the concepts and design applications that were taught in the classroom. 

One outcome of the training class was that the installation of stormwater management controls will reduce stormwater 

generated onsite at the East Orange VA facility by 37,000 gallons per year. The demand for drinking water at the facility has 

been reduced by 12,000 gallons per year, with more savings expected as more rain barrels are installed. During 2012, 

community gardens at the East Orange Campus produced more than 2,000 pounds of local, sustainably-grown vegetables. 

Veterans enrolled in the class have increased their awareness of stormwater management, sustainable landscaping, and 

environmental issues. This class has lead to continued environmental stewardship in neighborhoods and communities, as well 

as the sharing of knowledge with others. 

There is increasing demand for green infrastructure installations to manage stormwater and a trained workforce is needed to 

fulfill that demand. Veterans returning from active duty suffer a much higher unemployment rate (23%) than that of the 

general population (~9%). This program creates skilled stormwater management workers while also providing education and 

training for veterans hoping to re-enter the workforce. The VA facility and local community have benefitted from the 

stormwater practices that have been installed as part of the hands-on field experience that the training provides. The 

Sustainable Landscaping and Stormwater Management program is ongoing and 3 iterations of the class have been completed. 

2 graduates have started their own businesses, 2 have found jobs, and several others have become community leaders 

teaching others about the importance of sustainable living. 

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Conceptual Plans to Address Dry- and Wet-Weather Urban Runoff for Downtown Los Angeles: 

Adding a Little Green to the Grey 

Steve Carter, P.E. – Tetra Tech 

9444 Balboa Ave., Suite 215, San Diego, CA 92123 

858.268.5746, Fax: 858.268.5809 

steve.carter@tetratech.com 

Shahram Kharaghani - City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Sanitation 

1149 South Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90015 

213-485-3958\213-485-3939 

shahram.kharaghani@lacity.org 

Alfredo Magallanes - City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Sanitation 

1149 South Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90015 

213-485-3958\213-485-3939 

alfredo.magallanes@lacity.org 

Jason Wright, P.E. – Tetra Tech 


858.268.5746, Fax: 858.268.5809 

Jason.wright@tetratech.com 

Dustin Bambic, P.H. – Tetra Tech 

712 Melrose Ave, Nashville, TN 37211 

(615) 252-4795 

dustin.bambic@tetratech.com 

The LA River is impaired by multiple pollutants including bacteria, metals, trash, oil, and nutrients. To address these 

impairments, the State has developed total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), which contain compliance schedules for the City to 

reduce impacts from stormwater discharges. To meet the TMDLs the city has proposed to implement a variety of projects 

intended to treat dry- and wet-weather flows utilizing both conventional and green infrastructure approaches. Dry-weather 

flows will be treated with a Low Flow Diversion System (LFD) and a Reuse and Removal Urban Flow System (R 2 UFS) that will 

divert runoff to the sanitary sewer. Wet-weather flows will be treated with green infrastructure implemented in the street 

right-of-way. Conceptual plans were developed to treat the runoff from two targeted LA River subwatersheds that support the 

City of Los Angeles’ Water Quality Master Plan and contribute to compliance with stormwater regulations. The optimal 

location for the dry-weather BMPs was evaluated and determined based on the impact of the stormwater discharge to the LA 

River, identifying the discharge with the highest bacteria concentration, and the cost or feasibility of diverting the flow to the 

sanitary sewer. Potential sites for wet-weather BMP implementation were identified using a targeted Geographic Information 

System approach to evaluate multiple options for BMPs to identify the most cost-effective option. The method involved 

identifying potential sites based on parcel ownership, slope, soil type, parcel size, potential groundwater contamination, land 

use, and proximity to the dry-weather BMP. Field reconnaissance for the highest priority sites was performed to verify the 

prioritization parameters and to further prioritize potential sites. The potential site for wet-weather BMP implementation in 

each watershed with the highest priority was evaluated using the decision support system SUSTAIN (System for Urban 

Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration), a public domain watershed model and BMP planning tool developed for the 

EPA, to determine the optimal BMP type, size, and configuration while minimizing costs. Conceptual designs were developed 

for each watershed including details for the design and implementation of the LFD and R 2 UFS and discussion on the multiple 

benefits of green infrastructure. Geotechnical conditions, performance specifications for each BMP type, approximate size and 

configuration, operation and maintenance requirements, recommended plant selection, conceptual drawings, architectural 

renderings, and cost estimates were provided for the wet-weather BMPs. The conceptual designs will assist the City of Los 

Angeles in budgeting for future implementation projects to assure compliance with the MS4 permit. 

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Beyond Concept: Implementing LID Regulations with Clear Design, Effective Construction Techniques, and Monitoring 

for Adaptation 

Paul Moline – Carver County Water Management Organization 

600 E. 4 TH ST, Chaska, MN 55391 

w 952-361-1825/fax 952-361-1828 

pmoline@co.carver.mn.us 

Kent Torve – Wenck Associates 

1800 Pioneer Creek Center, P.O. Box 249, Maple Plain, MN 55359 

w 763-479-4200/fax 763-479-4242 

ktorve@wenck.com 

Objective 

Present the County Water Management Organization’s history of implementing a full cycle LID program for a broad 

spectrum of sites, developers, engineers and contractors, where the ordinance requirements for development are 

clearly understood, the engineering and construction requirements are well defined, and field construction, inspection, 

compliance and monitoring are all followed through, to ensure long term performance. 

Background 

Carver County Water Management Organization (CCWMO) has implemented water management rules since the 

adoption of its first County – wide Watershed Management Plan in 2001. Minnesota State statute gives the County all 

of the authority and responsibility for water management – planning, funding, regulation, and implementation. 

The CCWMO implements development (LID) regulation on a water quantity, water quality and, most recently, a volume 

basis. The CCWMO is also responsible for wetland regulation, flood plain, and sensitive area protection. In addition to 

typical rate control (existing = post developed rates) and also wet pond water quality for TSS and phosphorus removal, 

the CCWMO has also required “bio-filtration” which in tight (clay) soils is a method to provide additional filtering of 

stormwater, some vegetation uptake, and creates the treatment train which is most effective in stormwater 

management. 

The objective of this presentation is to show the current development permitting program along with lessons learned in 

the full cycle of BMP implementation from permitting, engineering, construction and monitoring by the County over the 

past decade for several hundred BMP’s also involving several hundreds of contractors and engineers. Designs, 

construction methods and the means to achieve the rule standards and pollutant reduction goals will be shown. 

Technical Components 

The presentation will highlight the filtration component which has been developed by the CCWMO to typically retain 6 

inches of wet volume across a bio-filtration basin, which is discharged through a sand and rock layer to an underlying 

draintile. The filtration history has shown the following approaches are most successful at the Engineering Phase: 

• Requiring significant detail (e.g. – elevations) on BMP plan sheets and also utility plan sheets New BMP 

technologies are incorporated into the most recent rules version, including the option of using iron – enhanced 

sand filtration for increased phosphorus removal. 

• Engineering and construction requirements are described within the County’s guidelines for easy inclusion into a 

plan set. 

• A “credit calculator” was created to estimate sizing and pollutant reduction for each BMP based on the credit s 

given by the CCWMO. 

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Similarly, the filtration history will present that the following approaches are most successful at the Construction phase: 

• Half foot intervals for design depths of stormwater (6, 12 or 18 inches) 

• Requiring adequate hydraulic gradient (“fall”) across the system to promote vegetation growth 

• Utilizing standard or typical construction materials for use in engineering plan sets (drain tile, rock, sand, 

geotextile, etc.) 

• Directing (educating) construction methods at critical points of the BMP (weir wall elevations and sealing, use of 

geotextile, rock and compost material quality, etc.) 

Construction Components 

Input to the actual construction process (“in the field”) has been determined to be the most important aspect of 

successful BMP operation. The lessons learned over the past 10 years involving hundreds of different contractors and 

field personnel, include field inspection at critical times, attending the pre-construction meeting, individual 

communication with subcontractors responsible for BMP construction, and follow up compliance inspections and 

corrective actions including enforcement when absolutely needed. Involvement in construction along with input to the 

design details created by the Engineer have simplified the process and construction errors have been reduced greatly. 

Input from contractors regarding construction techniques, materials, phasing, and adaption to local soil conditions have 

altered BMP standard plan sets and specs. 

Water Quality Sampling 

Finally, the CCWMO incorporates water quality sampling of the differing types of filtration and other BMP’s to ensure 

that design and construction meet the intended water quality standards (in effect closing the loop). The data collection 

over several years shows the benefits of biofiltration to decision and policy makers, developers and other regulators, 

and as guided rule changes and design. Range of reductions from a decade of data collection show up to 90% reduction 

for TSS, and up to 60% for TP. 

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Optimizing the South Bend Cso Long-Term Control Plan with Green Infrastructure 

Scott Dierks – Cardno Jfnew 

605 South Main Street, Suite 2, Ann Arbor, MI 

P: 734-222-9690/F: 734-222-9655 

Scott.Dierks@Cardno.Com 

Jeff Frey - Optimatics 

6535 North Olmsted, Chicago, IL 

P: 773-792-2661/F: 630-670-5001 

Jeff.Frey@Optimatics.Com 

The City of South Bend, Indiana recently completed an optimization study for its combined sewer overflow (CSO) Long- 

Term Control Plan (LTCP) that has the potential to save the city up to $127M of its original $412M 20-year life cycle 

costs. The optimization determined that downsizing or eliminating some of the City’s originally proposed grey 

infrastructure along with the incorporation of $27M in green infrastructure and real-time control would realize this cost 

savings. The optimization used a genetic algorithm and 50,000 runs of the citywide CSO USEPA SWMM model to find the 

least-cost solution that meets the consent decree overflow criteria. The SWMM LID tool was used to generate the green 

infrastructure hydrologic performance curves. 

The decision support approach used for the South Bend LTCP optimization is a unique technology that has been applied 

to water distribution systems and wastewater collection systems as early as 1996. Its application to a combined sewer 

system to address CSOs using a combination of conveyance, storage, linear transport/storage, green infrastructure and 

real-time control options is new. 

In contrast to a traditional simulation-evaluation-course correction approach that relies on a long set of simulations in 

series, this optimized decision support approach utilizes web-based parallel computing capabilities and an algorithm that 

utilizes the best results from each generation of simulations as the starting point for the next set of simulations. For this 

project, the optimization of each generation’s “fitness” was judged against the CSO consent decree overflow criteria for 

minimizing the number and volume of overflows, and cost minimization. 

The project team included (1) modeling and cost experts to evaluate and verify the performance of the existing and 

optimized LTCP plans, (2) green infrastructure/LID experts to survey the potential for green technologies across the 

service area and estimate the effectiveness of each technology, (3) real-time control experts to review potential new 

sites for RTC and develop operating procedures and flow impacts for numerous scenarios, and (4) optimization experts 

to refine and apply the decision support software tools. 

For the LID analysis, we first developed a set of constrtaints for the use of LID in all the CSO subwwatersheds. For 

instnace, we ruled out the use of LID in areas with C or D soils, or with a separation between the proposed BMP bottom 

elevation and seasonal high groundwater or bedrock less than or equal to three feet. We assumed bioretention was 

feasible only in lawn extensions (within the right-of-way) that were more than eight-feet wide. We also asumed that 

curb extension bioretention areas were only feasible on streets greater than 24-feet wide. We also decided against the 

application of green roofs because almost the entire service area is built-out and roofs were either not designed for the 

extra weight or the actual volume reduction was judged to be too low and/or the cost-to-volume reduction ratio too 

high. 

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The SWMM LID BMP tool was used to evaluate the LID performance. We assumed that all BMPs were sized based on the 

drainage from impervious areas only and set the ratio of drainage area to BMP area between 8 to 1 to 10 to 1. We also 

were careful not to “double-treat” or “over-treat” areas by making sure that only the area that could feasibly fit a suite 

of BMPs and no more was applied in each model run. Based on these constraints we narrowed our choices of BMPs and 

our simulation techniques for these BMPs to the following: 

BMP Unit Cost Drainage Area Modeling Technique 

Roof Drain 

Disconnects 

$50/disconnect All rooftops Reduction in directly 

connected impervious area 

(DCIA) 

Rain Garden $8/SF Driveway and sidewalk 

drainage 

Modeled as bioretention 

without an underdrain 

Lawn extension 

bioretention 

$10/SF Roads and driveways Modeled as bioretention with 

underdrain 

Curb extension 

bioretention 

$12/SF Roads and driveways Modeled as bioretention with 

underdrain 

Porous pavement $13/SF Roads and alleys Modeled as pervious 

pavement 

We ran each set of BMPs at a range of areal application rates between 5% to 100% of the total area available for each 

kind of BMP. This entailed 18 dfferent BMP scenario model runs for 30 individual CSO subareas. We condensed these 

540 runs into sets of volume reduction versus cost curves for each BMP for each subarea. These results were further 

simplified by developing a relationship between the explicit volume reduction calculated with the LID tool and a 

reduction in DCIA for each subwatershed. This simplification was necessary in order to provide the optimizaation routine 

a fairly simple “knob” to turn as the routine made adjustments with each successive generation of model runs. We also 

developed a lower boundary of BMP performance by simply decreasing the volume reduction for all BMP scenarios by 

half. 

The optimziation utilized 104 computers over 250 generations of model runs and generated 50,000 iterations of the 

entire systemwide CSO model. The selected optimization capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs are 

$270.2M and $29.4M (present worth over 20-years), respectively, while the original, projected LTCP capital and O&M 

costs are $366.4M and $45.6M, respectively. The optimziation selected for $27.4M of green infrastructure. The 

optimized solution also results in 20% less overflow volume and significantly less conveyance system surcharging as well. 

The implementation plan also has enough flexibility that the City has at least five years to engage in pilot LID 

implementation, including monitoring and modeling to confirm performance projections and undertake design course 

corrections as they engage in implementation over the next twenty years. 

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Retrofitting the Street Side Gardens as Low Impact Development Practices in the City Of Tehran 

Sakineh Tavakoli - Dept. Of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology 

Azadi Ave. Tehran, Iran 

Phone +989113272429/Fax +98 (21) 6603-6016 

Sakineh.Tavakoli@Gmail.Com 

Masoud Tajrishy - Dept. Of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology 

Azadi Ave. Tehran, Iran 

Phone +98 (21) 6616-4185/Fax +98 (21) 6603-6016 

Tajrishy@Sharif.Edu 

Ali Ebrahimian – St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota 

2 Third Avenue Se, Minneapolis, MN 55414 

Phone (612) 481-4685/Fax (612) 624-4398 

Ebrah034@Umn.Edu 

The increase in land development and urbanization in developing countries is causing environmental degradation. To 

mitigate the negative effects of land development, low impact development (LID) applies decentralized on-site runoff 

source control to create a post-development condition that is hydrologically similar to its predevelopment condition. 

Due to high density of urban elements (e.g. buildings and highways), there is always limited land and open space 

available in highly urbanized areas, and as a result, land allocation for LID practices like infiltration swales and 

bioretention areas may not always be a feasible option. This issue would be intensified in cities with arid and semi-arid 

climate, because there are few rainy days throughout the year and the life cycle cost of these practices might seem 

unjustifiable. To achieve the objectives of LID in such cities, a more viable strategy of using retrofitting techniques for 

existing infrastructure including parking lots, roads, sidewalks, and buildings has been utilized so far in different cities. In 

this way utilizing endemic facilities of a region as a LID practice would be a good solution. 

The capital city of Tehran has traditionally had linear gardens alongside the streets. In some cases there are also open 

channels next to (in parallel) these gardens, to which the stormwater runoff of the street discharges. These street side 

gardens (SSGs) are currently having only an aesthetic function in urban planning. However, regarding their shape and 

characteristics, as well as comparing to similar well-known LID practices in other countries (i.e. filter strips and grassed 

swales), they may be considered as potential LID practices after slight modifications. This paper describes a preliminary 

assessment of the suitability of using SSGs in the city of Tehran as a LID practice. Different configurations of the streets 

in terms of the location and characteristics of SSGs have been identified through filed surveys. Considering similarities 

between SSGs and pre-defined LID practices in Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization (MUSIC) 

[CRC for Catchment Hydrology, 2001], simulation of SSGs is then carried out using the mentioned model. The modeling 

approach has been applied to a watershed located on the district 1 of the city of Tehran. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has 

been performed to investigate the performance of SSGs due to changes in relevant parameters and some scenarios are 

presented, compared, and discussed. The results reveal that where possible, utilizing the mentioned practices have 

potential in the enhancement of run-off characteristics both in terms of quality and quantity. Some recommendations 

are also provided for future studies. 

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Filtration and Bio-Retention BMP’s: Monitoring for Adaptation 

Paul Moline – Carver County Water Management Organization 

600 E. 4 th St, Chaska, MN 55391 

w 952-361-1825/fax 952-361-1828 

pmoline@co.carver.mn.us 

Objective 

The Carver County Water Management Organization (CCWMO), in Minnesota adopted alternative stormwater 

requirements in 2002. The heavy clay soils in the Carver County often require that filtration rather than infiltration be 

used to treat stormwater. This session will present data collection and the lessons learned from eight years of 

monitoring. 

Details 

The Carver County Water Management Organization (CCWMO), in Minnesota has implemented development (LID) 

regulation on a water quantity, water quality since 2002 and, most recently, a volume basis. The CCWMO is also 

responsible for wetland regulation, flood plain, and sensitive area protection. In addition to typical rate control 

(existing = post developed rates) and also wet pond water quality for TSS and phosphorus removal, the CCWMO has also 

required “bio-filtration” which in tight (clay) soils is a method to provide additional filtering of stormwater, some 

vegetation uptake, and creates the treatment train which is most effective in stormwater management. 

More than 150 filtration BMPs including filtration pond shelves, bio-retention swales, dry basins, stormwater irrigation, 

raingardens, sand filters, in-line stormceptor type chambers and treatment train combinations have been 

installed. Practices have been installed in residential, commercial, industrial and institutional settings including high and 

low density areas. Site BMP’s were monitored for water quality parameters, but also runoff control, ease of 

construction, design into the site and the resulting aesthetic. This session will cover the lessons learned from eight years 

of monitoring, the methods used in working with the stormwater management audience (developers, engineers, 

contractors, planners and landowners), and the types of practices installed. The approach of combining regulations with 

outreach, technical assistance, stakeholder input, demonstration sites in addition to a stable monitoring program has led 

to a largely successful implementation of innovative stormwater practices, but has revealed countless lessons (good and 

bad) applicable to other jurisdictions. The County monitors select BMPs to determine their effectiveness at removing 

pollutants. Grab samples from the inlets and outlets were collected as close to the start of a rain event as possible. The 

samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and ortho-phosphorus (OP) and the 

pollutant removal efficiency was calculated for each rain event. After the 2010 sampling season, average removal 

efficiencies across all sites were 87% for TSS, 58 % for TP, and 51% for OP. This presentation will present details and 

data for each BMP. 

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Economic Analysis of Installing, Operating, and Maintaining Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Best 

Practices in Orange County, California 

Mark Grey, Construction Industry Coalition on Water Quality 

3891 11 th Street, Riverside, CA 92501 

951-781-7310/951-781-0509 

mark@cicwq.com 

Richard Boon, Orange County Public Works, OC Watersheds 

2301 N. Glassell Street, Orange, CA 92865 

714-955-0670/714-955-0639 

Richard.Boon@ocpw.ocgov.com 

Five case studies representing real property development scenarios in Orange County, California were selected for 

examining the costs of application of Low Impact Development (LID) Best Management Practices (BMPs) to manage 

stormwater runoff. The objective of the case study analysis is to inform the LID BMP selection and decision-making 

process required in adopted municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) permits for north and south Orange County, 

California. In addition, the data are intended to be used by municipalities within Orange County to assist with 

establishing an appropriate in-lieu or mitigation fee for a project when runoff retention requirements cannot be met onsite. 

Both MS4 permits in Orange County require the proponent of a land development or redevelopment project to conduct 

a rigorous engineering feasibility analysis that combines both technical and economic feasibility considerations and cost 

benefit in evaluating and selecting a hierarchy of LID BMPs that meet on-site runoff volume capture performance 

criteria. The amount of stormwater runoff requiring management using LID BMPs is the 85 th percentile, 24-hour rainfall 

event and is referred to as the design capture volume (DCV). 

Detailed planning level cost estimates for the capital cost of installation and annual operation and maintenance (O&M) 

over 20 years were generated using LID BMPs assumed to be technically feasible. A comprehensive literature review on 

LID BMP installation and O&M costs was conducted to support case study analysis. A team of professional engineering 

cost estimators and contractors, and vendors with appropriate construction and maintenance experience was used for 

estimating costs. Several sources of data were used to construct case study elements including actual project bid plans 

and specifications, project entitlement documents, and case studies created by engineering consultants for evaluating 

LID BMP installation feasibility criteria. 

Case studies evaluated include: i) one-acre commercial development with surface and subterranean parking, ii) 10-acre 

suburban single family residential housing, iii) 0.17-acre urban mixed use with no parking, iv) 12.4-acre big box 

commercial development, and v) 3.25- acre urban residential-retail complex with subterranean parking. The following 

LID BMPs were selected for analysis: infiltration basin, infiltration concrete paver, harvest and use cistern, green roof, 

and non-proprietary and proprietary biofiltration device. 

For all case studies evaluated, infiltration basins, infiltration concrete pavers, or biofiltration systems are the least 

expensive LID BMP options to install compared to cisterns and green roofs. When annual and periodic O&M costs are 

added to capital installation costs and summed over a 20-year period, the same hierarchy of cost for each LID BMP type 

exists. Infiltration basins and pavers, and biofiltration BMPs are the least costly to operate and maintain and reflects 

their relative simplicity of design and requirements for system performance among the BMPs examined. In order of low 

to highest 20-year O&M cost, the BMPs follow the order of: infiltration basins < biofiltration < infiltration paver < 

harvest and use < green roofs. 

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On a per gallon basis of stormwater managed, the capital cost of installation of infiltration is generally less than $3, while 

that of biofiltration is less than $6. Harvest and use systems and green roof systems cost at generally twice as much to 

install as infiltration or biofiltration systems. However, in dense, urban settings (where reliable demand for harvested 

water can be demonstrated because of building occupancy) the cost of installing and operating and maintaining a cistern 

system is similar to that of biofiltration if the cost of separately plumbing the building area to serve toilet flush 

requirements is not considered. Using cisterns to collect roof top or surface runoff or both, either below ground or 

above ground, is intermediate in capital cost in comparing costs of the LID BMPs evaluated. On a per gallon basis, 

cistern costs range from just over $4 up to $37 in an urban situation managing a low volume of runoff. BMP 

configurations that use a green roof as a hydrologic source control to manage a portion of the DCV range from more 

than $20 per gallon up to $130 per gallon. Unless a project is lot-line to lot-line, a green roof cannot manage the entire 

DCV alone compared to all other LID BMPs evaluated. 

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Green Infrastructure Feasibility Scan for Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut 

Matthew Jones, PE, PhD, Principal Engineer – Hazen and Sawyer 

4011 WestChase Blvd., Suite 500, Raleigh, NC 27607 

919-833-7152 

mjones@hazenandsawyer.com 


498 Seventh Ave., 11 th Floor, New York, NY 10018 

212-777-8400 


The cities of Bridgeport and New Haven border the Long Island Sound, one of the most densely populated regions in the 

United States, and combined contain more than 80 CSO outfalls. Innovative solutions were needed to address issues related 

to CSOs, sewer backups, and street flooding tied to stormwater within both of these cities. Green infrastructure presented an 

inventive approach to tackle these issues; however, a thorough understanding of the issues affecting implementation and an 

estimation of potential benefits, along with an overall implementation framework, was necessary in order to optimize the 

effectiveness of this wet weather management strategy. To address this need, Save the Sound, a program of Connecticut 

Fund for the Environment, worked with Hazen and Sawyer to undertake a study into the feasibility of utilizing green 

infrastructure for improved stormwater control and CSO abatement within Bridgeport and New Haven, along with 

establishing a framework for implementation. 

A variety of green infrastructure source controls were evaluated during the course of the feasibility study, including various 

bioretention configurations, subsurface infiltration, blue roofs, green roofs, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, 

infiltration basins, and pocket wetlands. Reviews of existing documentation, including the cities’ CSO long term control plans, 

coordination with stakeholders, GIS analyses, hydrologic simulations, and experiential knowledge of green infrastructure 

implementation in urban areas were used to perform these assessments. Factors affecting source control feasibility and 

performance included climate, open space requirements, soil properties, topography, drainage infrastructure, maintenance 

requirements, and public acceptance and involvement. Analysis results demonstrated that numerous types of green 

infrastructure controls could be implemented in areas throughout the cities, providing improved stormwater management 

and supporting CSO mitigation efforts. 

The implementation framework was intended to serve as a roadmap for utilizing green infrastructure, and addressed 

identification of demonstration projects, opportunities to offset implementation costs, and mechanisms to collaborate with 

other agencies impacted by green infrastructure. Implementation efforts sought to minimize maintenance requirements and 

work in concert with existing efforts within these cities wherever possible, while also using green infrastructure to improve 

existing site conditions. Opportunities identified through the framework included the incorporation of permeable pavement 

into sidewalk repaving efforts and bioretention into street beautification activities. 

In order to educate stakeholders, garner public support, and identify benefits and challenges unique to Bridgeport and New 

Haven, a number of preliminary concepts were developed as part of the feasibility scan and implementation framework. 

These concepts were developed for both site-specific demonstration projects and neighborhood scale implementation efforts. 

A variety of factors influenced the selection of concept demonstration sites, including property ownership, sewer separation 

status, visibility to the public, and site specific factors such as rooftop configuration, soil conditions, and site layouts. 

Consideration was given to not only implement source controls that would provide real stormwater benefits, but also provide 

an educational link between the management of stormwater runoff through green infrastructure and the reduction of 

combined sewer overflows. The feasibility assessment and implementation framework development were supplemented by 

cost-benefit analyses within these cities and an estimation of the effect of implementation efforts on job creation. The study 

was completed in the spring of 2012 and is currently being utilized to guide future green infrastructure efforts within these 

cities. 

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EPA Green Infrastructure Community Partners Project: Conceptualizing LID in Beaufort, SC 

Jason Wright, P.E. – Tetra Tech 

One Park Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 

919.485.2064\919.485.8280 


Neil Weinstein - Low Impact Development Center 

5000 Sunnyside Avenue, Suite 100 Beltsville, MD 20705 

301-982-5559\301-937-3507 

nweinstein@lowimpactdevelopment.org 

Lauren Kelly - City of Beaufort, Planning 

1911 Boundary Street, Beaufort, SC 29902 

843-525-7014 

lkelly@cityofbeaufort.org 

Christopher Kloss - US EPA Office of Water, Water Permits Division 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 

202-564-1093 

Kloss.Christopher@epamail.epa.gov 

Tamara Mittman - US EPA Office of Water, Water Permits Division 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 

202-564-1093 

Mittman.Tamara@epamail.epa.gov 

John Kosco – Tetra Tech 

10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030-2201 

703-385-6000 

john.kosco@tetratech.com 

The City of Beaufort is engaged in a unique effort to incorporate green infrastructure into its Civic Master Plan. Recognizing 

the ability of green infrastructure to simultaneously advance stormwater management and sustainable growth, the City is 

working to update its stormwater management policy and develop new technical standards. US EPA provided technical 

assistance to the City of La Crosse through the Green Infrastructure Community Partners Project to help the City develop 

appropriate green infrastructure approaches and standards for the historic Northwest Quadrant. 

Located between downtown Beaufort and the Boundary Street Redevelopment District, the Northwest Quadrant is a diverse 

neighborhood consisting mostly of small houses on small to medium lots that are close to the street. Stormwater drains into a 

system of state-owned, poorly maintained swales and roadsides, and standing water is common after larger rain events in the 

spring and summer. To develop appropriate green infrastructure approaches for this neighborhood, the EPA and City of 

Beaufort facilitated a three day charrette to discuss the conditions unique to the City of Beaufort and how Green 

Infrastructure concepts can best be applied in these conditions. During the charrette, team members identified two 

representative sites and developed basic concepts for implementing green infrastructure on these sites. These concepts were 

then developed into detailed conceptual designs for each site. Conceptual designs addressed the site configuration; BMP 

types; BMP design and configuration; and BMP performance. Information was also developed on operation and maintenance 

requirements, cost estimates, and recommended plant selection. 

The design concepts developed for the Northwest Quadrant will serve as a basis for green infrastructure implementation 

throughout the City. City staff will apply the lessons learned from this effort to develop green infrastructure design standards 

and templates for other Beaufort neighborhoods. 

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Greening of Rural Residential Neighborhoods – The North Kitsap County Low Impact Development Retrofit Plan 

Robin Kirschbaum, PE, LEED AP – HDR Engineering 

500 108 th Avenue NE, Ste 1200, Bellevue, WA, 98004 

425-450-6229 

Robin.Kirschbaum@hdrinc.com 

Dr. Chris May – Kitsap County Public Works, Surface and Stormwater Management 

614 Division Street (MS-26A), Port Orchard, WA, 98366 

360-337-7295 

cmay@co.kitsap.wa.us 

The Kitsap County Public Works, Surface and Stormwater Management Division is developing a Low Impact 

Development (LID) retrofit plan for the rural residential communities of Suquamish, Indianola, and Keyport, WA. The 

goal of the project is to provide water quality treatment and reduce stormwater flow rates to Puget Sound and its 

tributary creeks, utilizing LID, Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), and conventional facilities in the public rights-ofway 

(ROW). This project is one of several community-based GSI/LID Retrofit Plans being done that have identified and 

prioritized over 50 projects to date. 

LID Best Management Practices (BMPs), such as curb bulb-out bioretention facilities; permeable pavement parking, 

sidewalks, and pedestrian crossings; tree planter boxes; and bioretention swales are included in the plan. Conveyance 

improvements are also included to help improve historical drainage issues and increase drainage areas tributary to the 

LID retrofit BMPs where appropriate. Retrofits are being coordinated with other major capital improvements, such as 

roadway and sidewalk improvement projects and utility upgrades. 

The plan identified 76 feasible LID retrofit sites based on field evaluation of soil and groundwater conditions, seepage 

and drainage patterns, steep slope hazards, available space in the ROW, neighborhood context, and other factors. 

Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to further analyze project site feasibility based on factors such as 

tributary drainage areas, effective impervious areas, steep slopes, existing stormwater facilities, and historical drainage 

complaints. 

The identified retrofit locations were prioritized based on feasibility criteria, including shallow and deep infiltration 

potential and available space; potential benefits to the watershed; and potential risks to the environment. These 

prioritization criteria were used to rank projects in a workshop setting with County Capital Improvement Project (CIP) 

project managers and Operations and Maintenance staff. A total of 8 criteria were used. For each project, the criteria 

were evaluated and assigned a score between 1 (low score) and 3 (high score). The scores were added up and projects 

were sorted by their total score, producing a ranked list of feasible retrofit projects. 

The top prioritized projects are being conceptually designed and will be prioritized through a second round of 

evaluation. This second round of prioritization considers environmental, social, and economic factors to determine the 

highest triple bottom line value projects. Up to six projects will be carried forward to engineering pre-design in the 

Summer of 2013. The engineering pre-design effort will entail site-specific evaluation of soil and groundwater 

conditions, infiltration feasibility assessment, and hydrologic modeling to quantify expected long-term water quality 

treatment and flow control benefits. 

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Green Infrastructure: Construction Matters! 

Molly Julian - Meliora Environmental Design, LLC 

100 North Bank Street 

Phoenixville, PA 19460 

p.610.933.0123 | f.610.933.0188 

mollyj@melioradesign.net 

Altje Hoekstra – Meliora Environmental Design, LLC 

100 North Bank Street 

Phoenixville, PA 19460 

p.610.933.0123 | f.610.933.0188 

altjeh@melioradesign.net 

Green Infrastructure is a shift from the standard approach to stormwater management. It requires the use of materials and 

construction practices that may not be familiar to all contractors. Specifications for materials and construction – when they 

exist – are evolving with the practice. Even more challenging is that green infrastructure often requires the use of “living 

construction materials”, such as soils, mulch, and vegetation, used in combination with standard engineering materials such as 

concrete and pipes. And as a final challenge, the construction process, the fine grading, and the maintenance requirements 

are often critical to success and longevity. Sometimes there is little room for error with regards to grading, materials, and 

construction sequencing. 

It is essential that early examples of green infrastructure succeed in order to encourage the continued use of these 

technologies. The “lessons learned” need to inform future projects and standards. With the understanding that green 

infrastructure is an evolving science, this presentation will share the lessons we have learned in our experiences with 

designing and observing the construction of a variety of recent green infrastructure projects. 

Specific case studies of several built projects will be presented to describe both the challenges encountered and the lessons 

learned. These will include: 

• The importance of fine grading for rain gardens and swales (it’s almost grading with a spoon). 

• Bioretention soils: particle distribution and compost content are important 

• The need for careful design documentation supported by site inspections on components that inspectors are not used 

to checking. 

• Items that should be included in green infrastructure specifications and the essential importance that contractor 

submittals that meet the specifications. 

• The importance of material testing requirements, especially for porous concrete and asphalt. 

• Site protection and sequencing to achieve the desired results. 

The case studies will include a variety of project sites including public streets and properties, educational, commercial, and 

residential facilities, event venues, and even a fire station. BMPs will include rain gardens, porous pavements, swales, 

cisterns, and various infiltration designs. We will discuss what went wrong, how it was addressed, the final outcome, and how 

we have altered our design, review, or approval process to avoid similar situations in the future. Finally, we will also present 

situations where the contractor had ideas to prevent or overcome potential problems. 

Establishing effective design guidelines and construction oversight procedures at an early stage helps to ensure the proper 

installation of green infrastructure systems as they are becoming more popular and implemented more frequently. These 

guidelines need to be informed by real-world experiences, and our goal in this presentation is to share what we have learned 

fro a broad range of build green infrastructure installations. 

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Achieving LID Runoff Reduction Goals via Infiltration – The Potential for Unintended Consequences 

Robert Montgomery - Montgomery Associates: Resource Solutions, LLC 

119 South Main St., Cottage Grove, WI 53527 

608-839-4422/608-839-3322 fax 

rob@ma-rs.org 

Nancy Zolidis - Montgomery Associates: Resource Solutions, LLC (retired) 

119 South Main St., Cottage Grove, WI 53527 

608-839-4422/608-839-3322 fax 

zolna@charter.net 

Low Impact Development urban water resource management goals aim to reduce the water resource quantity and quality 

impacts of urbanization. To help achieve these goals, stormwater runoff volume reduction criteria have been adopted by 

many communities and agencies and project designers are including features such as porous pavement and biofiltration in 

new site development as well as retrofit projects. These practices, like most runoff volume reduction practices, achieve runoff 

volume reduction mainly by diverting a portion of storm water runoff to on-site infiltration, which usually percolates 

downward to recharge the groundwater system. From the perspective of stormwater and surface water management, 

diversion of runoff to infiltration is a worthy goal, because it at least partly mitigates for runoff increase and infiltration loss by 

construction of impervious surfaces. But if widely implemented, could infiltration-based runoff reduction practices produce 

unintended consequences on the groundwater system These unintended consequences could be increases in groundwater 

elevations that could produce basement flooding, utility or other infrastructure damage, or impairments to development of 

areas adjacent to or downgradient of the infiltration site. Key issues in evaluating potential impacts are characterization of 

the existing groundwater flow system and recharge rates, and the changes in the groundwater flow system as a result of 

stormwater-derived recharge. Recharge provided by stormwater infiltration practices is driven by precipitation patterns that 

produce runoff and is less subject to growing season evapotranspiration rates then the natural landscape, meaning that 

recharge from storm water features does not mimic that from the natural landscape. Studies by Ku, Hagelin and Buxton 

(1992) have shown that extensive use of stormwater infiltration practices can alter net recharge as well as the seasonal 

pattern of recharge that reaches the groundwater system. However, the most important issue may be that groundwater 

recharge rates in urban areas could be much higher than would be expected considering surface rainfall/runoff processes 

alone. Water balance studies such as those by Lerner (2002) on effects of groundwater recharge derived from leaking water 

supply and wastewater piping as indicates that net groundwater recharge in urban areas in humid climates may be similar to 

or higher than the original natural landscape recharge, despite the large percentage of impervious area in the urban 

environment. In arid climates, urban recharge (including the effects of landscape irrigation) can be dramatically higher than 

that of the original natural landscape. The implication is that stormwater-based infiltration and recharge, rather than 

mitigating a deficit, could be adding to recharge rates that are already high. The relatively small number of LID runoff 

reduction practices that are currently in place in most urban areas have probably not yet substantially altered groundwater 

elevations or discharge patterns from their existing conditions. However, widespread and long-term implementation of runoff 

reducing stormwater practices utilizing infiltration could further add to unexpectedly high urban recharge rates. This paper 

explores the potential consequences of achieving runoff volume reduction goals via infiltration and groundwater recharge in 

three example climatic regions in the United States: the humid Southeast, the Midwest, and the arid Southwest. Available 

regional groundwater models and water balance studies are utilized to describe existing urban recharge and groundwater 

conditions. The increase in recharge produced by several types of infiltration-based runoff reduction stormwater practices are 

evaluated using hydrologic models. Three scenarios of LID implementation intensity are evaluated: “limited retrofit” of 

approximately 10% of the urban landscape, “widespread adoption” of approximately 50% of the area, and “complete 

adoption” meaning implementation of runoff reduction BMPs throughout the urban area. Implications of these scenarios in 

the three climatic areas are quantified and conclusions drawn regarding effects on groundwater table changes and net 

regional recharge. The study results illustrate that unintended consequences from infiltration practices could occur. 

Development and use of runoff reduction practices that harvest runoff for reuse or evapotranspiration will be valuable in 

better managing the urban water balance. This study will be completed in spring 2013. 

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Nutrient Analysis of the Effluent of Bioretention Systems Containing Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash 

Jessica Eichhorst – Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 

Department of Civil Engineering, Edwardsville IL 62026-1800 

812-798-1075 

jeichho@siue.edu 

Akosua Ofori-Tettey - Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 


618-789-1760 

aoforit@siue.edu 

Susan Morgan – Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 

Graduate School, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1046 

618-650-2171/618-650-2555 

smorgan@siue.edu 

Bioretention is a green infrastructure and best management practice that reduces the quantity and improves the quality 

of storm water runoff. Bioretention media is often composed of sand, soil, and an organic material such as compost. 

The replacement of municipal waste incinerator bottom ash for sand in bioretention media would lower ash disposal 

fees for the generator, reduce landfill volumes and land consumption, and provide a beneficial use for a waste product. 

Using incinerator bottom ash in bioretention media will be an acceptable practice if the ash is not a pollutant source; 

therefore, research is being conducted to evaluate the effect of the bottom ash on water quality. 

Evaluation of the water quality impacts and suitability for plant growth began in the fall of 2012 and will end in the fall of 

2013. The experimental media is a 50:50 incinerator bottom ash and wood fines mixture because it had the highest 

saturated hydraulic conductivity value during previous testing. The control is a 50:50 sand and wood fines mixture. The 

bioretention columns are made of 8 inch PVC pipe, with 6 inches of pea gravel in the bottom, topped with 18 inches of 

the mixed media. The two layers are separated by a piece of geotextile fabric and held in the columns with fiber glass 

window screen. Twelve of the 18 columns are planted with Heavy Metal switchgrass and the remaining columns are 

unplanted to examine the impacts of the plants on water quality and plant compatibility of the bottom ash. The 

columns are treated with 8500 mL of synthetic storm water every two weeks and the filtrate is collected and tested for 

nutrients—including total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, total kjehldahl nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, and organic 

nitrogen. The percent removal/export of all parameters is determined by concentration as well as mass balance. 

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Integrating Floodplain and Stormwater Management through Green Infrastructure 

Hunt Loftin, Andrea Ryon, Michael Baker Jr. Inc. 

Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure (LID/GI) practices can help manage water quantity by reducing 

excess volumes of runoff, in addition to improving water quality. This presentation identifies examples useful to 

floodplain managers in understanding how LID/GI fits into flood risk management planning by mitigating localized and 

watershed-wide frequent, small storm flooding. The benefits of LID/GI in providing an integrated approach to 

environmentally-sound watershed and fiscally-responsible floodplain management program are demonstrated. 

Examples showing the natural flood storage benefits of LID/GI as well as a wide variety of approaches to incorporate 

LID/GI to improve stormwater and floodplain management. In addition, non-structural flood risk management 

approaches include zoning, stormwater ordinances, and building codes, and other associated steps that can improve 

water quality while reducing frequent, small storm flooding risk are addressed. 

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Vegetation Selection for Erosion Control Along Conveyances and Ponds with Changing Future Water Conditions 

John A. Chapman – University of Minnesota 

1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul MN, 55108 

ph: 612 626 4857 

chapm155@umn.edu 

Mary M. Blickenderfer – University of Minnesota 

1861 E US Hwy 169, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 

ph: 218 244-7996 

blick002@umn.edu 

A fundamental aspect of low impact development is to look to rely on and mimic natural processes to aid in the development 

of land. When designing for erosion control along stormwater conveyances and ponds, one common and cost effective 

technique is the use of vegetation. Many other erosion control options are available to designers such as rip rap, and many of 

these are more expensive than use of vegetation, but are preferred due to their short term reliability and lengthy experience 

of use. Additionally, future climate conditions are anticipated to be different than our recent past, and while the science of 

predicting future climate conditions is rapidly advancing there are still many unknowns that designers are faced with. In order 

to better understand the reliability of establishing vegetation for erosion control along channels, ponds, and lakes, several 

research plots were established and monitored in the summer of 2010. The goal was to compare eight different plant species 

grown under a variety of water conditions to understand which would be more reliable for use when water conditions will 

change. This should allow designers use vegetation more reliability and take advantage of the additional benefits provided 

such as habitat creation, filtering of pollutants, and aesthetics. 

Eight species were grown together in four research microcosms with controlled water conditions. The species included 

Sparganium eurycarpum (giant bur-reed), Bubloshoenus fluviatilis (river bulrush), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (softstem 

bulrush), Carex lacustris (lake sedge), Carex vulpinoidea (fox sedge), Carex comosa (bottlebrush sedge), Juncus effuses 

(common rush) and Spartina pectinata (prairie cordgrass). Each microcosm experienced a different water condition, including 

wet, dry, normal, and fluctuating water levels. Each identically constructed microcosm had a sloping bottom, and the dry 

water condition resulted in the lowest planting row above the water level, the wet water condition resulted in the highest 

planting row to be inundated with water, the normal water condition resulted in approximately half of the plants being 

inundated, and the fluctuating water condition levels migrated from the lower third to the upper third of the planting rows. 

Each microcosm was monitoring throughout the growing season and above ground biomass measurements were made after 

the plants had undergone senescence. 

Seven of the species were observed to have significant mean biomass differences between the wet and normal water 

conditions, and only Sparganium eurycarpum did not have significant mean biomass differences at the 5% level. The wet 

water condition resulted in the overall lowest biomass amounts for all seven species, except for Sparganium eurycarpum 

which had produced its highest mean biomass amounts. Bulboshoenus fluviatilis also produced some of the highest mean 

biomass amounts in the study under the dry, normal, and fluctuating water conditions. These two species appear to have a 

resilient and aggressive growth allowing for reliable establishment, especially when paired together in a plant community to 

address wet, dry, normal, and fluctuating water conditions. 

The fluctuating and normal water conditions resulted in good establishment in six of the species in the study, but Carex 

vulpinoidea and Carex lacustris had the lowest mean biomass and did not establish well. These species did not compete well 

against the others in the microcosms and it is possible these would not establish themselves in a designed plant community. 

These results suggest that selection of Sparganium eurycarpum and Bulboshoenus fluviatilis should allow for more reliable 

erosion control from vegetation under a variety of water conditions, but these species could also result in less plant 

biodiversity due to their aggressive growth. 

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RiverSmart Communities 

Leah Lemoine – District Department of the Environment 

1200 First St NE 5 th Floor 

Washington DC 20002 

Phone 202-654-6131 fax 202-535-1363 

Leah.lemoine@dc.gov 

RiverSmart Communities, launched in July 2011, takes the District’s stormwater incentive programs to an entirely new 

audience: multifamily residences, churches, and small businesses. In its demonstration phase, RiverSmart Communities 

has worked with properties consisting of condominiums, churches, apartments, and community gardens to remove over 

35,000 square feet of impervious area by using rain gardens, cisterns, native plant beds, impervious surface removal, 

and permeable pavement. The RiverSmart Communities program presents a strong model to incentivize the 

implementation of Low Impact Development (LID) retrofit projects in a cost-effective manner while engaging whole 

communities through the planning and design processes. 

The RiverSmart Communities program provides financial and technical assistance to property owners in order to make 

LID accessible in such a way that is tailored to their varying levels of stormwater expertise, contracting ability and unique 

decision making processes. RiverSmart Communities model hinges on its three pronged approach which consists of a 

stormwater site assessment, contracting guidance, and cost-share arrangement. This multifaceted approach gives 

property owners and contractors flexibility based on their level of comfort with planning and design of LID, timeline for 

implementation, and match funds available. The stormwater site assessment outlines options for property owners to 

understand the potential for LID on site and calculates the associated cost savings on the stormwater and impervious 

fees for each practice. Next DDOE connects the property owner with a network of qualified contractors. Once the 

property owner has received proposals and chosen a contractor, they may apply to the RiverSmart Communities 

program for a rebate of up to 60% of the project cost. Properties in two priority watersheds may apply for design/build 

assistance and are eligible for a higher cost-share amount. 

The District of Columbia began assessing impervious and stormwater fees to rate payers in 2009. Since then residents 

and property owners have taken notice to the increasing amounts of their water bills. This new reality is particularly 

acute on properties with a large percentage of impervious area such as condominiums and churches that often have 

vast expanses of roof area and parking. The leveraging of stormwater fees along with a general rise in environmental 

consciousness amongst city dwellers has led to an explosion in interest from such properties to reduce their stormwater 

footprint. Projects completed during the demonstration phase only represent approximately 10% of the total demand, 

so RiverSmart Communities will scale-up in 2013 to meet this demand. 

The popularity of the RiverSmart Homes and RiverSmart Rooftops illustrate both the District’s commitment to 

sustainability and property owner’s interest in reducing stormwater pollution. RiverSmart Communities not only opens 

up the door to a building stock with great opportunity to capture stormwater in large volumes, but to engage a new and 

diverse population of residents and property owners in stormwater management. 

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Meeting Water Quality Goals through Watershed - Community Collaboration on Municipal Street Reconstruction 

Projects in the Middle St. Croix WMO – Washington County, Minnesota 

Amy Carolan 

Middle St. Croix Watershed Management Organization 

1380 West Frontage Rd, Hwy 36, Stillwater, MN 55082 

651-275-1136 Ext. 22 

Acarolan@Mnwcd.Org 

Since 2010, the Middle St. Croix Watershed Management Organization has been collaborating with a number of 

communities adjacent to the St. Croix River in Washington County, Minnesota to opportunistically increase the 

installation of volume control/stormwater treatment practices in right-of-ways and on City property during municipal 

street reconstruction projects in fully developed areas. Increased installation of these features is helping communities 

more efficiently meet state and local water quality goals and requirements set by recently completed TMDL studies, 

local subwatershed assessments and local water management plans. In this presentation we will present a case study 

which outlines the process used to plan and install stormwater treatment features coinciding with City street 

reconstruction projects. This process includes upfront planning with City staff and engineers in relationship to their 

ongoing Street Improvement/Rehabilitation Capital Improvement Programs, proper timing and engagement of local 

residents who play a vital role in the success of the program, scheduling of stormwater treatment feature installation in 

a manner which does not interfere with street rehabilitation project, understanding buried utilities in the project area, 

and ongoing maintenance associated with newly installed projects. Using the method presented, more than 30 

stormwater treatment features including bioretention features and stormpond retrofits have been installed in local 

communities contributing runoff to the St. Croix River during the last two construction seasons. 

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Complete Streets and Low Impact Development Retrofits 

Neil Weinstein, P.E., R.L.A., Aicp, Env Pv – Low Impact 

Development Center, Inc 

5000 Sunnyside Ave, Suite 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 

301-982-5559 (Phone) / 301-982-9305 (Fax) 

Nweinstein@Lowimpactdevelopment.Org 

Bill Schultheiss, P.E. – Toole Design Group 

8484 Georgia Avenue, Suite 800, Silver Spring, MD 20910 

301-927-1900 (Phone) / (Fax) 

Wschultheiss@Tooledesign.Com 

This presentation and paper will present an approach that can be used to integrate LID into Concepts. The effort will 

present an overall approach to planning and design strategies that are based on the Maryland Avenue, N.E. project in 

Washington DC. 

This project was to retrofit a Historic L’Enfant Plan urban arterial with a road diet to provide traffic calming, enhance 

quality of life of adjacent residents, and to improve multi-modal safety. A considerable effort was required to 

reconfigure intersections due to the fact Maryland Avenue cuts at an angle across the grid street system resulting in 

large intersections of asphalt. The road diet and resulting intersection reconfigurations presented many opportunities 

for the use of LID to achieve better traffic and pedestrian flow while addressing stormwater retrofit goals. The LID 

features are also used to enhance the public spaces and to add to the Historic L’Enfant pocket parks in the corridor. LID 

features such as permeable surfaces, tree planting, and bioretention were used along the corridor. Traffic calming 

devices, such as bump-outs, were designed with bioretention cells. This project is still currently in the planning phase, 

with construction estimated for 2015. The paper and presentation will present the challenges and the opportunities to 

integrating LID design features into the traffic engineering and roadway design. The presentation will also present the 

lessons learned and a framework for future projects. 

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Construction Assessment of Right-Of-Way Bioswales in New York City 

Christopher C. Syrett, ISA CPESC 

AECOM 

71 West 23 rd Street, 12 th Floor, New York NY 10010 

212-729-8669 

chris.syrett@aecom.com 

Karen Appell, PE CPESC 

AECOM 

71 West 23 rd Street, 12 th Floor, New York NY 10010 

212-763-4561 

Karen.appell@aecom.com 

Thomas Wynne 

New York City Department of Design and Construction 

3030 Thompson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101 

Wynnet@ddc.nyc.gov 

Sofia Zuberbuhler-Yafar 

New York City Department of Design and Construction 

3030 Thompson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101 

ZuberbuSo@ddc.nyc.gov 

New York City, as part of its Green Infrastructure Plan, is proposing to spend 2.4 billion over the next twenty years to 

reduce stormwater runoff and improve New York Harbor water quality. A major component of this plan will be the 

installation of curbside bioswales in critical runoff areas throughout the City. In 2011, a pilot installation of seventeen 

bioswales in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens was undertaken by the New York City Department of Design and 

Construction (NYCDDC), in conjunction with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Along with the 

pilot project, an assessment of the bioswale construction process and an evaluation of the slight variations in the 

bioswale configurations that were used was completed. Through site inspections, reviews of the construction 

specifications and drawings, interviews with key field staff, as well as research of comparable initiatives in other 

municipalities across the US, each component of the construction process and the installed systems were examined. 

Recommendations to help improve the construction process were included and where pertinent, design alternatives 

that could improve construction, maintenance and performance of the bioswales were considered in detail. Finally, a 

supplemental graphic checklist was developed as an aid for Resident Engineers, Inspectors, and Construction 

Contractors for use in future bioswale construction projects. The results and recommendations of the assessment will 

provide NYCDDC, their staff, and their contractors an opportunity to understand how these streetscape structures have 

been installed and to identify any need for improvement to the process and or design. 

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Innovative Modeling Procedures for Incorporation of GI Benefits in Urban Watershed Models 

Sri Rangarajan, Ph.D., P.Eng., D.WRE 

Director of Water Quality Planning and Analysis, New York City Department of Environmental Protection 

59-17 Junction Boulevard, 11 th Floor, Flushing, NY 11373 

Phone: (718) 595 4354; Fax: (718) 595 4479 

srangarajan@dep.nyc.gov 

William M. Leo, P.E. 

Senior Vice President, HDR | HydroQual 

1200 MacArthur Boulevard, I Floor, Mahwah, NJ, 07430 

(201) 529 5151 

William.leo@hdrinc.com 

Nitin Katiyar 

Watershed Modeler, HDR | HydroQual 

1200 MacArthur Boulevard, I Floor, Mahwah, NJ, 07430 

(201) 529 5151 

nitin.katiyar@hdrinc.com 

The City of New York has combined sewer infrastructure serving approximately 60% of the overall drainage area. New 

York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP) is currently developing combined sewer overflow Long 

Term Control Plans (CSO LTCPs) for various waterways per the Clean Water Act requirements. A major component of 

LTCP is the implementation of green infrastructure (GI) to manage 1-inch of stormwater on 10% of total impervious 

area within combined sewer tributary areas by 2030. 

The 2010 NYC Green Infrastructure Plan outlined the DEP’s phased approach to GI implementation. Subsequently, the 

Office of Green Infrastructure was established to steer this process. The first phase of GI implementation in high priority 

watersheds (that have water quality impairments) primarily involves construction of right-of-way bioswales watershedwide 

to capture stormwater from roadways and sidewalks. In addition, the city implemented a new stormwater rule in 

July 2012 that applies stricter requirements for managing stormwater from new and redevelopment projects. A number 

of pilot projects (e.g., bioswales, green streets, rooftop detention elements and pervious pavements) are being 

implemented and tested by DEP. Knowledge gained from these pilot projects need to be scaled up to assess watershedwide 

benefits. Therefore, a unique modeling approach involving retention (capture) and detention (slow-release) in 

public and private landscapes is needed to efficiently evaluate the potential benefits of GI elements. 

Drainage areas, combined sewers and their linkage with the treatment plant through regulators and interceptors are 

currently modeled using InfoWorks tools developed over a period of several years. These models characterize land 

surfaces into three categories based on the relevant hydrologic losses: (1) impervious areas including rooftops, roads, 

and sidewalks; (2) open pervious areas including parks and cemeteries; and (3) non-open pervious areas such as lawns. 

Detention elements include control orifices to reduce the peak flow from the detention ponds and can be widely 

dispersed in a watershed. Similarly, the bioswales or other retention elements can be dispersed. As such, the 

performance of these elements to provide stormwater controls need to be evaluated on a broader watershed-level. 

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In this paper, we will discuss the unique technical approaches developed to represent retention and detention elements 

on a sub-watershed to watershed-scale and their implementation in the InfoWorks models to quantify the benefits of 

these GI in terms of CSO reductions. An example is the representation of bioswales with both storage and infiltration, 

instead of treating the entire 1-inch capture in a simplistic sense like increase in depression storage. Several numerical 

experiments were performed to assess the benefits at different spatial scales. Detailed unit-process approaches feasible 

at individual GI sites had to be simplified when scaling up to sub-watershed or watershed-scales. Controlled and 

uncontrolled impervious areas were developed in InfoWorks to represent the areas where GI are implemented versus 

other areas with no controls. As anticipated, the experiments showed significant increases in CSO reduction benefits 

with retention practices as compared to the detention elements. 

GI needs to be integrated with the LTCP development process, so the city is integrating the GI performance explicitly in 

the baseline and alternatives evaluations, so that the additional controls needed to achieve water quality goals can be 

evaluated using these integrated models. At this time, the pilot testing of GI modeling procedures have been completed 

and the full-scale implementation in some of the watersheds (e.g., Alley Creek/Little Neck Bay, Gowanus Canal, 

Newtown Creek and Bronx River) are ongoing and are planned for completion in February 2013. Alley Creek/Little Neck 

Bay implementation is currently ongoing as part of its LTCP due for submittal to the State of New York in June 2013. 

Lessons learned including pilot testing and scale-up will be discussed in this presentation, along with the benefits 

achieved in some of the watersheds in New York City. 

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Using the Envision Rating System on Your Lid Projects 

Jennifer Winter – Hr Green, Inc 

8710 Earhart Ln Sw, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404 

319-841-4326 

Jwinter@Hrgreen.Com 

Larry Stevens – Hr Green, Inc. 

5525 Merle Hay Road, Suite 200, Johnston, IA 50131 

515-278-2913 

Lstevens@Hrgreen.Com 

Low Impact Development projects are great ways to showcase commitment to the sustainability of communities. Now 

these projects can be evaluated, graded and recognized for this commitment. The Institute for Sustainable 

Infrastructure (ISI) in conjunction with the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure at Harvard University has 

developed a rating system, Envision, to provide a holistic framework for evaluating and rating the social, economic, and 

environmental benefits of infrastructure projects. Much like the LEED rating system for facilities, Envision rates the 

sustainability of infrastructure improvements. 

During this session we will discuss how participants can use the Envision rating tool to plan and guide their Low Impact 

Development projects. The session will provide a case study of a previously completed project that has been rated postredevelopment. 

We will discuss aspects of the project earning high marks for sustainability, as well as what the design 

team could have done differently if the tool had been applied earlier in the planning and design stages. The program 

will enable participants to learn about the application of this rating system, share ideas on sustainable approaches to 

Low Impact Development projects, and openly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a sustainability rating 

tool on Low Impact Development projects. 

The objective of the presentation is to review the need for sustainable infrastructure and introduce a tool to help 

participants rate the benefits of their LID projects. 

The presenters will demonstrate the rating system through use of a case study to demonstrate a projects impacts to the 

five categories included in the Envision Rating System; Quality of Life, Leadership, Resource Allocation, Natural World, 

and Climate and Risk. 

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Fresh Coast Green Solutions: Developing the MMSD Regional Green Infrastructure Plan 

Mark Mittag, P.E. – CH2M HILL - Milwaukee 

135 South 84 th Street, Suite 400 Milwaukee, WI 53214 

(414) 847-0536 

Mark.Mittag@ch2m.com 

Karen Sands, AICP – Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District 

260 West Seeboth Street Milwaukee, WI 53204 

(414) 225-2123 

ksands@mmsd.com 

Objectives and Results 

As part of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District’s (MMSD or District) 2035 Vision of zero overflows and basement 

backups, a goal of capturing the first 0.5 inch of rainfall using green infrastructure (GI) over all impervious areas was approved 

by the MMSD Commission in 2010 for the District’s 411 square mile planning area. Implementing the 2035 Vision through the 

Regional GI Plan will provide not only significant improvements in water quantity and quality, but also social and economic 

benefits in the form of improved air quality, energy savings, and green jobs. While GI implementation provides benefits 

regardless of where implemented in the District’s planning area, the Regional GI Plan identifies areas where GI can provide 

multiple and widespread benefits at the neighborhood level such as reducing flooding, improving water quality and 

supporting redevelopment efforts. 

Approach 

Developing the Regional GI Plan focused upon each of the following elements: 

• Defining Planning Area Capture Goals 

• Identifying GI Opportunities and Constraints 

• Selecting GI Strategies to Meet Capture Goals 

• Quantifying Triple Bottom Line Benefits 

• Planning Next Steps to Jump Start GI Implementation 

Representatives from local municipalities, regulators, and regional planners provided input to the plan through a technical 

steering committee to help identify and shape what opportunities were best for the region and which priorities were most 

important from a local level. 

Summary of Methodology 

Unique to the MMSD plan is that GI opportunities are also identified not only within combined sewer areas, but also within 

separate sewer areas. This is because 94 percent of the MMSD planning area is a separate sewer service area while only six 

percent of the planning area is a combined sewer service area. As a result, the Regional GI Plan is designed to complement the 

District’s Private Property Inflow/Infiltration Program in the separate sewer service area. It is also designed to improve water 

quality, thereby helping to meet receiving water quality standards. 

The impervious area type identified through the GIS analysis directly affects what types of GI are most applicable to treating 

that imperviousness. For example, porous pavement is applicable to roadway and parking lot imperviousness, but not likely 

applicable to residential building imperviousness. Similarly, green roofs are applicable to flat building roofs, but not to parking 

lots. Matching GI strategies to land use helps ensure that recommendations are implementable. 

Whether impervious areas are under public or private ownership can also help inform the types of GI implementation 

strategies needed to meet overall project goals. The planning effort compared public and private ownership of impervious 

area type. Analysis of the MMSD planning area impervious area opportunities and the types of GI strategies was then used to 

treat the different impervious area types as shown in Table 1. 

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To meet the 2035 Vision goals, a suite of GI strategies over the spectrum of impervious area and ownership types is 

recommended. The findings indicate that, at full implementation, 42,400 acres will be actively managed with GI strategies 

treating a total of over 15 billion gallons of runoff on average each year as shown in Table 2. 

To achieve this level of implementation, a variety of GI implementation approaches will be needed to reach not only private 

property owners but also municipalities in charge of rebuilding streets. A review of municipal codes and ordinances, funding 

strategies, the development of GI design as well as operation and maintenance standards, and demonstration projects to 

continue showcasing available GI technologies are recommended as next steps for GI Plan implementation. 

MMSD has been an innovator of GI on many fronts, with a successful rain barrel program (17,000+) that includes a job training 

component and a Greenseams® land acquisition program that protects over 2,400 acres of upstream land. This regional GI 

plan pushes the envelope of innovation further, recommending widespread GI in combined and separate sewer areas alike to 

transform the landscape and the 1.1 million people it supports. 


GIS analyses and triple bottom line benefits calculations are complete. The Regional GI Plan will be fully drafted by the first half 

of 2013. 

TABLE 1 

Pervious Areas and Unconstrained Impervious Area in the District Planning Area 

Public 

Private 

Total Unconstrained 

Area in Watershed 

(Acres) 

Target Area Description Primary Applicable GI Strategies 

ROW Impervious (Non- Porous Pavement, Bioretention, 

Freeway) 

Stormwater Trees 19,500 

Freeways Porous Pavement, Bioretention 1,100 

Parking Lots Porous Pavement, Bioretention 1,400 

Large Flat Roofs Green Roofs 500 

Other Roofs Bioretention, Cisterns 600 

Porous Pavement, Bioretention, 

Park Impervious Areas Cisterns 350 

Turf Grass Areas Native Landscaping 8,500 

Parking Lots Porous Pavement, Bioretention 9,100 

Large Flat Roofs Green Roofs 3,900 

Other Commercial 

Impervious Bioretention, Cisterns 1,300 

Other Industrial Roofs Bioretention, Cisterns 360 

Residential Impervious Rain Barrels, Rain Gardens 15,300 

Residential Yards Soil Amendments 34,700 

Other Turf Grass Areas Native Landscaping 10,800 

Total 107,400 

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TABLE 2 

GI Calculator Treated Area 25-Year Implementation—District Planning Area 

Total SW Runoff 

Target Area 

Description 

Total Area 

Managed 

(acres) 

from Area 

(million gallons 

per year) 

Assumed GI 

Capture Volume 

(inches) 

Public 

Private 

Average Annual 

Runoff Reduction 

(percent) 

ROW Impervious 

(Non-Freeway) 7,980 15,667 0.82 86 

Freeways 490 884 1.1 92 

Parking Lots 620 1,125 1.1 92 

Large Flat Roofs 220 402 1.7 97 

Other Roofs 260 482 0.75 84 

Park Impervious 

Areas 210 281 0.93 89 

Turf Grass Areas 3,850 1,205 0.58 77 

Parking Lots 2,960 7,311 1.1 92 

Large Flat Roofs 1,270 3,133 1.7 97 

Other Commercial 

Impervious 420 1,044 1.0 90 

Other Industrial 

Roofs 100 289 1.0 90 

Residential 

Impervious 4,110 12,293 0.42 66 

Residential Yards 15,180 4,920 0.39 64 

Other Turf Grass 

Areas 4,730 1,531 0.58 77 

Total 42,400 50,600 

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Integrated Watershed Planning: Revitalization through LID Implementation 

James Wisker - Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

18202 Minnetonka Blvd, Deephaven, MN 55391 

Phone: 952.641.4509 -- Fax: 952.471.0682 

jwisker@minnehahacreek.org 

Michael Hayman - Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

18202 Minnetonka Blvd, Deephaven, MN 55391 

Phone: 952.471.8226 -- Fax: 952.471.0682 

mhayman@minnehahacreek.org 

Introduction 

The Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (MCWD), a water resource management and protection agency located in the 

Twin Cities metropolitan area of Minnesota, adheres to a strong belief that integrated and coordinated planning and 

implementation is necessary to improve natural systems, stimulate economic development and strengthen communities 

through connections. Physical improvements in urban areas, particularly those built around natural systems, establish a 

sense of place and a reason for long-term investments and for existing businesses to stay and grow. Furthermore, 

thoughtfully designed spaces that incorporate green infrastructure and low impact development strengthen links to the 

natural environment, neighboring communities and urban resources, helping to shape vibrant communities. 

With this in mind, the MCWD is taking an integrated watershed management approach – with an emphasis on both 

public and private partnerships, innovative policies, and cutting-edge engineering – to complete a comprehensive series 

of projects that incorporate both green infrastructure and low impact development practices in a heavily urbanized 

section of Minnehaha Creek. The focus of discussion will be on developing and implementing a strategic planning and 

stakeholder collaborative process, and arriving at holistic solutions that meet regulatory requirements, promote 

economic development, enhance community livability and improve the natural environment. 

Background 

Beginning at its headwaters on Lake Minnetonka, Minnehaha Creek flows 22 miles through downtown Minneapolis to 

the Mississippi River. Over the last century, ditching, elimination of riparian wetlands and changing land use consistent 

with urban growth has significantly degraded the creek. Surrounding development has had a variety of impacts: 

increased runoff volumes and pollutant loads, decreased groundwater baseflow, fragmentation and degradation of instream 

and bank habitat, and reduced cultural and recreational connections to the creek. By both state and federal 

standards, Minnehaha Creek also has an impaired biotic community due to high chlorides, low dissolved oxygen and 

limited baseflow, as well as high fecal coliform. 

Starting in 2009, the MCWD collaborated with a private entity to restore a portion of the creek and adjacent wetlands at 

Methodist Hospital, in St. Louis Park, MN. The project re-meandered 2,000 feet of stream channel, improved in-stream 

habitat, created vernal ponds, and restored the riparian zone vegetation. The MCWD also worked with the hospital to 

build a boardwalk trail, creating access and a connection to this newly restored amenity for rehabilitating hospital 

patients, guests, staff and the public. 

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In 2010, the MCWD entered into a partnership with the City of Hopkins, MN to expand the footprint of a local city park 

(Cottageville Park) adjacent to the creek and upstream from the hospital. A 2009 Hennepin County/City of Hopkins 

‘Blake Road Corridor Small Area Plan’ identified expansion and enhancement of this park as a critical element of the 

Plan, necessary to provide visual access, create public awareness, enhance access with trails and to improve green space 

availability within the creek corridor. The collaborative expansion of Cottageville Park has made Minnehaha Creek more 

visible, improved access and provided opportunities to use low impact development practices for managing previously 

untreated regional stormwater runoff, thus improving water quality in the creek. 

In 2011, with support from the City of Hopkins, the MCWD acquired a 17-acre warehouse site that sits along 1,000 feet 

of Minnehaha Creek, between Cottageville Park and Methodist Hospital. With its frontage on both a major arterial 

connector street (Blake Road) and a proposed light rail public transit station (Southwest Light Rail Transit - SWLRT), the 

parcel is desirable for achieving a variety of goals. As with Cottageville Park, the Plan also identified the warehouse site 

as an opportunity for green space enhancement, corridor connectivity, pedestrian/bike trails, and redevelopment. The 

site also provides opportunities for both green infrastructure and low impact development practices to manage nearly 

300 acres of untreated regional stormwater runoff entering Minnehaha Creek. Using infiltration practices designed to 

interact with the shallow groundwater table will also create a storage reservoir to increase creek baseflow during 

drought and low flow conditions, thus improving baseflow for both aquatic habitat and recreational uses. Once finished, 

portions of the site away from the creek will be targeted for future low impact redevelopment purposes. 

Most recently in 2012, the MCWD has begun another major restoration of Minnehaha Creek immediately upstream of 

the original hospital re-meander site. Using that site as a model, the MCWD has partnered with the City of St. Louis Park 

to re-meander approximately 4,600 feet of stream channel, reconnect the channel with its historic floodplain, and 

manage approximately 100 acres of previously untreated urban stormwater runoff using both green infrastructure and 

low impact development practices. Construction will begin during the winter of 2012-2013. The MCWD is also working 

closely with the City of St. Louis Park to integrate trail design and construction into the restoration of this section of the 

creek. The increased recreation potential will satisfy local community goals outlined in the City’s Comprehensive Plan, 

ensure public access, and create connections along the Minnehaha Creek corridor and the future SWLRT. 

Outcomes 

The success of these Minnehaha Creek corridor restoration efforts hinges on the MCWD’s emphasis on integrated 

planning and collaboration to address natural resource issues, enhance and protect green infrastructure, and initiate low 

impact development opportunities. Combined, these projects will create more than two miles and 20 acres of linear 

parkland around one of the highest recreationally used creeks in the Twin Cities area. They will also treat up to 600 

acres of regional stormwater runoff, thus reducing or eliminating municipal and private infrastructure costs to meet 

federal clean water mandates for Minnehaha Creek. Once completed – with the help of multiple cities, Hennepin 

County, private businesses and community groups – it will be one of the most significant comprehensive efforts to 

restore a natural system and strengthen local communities within the Twin Cities metropolitan area. 

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A Two-Year Comparison of Stormwater Retention by Experimental Greenroofs Planted in Different Sedum Species 

Olyssa Starry – University of Maryland College Park 

PHD Candidate 

2120 Plant Sciences Building, College Park MD 20742 

717.460.7273 

Ostarry@Umd.Edu 

Dr John Lea-Cox – University of Maryland College Park 

Professor 


301.405.4323/Fax: 301.314.9308 

Jlc@Umd.Edu 

Dr Andrew Ristvey – University of Maryland Extension 

Senior Agent and Research Extension Specialist 

Wye Research Center, Queenstown, MD 

401.827.8056 Ext 113, Fax: 410.827.9039 

Aristvey@Umd.Edu 

Dr Steve Cohan – University of Maryland College Park 

Professor of Practice 


301.405.6969/Fax: 301.314.9308 

Scohan@Umd.Edu 

As installation of greenroofs becomes more commonplace, the need to relate design structures to ecosystem services increases. For 

example, the importance of plants for stormwater retention has been debated. Furthermore, few studies have compared the 

commonly used greenroof Sedum species to each other. The primary purpose of this study was to compare stormwater retention 

from unplanted experimental greenroof platforms to those planted in Sedum album, Sedum kamptschaticum, Sedum 

sexangulare. To this end, sixteen experimental greenroof platforms, four replicates of each of the aforementioned treatments, were 

installed in College Park, MD in 2010. Stormwater inputs, volumetric moisture content, and runoff have been monitored 

continuously since at least February of 2011 on each platform using a wireless data sensor network. Root biomass and plant 

coverage are also being monitored seasonally for each planted platform. In 2012, samples were also taken seasonally to determine 

leaf area for each species. 

Between March and November 2011, 985mm (38 inches) of rain fell on our experiments. Runoff totals were 851, 791, 817, and 922L 

for the 1.3 square meter platforms planted in Sedum album, kampschaticum, sexangulare, and unplanted platforms respectively. 

Excluding tropical storms, ANCOVA analysis revealed a treatment effect (P

6668 

Integrating LID, Stream Enhancement, and Floodplain Functions in Urban Watersheds 

Greg Jennings – North Carolina State University 

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering 

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 

919-600-4790 

Jenningsenv@Gmail.Com 

Stream health in many urban watersheds throughout the Southeastern USA is threatened by changes in watershed 

hydrology and land use, often resulting in unstable stream systems with poor water quality and non-functional 

floodplains. This presentation will describe five case studies implemented over the past decade that integrate LID 

technologies with natural channel design techniques for enhancing urban stream and floodplain functions. The projects 

include channel realignment, in-stream structures, floodplain re-connection, buffer planting, and LID practices such as 

wetlands and bio-conveyances. These projects face many challenges in achieving ecological and infrastructure 

protection goals, including high and low flows, lateral and vertical constraints, sediment transport, road crossings, 

stormwater outfalls, and community ignorance and apathy. Practical considerations for planning, design, construction, 

and maintenance addressing these challenges will be described so that practitioners and project managers can 

effectively implement stream and floodplain restoration projects under a variety of watershed conditions. 

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Collaborative Reimagining of Water Infrastructure: Artists, Engineers, and Scientists 

This interdisciplinary panel will feature three separate presentations by artists, engineers, and ecologists who have 

worked in collaboration to create innovative, surprising and sustainable solutions that emphasize aesthetics, 

experimentation, sustainability and public engagement in water quality projects. 

Presentation #1 

Reconstituting the Landscape: A Tamarack Rooftop Restoration 

Kurt Leuthold 

Vice President/Principal at Barr Engineering, PE, LEED AP 

Christine Baeumler 

Department of Art, University of Minnesota 

We have drained our urban and rural land for the purposes of habitation, industry, and agriculture. Wetlands, bogs, and 

swamps have often been considered wastelands to filled in while creeks and streams have been diverted into pipes and 

buried beneath the urban landscape. Wetlands, however, perform a vital function in that they not only capture nutrients 

and sediment before it reaches aquatic systems, but also provide essential habitat for a variety of species. 

Barr Engineer Kurt Leuthold, Barr Ecologist Fred Rozumalski and artist Christine Baeumler collaborated to create a green 

roof tamarack ecosystem at the entrance of the Minneapolis College of Art and Design in Minneapolis for the Northern 

Spark Festival and McKnight Visual Artist Exhibition. The Tamarack Rooftop Restoration of a bog ecosystem above the 

entryway to the Minneapolis College of Art and Design gallery calls attention to these fragile and unique ecosystems as 

well as present an artistic reimagining of green roof infrastructure. The project also is meant to remind residents how we 

might "reconstitute" the landscape by capturing water where it drops. 

The demonstration project replaced an impervious 16’x24’ flat roof. Previously, the roof was covered with rock ballast 

and drains through a scupper on to a concrete plaza. A 55 gallon aesthetically designed rain barrel collects water at the 

base of an existing scupper. Excess water is captured in a 55-gallon container and recycled back to the roof using a solar 

pump system. While there will be some water quality improvement, the main purpose is to educate people about the 

issues of water quality and tamarack ecosystems. The project has been installed in May of 2012 will be up until at least 

November of 2013. 

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Recent Projects 

Buster Simpson 


Floating Forest 

Aaron Dysart 

Teacher, Anoka Ramsey Community College 

Dr. John Schade 

Arizona State University 

The Floating Forest is a proposal that addresses the importance of the riparian zone and daylights its current 

disappearance. It utilizes a three-tier approach to diversify its message in an attempt to reach an audience that is 

saturated with negative environmental realities. The project has not been completed but is currently gaining the interest 

and support of several arts and environmental organizations. 

The project seeks first and foremost to create a strong aesthetic statement. By planting a riparian zone complete with 

mature trees on a river barge, the unconventional location of a forest will refer to the erosion of this zone. Water will be 

pumped through the organic matter so nitrogen and phosphate levels can be tested at the intake and outtake. 

Data will be collected and presented to the public in traditional and non-traditional methods. Programming will be sited 

on the barge taking advantage of the uncommon stage that the displaced forest will provide. Focusing on both artistic 

and scientific themes, these workshops, performances, and lectures will bring audiences to the river. The goal of 

Floating Forest is to reverse the movement of both the riparian zone and the public. By bringing people to the river, this 

project will show how important it is for the riparian zone to stay upstream. 

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LID Retrofit Pilot Project Captures Roof Runoff in Urbanized Los Angeles 

Wing Tam, PE, Assistant Division Manager – LA Sanitation – City of Los Angeles 

1149 South Broadway, 10 th Floor, Los Angeles, California 90015 

TEL (213) 485-3985 FAX (213) 485-3939 

wing.tam@lacity.org 

Vik Bapna, PE, CPSWQ, Principal - CWE 

1561 E. Orangethorpe Avenue, Suite 240, Fullerton, California 92831 

TEL (714) 526-7500 FAX (714) 526-7004 

vbapna@cwecorp.com 

First identified in the Ballona Creek Watershed Stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Strategy and 

Implementation Project Report, LA Sanitation – City of Los Angeles successfully completed the implementation of the 

Pilot Downspout Disconnection Project as part of the Rainwater Harvesting Program to disconnect directly connected 

impervious areas, improve water quality, and reduce stormwater runoff from residential and commercial properties. 

This project gave commercial and residential site owners a unique opportunity to manage stormwater runoff and reduce 

the volume of water discharging from their property. The residential rain barrel pilot program provided, free of charge, 

six hundred rain barrels to collect rooftop runoff at private residences within the Ballona Creek Watershed, and store it 

for later use. Six commercial sites were retrofitted with seven bioretention flow-through planter boxes. These sites 

included a City Council District office, school, retail shop, and several community churches. This approach was an 

attempt to reach out to the local community and provide successful Low Impact Development (LID) models of how to 

capture and manage stormwater runoff from rooftops for future citywide implementation. 

To ensure the goals of the Pilot Downspout Disconnection Project were accomplished, a detailed review of the existing 

site conditions was conducted to assess potential planter sites. Once all feasible project locations were identified, field 

measurements were taken to determine the roof drainage area connected to the downspout. Planter boxes were 

appropriately sized according to the roof drainage area to handle a 0.75-inch rain event. Additional City design 

requirements included: 

‣ Use of 5-gallon California native plants (Wild Lilac and Popcorn California Lilacs) every 24-inches; 

‣ A minimum 9-inch deep reservoir at the top of the planter; 

‣ A 3-inch thick layer of mulch; 

‣ A minimum 18-inches of planting material; 

‣ Use of planting material consisting of 50% sand and 50% compost; 

‣ A minimum 12-inches of clean gravel at the bottom of the planter; 

‣ A minimum width of 24-inches, not including the width of the blocks; 

‣ Providing a sizing factor (surface area of the planter to surface area of the contributing impervious area) of at 

least 0.04; and 

‣ Sizing all underdrain pipes to meet the capacity and discharge rates of the inflow. 

The composition of these materials provides a variety of natural physical, biological, and chemical processes to improve 

stormwater water quality runoff. Following construction, field observations were conducted during a storm event. 

Influent and effluent from the BMP was collected and evaluated. Based on field observations it was concluded that the 

planter boxes reduce stormwater flow discharge rates, volume, and temperature, while simultaneously improving water 

quality. 

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The residential rain barrel pilot program began with a multi-faceted outreach campaign including a branded program 

brochure, website, e-mail updates, blog posts, and a Facebook page. Strategies included: 

‣ Engaging “early adopters” to champion the program 

‣ Promoting the program at community events 

‣ Attracting media outlets and online communities to cover the program. 

The pilot program itself provided, free of charge, the modification of downspouts and installation of the rain barrel. One 

hundred homeowners were also provided with individual consultations on additional methods of harvesting rainwater, 

including creating rain gardens. Considerable effort was involved in providing customer service and conducting surveys 

of participants to gauge the success of the program. 

The project was completed in March of 2010, and was named Stormwater Solutions’ 2010 Top Stormwater and Erosion 

Control Project. 

Evaluation Criteria Summary 

Objectives 

‣ Disconnect directly connected impervious areas 

‣ Improve water quality 

‣ Reduce stormwater runoff from residential and commercial properties 

Approaches and Techniques 

‣ Reach out to the local community and provide successful LID models of how to capture and manage stormwater 

runoff from rooftops for future citywide implementation 

‣ Installation of bioretention flow-through planter boxes at commercial sites throughout the community 

‣ Installation of rain barrels at private residences to collect rooftop runoff and store it for later use 

Methodologies 

‣ Detailed review of the existing site conditions to assess potential planter sites 

‣ Field measurements were taken to determine the roof drainage area connected to the downspout 

‣ Planter boxes sized according to the roof drainage area to handle a 0.75-inch rain event 

‣ Bioretention flow-through planter boxes were constructed based on the City design requirements listed above 


Completed as of March 2010 

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Development and Construction of an Lid Bmp Testing and Demonstration Facility at the Riverside County Flood 

Control & Water Conservation District Headquarters, Riverside, CA 

Arlene B. Chun – Riverside County Flood Control & Water Conservation District 

1995 Market Street, Riverside, CA 92501 

(951) 955-5418 (direct) (951) 788-9965 (fax) 

abchun@rcflood.org 

Low Impact Development (LID) has been recognized nationally as a cost-effective means to reduce pollutant loads in 

stormwater runoff from developments; however, there are little data available on appropriate and cost-effective LID 

BMPs for a semi-arid environment such as that in Riverside County. 

The construction of the Facility converted 8,400 square feet of existing asphalt pavement and base with porous asphalt 

and porous concrete pavement with subdrain systems; two flow-through planters and a landscape filter basin; 

elimination of 600 feet of concrete curb, gutter, and stormdrain in favor of a vegetated infiltration swale; replacement of 

two-thirds of the site’s turf area with drought tolerant landscaping and efficient irrigation systems; deepening of an 

existing infiltration basin to facilitate positive drainage of LID features; and construction of monitoring vaults outfitted 

with flow and water quality monitoring equipment. 

The monitored portion of the Facility was designed and constructed to include a plumbed network to a monitoring 

center that centralize flow for ease of collection and house automated monitoring equipment to measure in situ 

parameters and collect water quality samples. The Facility’s monitored LID BMP network includes the following control 

surfaces and LID BMPs: roof runoff control, personal vehicle parking control runoff, equipment parking control runoff, 

porous asphalt with and without filtration, porous concrete with and without filtration, landscape filter basin, and flowthrough 

planter. Data obtained from this network will be used to determine LID BMP effectiveness at mitigating 

stormwater pollutant runoff and stormwater runoff volume in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. In addition to water 

quality and BMP performance monitoring, lessons learned during BMP construction, operation, and maintenance will be 

documented. This information will be incorporated into the District’s LID BMP Manual as well as other regional and 

national databases and efforts. 

Construction of the Facility began in March 2011 and was completed in March 2012. Installation and calibration of 

automatic monitoring equipment were conducted in Winter 2012 and continues through FY 2012-2013. Progress 

updates and information on the Facility are also available on the internet at http://www.rcflood.org/LID.aspx. 

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Developing LID & GI Standards for DC Streets 

Meredith Upchurch – District Department of Transportation 

55 M St SE, Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20003 

Phone: 202-671-4663, Fax: 202-727-1089 

meredith.upchurch@dc.gov 

The District Department of Transportation (DDOT) is developing Low Impact Development (LID) and Green Infrastructure 

(GI) design standards to use in public right-of-way (ROW) construction projects and private development projects 

developing the adjacent ROW. DDOT has been designing and constructing innovative green infrastructure practices, 

including stormwater management low impact design and tree space design for several years. The private sector has 

also been building a range of green infrastructure in the public space that has been reviewed and approved by DDOT. 

These design and construction practices had been developed from university and industry research and from other city’s 

innovative designs. The development of design standards to be used in all public ROW areas establishes LID and Green 

Infrastructure as a standard and required component of the public realm and streetscape. 

The LID and GI standards are being developed in three areas, including vegetated stormwater systems, permeable 

pavement, and street tree space design. The project is developing standard design drawings, material and construction 

specifications, design guidelines, fact sheets, and an illustrative design manual. The project team was established with 

expertise in a variety of disciplines, including civil engineering, landscape architecture, urban trees, and soils. A review 

committee of LID experts from the practice, university, and construction fields has provided guidance and review 

through the standards development process. 

Project stakeholders include other District Agencies, including Environment and Planning, the water and sewer 

authority, the consulting community, and the commercial building industry. The project completed a thorough research 

review and interviews with stakeholders as input to the Practice Review and Findings report. The draft construction 

details and specifications will be reviewed by the full stakeholders community before being finalized. The standards are 

being put to use immediately as they are developed as DDOT is required to include LID in all projects starting in spring 

2013 due to MS4 permit and citywide Stormwater regulation requirements to retain 1.2 inches of runoff to the 

maximum extent practicable. 

The project is expected to be finished in May 2013 and all products will be available on DDOT’s website. The 

presentation will cover the strategy of the LID and GI standards development and findings through the process. Some of 

the challenges have included mediating competing interests, guidance for working around utility conflicts, ensuring 

pedestrian safety, giving guidance for soil infiltration and underdrain use, developing a realistic tree soil volume 

requirement, testing methodologies for permeable pavement installation and soil verification. The presentation can 

give guidance for other cities and groups developing design and construction standards and how to overcome 

challenges. 

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Restoring the Health of Panther Hollow – Low Impact Development as a Means to Improve Urban Watershed 

Hydrology & Ecology 

Michele C. Adams – Meliora Design, LLC 

100 North Bank Street Phoenixville, PA 19460 

610-933-0123/610-933-0188 

michelea@melioradesign.net 

Kate Evasic – Meliora Design, LLC 

100 North Bank Street Phoenixville, PA 19460 

610-933-0123/610-933-0188 

katee@melioradesign.net 

Erin Copeland 

Restoration Ecologist 

Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy 

2000 Technology Drive #300 Pittsburgh, PA 15219 

412.512.9639 

ecopeland@pittsburghparks.org 

The Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy has embarked on a visionary effort to restore the Panther Hollow Watershed, located in an urbancombined 

sewer area and traversing through the 300-acre Schenley Park. Characterized by a human lake at the end of an urbanized 

watershed, the streams that feed the watershed and lake have been “beheaded”, buried, and diverted to the combined sewer 

system. After traversing the urban park, the remaining stream system and lake ultimately overflow back into the combined sewer 

system. The Parks Conservancy is using a low impact development approach in an effort to restore the health and hydrology of 

Panther Hollow to condition more in keeping with it’s original, forested hydrology. Essentially, they are striving to restore the water 

balance to this urban and highly impacted watershed. 

This presentation will discuss the preparation of a plan to restore the natural hydrologic regime of the Panther Hollow Watershed 

through the implementation of low impact development, and specific targets to restore baseflow and reduce “flashiness”. 

The work effort included public engagement and planning, coordination and involvement of city agencies and adjacent universities 

(University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon), and the development of a longterm green infrastructure plan for the watershed. The 

work effort also included detailed design documentation for the initial green infrastructure measures to be implemented, including 

measures that capture street runoff and restore urban soils. 

One of the critical components of the Panther Hollow Plan was the hydrologic analysis of the existing conditions, and how the 

unexpected findings informed the plan recommendations and designs. The computer model WinSLAMM (Source Loading and 

Management Model for Windows) was applied, which allowed us to evaluate all rainfall events over a 47 year period using very 

specific land uses. A three-year record of rainfall and corresponding flow discharge from the watershed collected by the Allegheny 

County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) allowed us to compare the model results to actual conditions. 

Essentially, we learned that impervious areas generated significant runoff as expected, but we also learned that the park itself – with 

a golf course, lawn areas and urban woodland areas – was generating much more runoff, and generating runoff much sooner in a 

rainfall event, than we had anticipated. The compacted soils of the highly used park were affecting the health of the stream system. 

This presentation will present the results of the hydrologic modeling analysis, and discuss how the findings led to specific LID 

recommendations and practices for park areas as well as impervious areas. We will discuss the water quality challenges facing 

Panther Hollow, and the recommendations for LID implementation. GI pilot projects that have been designed in Panther Hollow will 

also be presented. 

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Design Considerations for Stormwater Infiltration Systems 

Todd Hubmer, WSB & Associates, Inc. 

701 Xenia Avenue South, Suite 300 


763-287-7182 

thubmer@wsbeng.com 

Richard Pennings, American Engineering Testing, Inc. 

550 Cleveland Avenue North 


651-659-9001 

rpennings@amengtest.com 

Introduction 

Stormwater volume reduction initiatives have become common practice over the last 5 to 10 years. These initiates have 

required public and private projects alike to spend significant dollars on construction of stormwater infiltration systems. 

While there is still much to be learned about the effectiveness and sustainability of some of these practices, monitoring 

has shown that many of these BMP’s are performing well beyond the requirements of their design. This is due in part to 

current policies on allowable infiltration rates and minimal emphasis on engineering design and hydraulic analysis of 

these systems. 

Design of infiltration systems to meet specific rainfall for runoff event based volume reduction standards is highly 

dependent on the infiltration rate of the subsurface soils. Most local requirements establish allowable design infiltration 

rates based on hydrologic soil group (HSG) and/or unified soil classification (USC). This approach makes it easy to choose 

a design infiltration rate for a project without having to perform detailed geotechnical analyses. However, infiltration 

rates can be much higher than the maximum allowable infiltration rates found in infiltration policies. Fortunately, many 

regulatory agencies provide exceptions for demonstrating higher design infiltration rates through direct measurement. 

Objectives 

In 2012 ten infiltration BMP’s were monitored in the City of Saint Paul for stormwater volume reduction, infiltration rate 

and influent water quality. The objective of this program was to quantify the effectiveness of existing BMPs to remove 

pollutants and infiltrate stormwater. The data generated by this effort was used to verify and refine design 

methodologies for implementation of future volume reduction projects. 

Approach 

Prior to construction, design infiltration rates for many of these BMP’s were estimated using the Kozeny-Carman 

equation. This equation relies on input variables obtained by analyzing the gradation results of soil samples collected at 

the proposed infiltration surface. Correction factors were applied to the Kozeny-Carman results to account for various 

unknowns in the uniformity of soil throughout the site, degradation of infiltration rate over time due to siltation, and 

other factors. The BMP’s were sized using the resulting design infiltration rate and standard hydraulic methods to 

account for infiltration occurring during the target storm events. 

During construction, double ring infiltrometer tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D3385. The double ring 

results provided verification of the Kozeny-Carman values and were used to demonstrate compliance with local 

regulating agencies. 

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Electronic water monitoring equipment was used to collect water quantity and quality data on a continuous basis from 

each BMP during the 2012 rainfall season. This data included: 

• Water level in all of the BMPs 

• Rate and volume of runoff flowing into and bypassing four of the BMPs 

• Composite water quality sampling at two of the BMPs 

Results 

The average infiltration rates observed in the BMPs exceed the typical published rates allowed under local policy. The 

BMPs met or exceeded the design estimates for volume reduction and pollutant removal. The maximum volume 

reduction observed exceeded the BMP’s storage volume by two to three times. This verified our design methods for 

sizing BMPs based on preconstruction geotechnical analysis and standard hydraulic principles. This also verified that 

BMPs can be designed using these approaches and can meet water quality goals while generating cost savings that will 

allow communities and watersheds to target additional untreated subwatersheds with the same financial resources. 


Project completed December 2012. 

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Lessons Learned Modeling LID Using SWMM LID Controls 

Zachary Eichenwald, Matt Gamache, Jamie Lefkowitz, Ron Miner, Rich Wagner, and Mitch Heineman – CDM Smith 

50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 

(617) 452-6000 

eichenwaldzt@cdmsmith.com 

Paul Keohan – Boston Water and Sewer Commission 

980 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02119 

(617) 989-7000 

pkeohan@bwsc.org 

The Boston Water and Sewer Commission (BWSC) owns and operates 208 permitted stormwater outfalls draining 36 

square miles via 600 miles of separate storm drains (BWSC, 2012). Drainage generally discharges west and north to the 

Charles River, east to Boston Harbor, and south to the Neponset River. As a result of a consent decree to address 

violations of the Clean Water Act, the Commission is required to implement low impact development (LID) projects to 

reduce phosphorous and bacteria loads to its receiving waters. The Commission needed a method to evaluate the 

impact of LID practices on pollutant loads to its receiving waters. Previous modeling work included development of a 

hydraulic model using the EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), so SWMM was selected to model the effects 

of LID on pollutant loads to the Commission’s stormwater outfalls. This study examines lessons learned from applying 

the LID controls, assesses their limitations, and identifies areas where the model framework could be improved. 

Before modeling LID implementation within Boston’s separated drainage area, the existing hydraulic model was 

modified to simulate buildup and washoff of thirteen pollutants across nine land use categories. While adding the water 

quality component to the existing hydraulic model, we identified several computational errors in SWMM’s buildup and 

washoff routines. EPA provided CDM Smith with provisional code improvements which were used in this study and will 

be incorporated into SWMM version 5.0.023. 

SWMM can explicitly represent five types of LID: bioretention cells, infiltration trenches, porous pavement, rain barrels, 

and vegetative swales. Each of these LID types were assigned parameters to represent management options selected for 

BWSC’s stormwater drainage system. Using the LID elements available in SWMM, we simulated four LID options to 

investigate the effects of implementing rain barrels, green roofs, porous pavement, and Boston’s Complete Streets 

program, which aims to redesign city streets to be environmentally friendly and sustainable (City of Boston, 2012). 

Porous pavement and rain barrels were modeled using SWMM LID components directly; green roofs and Complete 

Streets were modeled using bioretention cells to emulate the effects of green roofs and a network of tree boxes, street 

planters, and other green infrastructure projects. Parameters for each LID element were estimated based on prior 

modeling, engineering judgment, and local soil properties. 

While LID can reduce pollutant loads to a drainage system through diminished stormwater runoff, capture of “first 

flush”, and treatment processes such as soil sorption and nutrient uptake, SWMM currently only simulates LID’s runoff 

reduction impacts on water quality. This is likely a valid approach for controls such as rain barrels and green roofs that 

treat areas that are not subject to the large amount of pollutant buildup characteristic of city streets and other types of 

impervious area. The model likely underestimates the contribution of tree boxes, rain gardens, and comparable green 

infrastructure that has the potential for additional treatment beyond volume reduction. As a result, pollutant load 

reduction estimates simulated by SWMM likely represent a lower limit of the load reduction potential of each of the 

modeled alternatives. 

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This study indicates that implementing LID throughout the city of Boston could result in modest pollutant load and 

runoff volume reduction. However, these modeled pollutant load reductions may underestimate the improvements that 

could be attained. A more complex conceptual model would be needed to fully describe LID treatment capabilities. 

Despite this limitation, this study found SWMM to be an excellent tool for evaluating the most effective LID for reducing 

total runoff volume. In general, the analyses indicated that an annual runoff reduction of up to 20 percent citywide can 

be achieved with full implementation of the Complete Streets program. 

Although our results indicate a modest reduction in pollutant load, SWMM does not model any pollutant reduction 

beyond that achieved by reduced runoff volume and corresponding washoff mass reduction. Most notably, the pollutant 

reductions simulated by SWMM do not represent the potential benefits of capturing first flush. Future model 

development efforts to include contaminant fate and transport computations within SWMM’s LID and water quality 

framework are required to improve its water quality modeling capabilities. Nonetheless, SWMM offers a useful tool for 

estimating the potential effects of stormwater LID on the overall pollutant load to Boston’s receiving waters. SWMM 

provides robust estimates of both existing conditions and of management alternatives that the Commission can 

implement to both improve water quality and meet the terms set by the consent decree. 

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Innovative Sensing Instrumentation Methodology to Measure Green Infrastructure Effectiveness 

Derek Wride, P.E., Bcee – Cdm Smith Inc 

8800 Lyra Drive, Suite 500, Columbus, OH 43240 

614-847-8340 (Phone)/614-847-1699 (Fax) 

Wridedd@Cdmsmith.Com 

Michael Bolan – Urbanalta 

251 Strader Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45226 

214-995-6805 (Phone) 

Michael.Bolan@Urbanalta.Com 

Nancy Ellwood – Cdm Smith Inc 

8805 Governor’s Hill Drive, Suite 305, Cincinnati, OH 45249 

513-583-9800 (Phone)/513-583-9800 (Fax) 

Ellwoodnk@Cdmsmith.Com 

A new instrumentation methodology based on semiconductor sensors coupled to cloud computing measures the 

effectiveness of stormwater related green infrastructure in Cincinnati, Ohio. This instrumentation methodology, 

manufactured by the high-tech start-up company Urbanalta, involves semiconductor sensors coupled to cloud 

computing measures. While green infrastructure alternatives are increasingly being evaluated and implemented to 

control stormwater runoff in the urban environment, limited performance data are available. These include rain 

gardens, green roofs, infiltration swales, and bioswales. A better understanding of the hydraulic performance of green 

stormwater controls will help engineers assess expectations of constructed green infrastructure performance, more 

confidently plan green infrastructure programs, and more wisely design green infrastructure. This can lead to more 

reliable planning and verified performance among communities implementing green infrastructure as they work to 

improve the environment and meet their regulatory requirements. 

Four innovative sensing devices have been installed on the green roof of the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union 

Terminal as the first phase of a monitoring program to determine the effectiveness of the green roof on controlling 

stormwater runoff. Each monitoring device uses imaging technology to measure flows to four drains from the green 

roof. Miniature high-definition cameras are directly connected to a streaming video device powered by an ethernet 

cable linked to the museum’s computer network. A rain gauge is digitally linked to the streaming video device, causing 

the recorded frame rate to increase during precipitation events. Resulting images are posted over the internet at a 

background surveillance rate of one frame per 20 minutes during dry conditions, increasing to one frame per minute 

during precipitation events. The imagery, as well as laboratory results from an identical setup, is currently being 

assessed using imaging analytics. Initial flow calculations from the imagery are promising. Flow rates and volumes 

determined from the monitoring data will facilitate water balance computations, yielding an understanding of the green 

roof’s effectiveness. Advantages of this innovative methodology and technology include:\ 

1. Non-invasive, real-time measurement using existing access points enables easy retro-fits. 

2. Analytics performed on hi-definition images allows the first drops of runoff to be time-stamped with measurement 

of flows below one gallon per minute feasible. 

3. Ability to transmit data as needed during rainfall events, saving power, bandwidth, and storage. The device is 

triggered by the first presence of water and then records data at a user defined interval. 

4. Pictures (seeing is believing). “Eyes” at the site provide an advantage to help troubleshoot any issues identified 

during data collection and to verify that the device is working properly. 

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5. Reduction of required field visits. The monitoring device has an initial set-up with no regular re-calibration of device 

needed. 

6. Cloud based architecture processes the data from many sensors using massive computing power to present 

actionable metrics and predict what is likely to happen. 

7. Two-way communication with device is “borrowed” from existing public communication infrastructure allowing not 

only actuation of the sensors, but also real-time control actuators for the runoff during a precipitation event. 

This presentation will describe the green roof monitoring set-up, present some of the associated challenges, share some 

initial results, and talk about the advantages of this innovative setup. 

rain gage 

measuring device, 

under lid 

measuring device, 

under lid 

Cincinnati Museum Center green roof showing two Urbanalta measuring devices, including the rain gage (black) on top 

of the drain cover, cameras inside the covers. 

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LID Institutional Acceptance – Chesapeake Bay Experience 

Fernando Pasquel, Vice President - ARCADIS 

3101 Wilson Blvd., Suite 550, Arlington, VA 22201 

Phone: 703-842-5621 / FAX: 703-351-1305 

Fernando.Pasquel@arcadis-us.com 

Low Impact Development (LID) Practices have been implemented in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed since the early 

1990s. Institutional acceptance has evolved from considering LID/Green Infrastructure and innovative idea that is 

implemented only in selected pilot projects to a well-established practice with detailed guidance, procedures, and 

inspection/construction requirements. However, this wide range in the evolution of the institutional acceptance of LID is 

not uniformly observed in all jurisdictions. And, despite the experience over the last 20 years with LID practices, some 

communities have still not institutionalized or accepted the use of LID. 

This paper will present successes and challenges on institutional acceptance in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 

successes and challenges will be illustrated with examples from Chesapeake Bay communities in Maryland, Virginia, 

Delaware, and Pennsylvania. Interviews of municipal officials will be conducted to validate and summarize the different 

levels of institutional acceptance. 

Examples that will be used include Prince Georges County, MD, and Stafford County, VA, where institutional acceptance 

of LID is high. In these communities, LID has been accepted and is required for all development projects. Developers’ 

engineers need to show that LID does not work if they want to use other stormwater management practices. Other 

examples from Pennsylvania and Delaware will be included. The paper will illustrate how these municipalities have 

institutionalized the use of LID and their success and challenges. 

Institutional acceptance challenges will also be presented with examples from municipalities in Northern Virginia, 

Hampton Roads, and Pennsylvania where technical and maintenance concerns have, in some cases, delayed institutional 

acceptance. Lessons learned and recommendations gleaned from the interviews will be presented. 

This paper will also describe efforts to implement LID at a watershed scale and how those efforts are planned to facilitate 

institutional acceptance. The paper will end with a discussion on trends and lessons learned to overcome barriers and 

challenges. 

This paper is being submitted for an Individual Oral Presentation. However, if acceptable to the Symposium’s Technical 

Committee, this paper could be presented as part of a full session (40 or 90 minutes) that will include this paper and 

papers from other geographic areas. The session could also include a panel discussion with invited speakers selected 

from municipalities from the selected regions. The author will be glad to organize and moderate/facilitate the session. 

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Technical Guidance for Retaining Stormwater On-Site to the Maximum Exent Practicable: Lessons Learned From 2 

Years of Implementation in Orange County, California 

Richard Boon (presenting) and Chris Crompton – County of Orange, Stormwater Program 

2301 N. Glassell St., Orange, CA 92865 

Ph: (714) 955-0670; Fax: (714) 955-0639 

Richard.Boon@ocpw.ocgov.com 

Aaron Poresky (presenting), Eric Strecker (presenting), and Lisa Austin – Geosyntec Consultants 


Ph: 971.271.5891; Fax: 971.271.5884 

aporesky@geosyntec.com 

Two revised municipal stormwater permits with the Santa Ana and San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, adopted in 

2009 in Orange County, include specific implementation requirements for low impact development (LID) and hydromodification 

control for new development and significant redevelopment projects. These permits require “priority development projects” to 

“retain” (no surface discharge) stormwater on-site using infiltration, evapotranspiration, and/or harvest and use BMPs to the 

maximum extent practicable (MEP) based on a “rigorous” feasibility analysis. Stormwater that is not retained on-site must be 

biotreated if feasible, before a project may consider off-site regional solutions, conventional treatment and release, or alternative 

programs such as fee-in-lieu or mitigation. 

The County of Orange and municipal co-permittees, with the assistance of Geosyntec Consultants and CDM, have updated the 

Model Water Quality Management Plan (WQMP) that provides project proponents with the requirements for preparing a Project- 

Specific WQMP as required in the Municipal Stormwater NPDES permit. With these updates, a detailed Technical Guidance 

Document (TGD) has been developed for the preparation of WQMPs to more effectively ensure that water quality protection, 

including LID principles, is considered in the earliest phases of a project and meet the “rigorous” feasibility analysis required by the 

permits. The TGD addresses both technical issues and principles and the process of how these will be incorporated into the existing 

WQMP review and approval process. 

The Technical Guidance Document, approved by state regulators in 2011, contains technically-based criteria for project evaluation to 

determine the feasibility (and desirability) of implementing LID BMPs and retaining runoff on site. These criteria address both on-site 

approaches and the technical potential for off-site mitigation opportunities using infiltration, evapotranspiration, harvest and use, 

and biotreatment. This document is one of this first of its kind in providing detailed guidance for evaluating the feasibility and 

desirability of on-site LID and has set a precedent for other municipal stormwater programs in California and across the country with 

similar permit requirements. The development of the TGD also establishes a framework for coordinating with other agencies that 

are responsible for resource protection. For example, the project team worked closely with the Orange County Water District, which 

manages the important groundwater aquifer in the region, to develop criteria for implementing stormwater infiltration in a manner 

that is protective of groundwater quality to protect water supplies. Similar efforts were undertaken with the Orange County 

Sanitation District regarding inflow and infiltration issues as well as other County agencies. 

The Model WQMP and Technical Guidance Document went into effect in North Orange County in August 2011 and have been 

implemented by a wide variety of projects within the many municipalities that make up the region. To assist in program 

implementation, the Orange County Stormwater Program operates a technical “help desk”, and through this service has gained 

valuable feedback on experiences and challenges that project proponents are facing in real-world implementation. The County has 

also hosted refresher training events for the permittee and development communities, featuring presentations by practitioners 

regarding their experiences implementing the new requirements. 

This presentation will introduce the Technical Guidance Document, including the feasibility criteria that were developed and the 

process by which stakeholders were involved. It will provide lessons learned from program development, outreach, and the first two 

years of implementation. While experiences highlight challenges faced in implementation of LID, they also highlight ways in which 

LID has been creatively incorporated into a wide range of project types. 

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Crumbling Concrete and Impenetrable Asphalt – The Colorado Conundrum 

Ken A. MacKenzie – Urban Drainage and Flood Control District 

2480 W 26 th Avenue, Suite 156B, Denver, CO 80211 

303.455.6277 PH / 303.455.7880 Fax 

kmackenzie@udfcd.org 

In 2008 the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD) called for a moratorium on pervious concrete pavement 

due to widespread surface raveling problems with this BMP in Colorado. Since that time we collaborated with the 

Colorado Ready Mixed Concrete Association (CRMCA) and others to develop a guidance document titled The Specifier’s 

Guide for Pervious Concrete Pavement Design, which we believed would minimize, and hopefully prevent future failures. 

In 2010, The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) constructed a pervious concrete demonstration pad at its 

research laboratory in Golden, Colorado, to the new specifications and under the supervision of CRMCA. After only two 

years in service, the surface of this pervious concrete has heavily deteriorated. This, combined with several other 

premature failures and very few successes in Colorado, leaves us wondering if successful implementation of this BMP is 

highly unlikely even under tight controls and ideal conditions. 

Also in 2008, UDFCD worked with the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association (CAPA) and several pavement contractors 

to install a porous asphalt demonstration pad in front of the City and County of Denver’s Wastewater Management 

building. This site has been monitored regularly to determine if porous asphalt can maintain the minimally acceptable 

infiltration rate for any permeable pavement in the UDFCD region, which we have determined to be 20 inches per hour 

(this accommodates an impervious tributary area up to twice the area of the porous asphalt). Over a few years, the 

infiltration rate at this site and several other porous asphalt installations in the UDFCD region fell below this minimum 

standard and cleaning with reasonably available methods and equipment were generally not successful in restoring 

infiltration rates to the minimum acceptable level. More intensive cleaning with power washers and higher efficiency 

vacuums was performed at some of these sites and we were generally able to restore infiltration rates via these more 

extreme methods. This forced us to ask the question “what is a reasonable expectation with regard to maintenance and 

consequent performance of this BMP” 

Permeable pavements are a critical tool for stormwater management, but we need to have realistic expectations 

regarding their strengths and weaknesses. The presentation will focus on the Colorado experience with pervious 

concrete and porous asphalt. 

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6681 

Advanced Bioretention Systems: Results from Four Years of Mesocosm Studies and Two Years of Field Studies 

William C. Lucas 

Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane Australia 

Bill.Lucas@Student.Grififth.edu.au, wlucas@integratedland.com 

Margaret Greenway 

Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane Australia 

M.Greenway@Grififth.edu.au 

This presentation is a follow up to our mesocosm studies on advanced bioretention systems (ABS) designs that 

substantially improve removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from runoff. These findings are now being confirmed 

in field and pilot scale studies in WA, VA, DE, NJ, and MD, as well as Singapore and Shenzhen, PRC. Another year of 

mesocosm research will also be presented, with novel findings about processes involved in P retention. 

The WA studies comprise the most rigorous and extensive experimental bioretention studies ever conducted. 

Completed in November 2010, initial results showed that the high compost media had considerable losses of N and P, 

even when inflow runoff concentrations were negligible. While this may highlight potential drawbacks from the compost 

used in current media recipes, results will be presented on how these systems responded when runoff was applied at 

higher concentrations after the systems had become well established. 

The DE facility treats 20 acres of agricultural and urban runoff in a full scale facility. It will have been established for over 

two years, with most the first year’s data obtained. The VA facilities comprise a bioretention cell treating half an acre of 

parking, plus a planter trench system for ultra-urban retrofits. These systems will have been established for over a year 

as well. The NJ system will have been established for almost 3 years, thus representing a fully mature facility. Currently 

in the design phase, the MD system is designed to remove nutrients found at much higher concentrations in agricultural 

runoff. 

The Shenzhen University system comprises three bioretention cells, all of which utilize the ABS outlet system. The 

experiment uses spiked roof runoff applied to three different media. Constructed in late 2012, results from the initial 

year of the observations will be presented. The Singapore system comprises a facility treating 12 acres of agricultural 

runoff at prodigious rainfall depths (10 feet per year). As in case of the MD system, it is designed to remove nutrients 

found at much higher concentrations in agricultural runoff. If obtained, initial results from this facility will also be 

presented. 

The current paradigm in nutrient management urgently needs scientifically valid observations to improve current 

technologies. Taken together, this array of experimental facilities represents a capital installation and monitoring budget 

well into 7 figures. Such depth of research in so many different settings is essential if nutrient removal technologies are 

to mature to the point at which they can be deployed effectively. This research aims to address these objectives. 

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Green Infrastructure Modeling for Missouri Avenue/Spring Lake Park Sewer Separation project for City of Omaha 

Rocky J. Keehn, PE, D. WRE, CFM, LEED AP - Short Elliott Hendrickson, Inc. (SEH) 

Senior Water Resources Engineer | Sr. Principal 

SEH Omaha | PO Box 388 | 9723 South 232 nd Circle | Gretna, NE | 68028 

402.659.3531 direct | cell (NO FAX) 

rkeehn@sehinc.com 

Rachel Pichelmann - Short Elliott Hendrickson, Inc. (SEH) 

Graduate Engineer 

SEH | 3535 Vadnais Center Drive | St. Paul, MN | 55110 

651.765.2917 direct | 888.908.8166 fax 

rpichelmann@sehinc.com 

The presentation will discuss the LID modeling methods used for 135 acres of the 350 acre Missouri Avenue/Spring Lake 

Park Sewer Separation project. This project is part the City of Omaha’s Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Program. 

Guidance for the project is from the Omaha Green Solutions Site Suitability Assessment and BMP Selection Process 

Guidance Document, “The incorporation of Green Solutions [Infrastructure] into the Long Term Control Plan is 

important for environmental stewardship as well as to meet commitments to the EPA and the public.” The final project 

design (completed in the spring of 2013 with construction scheduled to begin fall 2013) included several Green 

Infrastructure solutions, including re-establishing a historic lake within Spring Lake Park and will become a showcase 

project for the City. The Green Infrastructure solutions for this project are projected to save the City of Omaha $5 

million dollars from the original $30 million project price tag for this segment of the CSO program. 

The design challenge was to find a hydrology model that could be used to design the Green Infrastructure or LID 

components, the “grey” storm sewer system per City Standards and since the proposed system included several large 

detention ponds and the potential for a roadway to act as a low hazard dam, a model that could simulate the 100-year 

event (plus an extreme event (100-year plus 2 inches). The model selected for the green infrastructure design was 

HydroCAD. The presentation will focus on the special assumption required to use the HydroCAD model, how these 

results were incorporate into the more complex XPSWMM model used to size the storm sewer system which conveys 

water to the Green Infrastructure components and how all the modeling results compared to the original InfoWorks 

model used in the preliminary CSO analysis. 

The presentation will go beyond the design components for the project and discuss specific lessons learned in modeling 

LID project components. For example, one component of the project was to use overland flow instead of a storm sewer 

to convey storm water in a section of the park. How this was modeled in a complex drainage system and how it better 

simulates the natural flow paths will be discussed. Building on the lessons learned, the hydrologic response of the 

watershed with and without Green Infrastructure components, which was not part of the project design, will be 

included in the presentation. The goal is to provide a presentation that will allow designer to use the information 

learned on this project in any model they choose to use to simulate LID hydrology related to Green Infrastructure. 

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6685 

Confessions of LID Designers: An Honest Critique of Design Choices for Successful Implementation 

Dustin Atchison – CH2M HILL 

1601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1100, Seattle, WA 98101 

(206) 470-2233 

Dustin.Atchison@ch2m.com 

Nate Cormier – SvR Design 

1205 Second Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98101 

(206) 223-0326 

natec@svrdesign.com 

Kathy Gwilym - SvR Design 

1205 Second Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98101 

(206) 223-0326 

kathyg@svrdesign.com 

Alice Lancaster – Herrera Environmental Consultants 

2200 Sixth Avenue Suite 1100 Seattle, WA 98121 

(206) 787-8250 

alancaster@herrerainc.com 

Low Impact Development (LID) is no longer a new approach to stormwater management, however, many stormwater professionals 

still consider the field innovative and unproven, and relegate LID to pilot project status. In order to move LID beyond the pilot 

project to the “standard of practice,” design methods must be rigorously examined to increase understanding and comfort within 

the stormwater community. As practitioners with extensive experience in all facets of LID, from design and implementation to 

maintenance and monitoring, the panelists in this presentation have seen it all. LID design will only get better through honest 

critique of past efforts and sharing of knowledge amongst practitioners. In that spirit, this presentation will distill the key elements 

of bioretention design and present lessons learned from overcoming challenges on an array of projects. The focus will be on 

bioretention design within the urban roadway context, particularly on sloped sites and around existing infrastructure. The case study 

sites are also in areas of high visibility so consideration of public perceptions and expectations is especially critical. A sample of the 

design issues to be addressed includes: 

• Inlets: A rain garden, swale or planter can’t do its job unless water can get into it. Inlet design requires a balance of efficient 

hydraulic design, alternative approaches for new and retrofit conditions, minimized maintenance and functionality in the 

context of site furnishing and pedestrian circulation. 

• Weirs: Roadside features are often sited on longitudinal slopes where there are challenges to maximizing the available 

storage area within the cells, often requiring the addition of weirs or other control measures. 

• Micrograding: Space in the urban right-of-way is limited; however designs that shoehorn in features often violate good 

design principles in terms of slopes, planting and pedestrian adjacencies. 

• Ponding Depth: While surface ponding is a crucial element of bioretention function, designers need to carefully evaluate 

the appropriate depth of ponding to meet hydrologic performance goals while addressing safety concerns. 

• Soil Mix: Soil composition and quality are key to providing treatment and preventing nutrient export while at the same time 

supporting vegetation and trees that are planted within the system. 

• Construction: Bioretention features are living systems. What happens during construction, from inadequate erosion 

control, protection of soils from compaction, etc. can have long-term effects on the overall performance of the system. 

• Context: Design elements should vary in response to the location of a project. Is it hyper-urban or residential, new 

development or retrofit, high pedestrian activity or low, high traffic counts or low All of these considerations will affect 

materials, configurations, slopes and more. 

• Vegetation: Successful planting can provide a visible signature of a healthy, functioning bioretention system, but the palette 

must be carefully composed to work with streetscape criteria and community aesthetic objectives. 

349

6688 

Design Sensitivity and Optimization of Lid-Based Hydromodification Control Facilities 

Raina Dwivedi – Geosyntec Consultants 

1111 Broadway 

6 th Floor 

Oakland, CA 94607 

(510) 285-2720 

rdwivedi@geosyntec.com 

Hydromodification is defined as changes in runoff characteristics and in-stream processes caused by altered land use. 

The impact of hydromodification can manifest itself through adjustment of stream morphology via channel incision, 

widening, planform alteration, or coarsening of the bed material. The state of the practice for hydromodification 

management in California and Western Washington for new and re-development has been to mimic pre-development 

site hydrology. The theory is that if the pre-development distribution of in-stream flows is maintained, then the baseline 

capacity to transport sediment, a proxy for the geomorphic condition, will be maintained as well. A popular method of 

mimicking the pre-development flow regime is by maintaining the pre-development frequency distribution of runoff, 

known as flow duration control. This can be done by routing post-development runoff through structural stormwater 

BMPs such that runoff is stored and slowly released to match pre-development flow duration characteristics. As it turns 

out, storage requirements for hydromodification control tend to be much larger than that for surface water treatment 

requirements (see figure below). As regulatory requirements for hydromodification evolve and begin to spread to other 

parts of the country, it is necessary that water resources professionals and policy makers understand the practical 

challenges of implementing hydromodification controls, including the sizing and cost constraints, and know about 

innovations which could make hydromodification controls more feasible to implement. In an effort to provide the 

audience with this better understanding in the context of Low Impact Development, this presentation will discuss sizing 

sensitivities of LID-based structural BMPs based on: (1) performance standard (Flow Duration Control vs. Erosion 

Potential); (2) low flow discharge (5%Q2 vs. 10%Q2 vs. 20%Q2, etc.); and (3) BMP outlet design (passive vs. active/smart 

controls). The sizing results will also be discussed in the context of drawdown time as vector control requirements are 

seen as in direct conflict with the flow attenuation needed for on-site hydromodification management. 

350

6689 

Implementing Seattle’s Green Stormwater Infrastructure to tthe Maximum Extent Feasible Requirement 

Sherell Ehlers, P.E. – Seattle Public Utilities 

P.O. Box 34018, Seattle, WA 98124-4018 

206-386-4576 

Sherell.Ehlers@Seattle.Gov 

Bradley Wilburn – Seattle Dept of Planning & Development 

P.O. Box 34019, Seattle, WA 98124-4019 

206-615-0508 

Bradley.Wilburn@Seattle.Gov 

Seattle Public Utilities (SPU), in cooperation with the Department of Planning and Development (DPD), and Seattle 

Department of Transportation (SDOT), conducted a program audit to determine the effectiveness of the Green 

Stormwater Infrastructure to the Maximum Extent Feasible (GSI to MEF) stormwater requirement. The program audit 

encompasses projects permitted on private property (DPD) and development occurring within the public right-of-way 

(SDOT). The scope of review captured permitted projects approved within the first year and a half from the effective 

date of the Seattle Stormwater Code, adopted November 30, 2009. In addition, the report summarizes 

recommendations to improve GSI to MEF implementation for projects on private property and in the right-of-way 

(ROW). 

This program audit report identifies outcomes of current policies and practices, and potential obstacles to successfully 

mitigating stormwater on-site. Program deficiencies and positive attributes are highlighted to help assess the program’s 

overall success to date. 

The session will cover LID/GSI applications, policies, and regulations as well as key observations and recommendations 

related to: 

• Project Documentation 

• Credit for Single-Family Residential Projects 

• GSI Threshold for Parcel Projects 

• Parcel Projects that Construct Two or More SFR Buildings 

• Trees and GSI Credit 

• Priority Green Projects 

• Projects in Non-Flow Control Basins 

• Right-of Way Policies 

• Removing Barriers to LID/GSI 

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6690 

Low Impact Development Implementation in City of Edmonton 

Fayi Zhou - the City of Edmonton 

6 th Floor Century Place, 9803 – 102a Ave, 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 3A3 

Tel: 780.496.3006 

Fayi.Zhou@edmonton.ca 

Xiangfei Li - the City of Edmonton 



Tel: 780.423.5138 

Xiangfei.Li@edmonton.ca 

Penny Dunford - Stantec Consulting Ltd. 

10160 - 112 St. 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2L6 

Tel: 780.917.7217 

Penny.Dunford@stantec.com 

Tong Yu - University of Alberta 

3-050 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2W2 

Tel: 780.492.6307 

Tong.Yu@ualberta.ca 

Janice Dewar - the City of Edmonton 



Tel: 780.442.4364 

Janice.Dewar@edmonton.ca 

James Tan - the City of Edmonton 

14323 - 115 Ave 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5M 3B8 

Tel: 780.496.5567 

James.Tan@edmonton.ca 

Chris Ward- the City of Edmonton 



Chris.Ward@edmonton.ca 

The City of Edmonton has been striving to protect North Saskatchewan River (NSR) Watershed as urban development 

grows. Low Impact Development (LID) is a best management practice (BMP) for stormwater management underlined in 

the City’s Total Loading Plan committed to the provincial regulator through Approval-to-Operate. LID is also gradually 

recognized as being able to provide a wide range of benefits and integrated into City’s various plans such as Green 

Building Plan, New Neighbourhood Design Guidelines, and Downtown Redevelopment Plans. 

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This paper will discuss the experiences and lessons learned from progressive implementation of LID BMPs in Edmonton. 

LID features have been promoted in Edmonton in the last few years on a case-by-case basis. However, there were no 

local standards or guidelines available until 2011 when the LID Design Guide was developed specifically for Edmonton’s 

cold climate. This paper will brief the process of developing a local climate oriented LID design guide. 

Further to the development of LID design guide, the City had conducted a LID implementation study in 2012, which 

compared life cycle costs and benefits of LID with conventional stormwater management techniques, identified risks and 

barriers, and recommended changes to current practices and a process to integrate LID into land development. This 

paper will introduce some key findings based on several local LID case studies and land development process review. 

The success of engaging internal and external stakeholders and integrating LID into business plans and strategies of 

various departments will be discussed. 

Public education and LID research are important components of implementing LID. The City is developing a school 

education curriculum for grade 7 student. The experience will be shared in this paper. The City is collaborating with the 

University of Alberta on the research of bioretention, with the focuses of exploring opportunity to use local composts 

and investigating the impact of snow melt runoff which have high content of sediment and salts to bioretention 

performance. Some of the results will be introduced in this paper. 

353

6691 

Oversized, Yet Underperforming Improving Subsurface Infiltration Design 

Andrea Demich, P.E. – City of San Diego 

9370 Chesapeake Drive, Suite 100, Ms 1900, San Diego, CA 92123 

Phone: 858-541-4348 

Ademich@Sandiego.Gov 

Brad Wardynski - Tetra Tech, Inc. 


Phone: 919-485-2079 

Brad.Wardynski@Tetratech.Com 

Yvana Hrovat, P.E. - Tetra Tech, Inc. 


Phone: 858-268-5746 

Yvana.Hrovat@Tetratech.Com 

Tommy Wells – Amec, Inc. 

9177 Sky Park Court, San Diego, CA 92123 

Phone: 858-514-6429 

Tommy.Wells@Amec.Com 

In order to address Municipal Stormwater Permit requirements and target the reduction of various pollutants of 

concern, the City of San Diego installed a subsurface infiltration facility in 2010 as the furthest downstream component 

of a stormwater treatment train. This low impact development (LID) facility was monitored from February 2011 to 

February 2012 as a pilot project to investigate the hydrologic and water quality improvements before implementing 

such system in other locations. Continuous flow monitoring data indicated that the infiltration facility retained and 

exfiltrated 97% of the total runoff volume from the tributary area during the 2011/2012 rainy season. Despite excellent 

stormwater volume and pollutant load reduction achieved by this BMP (in heavy clay soils), overflow should have never 

been observed during the monitoring period because the design runoff volume was not exceeded by inflow for any 

continuous 24-hour duration. The data suggested a strong likelihood of underperformance in terms of total retained 

stormwater volume. These findings warranted further investigations of the subsoil drainage characteristics and facility 

storage capacity. A controlled flow test of the underground infiltration facility was performed to identify the cause(s) of 

underperformance. Upon filling the facility with hydrant water, it was evident that although the facility provided excess 

storage volume (with respect to the 5-yr design storm), air trapped within the headspace of the facility precluded full 

use of the available capacity. This “airlocking” reduced the effective storage capacity by 18%. Airlocking could be 

prevented by properly aligning the tops of inlet pipes with the top of the infiltration chamber or by installation of vented 

inspection wells. Furthermore, maximum observed exfiltration rates were one order of magnitude lower than the 

infiltration rates specified in original design calculations. These observations demonstrated the shortcomings of overlysimplified 

design methodologies and assumptions. Preliminary infiltration rate testing for future installations should be 

performed at the depth of the proposed subgrade to accurately characterize soil drainage. Calculation of storage 

capacity should be based on long-term, continuous simulation modeling that accounts for antecedent moisture 

conditions. Treating infiltration rate as a soil-water constant can result in grossly over/underestimating the performance 

of infiltrating LID practices. The “masking effects” caused by structural grids and aggregate blocking the infiltrative 

surface must also be considered when calculating hydrologic performance. Recommendations generated from this 

study justify rethinking overly-simplified design methods and recommending solutions that are optimized for specific LID 

design goals and site constraints. Future projects will incorporate these results to maximize hydrologic and water 

quality performance. 

354

6692 

Retrofitting a Conventional Sand Filter for Capture and Complete Nitrification of Influent Nitrogen in Stormwater 

Runoff 

Golnaz Khorsha – University of Maryland 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742 

240.380.4246 

Golnaz.khorsha@gmail.com 

Allen P. Davis, P.E., Ph.D – University of Maryland 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742 

301.405.1958 

apdavis@umd.edu 

One of the impacts of urbanization is the increase in impervious surface areas, which disrupts infiltration of water into 

the soil and raises flooding frequencies. Stormwater runoff contains many pollutants, such as suspended solids, heavy 

metals, phosphorous and nitrogen, and contributes significant loadings of these constituents to the receiving water 

bodies. While treatments of stormwater have proven to be effective in removal of most of these pollutants, the removal 

of nitrogen is hindered by the various transformations of nitrogen, including ammonium to nitrate during nitrification. 

Nitrogen removal performance will be highly dependent on the rate and completeness of nitrification of ammonium. 

This work focuses on optimizing a conventional sand filter for complete nitrification of the influent nitrogen. To 

maximize the retention of ammonium in the system, sorption of ammonium to the filter media is desired, and the initial 

phase of this work focuses on selection of adsorbents for the uptake of ammonium. Clay agglomerates, recycled 

materials, zeolites and sands with particle diameter of 1-2 mm are being studied to determine the sorption kinetics and 

isotherms for ammonium. Adsorption isotherms are established in batch systems, with the highest sorption 

corresponding to montmorillonite clays. Of particular interest is the efficacy of these adsorbents during competition 

with common cations, such as Na + , Ca 2+ , and K + . Based on results, K + and to some extent Ca 2+ compete with ammonium, 

and the displacement of some cations, such as Mg 2+ , by others, namely Ca 2+ , during the sorption process is also possible. 

Abiotic adsorption columns will be tested to establish breakthrough for pure and mixtures of sand and adsorbents in 

fixed ratios to determine the efficiency of sorption and hydraulic conductivity of each filtering media. This work will then 

be followed by biotic columns, coupling nitrification and adsorption of ammonium for sand and the selected 

adsorbent/s. From the results of this study, the area of the filter and the type of media dedicated to nitrification will be 

determined. 

355

6694 

Underdrains Under Water: Lessons from Two Permeable Pavement Flow Control Studies in The Pacific Northwest 

Dylan Ahearn, PHD – Herrera Environmental Consultants 

2200 Sixth Ave, Suite 1100, Seattle, WA 98121 

206-441-9080 

Dahearn@Herrerainc.Com 

As of August 1, 2013 the State of Washington requires that green stormwater infrastructure be implemented wherever 

feasible to control and treat stormwater from new impervious surfaces. This has resulted in widespread construction of 

permeable pavement systems using design guidelines promulgated by the Washington State Department of Ecology 

(Ecology). One of these guidelines indicates that underdrains should be used when infiltration rates for native soils are 

not adequate to meet target dewatering rates. This has led to the widespread use of permeable pavement systems with 

underdrains; however, few of these systems have been monitored to assess flow control performance. This study 

presents results from two permeable pavement monitoring programs in the Pacific Northwest, USA. 

A porous asphalt and traditional asphalt basketball court were monitored in Redmond Washington from October 2008 

to September 2011. The porous asphalt court was configured with an underdrain system. Flows from the traditional 

court and the porous asphalt court underdrain were monitored continuously and compared on an area-weighted basis. 

Data indicated that shallow groundwater was consistently being intercepted by the underdrain system during the wet 

season. The 2009, 2010, and 2011 wet season area normalized event-based storm volumes from the porous basketball 

court were 56.3 percent greater than from the impervious court. During the 2009, 2010, and 2011 dry seasons, this 

relationship reversed and the porous court runoff volumes were 51.9 percent less than the runoff volumes from the 

impervious court. Despite the groundwater exfiltration issue, the porous pavement court reduced peak discharge rates 

by approximately 68.2 percent in the 2009, 2010, and 2011 wet seasons, and 93.4 percent in the 2009, 2010, and 2011 

dry seasons. 

In a separate study in Silverdale, Washington, flow from a pervious concrete parking lot with underdrains and a 

traditional asphalt parking lot were monitored from October 2011 to September 2012. Prior to construction it was 

known that the site was characterized by shallow groundwater, but this demonstration project was constructed anyway 

to determine the feasibility of green stormwater infrastructure under challenging conditions. A comparison of eventbased 

area-weighted peak flow rates indicated that there was no significant difference between the pervious concrete 

and traditional asphalt systems. Additionally, the pervious concrete system exported an average of 71 percent more 

flow volume per event than the traditional asphalt system. A seasonal analysis indicated that the pervious concrete 

system performed better during the dry season than during the wet season. 

Taken together these data indicate that underdrain systems are liable to intercept high groundwater which will impact 

performance on a seasonal basis. Permeable pavement performance expectations should be adjusted based on 

groundwater depth and soil conditions. Additionally, engineers should explore designs which promote infiltration under 

challenging conditions. 

356

6696 

Evaluating Low Impact Development as a Mitigation Strategy for Alleviating Combined Sewer Overflows and 

Improving Stream Health within an Urban Connecticut Watershed 

Corinna Fleischmann – University of Connecticut 

261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037 

Storrs, CT 06269-3037 

(860) 912-0262/ (860) 486-2298 fax 

corinna.fleischmann@uconn.edu 

Joseph Bushey - University of Connecticut 


Storrs, CT 06269-3037 

(860) 486-2992 

jbushey@engr.uconn.edu 

Jennifer Hays - University of Connecticut 


Storrs, CT 06269-3037 

(860) 486-2992 

jennifer.hays@huskymail.uconn.edu 

Urbanization is a pervasive and growing form of land use change. Altering ground cover from pervious to impervious 

affects the hydrological and geochemical characteristics in a watershed and results in one of the greatest challenges of 

modern water pollution control, stormwater runoff from the urban environment. Impervious surfaces, a common 

indicator of the intensity of the urban environment, have also been used as a gauge of habitat health. The consistently 

observed pattern of ecological degradation to stream conditions associated with urban land use has been coined the 

“urban stream syndrome”. Consistent symptoms of the syndrome include flashier hydrographs, elevated concentrations 

of nutrients and contaminants, altered stream channel morphology and reduced biotic richness with increased 

dominance of tolerant species. The onset of this observed aquatic system degradation occurs at about ten percent 

effective impervious area in most watersheds. Adding to the water quality degradation, many older cities have 

combined sewer systems (CSSs). CSSs were designed to collect both stormwater and sewage in a single pipe system and, 

based on current urbanization levels in many locations, are plagued by overflows (known as combined sewer overflows, 

CSOs) during large storm events. CSOs allow stormwater, toxins, pathogens, and both human and industrial waste to 

directly enter nearby water bodies. The effectiveness of low impact development (LID) in terms of the potential for 

stream restoration and CSO overflow reduction is studied at the watershed scale. LID works to preserve and recreate 

natural landscape features by minimizing the impact of developed areas and maintaining the natural water movement 

within the watershed. A hydrologic sewershed model is used to evaluate the effect of reducing impervious cover on 

stream health improvement and CSOs. To simulate green infrastructure implementation simulations were performed for 

impervious cover (IC) reductions through 30% for various storm sizes. Stream health assessment results are forthcoming. 

For a 1-yr storm event, a 5%IC reduction, reduced runoff by 13 million gallons and eliminated 3 of the 44 initial CSOs. 

Overflow volume reduction continued to increase for all the storm sizes; however the number of CSOs eliminated 

decreased. By the 25-yr storm, no CSOs were eliminated when IC was reduced by 5%. CSO results demonstrate that 

although LID implementation reduces stormwater volume, CSOs could not be completely eliminated for any storm 

event. While a cost analysis demonstrates the financial benefit of using grey infrastructure in tandem with green 

infrastructure for watershed level stormwater management, the practicality of LID implementation may not exist for 

CSO reduction. In a dense urban watershed with high %IC, LID can be useful in select areas for eliminating overflows but 

is not a suitable option for CSO abatement. 

357

6698 

A Site Development Spreadsheet Tool to Design and Size Stormwater Control Measures 

Dan Christian, PE, D.WRE 

Tetra Tech 

1921 E. Miller Road, Suite A, 

Lansing, MI 48911 

PH: (517) 394-7900 

Dan.Christian@TetraTech.com 

Historically stormwater calculations for site development projects have relied on simple hydrologic computation 

methods to size conveyance systems for peak flows (e.g. the Rational Method) and detention practices for volume (e.g. 

TR-55). Communities are adding site development requirements for water quality and channel protection which often 

results in the use of green infrastructure practices. Many of the traditional calculation methods are not appropriate for 

use with full spectrum of requirements and result in incorrectly designed or overly conservative facilities. Complex 

models, such as SWMM, are available but require a substantial learning curve. Communities and site development 

professionals would benefit from having a simple spreadsheet model that may be used to design and size the 

stormwater control measures for typical site development projects. A simple spreadsheet model has been developed to 

provide a true site development stormwater control sizing tool for a wide range of customizable design criteria. 

The spreadsheet model allows for defining different flow rate, volume and duration design criteria for up to four 

different storm events. Sediment control may also be specified for water quality. Storm event criteria are intended to 

address water quality (e.g. 90% storm event), channel protection (e.g. 1 to 2-year storm), collection system pipe sizing 

(e.g. 5 to 10-year event), and large storm event flood control (25 to 100-year events). The hydrology calculations are 

based on discrete design storms coupled with the NRCS curvilinear unit hydrographs. Complete hydrographs are then 

created through a convolution process. Hydrology calculations rely on the NRCS curve number approach and require 

basic input for project site area, soil type, curve number and time of concentration. Rainfall depths are required for 

each design storm along with the selection of a discrete rainfall hyetograph (e.g. NRCS Type I, IA, II and III). 

The complete hydrographs are then routed through a series of user defined stormwater control measures using a level 

pool routing technique. The benefit of routing a complete hydrograph is realized in the accurate sizing control measures 

for a range of design storms and criteria. Stormwater control measures are defined with characteristics on the depth of 

surface ponding, growing media and aggregate storage, along with surface area, side slopes, infiltration and 

evapotranspiration. Discharge of water from each control measure is provided through a series of user defined outlet 

structures. A wide variety of stormwater control measures may be modeled such as green roofs, blue roofs, cisterns, 

rain barrels, bioretention, porous pavement, detention and retention systems. Stormwater control measures may be 

modeled in series, parallel, or a combination thereof in order to create treatment trains. 

This spreadsheet approach benefits the user by providing a familiar spreadsheet interface to industry standard 

hydrologic methods. User input is kept simple with requirements to describe the development characteristics and 

desired stormwater control measures. An iterative process is used to evaluate, size and design the cross-section of the 

stormwater control measures. Success in meeting the community development criteria is clearly defined and flagged for 

the user. The final design may be printed and submitted as a part of the basis of design documentation. The 

spreadsheet approach offers robust and customizable hydrologic calculations in a user friendly format. The spreadsheet 

development is complete and is in use. Example applications and lessons learned from communities using the 

spreadsheet will be discussed. 

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6698 

Figure 1 Example Input of Site Characteristics 

Figure 2 Example Input of Stormwater Control Measure 

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6698 

Figure 3 Example Tabular Results 

Figure 4 Example Graphical Results 

360

6700 

Getting the Water Right: Lessons Learned in Creating the New Stroud Water Research Center Educational Building 

Michele C. Adams, P.E. – Meliora Design 

100 North Bank Street, Phoenixville, PA 19460 

610-933-0123 / 610-933-0188 FAX 

michelea@melioradesign.net 

Molly Julian – Meliora Design 

100 North Bank Street, Phoenixville, PA 19460 

610-933-0123 / 610-933-0188 FAX 

mollyj@melioradesign.net 

This session will discuss the many "lessons learned" (including the accomplishments and challenges) in the design, 

permitting, construction, and care of the sustainable and integrated water, wastewater, and stormwater systems at the 

new Stroud Water Research Education Building. The goal was to create a built site that could restore a natural 

hydrologic balance and actively improve water quality, serving as a basis for both education and research. 

The Stroud Water Research Center is one of the world’s premier freshwater research institutions, with a mission to 

advance global knowledge and stewardship of fresh water systems through research and education. As Stroud 

undertook development of their new environmental and freshwater education building, “getting the water right” 

became the guiding principal. 

Water is fully integrated as a resource, with rainwater that falls on the roof serving to flush toilets and support science 

research before being treated in a wetland wastewater treatment system. Water that is returned to the groundwater is 

cleaner than the water withdrawn. The green roof absorbs rainfall, while the site is designed with over a dozen rain 

gardens throughout the landscape. Lawn has been converted to meadows of varying types, and a riparian buffer 

restored. The result is a site where less water and pollutants are leaving the site after the building construction than 

before. Combined with the native landscape, the result is a new building that begins to behave – from a water 

perspective- more like a forest than a new development. 

But living up to a “natural hydrology” standard is not always easy. This presentation will discuss the design goals, 

regulatory limitations, and construction challenges in “getting the water right”. Discussion will include lessons learned, 

as well as successes achieved, including the creation of a building that is beautiful, functional, and a place for research 

and education to learn how more buildings can “get the water right”. The facility opened in the May of 2012. 

This presentation will also discuss the hydrologic assumptions used to make design decisions regarding water, 

wastewater, and stormwater, and the current research and monitoring that Stroud is conducting to monitor site 

performance. This includes stormwater, wastewater, and groundwater monitoring. The building site is generating much 

less runoff now than before its construction. Stroud had hoped to use their treated water for all potable needs, 

including drinking, and is currently working to advance policies regarding water re-use for potable needs. 

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6701 

Nitrogen Sources and Stormwater Composition in Urban Catchment 

Liqing Li 

School of Environmental Studies 

China University of Geosciences 

Wuhan City, China 430074 

Phone: (301) 256-8164 

Email: liqinglicug@hotmail.com 

Allen P. Davis 

Civil & Environmental Engineering 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742 

Address: Rm. 1151, Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742 

Phone: (301) 405-1958 

Fax: (301) 405-2585 

Email: apdavis@umd.edu 

Nonpoint N sources are a leading cause of water quality impairments in the United States and are difficult to manage 

due to a diversity of N sources in urban watersheds. Stormwater runoff is an important export vector for N that has 

accumulated in urban environments. Potential N sources for urban stormwater include atmospheric deposition, 

fertilizer, animal waste, and vegetative detritus such as grass clippings, leaf litter, and pollen. Evaluating the 

contribution of these different nonpoint N sources to urban stormwater and the impact of hydrologic variability will be 

critical in prioritizing effective nitrogen reduction strategies. In many cases, the origins of nonpoint sources of watershed 

N enrichment are not clear due to mixing of different nitrogen sources and spatial variability in inputs and 

transformations across variable hydrologic conditions. A combination of literature review, leaching tests, and water 

quality field monitoring may be useful for elucidating the contribution of different nonpoint sources to stormwater N 

loads in urban catchments. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the dominant source of urban stormwater N 

(including organic N, ammonia N and nitrate) in urban catchments with multiple input N types, as presented above, (2) 

examine the pattern of different N species and their relative composition with time of year, temperature, and rainfall 

conditions, and (3) describe the potential integration of these mechanisms into the development of design criteria for 

stormwater control measures such as bioretention, filters, and constructed wetlands and including street sweeping and 

leaf collection programs. 

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Building Community Resilience to Climate Change by Integrating LID into Local Adaptation Planning: A Case Study 

within the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

James Gruber, PE, PhD 

Professor of Environmental Studies 

Director of the Resource Management and Conservation Program 

Director of the Sustainable Development and Climate Change 

Antioch University New England 

40 Avon Street 

Keene, NH 03431 

603-283-2120/603-357-0718 

jgruber@antioch.edu 

Leslie Yetka 

Education Manager 


18202 Minnetonka Boulevard 


952-641-4524/952-471-0682 

lyetka@minnehahacreek.org 

Introduction 

Climate research, current weather patterns and projected trends show a significant increase in both the frequency and 

severity of rain events across Minnesota. In developed areas, existing stormwater management systems designed under 

current standards to control runoff and protect property when it rains may no longer function as intended, resulting in 

increased flooding, damage to property, public safety concerns, and impacts to the quality of our lakes, streams and 

wetlands. As communities grow, land use changes can compound the effects of extreme rain events through impervious 

surface coverage and a reduction in open space and green infrastructure, increasing the chance of future damage from 

flooding. 

It is recognized that a large degree of adaptation planning and resilience building will need to be implemented at the 

local level to address future challenges of climate change. Integration of the work of scientists, engineers, and policy 

makers is essential in the effective development, adoption, and implementation of policies and practices to accomplish 

this, including the use of Low Impact Development (LID). However, numerous challenges exist for local communities in 

planning and implementing adaptation to severe weather events. These include a shortage of reliable local scientific 

climate data and a lack of any type of consensus among multiple stakeholders on the need for LID, along with the types 

of strategies and actions that should be undertaken. 

Methods 

To address these issues, we have conducted an applied research study* within the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

(MCWD), a water resource management and protection agency located in the Twin Cities metropolitan area of 

Minnesota. The study was designed to: 1) assess stormwater system vulnerabilities under projected precipitation 

scenarios using current climate data and models, 2) identify stormwater adaptation options and costs for local planning 

purposes, and 3) develop a framework for local stormwater adaptation planning. 

Two communities were evaluated during the study, including the dense, urban city of Minneapolis, MN, and the growing 

suburban community of Victoria, MN. LID is recognized in both of these cities as a potential strategy in the overall 

regional planning and policy development efforts to build resilience to flooding and the deterioration of water quality. 

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Research completed addressing the first two goals of the study provides quantifiable information regarding predicted 

climate trends and implications for stormwater management within local communities. In parallel to the technical 

analysis, this project includes a collaborative participatory planning process to engage and help inform local decision 

makers as they determine how to create effective stormwater adaptation plans for their communities. 

Outcome 

Initial findings indicate specific approaches that are effective in enhancing communication between scientists, engineers 

and policy makers. These findings will be examined in the context of the linkage between effective storm water policy 

development processes and the building of community capital (bonding social, human, and technical) to protect a 

region’s ecological capital. Presentation of the results will focus on if and how a stakeholder engagement process can 

increase awareness, interest, and understanding of LID and other stormwater management approaches by policy 

makers, as well as how channels of communication, trust, and cooperation between the scientific community and local 

governments was strengthened. Also addressed will be the elements of this process perceived as seminal to enhancing 

various forms of social capital, and if collective action to implement new policies and programs was enhanced through a 

collaborative stakeholder process. 

* Support for this two-year study was provided through a grant from the Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Project partners include Syntectic International LLC, Antioch University New 

England, the University of Minnesota, and Stratus Consulting. 

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6703 

Greening Streets: From Concepts to Reality (Case Studies and Lessons Learned) 

Dan Wible – CH2M HILL 

1717 Arch St., Suite 4400, Philadelphia, PA, 19103 

215-640-9110 / FAX: 215-640-9210 

daniel.wible@ch2m.com 

Andrew Potts – CH2M HILL 


215-640-9033 / FAX: 215-640-9233 

andrew.potts@ch2m.com 

Susan McDaniels – CH2M HILL 


215-640-9020 / FAX: 215-640-9220 

susan.mcdaniels@ch2m.com 

This presentation will provide an overview of the range of planning, design, and implementation approaches to one of 

the more rapidly emerging types of green infrastructure, green streets, which employ several different types of green 

stormwater technologies such as porous pavements, bioretention, and tree infiltration trenches in order to reduce 

and/or improve stormwater runoff within the public right-of-way. Streets represent excellent opportunities for such 

green infrastructure improvements as they typically account for 25 to 35% of the total urban impervious area, and while 

they are often rife with utilities and other conflicts, various design solutions have been employed to overcome such 

concerns. Many cities are now looking to green streets as a significant part of the solution to combined sewer overflows 

(CSOs) and municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) issues (e.g., NPDES permits, TMDLs). In addition to 

stormwater improvements, green streets often align well with other urban greening and community enhancing efforts 

(e.g. walkability, bike safety, tree canopy goals, enhanced property values, traffic calming, etc). 

This presentation will specifically focus on the design challenges, costs, and maintenance considerations for many 

successfully completed green street and alley projects in Lancaster, PA, Onondaga County (Syracuse), NY, and 

Philadelphia, PA. The built case studies will highlight a full range of techniques, from bioretention curb extensions to 

porous pavements to sidewalk planters to tree trenches with structural soils for large canopy trees. The case studies 

also span the continuum from residential alleys to ultra-urban commercial streets. Cold climate and winter maintenance 

challenges will be addressed. While often thought of as an expensive green infrastructure technique, several case 

studies will highlight the cost efficiencies and opportunities gained by integrating green streets with other capital 

improvements (traffic improvements, street repaving, utility work, streetscape improvements). This presentation will 

also explore various lessons learned and unique design solutions of successful green street implementation. 

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Comparisson of Infiltrometer-Based and Soil Survey-Based Curve Numbers 

Reid Christianson – Center for Watershed Protection 

8390 Main Street, Second Floor, Ellicott City, MD 21043 

410-461-8323 

Rdc@Cwp.Org 

Stacy Hutchinson – Kansas State University 

129 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 

785-532-2943 

Sllhutch@Ksu.Edu 

Glenn Brown – Oklahoma State University 

102 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078 

405-744-8425 

Gbrown@Okstate.Edu 

The principles and techniques of low impact development (LID) continue to increase in importance as growing 

populations result in development and increasing impervious surfaces. Because land use, land cover and soil type greatly 

impact the quantity and quality of runoff waters, the proper estimation of surface runoff based upon these properties is 

critical to optimal placement and sizing of LID technologies. The objective of this work was to explore improved 

estimation of runoff quantity via site-specific calibration of USDA-NRCS “curve number” method. Originally developed by 

the USDA Soil Conservation Service, the curve number method allows estimation of the runoff volume for a given 

precipitation, land cover, initial soil moisture, and hydrologic soil group. This study used site-specific double ring 

infiltrometer testing at fifteen sites to better describe the relationship between land use, infiltration rates, and resulting 

curve number. Infiltromterer data from the fifteen sites were compared to curve number runoff values based upon the 

soil survey classification curve number. All fifteen sites were in Kansas and spanned engineered, urban, rural, and prairie 

land uses. Completed in Spring 2011, results showed high variability between resulting curve numbers in urban areas 

due to soil characteristics differing from soil survey predicted characteristics. More importantly, a given soil surveyindicated 

soil hydrologic group in an urban area (and associated curve number) did not necessarily relate to measured 

infiltration rates and calculated curve numbers based on actual infiltration data. Relative to urban areas, both rural and 

prairie land uses had stable similar curve numbers when comparing values generated from soil survey information and 

values generated from measured infiltration data. Better approximation of surface runoff can precipitate more accurate 

LID technology designs allowing more precise estimation of water quality improvement impacts. Such efforts to better 

quantify surface-based runoff processes can reduce risk and costs by facilitating proper sizing of management practices. 

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Context Sensitive Design of Green Infrastructure Along the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit 

Eric Holt, Landscape Architect - Barr Engineering Co. 


952-832-2842 

eholt@barr.com 

In 2011 and 2012 the Capitol Region Watershed District (CRWD) installed a series of fourteen surface stormwater 

volume control practices at several locations along the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit (CCLRT) in St. Paul, Minnesota. 

The volume control practices (rain gardens and stormwater planters) are located within right-of-way limits on cross 

streets directly off the arterial University Avenue along which the light rail system runs. This dense urban context posed 

unique opportunities and constraints for the design of these practices. 

To complement both the existing streetscape and future CCLRT transit-oriented development, CRWD worked closely 

with Barr Engineering’s landscape architects and engineers as well as two local artists in developing artful design 

solutions to meet the required stormwater treatment goals while also adding value to the pedestrian experience. 

Streetscape elements such as custom hand-forged steel railings, reclaimed brick and permeable concrete pavers, and 

local limestone benches and walls were integrated into the practices to create a common design language that ties 

together the isolated individual practices throughout the corridor. This ‘identity’ strategy combined with an interpretive 

signage system explaining the goals and function of the volume control practices will elevate the visibility of these 

practices in the public eye. Furthermore, the form, material, and color of these elements were carefully chosen to 

reference local history (brick streets), match CCLRT stations and furnishings (handrail color and limestone), and evoke 

the idea of water (in the decorative patterns of steel grating and handrails). Hardy, salt and drought-tolerant trees and 

perennials are planted in these practices to filter and reuse stormwater, and to alleviate a relative lack of green space 

along this urban corridor. 

By responding to the opportunities and constraints afforded by the particular context of the Central Corridor, these 

stormwater treatment practices become human-scaled interventions that enhance the urban fabric socially as well as 

ecologically. They are places to gather, rest, learn, and reflect on the importance of water quality in our urban 

environment. 

This short presentation will focus on the integration of context sensitive design and public art throughout the process of 

designing these practices. A longer presentation is separately proposed to discuss the greater functionality of the CCLRT 

stormwater treatment system. 

The CCLRT green infrastructure installation is one of the planned stops on the “BIG LID! Innovative and Large Scale in the 

Twin Cities” symposium tour. 

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Green Stormwater Infrastructure Constructability Lessons Learned 

Primary Author: John F. Herchl, LEED AP, CPESC 

Project Manager 

CDM Smith 

8800 Lyra Drive #500 


herchljf@cdmsmith.com 

Co-author: MaryLynn Lodor 

Environmental Programs Manager 

Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati 

1600 Gest Street 

Cincinnati, Ohio 45204 

With EPA’s new emphasis on Low Impact Development (LID) and Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSWI) best management 

practices (BMP), more and more communities are looking to design and construct cost-effective LID/GSWI projects. Between 2009 

and 2012, the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati (MSD) constructed over 30 of these projects. Although the inherent 

objective of these projects was to reduce combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and improve water quality within the local watersheds, 

MSD’s primary objective was to demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness, and operation and maintenance needs of GSWI, and to 

build support and trust within the communities where future GSWI is proposed as part of MSD’s CSO consent decree response plan. 

This presentation will highlight lessons learned from GSWI construction projects completed between 2009 and 2012 from the onset 

of construction through final close out and operation. The presentation will summarize municipalities, engineering consultants, 

regulatory agencies, contractors, and project owners’ considerations when implementing GSWI BMPs on their projects; such as 

policy decisions, approval process, design standards, and construction specifications of these technologies. Featured GSWI BMPs 

will include bio-infiltration facilities (e.g. basins, swales, and tree planters), open channel conveyance systems, green roofs, 

rainwater harvesting systems, permeable pavers, and pervious concrete pavements. 

At the onset of these projects, MSD recognized the value of construction oversight as an important element of ensuring that GSWI 

BMPs were constructed and would operate as intended, and therefore instituted a comprehensive oversight program. The oversight 

program proved effective, resulting in the identification of many lessons to apply to future GSWI projects. The presentation will 

highlight identified constructability issues including conflicts with existing infrastructure and unknown subsurface obstructions, 

limitations of construction equipment, deviations from conventional construction practices, innovative use and placement of 

building materials, and right-of-way design limitations. The presentation will also illustrate solutions to these constructability issues, 

such as retrofits posed by both designers and contractors; acceptable project compromises between design objectives, contractor’s 

willingness to cooperate, and feasibility of construction; and field-based design changes that allow efficient construction while 

meeting design intent. These examples will underscore the importance of anticipating field retrofits and the need to clearly 

illustrate/narrate design intent for the contractor. 

Furthermore, there can be significant financial consequences associated with GSWI construction change orders; the presentation 

will demonstrate solutions and strategies to avoid costly change orders associated with the construction of atypical GSWI designs by 

showing common design approaches and specification content that sufficiently describes the design intent to contractors lacking 

experience in this field. Examples of ideal and less-than-ideal GSWI designs and details will also be illustrated. The presentation will 

demonstrate fundamental changes necessary in the means and methods contractors use to construct stormwater infrastructure. 

The lessons and solutions demonstrated in this presentation have been incorporated into present and future GSWI designs as MSD 

continues to implement GSWI projects within watersheds where GSWI controls are proposed in the future. As more projects are 

constructed, and as post-construction monitoring data becomes available, MSD will continue to assess and refine its GSWI designs 

based on the data received. 

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6710 

Stormwater Management as a Site Amenity at the Mississippi Watershed Management Organization Community 

Facility 


4700 W. 77th Street, Edina, MN 55435 

952-832-2842 

Eholt@Barr.Com 

Kurt Leuthold, P.E. - Barr Engineering Co. 

4700 W. 77th Street, Edina, MN 55435 

952-832-2859 

kleuthold@barr.com 

In 2012, the first phase of site construction for the Mississippi Watershed Management Organization Community Facility 

was completed. Located along the Mississippi River in northeast Minneapolis, this facility houses the offices of MWMO 

staff and also serves as a learning center to educate the community on urban water quality issues. Barr Engineering’s 

Urban Ecology practice group acted as the landscape architect and civil engineer of record. 

To meet the MWMO’s education and outreach goals, the site design of their new headquarters features a fully 

integrated stormwater management system that demonstrates urban stormwater treatment techniques. By interpreting 

the stormwater runoff from the new building and adjacent properties as a site amenity, the designers have created a 

treatment train of artfully designed BMPs that directs stormwater through the entire site, demonstrating innovative 

methods of stormwater reuse, rate control, and volume reduction. This highly visible treatment system becomes a 

design element that connects and organizes the site circulation and gathering spaces. In this way stormwater 

management adds value to the visitor experience as they encounter these “passive water features” throughout the site, 

creating teachable moments for MWMO staff, and serving as a model of integrated stormwater management for future 

redevelopment along the river corridor and throughout this urban watershed. 

This series of BMPs manage on-site and off-site stormwater runoff for rate control, volume control, and water quality. 

Modeling results indicate that this system effectively stores and treats all site runoff to exceed the requirements of the 

City of Minneapolis for all three parameters. Being a post-industrial brownfield site, environmental remediation was 

undertaken and BMP’s were designed and arranged on site to avoid future contamination. 

The furthest upstream BMP in the system is a 4,000 gallon cistern that collects water from the new building roof. This 

water will be used for irrigation and released by MWMO staff to demonstrate the function of the treatment train. The 

cistern was located at the front of the site to act as an iconic landmark that attracts the attention of passers-by. 

The next BMP in the system is the “Stormwater Grove” set into a gravel patio that frames the building entrance. 

Inspired by the Moorish courtyards of Cordoba, Spain, where water is channeled through a series of gullies to irrigate 

orange trees, the Stormwater Grove is a sunken grid of concrete tree planter boxes, connected by concrete runnels. The 

bottom of all these structures is level allowing the stormwater to spread evenly from box to box through the runnels. A 

V-notch weir acts as an outlet control structure, causing the water to pond to a depth of 6-inches before overflowing. 

Stormwater infiltrates into the soil and irrigates the trees. The Stormwater Grove takes runoff from the adjacent 

property and overflow from the cistern. Visitors pass through this grove as they enter the building by crossing steel 

grates that cover the runnels at two sidewalk locations. Visitors and staff are also encouraged to lounge on chairs in the 

gravel patio under the canopy of Honeylocust and Tamarack trees chosen for their drought and salt tolerance. 

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Another unique stormwater feature is the Gravel Tree Nursery. The nursery consists of a low timber wall in the shape of 

a rectangle, filled with pea gravel. Bare root trees are placed in the gravel for the growing season and irrigated to 

promote extensive growth of hair roots, after which the trees can be pulled out and transplanted. Runoff is directed 

from the garage roof and parking lot into the Gravel Tree Nursery to provide passive irrigation during rainfall events. 

Excess water overflows from the gravel bed nursery into the Stormwater Grove through an Agri-Drain structure that 

MWMO staff can use to regulate this flow. 

Overflow from these upstream BMP’s flows through a rock-lined swale under a bridge at the front doors of the building 

and into a large bioretention basin. This basin also takes runoff from the MWMO parking lot and from an adjacent 

property by way of a vegetated swale and drop structure. Another steel grate bridge leads visitors over this swale and 

around the basin. 

Surrounding two sides of the bioretention basin is a permeable paver patio that extends to the building. Cantilevered 

scuppers were built into the awning over this patio to deliver roof runoff into the basin. Visitors can stand on the 

sheltered patio during a storm event and compare runoff rate and volume from two scuppers, one leading from a 

standard roof and one from a green roof. This basin is planted with appropriate native prairie species, and also includes 

an iron-enhanced sand filter to reduce dissolved phosphorous. 

The bioretention basin can hold up to two feet of water before it overflows, significantly more storage than is required. 

It will take a storm in excess of the 10-year storm to cause an overflow. If the basin does overflow, this runoff will follow 

the existing drainage swale to the river. 

Phase 2 of the site design is now underway. When completed, the treatment train will be extended from the 

bioretention basin to the Mississippi River shoreline by way of another series of vegetated basins, swales, and drop 

structures. Pedestrian paths and bridges will crisscross this system, allowing visitors to trace the flow path to the river. 

Various shoreline stabilization techniques will be demonstrated, and several monitoring stations and outdoor 

classrooms will be incorporated into the site for use by MWMO outreach and research staff. This design references a 

historical ravine that once ran through the area, and in effect seeks to restore the pre-development hydrology of the 

site. 

By treating stormwater runoff as a resource rather than a waste product, and by fully integrating this stormwater 

management system into the user experience, the MWMO site fosters a sense of place that reconnects the community 

to the river and the urban water cycle. 

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Ten Years Later—A Retrospective and Lessons Learned from the Burnsville Rainwater Garden Project 

Greg Wilson – Barr Engineering Company 


Phone: 952-832-2672/Fax: 952-832-2601 

Gwilson@Barr.Com 

Kurt Leuthold – Barr Engineering Company 


Phone: 952-832-2859/Fax: 952-832-2601 


Fred Rozumalski – Barr Engineering Company 


Phone: 952-832-2733/Fax: 952-832-2601 

Frozumalski@Barr.Com 

Daryl Jacobson – City of Burnsville 

13713 Frontier Court, Burnsville, MN 55337 

Phone: 952-895-4574 

Daryl.Jacobson@Ci.Burnsville.Mn.Us 

Leslie Yetka – Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

18202 Minnetonka Blvd., Deephaven, MN 55391 

Phone: 952-641-4524/Fax: 952-471-0682 

Lyetka@Minnehahacreek.Org 

The Burnsville Stormwater Retrofit Study began in 2003 at a time where a paired watershed approach had not been used to 

monitor the treatment effectiveness of rainwater gardens and very few stormwater retrofits included rainwater gardens. In 

addition, there was skepticism about the long-term efficacy of infiltration practices and volume control requirements had only 

been instituted in a few, limited instances. The project partners funded the project with the intent of demonstrating how 

these practices would function in a retrofit setting. 

In-person surveys of an area tributary to Crystal Lake, impaired for excess nutrients, revealed that one subwatershed area 

could secure 85 percent participation by the homeowners. Paired watershed monitoring was initiated to calibrate the runoff 

from the control and treatment subwatersheds. Seventeen rainwater gardens were designed and constructed at the end of 

the calibration phase. Homeowners and volunteers assisted with the plantings. After plants were established curb-cuts were 

installed to bring the rainwater gardens on-line and the treatment phase of monitoring was conducted. Results of the paired 

watershed monitoring indicated that stormwater runoff volumes were reduced by 90 percent. 

A recently completed follow-up study of the project included an evaluation of the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of 

rainwater gardens, based on supplementary monitoring to the original paired watershed study. The results evaluated 

whether properly designed and maintained rainwater gardens provide long-term treatment capacity and represent a costeffective 

BMP for new and retrofitted residential development, based on comparison to literature for the life-cycle costeffectiveness 

of other BMPs. 

Project monitoring results, cost-benefit comparisons and recommendations for optimizing the design and maintenance of 

rainwater gardens will be presented, along with lessons learned. 

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Cost-Effective Sizing of Green Stormwater Infrastructure for CSO Control 

Matthew Vanaskie – CDM Smith 

1500 JFK Blvd. Suite 624, Philadelphia, PA 19102 

215-239-6532 

vanaskiemj@cdmsmith.com 

Jim Smullen – CDM Smith 

Raritan Plaza I, 110 Fieldcrest Avenue, 6 th Floor, Edison, NJ 08837 

732-590-4640 

smullenjt@cdmsmith.com 

Andrew Baldridge – Sci-Tek Consultants, Inc. 

1500 Market St., 12 th Floor-East Tower, Philadelphia, PA 19102 

267-702-2028 

baldridgeac@cdmsmith.com 

The use of green stormwater infrastructure is an effective stormwater management technique for watersheds served by 

combined sewered systems. Using these techniques as a primary means of control requires an understanding of the 

cost-effective sizing of the technologies and their implementation on a large scale. This paper explores the relationship 

between facility sizing, cost, and control level for a case study in Pennsylvania. In general, the function of green 

stormwater infrastructure is to store the more frequent rainfall events onsite. As facility size increases on a given site, 

two counteracting effects occur. Adding additional storage to an existing site should cost less than constructing that 

storage on a new construction site because some costs are fixed. However, there also is a diminishing return as more 

storage is added because the larger storms required to fill the additional storage are less frequent. 

Green stormwater infrastructure costs depend on land cover, development density, the specific technology, size of the 

controlled area, and the level of stormwater management desired. Depending on the technique utilized, the cost of 

increasing storage will vary. These techniques include: 

• green roofs 

• porous pavement 

• bio-retention and bio-infiltration 

• subsurface retention and infiltration 

• street trees 

For example, increasing storage on a street level bio-infiltration facility is relatively simple to accomplish by enlarging the 

excavation volume, whereas green roofs may require additional structural support to handle increasing levels of 

stormwater volume. The addition of these costs to increase storage on one site should be less than starting a new 

project to create that storage on another construction site. These cost savings occur due to reduction of fixed costs as a 

percentage of total cost, such as mobilization of equipment and project startup costs, and due to the potential for 

economies of scale for certain materials. 

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Increasing the stormwater storage volume of these facilities will increase CSO control, but these effects will diminish as 

storage size increases. Over time, rainfall events of increasing depths occur less frequently and therefore the additional 

storage volume will not always be utilized. For example, in eastern Pennsylvania, storms in excess of 1.0 inch or more on 

average occur on the order of once a month, while rainfalls of 1.5 inches or more occur on the order of once every 3 

months. In terms of CSO control in eastern Pennsylvania, providing control of 1.0 inch of precipitation would allow about 

12 uncontrolled overflows in a typical year, while controlling up to a 1.5-inch rainfall would reduce that to six 

uncontrolled overflows per year, and 2 inches of control would allow as few as two uncontrolled overflows per typical 

year. As the stormwater storage volume increases, CSO control increases will be incrementally less per unit of new 

storage created. Figure 1 shows an example of the relationship of CSO performance and green stormwater 

infrastructure construction cost as control volume increases. 

The relationship of green stormwater infrastructure construction cost and CSO control is fairly well understood. As 

additional storage is added, the new storage volume costs are greater per unit of CSO control than for the previous 

volume. Understanding when the incremental cost of adding storage outweighs the incremental benefit is important 

because this can lead to potential cost savings for large-scale implementation of green stormwater infrastructure. 

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How Can We Give Some Back – Lexington’s Incentive Grant Program Giving Money Back to the Community 

Christopher S. Dent, P.E. – Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government 

125 Lisle Industrial Ave, Suite 180, Lexington, KY 40511 

Office Phone: 859-425-2521 

cdent@lexingtonky.gov 

Many communities have been setting up funding sources to address and manage stormwater. Lexington, Kentucky set 

up a unique way to promote water quality projects, and as a result there have been a wide variety of LID practices 

incorporated throughout the community. 

By order of EPA/Kentucky Division of Water Consent Decree, the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government (LFUCG), 

was required to impose a stormwater management fee. In 2009 the LFUCG implemented a Water Quality Management 

Fee (WQMF) ordinance to fulfill that requirement that took effect in 2010. As part of the ordinance the LFUCG 

Stormwater Quality Projects Incentive Grant Program was born. Each year approximately ten percent of the WQMF 

revenue is returned to the fee payers by way of the Incentive Grant Program at nearly $1.2 million per year. 

The Incentive Grant Program in Lexington is unique because it is the only guaranteed money that is given back to the fee 

payers, and currently the only way a fee payer is able to reduce their WQMF is to reduce the impervious area on their 

site. There have been fee payers whom have taken it upon themselves to fund this endeavor; however the Incentive 

Grant Program has been an avenue for LID practices to be incorporated within new and re-development projects to help 

improve water quality with the potential to reduce their fee. 

The grant program has allowed participants to take advantage of many LID and educational practices since its 

incorporation. The practices range from rain gardens to permeable surfaces to rainwater harvesting systems to green 

roofs, and the participants range from home owners associations to schools to small business to major corporations. A 

piece of the grant program also incorporates education into the projects. This program is bringing awareness of the LID 

practices to a broad range of people throughout the community. 

The objective of the Incentive Grant Program is to provide funds back to the fee payers in a unique way so they can 

implement programs and projects to improve water quality and public education. This program has been a conduit for 

LID practices to be incorporated into the community. 

Lexington utilized the approach of giving back through the Incentive Grant Program instead of providing deductions to 

fee payers. The result of the implementation of the Incentive Grant Program has been three years of projects that 

showcase LID within the community. 

The Incentive Grant Program allows property owners to utilize different LID methods to best fit their site and ideas 

allowing them to be as innovative or as traditional as they want with respect to water quality and LID practices. 

This program has been in effect since 2010 and will continue to be utilized as long as the Water Quality Management 

Fee remains in Lexington. 

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Cracking the Codes: Prioritizing Code and Ordinance Changes for Lid Implementation Using Watershed Modeling and 

Gis Assessment Tools 

Kate Morgan – 1,000 Friends of Wisconsin 

16 N. Carroll Street, Suite 810, Madison WI 53703 

(414) 416-6509 

Kmorgan@1kfriends.Org 

Juli Beth Hinds – Birchline Planning LLC 

5 Taft Avenue, Rutland, VT 05701 

(802) 324-5760 

birchlineplanningllc@gmail.com 

The Menomonee River watershed in Southeastern Wisconsin is one of three pilots nationally of a collaborative, 

watershed-based MS4 permit. As in many urbanized watersheds, LID promises to be a cost effective approach to reduce 

or prevent stormwater flows and the nonpoint pollution and is strongly emphasized in the MS4 permit and ongoing 

outreach work. Yet the full potential of LID is thwarted by outdated and restrictive codes that inhibit or prohibit its use 

either explicitly or implicitly. Municipal codes and ordinances have a broad impact, as these provisions interact in 

multiple and often conflicting ways with utility, state and federal requirements. Moreover, where codes are ambiguous 

on specific LID practices – as is often the case - code interpretation and the level of knowledge and experience of 

municipal staff with these practices affects whether municipalities, builders and developers will be willing to look at LID 

practices. 

The Menomonee River Watershed Green Infrastructure Code, Ordinance, Modeling and Prioritization Project is a unique 

and advanced approach to understanding and prioritizing the removal of institutional barriers to LID presented by 

municipal codes, ordinances, and discretionary approvals. Led by 1,000 Friends of Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, and 

the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD), with participation by nine municipalities in the watershed, the 

Prioritization Project brings together a “next-generation,” in-depth audit of codes and development review practices in 

each municipality with a location- and issue-specific watershed GIS model of “hot spots” for TMDL-related pollutants. 

Building on the existing Menomonee River Watershed Restoration Plan’s modeling, source characterization, and load 

reduction estimates, and coordinating with MMSD’s Regional Green Infrastructure Plan, the areas of the watershed and 

land uses identified as having an outsized impact on pollutant loading will then be associated with the specific zoning 

and ordinance provisions that govern site development, and the selection of storm water control measures to 

determine which codes and practices, if amended or improved, offer the greatest potential to promote pollutant 

reduction. By prioritizing these recommendations and focusing on hot spots, rather than presenting generic 

assessments and multiple recommended zoning amendments, the Prioritization Project adds focus and technical 

capacity to this core aspect of LID implementation in a watershed context. 

(1) Project Objectives and Results 

There are three central objectives of the project: 

1) To clearly outline barriers to green infrastructure that exist in current codes and ordinances that either prohibit or 

inhibit greater adoption of LID within municipalities participating in the review; 

2) To increase the potential for the revisions of LID-friendly codes by prioritizing codes for the municipalities thereby 

enabling municipalities to focus limited staff, resources, and political will on those revisions that will yield the greatest 

return in potential reduction of nonpoint pollution; and 

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3) To further enhance the ability of the municipality to advance codes/ordinance revisions by providing them with new 

language for the revisions tailored to their needs. 

(2) Approaches and Results 

Standard audits of municipal codes and ordinances for barriers to LID, often an MS4 permit requirements, typically 

recommend a list of amendments that may or may not be politically feasible to adopt, and that vary widely in their 

potential effectiveness and relevance to specific pollutant issues and local conditions. To move to a more effective audit 

process, with greater potential for rapid municipal implementation, the Menomonee River Watershed Codes project is 

merging the tools of municipal code and ordinance audits with watershed modeling and GIS. In 2005 the MMSD 

commissioned a comprehensive review of municipal codes and ordinances within its boundaries that identified and 

recommended possible amendments for each municipality. While a significant first step the recommendations, while 

well received, were not widely adopted. 

The approach in this project is intended to lead to a focused and more “adoptable” set of recommendations that reflect 

each municipality’s codes, development conditions, local interpretation of codes, and local experience and familiarity 

with LID, rather than providing generic recommendations or standards that may not be politically feasible or relevant. 

The linkage between the Watershed Restoration Plan’s Watershed Characterization and load reduction estimates, 

completed in 2010, and the associated zoning districts and specific land use codes and practices, is a materially different 

and ore focused approach than has been tried in other watersheds. 

(3) Summary of methodologies used in the study or project 

The work will proceed in three phases: 

(1) Phase I – conduct an update to MMSD’s 2005 audit of codes and ordinances, focusing on the interaction of 

MMSD and Wisconsin regulations with local codes, board and staff interpretation and practices, and local 

experience with LID practices in the development review process. 

(2) Phase II – prioritize codes and ordinances needing revision by aligning specific zoning districts, development 

types, and regulations with areas identified in the watershed restoration plan, models and GIS as TMDL-related pollutant 

hotspots; correlate specific zoning and code provisions, such as required landscaping, parking lot layout or management, 

trash and dumpster management, and regulation of potentially polluting uses with associated watershed conditions and 

pollutant loading models to prioritize recommendations within each municipality. The GIS methodology will build on the 

Menomonee River 

(3) Phase III – meet with municipal staff individually and as a working group to address recommended changes 

within the context of their stormwater permits, to provide alternative language for revisions that will encourage as well 

as incentivize GI. We will also work with municipal staff to develop strategies to move recommendations forward in 

their communities. 

(4) Status of the project (project completed or expected completion date). 

Phase I, the update of MMSD’s 2005 audit and preliminary regional recommendations, will be completed at the end of 

February 2013. Phase II, watershed modeling and alignment of hotspots with specific code and ordinance changes, will 

be completed in August 2013, with watershed results and preliminary recommended code changes available for 

presentation in August. Phase III, meetings with individual municipalities and staff to develop specific code language 

and strategies, will be completed in early 2014. 

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Is “Zero Runoff” Realistic in Urban Areas 



651-770-8448 


Carl Almer – Emmons & Olivier Resources 


651-770-8448 

calmer@eorinc.com 

Ryan Fleming – Emmons & Olivier Resources 


651-770-8448 

rfleming@eorinc.com 

Introduction 

Stormwater volume control has been an issue in Minnesota for many years. The State of Minnesota has many valuable 

water resources, including many high quality lakes and streams. Many areas also include closed depressions that are 

landlocked that do not commonly outlet. Some local authorities had started pursuing stormwater volume runoff 

regulations as early as 15 years ago. The City of Inver Grove Heights (IGH), MN in 2006 was faced with the challenge of 

planning its infrastructure for a major growth expansion and was comparing conventional pipe and pumping options to 

the newer, low impact development (LID) approaches. Through a process of system design, cost comparisons, and 

innovative ordinance development, the city became the first of its kind to adopt a complete LID approach to stormwater 

and plan for major urban expansion without a surface outlet. The city now has several developments that have gone 

through the LID ordinances process and the first of those have been built to those standards. 


The goal of the planning and implementation process was first to vet if a non-traditional stormwater system could be 

designed to avoid installing a costly surface overflow for flood control. Once that goal was analyzed and realized, the 

objective was to develop the tools necessary to implement a net zero runoff approach for that portion of the 

community, the northwest area. 

The Problem 

Hydrologic impacts in urban settings are well documented. Consider the work done by the Center for Watershed 

Protection drawing correlations between impervious cover and stream degradation. Urbanization has a long history of 

impacting our water courses, both for flooding, erosion, water quality, and habitat. Solutions to address these impacts 

have been evolving over time. Rate control to reduce flooding has been implemented for over a half century in modern 

US communities. Water quality was next acknowledged as needing solutions and wet detention ponds have become 

common place in our urban neighborhoods. More recently the National Academy of sciences has concluded that for 

more holistic approaches to stormwater management based on volume control of stormwater is needed. 

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For the City of IGH, with urban growth plans for 3,000 acres in a landlocked portion of the city, the question became, 

“Can LID approaches go beyond water quality benefits to also address flood control needs” The area being developed 

also sits near a chain of high quality, groundwater-fed lakes, the Marcott chain of lakes. The city had considered this as 

an outlet location for excess stormwater, but had passed a policy stating no urban stormwater would be discharged into 

these lakes. The city subsequently developed an earlier infrastructure plan that called for a system of pipes and pumps 

to move water from the growth area to the Mississippi River, although no existing surface outlet existed there. This 

outlet pipe plan, on the order of $5-8 million, was costly and faced some regulatory hurdles. The overall pipe and pump 

infrastructure needed exceeded $25 million. The cost alone began to raise opposition to the outlet plan. 

The Approach 

The City retained planning consultants, Hoisington-Koegler Group and engineers, Emmons & Olivier Resources, to look 

at alternatives to the costly conventional overflow system. Could water quality and flooding concerns both be 

addressed with an alternative land use plan and stormwater system First, a land use plan was developed that reflected 

earlier values of clustering development in higher densities to allow for some unique open spaces to be preserved. 

The plan evolved into a standard that allowed development capacities to be calculated based on the overall area, but 

that 20% of the land would be left in open spaces, with the zoning districts allowing higher densities to place the units. 

So for areas guided to be typical suburban densities of 3 units/ac., it was allowed to have defined portions of the site to 

go up to 6 units/ac. All basins without operating overflows were provided a 6 or 10 foot freeboard. The freeboard 

scenarios were analyzed for the basins and did not add significant land to the flood plain areas. 

A comprehensive cost analysis was performed comparing the two approaches, pipe and pump vs. LID. The cost analysis 

included a comparison of capital costs, land costs, and O&M costs. The capital costs were significantly higher in the pipe 

and pump approach compared with the LID approach. Overall, the pipe and pump conventional system lifecycle cost 

was estimated to be over twice as high as the LID system; approximately 130% higher. 

The Solution 

The area was analyzed extensively with hydrologic modeling, including extreme event simulations, and monitoring of 

natural depressions. These natural depressions that allowed storage and infiltration were identified as key to the 

integrity of the system under natural conditions. Stormwater standards and ordinances were developed that retained 

the natural, pre-existing site drainage runoff volumes for the 5-year event, and preservation of the natural depressions 

in the system. Both were included in the 20% open space areas. 

Several developments have been reviewed under the new standards and some of the more intensive developments 

have been built, including a 25 acre first phase of the commercial center, known as Argenta Hills Commercial Center. 

The analysis of the pre-existing conditions of the first phase indicated that under a 100-yr event, a portion of the site 

was just beginning to discharge to an adjacent depression and the remainder of the site stayed self-contained. 

Therefore the design matched the pre-development conditions with virtually zero-runoff being the design condition. 

The design of the Argenta Hills integrated numerous LID BMPs including raingardens, infiltration basins, engineered 

swales, and permeable pavements (asphalt and pavers). All the site BMPs were woven into the site as green 

infrastructure to reduce the area impacts in the commercial center and to enhance the site’s character. Can 100-year 

volume control be accomplished on an urban site If the natural conditions are appropriate for that level of volume 

retention, the Argenta Hills site, along with others, demonstrates that it can be accomplished. 

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Advanced Denitrification of Stormwater Runoff Using Bioretention Systems 

Ian J. Peterson 

Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 

MD 20742, U.S.A., ijpeters@umd.edu 

Allen P. Davis, F. ASCE 

Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A., 

Corresponding author: phone: ++1 301 405 1958; fax: ++1 301 405 2585, apdavis@umd.edu 

Concentrations of nitrogen in runoff from fertilizers, decaying plant matter and other urban sources contribute to the 

eutrophication of surface water bodies. As a way of mitigating the impact of urban development, stormwater control 

measures (SCMs) are employed to increase water quality and decrease the amount of runoff discharged to water 

bodies. Bioretention systems, an example of an SCM, are shallow sections of porous media employed for storing and 

infiltrating stormwater runoff. Although still in its infancy as a technology, bioretention systems have proven effective at 

removing pollutants from stormwater and increasing infiltration, but still lack the ability to effectively mitigate nitrogen 

concentrations. 

The effects of woodchip species, woodchip size, drainage time, organic carbon availability, and pH on the denitrification 

process in a submerged bioretention chamber were evaluated in a column study. Of the five species of woodchips 

evaluated, column studies showed that Red Maple woodchips are the most effective source of organic carbon for 

removal of total Nitrogen. American Beech woodchips had the highest nitrate-N removal but the lowest total Nitrogen 

removal. While a change in woodchip size does affect the organic carbon content in the effluent concentrations, it does 

not seem to be a driving factor in the rate of denitrification for these tests. This is because the media provides excess 

organic carbon in order to sustain microbial populations over a 20 year lifespan. Therefore organic carbon does not 

become a limiting nutrient based on woodchip chip size. Time has the most dramatic effect on the efficiency of the 

system. A more slowly draining system is much more effective at removing nitrate-N. Data are continuing to be collected 

that will determine a media that will optimize the pH and organic carbon availability for denitrification in bioretention 

systems. 

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Evaluating Sustain: A Case Study to Assess User Experience, Model Applicability and Limitations, and “Lessons 

Learned” for Basin-Scale Planning 

Meghan Feller – Herrera 

2200 6 th Avenue Suite 1100, Seattle WA 98121 

P: (206) 441-9080, F: (206) 441-9108 

Mfeller@Herrerainc.Com 

Mindy Roberts, Pe – Washington Department of Ecology 

P.O. Box 47600 

Olympia, WA 98504 

P: (360) 407-6400 

Mrob461@Ecy.Wa.Gov 

The Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) recently partnered with Herrera to test the newly-developed System for 

Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) model. SUSTAIN was developed by the US Environmental Protection 

Agency (USEPA) as a decision support system to facilitate the selection and placement of stormwater best management practices 

(BMPs) based on minimized costs for meeting user specified objectives (e.g., flow control, pollutant load reduction). The purpose of 

this effort was to evaluate SUSTAIN’s capabilities and limitations, specifically as they apply to basin-scale planning efforts to address 

toxics in surface water runoff. The “lessons learned” from this case study were documented in a final report in December 2012. 

Working with Ecology, Herrera developed a SUSTAIN model for a small (305 hectare), basin in Federal Way, Washington comprised 

predominantly of commercial and high-density residential land uses. Water quality data collected by local jurisdictions in the Puget 

Sound region pursuant to requirements of the Municipal Stormwater Permit for Phase 1 jurisdictions were used as a model input for 

estimating pollutant export from the basin. Flow and water quality data collected at the outlet of the study basin in connection with 

an earlier phase of the project were used to calibrate the basin’s hydrology and water quality model. 

Once baseline conditions within the basin were established, a series of basin-wide BMP retrofit scenarios were modeled and 

evaluated using SUSTAIN’s optimization routine for a range of water quality management goals. To develop a “real world” application 

of SUSTAIN for assessing its utility in basin-scale planning efforts within the Puget Sound region, all modeled BMPs scenarios were 

based on local development and design standards. This included incorporation of both decentralized (i.e., bioretention and 

permeable pavement) and centralized (i.e., constructed wetlands and wet ponds) facilities, utilizing SUSTAIN’s aggregate and explicit 

BMP representations, respectively. The aggregate BMP representation, which allows the user to model multiple BMPs distributed 

throughout a subcatchment without explicit siting or flow routing, necessitates externally simulated basin hydrology. As a result, 

USEPA’s Storm Water Management Model was used to generate timeseries for unit area hydrographs and pollutographs for input 

into SUSTAIN. Pollutant routing and removal for the centralized facilities were simulated using completely stirred tank reactors in 

series and first order decay rates, respectively. To improve upon the default national-level BMP costs database built into SUSTAIN, a 

database of BMP costs based on local project information was also developed. 

BMP optimizations to meet water quality objectives were conducted utilizing both of SUSTAIN’s optimization routines: NSGA-II 

(generating a cost-effectiveness curve) and the scatter search algorithm (determining the most cost-effective solution for meeting 

multiple performance targets). While a BMP configuration was not optimized specifically for flow control performance, the ancillary 

flow control benefits that resulted from the water quality-optimized BMP configurations were also evaluated. 

While this presentation will summarize the technical approach used to develop this SUSTAIN model and discuss the case study 

results, the primary focus of the presentation will be on SUSTAIN’s current strengths and weaknesses and “lessons learned” from 

this study. 

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Washington State Lid Requirements for Development Projects: Numerical Standards, Feasibility Criteria and Costs 

Alice Lancaster, PE – Herrera Environmental Consultants 

2200 Sixth Ave, Suite 1100, Seattle, WA 98121 

P: 206-441-9080 / F: 206-441-9108 

Alancaster@Herrerainc.Com 

In 2010 the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) convened an advisory committee to develop technical 

recommendations for low impact development (LID) policy in the state of Washington. Ecology established this 

committee to implement a legal ruling by the Pollution Controls Hearing Board (PCHB) mandating that the Municipal 

Stormwater General Permit for larger jurisdictions require LID for all new and re-development projects “where feasible”. 

Informed by the committee’s input, Ecology developed LID requirements that met the PCHB legal ruling and 

incorporated them into the new Municipal Stormwater General Permits issued in late 2012. The permits set forth two 

LID options for new and redevelopment. Development projects must either meet a quantitative LID performance 

standard, or employ all feasible best management practices (BMPs) from a list of LID techniques: 

• The LID performance standard option requires that developers demonstrate, with continuous hydrologic 

simulation modeling, that the stormwater management design closely mimics a pre-developed hydrologic 

condition for smaller storms. Specifically, the flow durations of frequent storms (i.e., flows up to half of the 2- 

year peak flow) must match flow durations from a forested condition. 

• Under the BMP list option, developers must employ all “feasible” BMPs from a prescribed list of LID practices. To 

interpret “feasibility”, Ecology provides detailed infeasibility criteria in their latest stormwater manual, also 

issued in late 2012. Technical infeasibility criteria include engineering constraints such as infiltration 

infeasibility, site uses that threaten the reliability of BMP performance, and siting that does not allow for a safe 

overflow pathway to a discharge point. “Competing needs” infeasibility criteria are also provided. Based on 

these criteria, LID BMPs can be eliminated from consideration if they are in conflict with other competing 

requirements such as federal laws (e.g., Historic Preservation Laws, Americans with Disabilities Act), and public 

health and safety standards. 

The presenter, Ms. Lancaster, participated as a member of Ecology’s technical advisory committee to help interpret the 

PCHB requirement for LID “where feasible”, define feasibility criteria, and develop an achievable numerical LID 

performance standard. She is also currently working with Ecology to evaluate the costs associated with the new LID 

permit requirements for typical development projects in western Washington. For this effort, stormwater management 

costs are being developed for a range of development types (i.e., a single family residential subdivision, a small 

commercial site, and a large commercial site) for both sites with impermeable and highly permeable soils. This costing 

effort will be complete in the spring of 2013. 

This presentation will describe the new municipal stormwater permit LID requirements, with an emphasis on the 

quantitative LID performance standard, the technical LID feasibility criteria and the cost implications for western 

Washington developers. 

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Nationwide Study of the Benefits of Green Stormwater Management for Flood Loss Avoidance 

Daniel E. Medina, PhD, PE, D.WRE - Atkins 

3901 Calverton Blvd., Suite 400, Calverton, MD 20705 

301.210.6800 

daniel.medina@atkinsglobal.com 

Lisa Hair, PE – US Environmental Protection Agency 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 

202.566.1043 

hair.lisa@epa.gov 

Leo Kreymborg, PE, CFM – Atkins 

3570 Carmel Mountain Road, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 92130 

858.514.1060 

leo.kreymborg@atkinsglobal.com 

Zachary Baccala, CFM – Atkins 

3901 Calverton Blvd., Suite 400, Calverton, MD 20705 

301.210.6800 

zack.baccala@atkinsglobal.com 

Jacqueline Monfils, PE, CFM – Atkins 

jacquelyn.monfils@atkinsglobal.com 

10 East Doty Street, Suite 800, Madison, WI 53703 

608.204.5950 

Allan Willis – Atkins 

4030 W Boy Scout Blvd, Suite 700, Tampa, FL, 33607 

813.281.8391 

allan.willis@atkinsglobal.com 

Jason Berner - – US Environmental Protection Agency 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 

202.564.9868 

berner.jason@epa.gov 

Green Infrastructure (GI), also known as Low Impact Development (LID), is a well established approach to stormwater 

management, now integral to numerous land development guidelines and regulations nationwide. Conceived in the 

early 1990s, GI focuses on mimicking pre-development hydrology through the use of micro-controls distributed through 

a developed site. The micro-controls are placed close to where runoff is generated and attempt to return it to its 

natural pathways, through infiltration and evapotranspiration. GI controls include bioretention filters, landscaped roofs, 

vegetated swales, and other vegetated devices that are deployed to reduce volumes and slow down runoff, in contrast 

with conventional stormwater management approaches based on peak flow attenuation through the use of detention 

basins. 

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The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is in the midst of developing a new stormwater rule that will be based 

largely on GI. The rule will be based on requiring that the runoff from a high-percentile storm (e.g., 80 th to 90 th 

percentile) be captured on site and be infiltrated, evapotranspired, or stored for use in irrigation, cooling, toilet flushing, 

or other beneficial applications. Depending on the region of the US, this standard would imply capturing the runoff 

produced by rainfall depths between 0.5 and 2.5 inches. 

As part of the rulemaking process, the USEPA must provide the US Government Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) with an estimate the benefits of the rule in comparison with the expected costs. Much of the research on GI has 

been aimed at demonstrating the benefits for water quality and channel protection. However, limited efforts have been 

undertaken to understand the benefits that GI might have on flood loss reduction. This presentation summarizes the 

results of a project commissioned by the US EPA to estimate the nationwide flood loss avoidance benefits resulting from 

application of the stormwater rule. 

The project examined the impact of the GI-based rule on large scale flooding on 20 HUC8 watersheds nationwide 

located in areas where significant growth is expected between 2020 when the rule is expected to be promulgated, and 

2040. The area of the watersheds ranges between 500 and 3,000 square miles. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling was 

conducted to delineate floodplains for various probabilities of exceedence, with and without the rule, and using USEPA 

projections for new development and re-development based on the Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) 

model. The with- and without-rule floodplains were processed into depth grids and entered in the flood damage 

assessment software Hazus to determine the avoided average annualized losses. The study was conducted in 

consultation with other federal agencies including the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). For example, the USACE 

provided data on location of dams that needed to be considered in the hydrologic analysis, and FEMA provided 

information on levees. The approach was vetted by a panel of experts from government, academia, and industry. 

The presentation will show that GI can save hundreds of millions of dollars in flood losses. GI does little to reduce the 

extent of the 100-year floodplain; however, it has a significant impact in the lesser but more frequent flooding events. 

The net effect is an overall reduction in the average annual losses due to flooding, termed the Annualized Average 

Losses Avoided (AALA). Overall, implementation of the rule may avoid up to 15% of the average annualized flood losses. 

Given the high cost that flood losses represent annually to the national economy, this level of savings can quickly add up 

to a significant dollar figure. 

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Stormwater Retrofits and Pollution Prevention Measures Create a Lower Impact Concrete Plant 

Greg Wilson – Barr Engineering Company 


Phone: 952-832-2672/Fax: 952-832-2601 

Gwilson@Barr.Com 

To secure permitting for redevelopment of a ready-mix concrete facility in southwest Minneapolis, Aggregate Industries 

developed an ambitious plan to minimize stormwater volume and total suspended solids loadings from a 5-acre site 

without sacrificing its full use for industrial activity. Previous site development was nearly completely impervious, 

varying from roofs to concrete pavement to gravel and stormwater runoff had surface drained to surrounding streets 

and to on-site storm drains. Part of the site receives run-on from approximately 1.5 acres of an adjacent warehouse 

site. Results of stormwater monitoring conducted prior to redevelopment indicated that total suspended solids 

concentrations ranged from 300 to 900 mg/L with almost all of the suspended particle sizes smaller than 50 microns. 

The redeveloped site created improvements in runoff hydrology, while significantly improving treatment of stormwater 

runoff. Site improvements primarily consisted of installing ballast-covered infiltration basins at four separate locations 

on the site where stormwater runoff is discharged to the Minneapolis storm sewer conveyance system. The infiltration 

basins were intended to capture and treat the local sources of runoff while minimizing maintenance and disruptions to 

the industrial activities of the site. New concrete walls and driveover curbing were installed to minimize tracking and 

redirect more flow to the treatment basins. Pervious concrete was also installed at the periphery of employee parking 

areas. In addition, a truck wash facility has been added to clean spilled concrete product from the trucks following 

loading and a trench drain and pumping system was employed to capture and discharge this water to a sediment pond 

for subsequent treatment. Also, several areas of the site that had previously been used for aggregate storage were 

modified such that the raw materials were eliminated or stored under roofing. Finally, Aggregate Industries routinely 

uses a vacuum-assisted street sweeper to remove tracked materials and the buildup of raw materials from the paved 

portions of the ready-mix site. 

Water quality modeling analysis of the site was performed to ensure that the proposed system was adequately sized to 

remove more than 70 percent of the total suspended solids (TSS) loading from the site runoff and run-on based on a 

long-term simulation of typical climatic conditions in Minneapolis. The difference between the runoff total phosphorus 

(TP) loadings produced under proposed and pre-developed conditions represented a 68% reduction in the TP load. The 

modeling results also indicated that post-construction peak flow rates are at or below pre-development levels. 

Stormwater monitoring conducted at a regional scale (that encompasses the ready-mix plant site) provides another 

method to assess project effectiveness, by comparing the period of record before redevelopment to the monitoring 

results following the implementation of stormwater retrofits and pollution prevention practices. Project design, 

constraints, monitoring data and modeling results will be presented, along with lessons learned. 

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Challenges of Selecting a Water Quality Model – A State-wide Perspective in Michigan 



651-770-8448 


Camilla Correll – Emmons & Olivier Resources 


651-770-8448 

ccorrell@eorinc.com 

Introduction 

Water quality models are evolving as older models are updated and new models are brought into the main stream of 

modeling software. As with so many computer models, recreating the complex processes of natural systems is very 

difficult. In the water quality realm, this is especially difficult with hydrologic simulations, biological growth and decay, 

and chemical processes all influencing water quality systems. Depending on how the model is structured, there is often 

a question of what scale the model can and should be used for to get reliable results. Modeling ideally also provides a 

flexible tool that allows managers to simulate management approaches and predict outcomes, requiring the inclusion of 

Best Management Practices (BMP) capabilities. 

It has been observed by us and others, that similar systems or “questions” can have many different “answers” 

depending on the model used – and the input parameters chosen. These are the challenges facing water quality 

managers at the State of Michigan as they sought to have some consistency and appropriate tools used on watershed 

results being submitted to the State. We were brought in to help them select an appropriate modeling tool for their 

needs and provide guidance on how best to use that tool. 


The goal is to select a mid-level complexity water quality model that can be the standardized model for use in the State 

of Michigan for their watershed management and funding program. As part of the evaluation, there would also be 

guidance given on some of the basic input parameters to eliminate guess work when constructing water quality models 

by various users across the state. By utilizing a standardized model, this would lead to better consistency of water 

management approaches and quantification of results. 

The Problem 

As watershed management programs and agency reviewers are confronted with technical analysis, it can become 

obvious that the tools used and how the tools are applied can lead to widely varying results. In cases where corrective 

actions are proposed or funding requests are made, it is difficult for reviewers to compare and contrast the merits of the 

improvements or funding request when the consistency of the submitted analysis is in question. The state of Michigan 

is seeking to provide some guidance so that their review of the various proposed watershed management plans, 

consistent with EPA’s nine element watershed plan guidelines, are reasonable and proposed mitigation actions can be 

evaluated for their relative benefit. 

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The Approach 

The US EPA on behalf of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MI DEQ) contracted with Emmons & Olivier 

Resources, to assist the State of Michigan water quality program to select an appropriate mid-level of complexity model 

to be recommended by the state to water management entities throughout the state. The state currently receives 

much analysis that are simple spreadsheet and area loading models that the state feels should be better at simulating 

the physical processes of the system. Another capability that the state would like to have in the model is options to 

include BMPs that can be evaluated for effectiveness. 

The process of evaluating the models started with the areas of primary concern in water quality modeling, such as user 

input complexity, public domain, hydrologic simulation capability among others. Users of the modeling platforms were 

interviewed to better understand the expertise and expectations of the model users. 

From the over 20+ models, the first step was to reduce the models to be reviewed in more detail to at least 6 models. 

With the reduced number of models, a more detailed matrix was developed in order to look at the various capabilities of 

the models. It becomes obvious that each model has some pros but also some cons. It is necessary to start to prioritize 

the goals for the model so that a best fit can be accomplished. 

The Solution 

The matrix of model capabilities included over 20 factors. The factors were grouped by similar topics, such as: ease of 

use, water quantity- hydrology and hydraulics, and BMP capabilities. The matrix factors were then ranked by 

importance for the desired application to determine key strengths and weaknesses of the smaller group of models. 

From this group, the advisors worked with the State of MI staff and US EPA staff to select a preferred model. 

Next, with the preferred model selected, guidelines are provided for the key input parameters in the model. The 

guidelines include key hydrologic input parameters based on land cover and soils complexes. Water quality loading 

assumptions, by land use and region of the state are also provided to reduce the variability that can occur when model 

users are left to do their own literature searches and chose from the wide range of literature values found. In the case 

of model limitations, guidelines are given for when and how it is appropriate to use surrogate parameters to simulate 

the processes desired. The process helps to illuminate what models are available and which ones are best for this use as 

well as other options for different situations. 

386

6725 

Using Road Rights of Way to Control Undermanaged Stormwater Runoff 

Hunt Loftin, P.E. - Michael Baker Jr., Inc. 

3601 Eisenhower Ave. 

Alexandria, VA 22304 

703-317-6536 

Hloftin@Mbakercorp.Com 

Turgay Dabak, P.E. - Michael Baker Jr., Inc. 



703-317-6535 

Tdabak@Mbakercorp.Com 

Joni Calmbacher, P.E. - Michael Baker Jr., Inc. 



703-317-6535 

Jcalmbacher@Mbakercorp.Com 

Andrea Ryon, P.E. - Michael Baker Jr., Inc. 



703-317-6535 

Aryon@Mbakercorp.Com 

Matthew Meyers, P.E. - Fairfax County Government 

Dpwes, Stormwater Planning Division 

12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 449, 


703-324-5651 

Matthew.Meyers@Fairfaxcounty.Gov 

Ronald Tuttle, Fasla - Fairfax County Government 

Dpwes, Stormwater Planning Division 

12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 449, 


703-324-5860 

Ronald.Tuttle@Fairfaxcounty.Gov 

Meredith Upchurch, Asla - District Of Columbia Department of Transportation 

Stormwater Management Branch, Infrastructure Project Management Administration 

55 M Street Se, Suite 400 

Washington, DC 20003 

202- 671-4663 

Meredith.Upchurch@Dc.Gov 

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Much of the development within the Mid-Atlantic Region precedes the requirements to incorporate adequate 

management measures to control increases in stormwater runoff and pollutant loads. USEPA Region 3 has been using 

Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permits to require municipalities to retrofit these developed areas using 

stormwater best management practices (BMPs) that control the runoff from the undermanaged impervious areas. These 

retrofits also serve as a measure to lower pollutant loads to levels that meet the Waste Load Allocations of the Total 

Maximum Daily Loads for the Chesapeake Bay and local water bodies. Space within previously developed areas is often a 

major constraint towards installing adequate stormwater controls to meet current stormwater requirements. 

The objective of this paper is to describe the processes and lessons learned when designing stormwater retrofits within 

road rights of way in suburban and ultra-urban settings. Examples are provided of LID retrofit designs that were installed 

in two neighboring jurisdictions: a residential subwatershed in suburban Fairfax County, Virginia and several residential 

blocks in the ultra-urban District of Columbia. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling processes were important in designing 

the LID BMPs to control local flooding and in justifying the expansion of these retrofits to larger areas to restore the 

management of flows and water quality to receiving streams. While modeling demonstrated the benefits of the LID 

practices, additional factors were necessary to convince various government agencies and property owners that these 

retrofits would also meet their needs and expectations. These factors include, for example, aesthetics, identification of 

responsible parties for maintenance and replacement, how to deal with future repairs to underground utilities, ensuring 

that road materials would not be degraded, and impacts on roadside parking. This paper will describe how coordination 

with the various stakeholders led to final designs that meet these factors, how the process improved the final products, 

and how the products serve as both pilots and templates for application elsewhere. 

The techniques used in the stormwater retrofit designs combine practices within the street and the narrow public open 

space beside the roads to promote infiltration, filtration, and detention. These practices include infiltration trenches, 

bioretention cells, underground retention, permeable pavers / pavement, removal of roadside curbing, and rerouting of 

stormwater conveyance systems to control flows up to at least the 10-year annual frequency storm event and to 

improve the stability of streams that have been severely eroded from these older developments. 

Completion of these designs required policy decisions and some faith and good will by all parties that the innovative 

application of these LID systems in large areas would be 1) as successful as indicated by the models and design team 

research, and 2) repaired or replaced by the designated parties if these pilot projects demonstrated unacceptable 

performance. 

These projects are at the 95 percent design stage. Construction documents are to be completed in the winter of 2013. 

Construction is to start as early as summer 2013 on some projects. Model results are being updated to reflect changes in 

some design conditions and will be completed by January 2013. 

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San Francisco: City as Catchment 

Sarah M. Minick – San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 

525 Golden Gate Ave, 11 th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94102 

415-551-4868 

sminick@sfwater.org 

Each year, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s treatment plants manage and treat the billions of gallons of 

rainwater that fall on the San Francisco landscape. As in most cities, the primary goal of building and road design in San 

Francisco has historically been to drain water away from the landscape and into a pipe as quickly as possible. The San 

Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s Urban Watershed Management Program (UWMP) works to turn this paradigm on 

its head and advance the idea that rainwater and stormwater are valuable resources that can be managed and used 

locally to achieve multiple benefits, including water quality protection, public realm greening, regulatory compliance 

with stormwater management requirements and reducing the use of potable water for non-potable purposes. To bring 

about this change, the UWMP has created new policies and regulations, such as San Francisco’s Stormwater 

Management Ordinance and Stormwater Design Guidelines, and new programs, such as the Urban Watershed 

Stewardship Grants and Rainwater Harvesting Program. The UWMP has worked to increase inter-agency coordination to 

deliver green streets and to improve city-wide capital planning processes. The UWMP has harnessed changes in code to 

allow for design innovation, such as amendments to the plumbing code to allow for downspout disconnection; has 

worked with colleagues across the city to create a clear, safe, and legal pathway for permitting rainwater harvesting 

systems for various non-potable uses; and has been a leader at the state level shaping the outcome of rainwater 

harvesting legislation and state code updates for rainwater and graywater. In addition the team is monitoring a 

residential rainwater harvesting system to be better able to predict the impact on the collection system of broader 

implementation of rainwater harvesting across the city. In each of these strategies, the UWMP has emphasized a ‘fit-forpurpose’ 

approach to rainwater harvesting and a site-specific approach to stormwater management, acknowledging the 

highly urban San Francisco landscape. Through these new policies, regulations, programs, and processes, San Francisco 

has emerged as a leader in the area of rainwater harvesting and stormwater management. 

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What do Whitewater and Stormwater Have in Common 

Eve Brantley – Auburn University, 

Alabama Cooperative Extension System 

Department Of Agronomy and Soils 

202 Funchess Hall 

Auburn University, Alabama 

334-844-3927 

Brantef@Auburn.Edu 

Katie Dylewski – Auburn University, 

Alabama Cooperative Extension System 

202 Funchess Hall 

Auburn University, Alabama 

334-844-7618 

Wernekl@Auburn.Edu 

This presentation describes low impact development practice retrofits in the Mill Creek Watershed in Southeast 

Alabama. This area in Phenix City is one of the most rapidly urbanizing areas of the country due to its proximity to Fort 

Benning. Interest in stream health, stormwater management, and community revitalization has increased substantially, 

leading to several efforts by local and state agencies and private partners to address environmental concerns in Mill and 

Holland Creeks and their tributaries. One of the drivers for watershed restoration is a plan to implement a whitewater 

recreation park on the Chattahoochee River to enhance economic development and quality of life in the region. A major 

component of the watershed project involves planning and installing retrofit LID practices targeting stormwater runoff, 

riparian buffers, and streambank stabilization. These demonstration projects include vegetative swales, bioretention 

cells, in-stream structures, and native streamside planting. The process for site selection and planning the retrofits 

involved extensive community meetings and stakeholder discussions to identify priorities and overcome communication 

barriers. The outcomes of the community planning efforts include shared goals, understanding of environmental 

challenges, and a network of informed public-private partners working toward a long-term sustainable watershed. 

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Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of a Permeable Pavement-Modular Bioretention Treatment Train and a 

Stormwater Filter Box in Fayetteville, North Carolina 

Andrew R. Anderson- North Carolina State University 

214 D.S. Weaver Labs 

Box 7625, NCSU 

(919) 515-8595 

Arander5@Ncsu.Edu 

William F. Hunt – Nc State University 



Wfhunt@Ncsu.Edu 

Impervious land cover in urban developments is commonly responsible for degraded water quality and potentially 

erosive flow rates on downstream water bodies. In the wake of this issue, many stormwater treatment devices have 

been developed and are accumulating valuable research for future widespread use. Stormwater management in these 

highly developed impervious urban areas is often difficult due to lack of space and site constraints. Many environmental 

products have recently been developed to satisfy the niche in the market for easy-to-retrofit stormwater practices; 

however, data on the field performance of these novel stormwater control measures to reduce runoff and improve 

water quality are limited. Given tight sight constraints, retrofitting traditional pavement with pervious pavement 

provides numerous water quality and hydrologic benefits. This, coupled with other treatment devices as part of a 

“treatment train”, is becoming a valuable option to reduce a site’s stormwater footprint. A permeable interlocking 

concrete paver (PICP) system which drains to a 1.2 m by 1.2 m Filterra® bioretention retrofit was installed at an 

Amtrak TM parking lot in Fayetteville, North Carolina. With a catchment-to-footprint ratio of 2.5:1, the system is designed 

to mitigate the 10 year storm, and filter any runoff that does not infiltrate into the sandy-loam subsoil of the PICP. 

Additionally, a standalone, conventional Filterra® modular bioretention cell was installed on the property to mitigate 

impervious runoff through a curb throat. Water quality and flow will be monitored at five locations, including: (1) 

impervious asphalt before the PICP, (2) underdrain leaving the PICP and entering the Filterra, (3) underdrain leaving the 

Filterra, (4) impervious asphalt before the conventional Filterra, and (5) the underdrain pipe leaving the conventional 

Filterra. Using flow-paced automatic sampling, the above locations will be monitored for total phosphorus, ortho 

phosphorus, total soluble phosphorus, nitrate and nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, total ammoniated nitrogen, total 

nitrogen, particle size distribution, total suspended solids, suspended sediment concentration, specific gravity, copper 

(Cu), zinc (Zn), and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The goal of this study is to assess the pollutant-removal performance 

and hydrologic mitigation ability of both proprietary treatment devices. 

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6731 

Adapting TO Landuse AND Climate Change: The Role of LID in Mitigating Impacts to Water Conveyance Infrastructure 

Michael Simpson, Chair - Environmental Studies Department, 

Antioch University New England 

40 Avon St., Keene NH 03431 

603-283-2331 

msimpson@antioch.edu 

Latham Stack, Principal – Syntectic International 

4112 SW Coronado St., Portland OR 97219 

503-902-1939 

lstack@syntectic.com 

Numerous studies have detected intensification of precipitation events consistent with climate change projections, as 

reported in the Fourth Assessment of the International Panel on Climate Change (UN-IPCC). This increase in frequency of 

larger storms must be considered in the context of a concurrent increase in the percentage of imperviousness on the 

watershed due to development trends. Communities may have a window of opportunity to prepare water resources 

infrastructures from projected increased run-off and develop policies to mitigate impacts. However, information 

sufficiently reliable and specific to support local-scale adaptation programs is sparse, this presentation will contribute to 

the broader understanding of how to maintain resilience on the landscape and prepare for projected change. 

Results will be presented from NOAA and US EPA funded research since 2007 in the context of rural, the peri-urban and 

urban watersheds in New England and the Upper Midwest. This research examined the hydrologic impact of climate 

change and land use scenarios on existing water conveyance infrastructure. The built infrastructure in the watersheds 

were assessed and mapped with a standardized protocol. Field and spatial data is then utilized to create a nested GIS 

model that calculates current and projected runoff volumes for the 24-hour precipitation events. Based on current 

zoning ordinance regulations, multiple build-out analyses were developed for the study watersheds. These build-out 

scenarios were combined with estimated, mid-21st century storm magnitudes based upon downscaled global 

greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Once vulnerable infrastructure was identified, a marginal cost analysis was 

completed for alternative actions of response. 

An aspect of the technical and marginal cost outputs of these studies focused on the efficacy of incorporating Low 

Impact Development alternatives for new development as part of the buildout scenario. The results helped informed 

concurrent community resilience building processes that increased stakeholder capacity at the local level in adapting to 

change. The studies’ approach demonstrates the implementation of a quantified, local-scale, and actionable protocol for 

maintaining historical risk levels for communities facing significant impacts from climate change and population growth. 

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EPA Stormwater Rulemaking 

Karen Hobbs – Natural Resources Defense Council 

2 North Riverside Plaza, Suite 2250 

Chicago, Illinois 60606 

312-651-7915 (phone) 312-234-9633 (fax) 

khobbs@nrdc.org 

Gary Belan – American Rivers 

1101 14 th St. NW Suite 1400 

Washington D.C. 20005 

202-347-7550 (phone) 202-347-9240 (fax) 

gbelan@americanrivers.org 

OBJECTIVES & RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH, POLICY OR PROJECT 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is updating its national stormwater rule, a once-in-generation opportunity 

to reform the minimum requirements applicable to urban and suburban runoff sources. EPA recently announced a new 

“final” schedule, with a draft rule due by June 10, 2013 and issuance of a final rule by December 10, 2014. American 

Rivers (AR) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) are leading a national coalition of nonprofit conservation 

and environmental organizations and other interested parties to achieve a strong rule. 

The LID Symposium is perfectly timed to educate attendees about the contents of the rule and how the rule will impact 

them. AR and NRDC will summarize the national coalition’s work to date, including communications and research 

efforts, as well as the contents of the coalition’s draft comments. Attendees will also learn how they can participate in 

the process. 

EPA’s commitment to substantially improve its national stormwater regulations has the potential to curtail and prevent 

this major and growing source of water pollution. The rule change presents a major opportunity to advance and 

institutionalize green infrastructure approaches, building upon strong state permits, policies, and examples from across 

the country. 

Specifically, the areas that EPA has identified to address include: 

• Expanding the area subject to federal stormwater regulations; 

• Establishing specific requirements to control stormwater discharges from new development and redevelopment; 

• Developing a single set of consistent stormwater requirements for all municipal separate stormwater systems 

(MS4s); 

• Requiring MS4s to address stormwater discharges in areas of existing development through retrofitting the storm 

system or drainage area with improved stormwater control measures; 

• Exploring specific stormwater provisions to protect sensitive areas. 

Existing EPA regulations for sources of runoff pollution, designed more than 20 years ago, have not been implemented in 

a particularly rigorous way. Permits for stormwater systems historically have done a poor job of ensuring that 

discharges from those systems will not contribute to degraded water quality conditions. In particular, municipal sewer 

systems and private developers frequently have not been required to meet quantitative limits on stormwater runoff 

volumes and associated pollution levels from sites undergoing development or redevelopment, and have rarely been 

required to retrofit developed sites to reduce runoff pollution. Moreover, current requirements typically do not apply to 

rapidly-developing areas outside of existing urbanized areas. 

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APPROACHES OR TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION 

Achieving a strong rule will require both advocacy and oversight at EPA as well as a concerted and coordinated effort 

within the conservation community nationwide. With the national stormwater coalition partners, AR and NRDC have 

undertaken a range of activities, including: 

• The development of “platforms,” with key policy areas that must be included in the final rule and signed onto by 

more than 29 national, regional and local organizations; 

• The development of fact sheets, aimed at explaining the rule’s benefit to drinking water utilities, municipalities, 

elected officials, environmental organizations and green builders; 

• Ongoing communication tool development; 

• Ongoing organizing at the national and local level to build support for the rule; and 

• Research on best management practices and cost-effectiveness studies. 

STATUS OF PROJECT (project completed or expected completion date) 

The project is not completed. EPA is expected to release the draft rule in June, 2013; the LID Symposium is thus 

perfectly timed to educate attendees about the contents of the rule and contents of the national stormwater coalition’ 

draft comments. 

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Achieving Greened Acres through Public-Private Sector Collaboration 

Alisa Valderrama – NRDC 

40 west 20 th street 11 th floor New York NY 10011 

avalderrama@nrdc.org 

Larry Levine- NRDC 

40 west 20 th street 11 th floor New York, NY 10011 

llevine@nrdc.org 

In order to satisfy its Clean Water Act requirements, Philadelphia has made a binding commitment to reduce combined 

sewer overflows (CSOs) and over the next 25 years transform at least 9,564 impervious acres (one-third of the 

impervious acreage within the city’s combined sewer service area) into “greened” acres, where first inch of rainfall from 

any given storm is managed on-site, equivalent to 80 to 90 percent of annual stormwater runoff volume. Concurrent 

with these efforts, Philadelphia has implemented a new stormwater utility fee structure, which aims to encourage 

existing non-residential property owners to green their property’s impervious areas. 

The new parcel-based fee is scheduled to be phased in over four-years, with all non-residential customers paying a fully 

parcel-based stormwater fee by July 2014. The new parcel-based fee structure provides a financial reward for property 

owners who either reduce impervious area on their parcels, or otherwise manage stormwater on-site. If parcel owners 

demonstrate that their property can manage the first inch of stormwater that falls on their parcels, they are eligible for a 

substantial reduction or “credit” against their monthly stormwater utility fees. 

NRDC’s February 2012 report “Financing Stormwater Retrofits in Philadelphia and Beyond” outlined how Philadelphia’s 

new stormwater fee and credit structure could encourage private parcel owners to invest in stormwater retrofits. 

NRDC, in collaboration with The Nature Conservancy and EKO Asset Management Partners, is now expanding on that 

work, engaging with the Philadelphia Water Department to explore options for large-scale private investment in 

greened acres through pay-for-performance mechanisms. 

This panel will detail the economic case for seeking greened acres on private parcels and progress to-date on pay-forperformance 

structures and related public-private-partnership initiatives to achieve greened acres in Philadelphia. The 

presentation aims to highlight perspectives from NRDC as well as the public sector, featuring joint presentation from 

one staff member from NRDC as well as one presenter from the Philadelphia Water Department. 

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6734 

Can Stormwater Infiltration Augment Stream Base Flows The Case of the Minnehaha Creek Watershed. 

Trisha Moore – University of Minnesota 

2 Se 3 rd Ave, Minneapolis MN 

(612) 625-7037 

Tlmoore@Umn.Edu 

John Gulliver – University of Minnesota 

2 Se 3 rd Ave, Minneapolis MN 

(612) 625-4080 


John Nieber – University of Minnesota 

1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul MN 

(612) 625-6724 

Nieber@Umn.Edu 

Joe Magner – University of Minnesota 

1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul MN 

612-625-5200 

Magne027@Umn.Edu 

Low impact development practices are known to provide downstream benefits by decreasing stormwater runoff 

volumes. But do such infiltration-based practices provide additional benefit through contributing to regulation of 

groundwater-fed base flows in streams This is the question we are examining for the urbanized Minnehaha Creek 

Watershed in the Minneapolis, MN metro area. Minnehaha creek, which flows 22 miles from its headwaters at Lake 

Minnetonka to its storied falls in south Minneapolis, suffers frequent low-flow conditions, which, in combination with 

flashy stormwater flows, contribute to a litany of biotic impairments in the stream. 

We are investigating surface-groundwater interactions in the creek with the objective of evaluating the potential to 

augment stream base flow through infiltration and storage of stormwater runoff in the shallow aquifer system. Existing 

surficial geologic datasets suggest sustained base flow in Minnehaha Creek is limited by rapid vertical transit of water 

infiltrated at the surface to underlying bedrock aquifers, the median travel time of which is on the order of 0.5 years. A 

streamflow-based systems model applied to infer physical characteristics of the shallow aquifer system indicated that 

the area of the contributing aquifer system is less than 1% of the creek’s watershed area. The apparent large vertical 

exchange of water from the surficial aquifer to the deeper aquifer would support the concept that only aquifer water 

nearby the creek in the riparian zone is able to discharge (make it) to the creek itself. However, there are opportunities 

to augment the baseflow if infiltration occurs in selected regions. Multiple field methodologies have been applied to 

further develop our understanding of surface-groundwater connectivity. These methodologies include thermal mapping 

of stream surface and pore waters to identify areas of groundwater discharge, direct measurement of groundwater 

discharge to Minnehaha Creek with seepage meters, monitoring hydraulic head measured in piezometers installed 

throughout the creek’s riparian area, and analysis of O-18 and deuterium isotopes in the creek, its contributing surface 

waters, and the shallow aquifer system to separate streamflow into its source components. The understanding of 

surface-groundwater exchanges in Minnehaha Creek gained through these field methodologies will be used to inform 

the Watershed District’s stormwater management efforts along the stream corridor. 

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6735 

Integrating Redevelopment and LID Monitoring in the Credit Valley Watershed 

Sarah Ash – University of Guelph 


519-824-4120 

spackham@uoguelph.ca 

Jennifer Drake – University of Toronto 

34 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A4 

416-978-2011 

jenn.drake@utoronto.ca 



519-824-4120 


Phil James – Credit Valley Conservation Authority 

1255 Old Derry Rd, Mississauga, ON, Canada, L5N 6R4 

905-670-1615 

pjames@creditvalleyca.ca 

Will Cowlin - AquaforBeech 

55 Regal Rd, Unit 3, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1K 1B6 

519-224-3740 

cowlin.w@aquaforbeech.ca 

The adoption of LID technologies in Ontario has been hampered by a lack of guidance and functional example projects, 

uncertainty with respect to all aspects of design, implementation and operation, and limited awareness, experience and 

knowledge of LIDs within industry, government and the general public. To address these barriers the Credit Valley 

Conservation Authority (CVC) has partnered with the University of Guelph and industry to showcase and evaluate the asbuilt 

performance of several LID systems. The employee parking lot at the IMAX Headquarters in Mississauga, Ontario 

has been redeveloped to integrate LID systems including bioretention cells, SorbtiveMedia, Jellyfish Filter and Eco- 

Optiloc permeable pavement, providing on-site quantity and quality stormwater management. The redevelopment is 

among the largest industrial/commercial installations of LIDs in Ontario and is designed to incorporate infrastructure for 

long-term monitoring. As a public-private partnership this project will demonstrate and test new LID designs so that LIDs 

can be adapted to a broader range of urban conditions. 

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The engineering design of the IMAX redevelopment was performed by AquaforBeech and an experimental design 

template for performance evaluation was prepared by the University of Guelph in 2012. The new parking lot and LID 

systems were constructed in the fall of 2012 and a monitoring program will be initiated by CVC in the spring of 2013. 

Preliminary performance data will be available in the summer of 2013. The parking lot has been designed with seven 

catchments showcasing unique LID systems. These include: 

• A control catchment: Traditional stormwater management (asphalt pavement draining to catchbasins). 

• Currently accepted permeable pavement design: Eco-Optiloc with a ¾” clear stone reservoir. 

• Modified permeable pavement design: Eco-Optiloc with Aggregate ‘O’ (a locally available aggregate with a lower 

void ratio than ¾” clear stone). 

• Modified permeable pavement design for use in groundwater sensitive regions: Eco-Optiloc with clear stone and 

a Bentofix liner. 

• Currently accepted bioretention design: Asphalt pavement draining to a bioswale. 

• Pre-treatment enhanced bioretention design: Asphalt pavement draining to a bioretention cell with pretreatment 

through a Jellyfish unit. 

• Post-treatment enhanced bioretention design: Asphalt pavement draining to a bioretention cell with polishing 

through a SorbtiveMedia unit. 

CVC facilitated an integrated planning approach which allowed for feedback and communication between property 

owners, designers, private LID manufacturers/distributers, researchers and the CVC. This process has ensured that 

research objectives address public and private interests and that monitoring results produce relevant performance data. 

This paper will present the motivations for the adoption of LIDs in Credit Valley Watershed, the engineering design of 

the IMAX redevelopment, research objectives, experiment design and preliminary results. 

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6736 

Stormwater Art and Interpretation at the Maplewood Mall Stormwater Retrofit Project 

Matthew Kumka, Landscape Architect - Barr Engineering Co. 


952-832-2649 

Mkumka@Barr.Com 


4700 West 77 th Street, Minneapolis, MNn 55435 

952-832-2842 

Eholt@Barr.Com 

The Maplewood Mall Stormwater Retrofit Project incorporates a variety of innovative and interconnected BMP’s 

throughout the site. The retrofit retail context of these engineering and design solutions led to some practices being 

obvious and visible, while others remain invisible, hidden beneath the parking lot of Maplewood Mall. Ramsey- 

Washington Metro Watershed District (RWMWD) and Barr Engineering Co. worked together closely to incorporate a 

strong design aesthetic into the visible practices so as to better engage and educate the public as to how the 

implemented BMPs work together to improve stormwater quality. 

Besides numerous rainwater gardens and Stockholm Tree Trenches for Management of Stormwater (STTeMS) installed 

throughout the mall parking lot, each of the five mall entrance plazas was completely redesigned. These entrances were 

identified as the appropriate locations to implement the educational outreach component of the larger stormwater 

project. These new entrance plazas include integrated stormwater features that serve as ornamental and interpretive 

elements that capture the interest of mall patrons, educating the local community on the functions and benefits of the 

project. 

Working collaboratively with interactive exhibit company Kidzhibits, the design team developed an engaging interactive 

water sculpture attached to a 5,700 gallon cistern at the main mall entrance. This cistern collects and stores roof runoff 

which visitors can pump to activate spinning wheels and musical chimes before irrigating the adjacent rainwater 

gardens. At another entrance an ornamental downspout and rain chain feature has been designed to highlight roof 

runoff and irrigate a planting area. This feature transforms into a dynamic ice sculpture in winter. 

Thematic branding of the stormwater treatment system was developed early on in the design process. A rain drop 

‘ripple’ graphic was repeated throughout the site in a number of ways, including decorative patterns for trench drain 

grates and concrete pavement at the entrances, on ‘tree band’ signage to mark the STTeMS trees in the parking lots, and 

on large steel rainwater garden ‘totems’ that mark bioretention basins around the perimeter of the site. This identity is 

continued in the design and materials of interpretive signage panels that explain the function of each BMP and its role in 

the greater site stormwater treatment train. The repeated elements of cut cor-ten steel, brilliant blue and yellow 

signage, and the ripple logo serve as aesthetic markers that help visitors identify the stormwater practices across this 

large site. 

This presentation will focus on the development and implementation of aesthetic and educational themes into the 

stormwater treatment system at Maplewood Mall. The features described above will be on display when the “BIG LID! 

Innovative and Large Scale in the Twin Cities” conference tour visits the Maplewood Mall Stormwater Retrofit project. 

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6737 

Paving Dubuque Green 

Todd Shoemaker, PE, CFM – Wenck Associates, Inc. 

1802 Wooddale Drive, Woodbury, MN 55125 

612-414-7166 

tshoemaker@wenck.com 

Jon Dienst, PE – City of Dubuque, IA 

50 W 13 th Street, Dubuque, IA 52001 

563-589-4104 

jdienst@cityofdubuque.org 

The Bee Branch Watershed of the City of Dubuque, IA (population 58,234) covers an area of approximately 6.5 square 

miles. Through the Bee Branch Watershed Green Infrastructure Project, the City is installing 6.2 acres of permeable 

interlocking concrete. When constructed, 42 different locations will be designated for the implementation of 268,000 

square feet (6.2 acres) of pervious pavement for an estimated total cost of $9.42 million. The Bee Branch Watershed 

Green Infrastructure Project will result in approximately 2,400 pounds per year of TSS and 750,000 cubic feet of runoff 

going into the ground rather than the Mississippi River. 

The City of Dubuque has established a more Sustainable City as a top priority. As such, Sustainable Dubuque has 

identified community values that involve environmental integrity, economic prosperity, and social and cultural vibrancy. 

This three-step model has identified Clean Water as a principal concern with respect to community development. This 

has been supported by new state legislation that allows wastewater utilities to finance and pay for projects that reduce 

nonpoint source pollution control. 

The Bee Branch Watershed Green Infrastructure Project uses green infrastructure as an approach to stormwater 

management that is cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Green Infrastructure management 

approaches and technologies infiltrate, evapotranspire, capture and reuse stormwater to maintain or restore natural 

hydrology. Green infrastructure practices include rain gardens, porous pavements, green roofs, infiltration planters, 

trees and tree boxes, and rainwater harvesting for non-potable uses such as toilet flushing and landscape irrigation. 

The City of Dubuque has reconstructed alleys with porous pavement before but not to this scale or over such a short 

period of time. Porous pavement is differentiated into three different types: pervious concrete pavement; porous 

asphalt pavement; and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP). Regardless of the material, the stormwater 

management principle is generally the same for each pavement: openings in the pavement surface allow rainfall and 

runoff to be quickly transferred below the pavement into rapidly infiltrating soils or into a rock storage bed. The rock 

storage bed then acts as an “underground pond” that holds water and allows it to infiltrate back into the ground. 

Although pervious pavement is sometimes more costly than other Green Infrastructure practices, pervious pavement is 

typically the most efficient at removing pollutants from runoff, and therefore an effective practice for the Bee Branch 

Watershed. With pervious pavement, pollutants are allowed to go back into the ground as opposed to other practices 

that requires regular maintenance to remove the collected pollutants. 

Water quality models for the project predict TSS and runoff volume reductions by up to 67% and 50%, respectively. 

Additionally, the Bee Branch Watershed Green Infrastructure Project incorporates flood control and water quality 

improvement into its design by managing runoff at the site, when rainfall hits the ground. The Bee Branch Watershed 

Green Infrastructure Project will result in preventing approximately 2,400 pounds per year of TSS and 750,000 cubic feet 

of runoff per year from entering the Mississippi River. 

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Financing for this project is the first of its kind in the State of Iowa. In 2009, legislation was passed to allow a new 

method for funding water quality protection. Senate File 339 amended the Iowa Code to add a new category of projects 

that can be financed with sewer revenues. This new category, called “water resource restoration,” includes locally 

directed, watershed-based projects that address water quality impairments. Before this amendment, utility revenues 

could only be used for construction and improvements for the wastewater system itself. With the new legislation, 

wastewater utilities can also finance and pay for projects, within or outside the city limits, that cover best management 

practices for nonpoint source pollution control. 

The City of Dubuque and the Iowa Housing Authority entered into a State Revolving Fund Loan agreement in the amount 

of $64,885,000 on August 18, 2010 to upgrade the City’s wastewater treatment plant. Instead paying interest to the 

State of Iowa for this loan, the new legislation allows the City to direct interest payments to the Bee Branch Watershed 

Green Infrastructure Project. 

The project began in 2012 and will conclude within three years. Engineering and design for the first phase of the project 

began in 2012. The first phase includes 69,776 square feet of pervious alleys to be installed with a budget of $2,891,300 

and will be constructed in 2013. Phase 2 includes 87,376 square feet of pervious alleys to be installed with a cost 

estimate of $3,316,400 and 49,315 square feet of pervious parking lots to be installed with a cost estimate of $663,213. 

Phase 2 construction is planned for 2014. Construction of the final phase will take place in 2015 with installation of 

61,440 square feet of pervious alleys at a cost of approximately $2,545,822. Construction challenges and an update of 

on-going construction will be presented at the LID Symposium. 

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Creating a Stormwater Park in the City Meadow of Norfolk, Connecticut 

Steve Trinkaus, PE, M.ASCE 

Trinkaus Engineering, Southbury, CT, 06488 PH (203) 264-4558, Fax (203) 264-4558; Email: strinkaus@earthlink.net 

This paper will describe the process the Town of Norfolk, CT utilized to address water quality impairments in the 

Blackberry River by the creation of a “stormwater park” in the town center. Norfolk is a small community in the 

northwest corner of Connecticut. Commercial development in the town center is located on the east and west side of 

what is known as the “City Meadow”. Historically, the City Meadow was used for grazing of cattle in the early 1900s. At 

the current time, it has become a degraded wetland with the dominant species being phragmities. Stormwater from 

state and local roads is discharged into the meadow and was determined to be the primary source of the nutrient 

impairment in the Blackberry River. 

The Board of Selectman appointed a group of concerned citizens to a committee to investigate and develop a plan to 

address the stormwater issues in the city meadow. The committee first reached out to the Northwest Conservation 

District (NCD) to evaluate the extent and quality of the wetlands in the city meadow. The author along with a 

representative of the NCD suggested that the committee hold a Charette for members of the public to obtain ideas for 

the city meadow. In addition to addressing stormwater issues, the public expressed a lot of interest in creating a public 

focal point in the meadow that would encourage the public to passively use the meadow area. 

Based upon the feedback from the Charette, the author developed a conceptual design plan to address the stormwater 

quality issues while also creating an area where the public could gather. The city meadow committee developed a 

report based upon this concept and obtained funding from the selectman to design the project. Two local landscape 

architects volunteered their time to assist in the layout of the public access components of the plan. 

In order to address the nutrient and other pollutants in the stormwater, a treatment train approach was utilized in the 

design. A forebay, wet swales, stone swales, constructed wetland system and deep water pond were incorporated in 

the city meadow. Stone swales were incorporated to create an open water feature where two small waterfalls will 

increase the oxygen levels in the water. 

Fully compliant handicap paths were incorporated to provide a “connectiveness” between the two commercial areas in 

the town center. Native plants will be used for all of the stormwater systems as well as restoring the natural wet 

meadow areas which are currently covered with invasive species. Educational signage is proposed to increase public 

awareness of the impacts of stormwater and how the newly constructed treatment systems will improve the water 

quality by natural processes. 

One of the goals of this project is to demonstrate how stormwater treatment can be incorporated into a public setting 

and becomes a public and environmental enhancement. This paper will also discuss used to engage the public and build 

community support for the project. 

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A Case Study – Southbury Medical Facility and LID 

Steve Trinkaus, PE, M.ASCE; Trinkaus Engineering, LLC 

114 Hunters Ridge Road, Southbury, CT, 06488 

(203) 264-4558 (phone & fax) 

Email: strinkaus@earthlink.net 

This paper will describe the site investigation, design and approval process which implemented Low Impact 

Development strategies to address both volumetric increases and water quality issues for a commercial medical building 

and associated parking in Southbury, Connecticut. The site has several environmental constraints, the primary one 

being an extensive wetland/watercourse system which traverses the site. In addition to large wetland system, the 

watercourses on this site have severely impacted by increased stormwater runoff volume from upgradient development 

which have minimal, if any stormwater detention systems. The result is that the streams are experiencing severe bank 

erosion and the resultant deposition of the eroded material in the downstream channel. 

A primary concern in the design process was to prevent more adverse impacts to the wetlands and the watercourses as 

a result of this development. The proposed development consists of an office building for medical professionals 

containing approximately 40,000 square feet on three floors and approximately 155 parking spaces. It was clear that 

only with the implementation of LID strategies could this site be developed in an environmentally sound fashion and 

address the potential stormwater impacts. 

The site design uses linear bioswales and Bioretention systems without an underdrain to treat the runoff from all of the 

impervious areas of the development. The grading of the impervious areas was critical in delivering the runoff to the 

bioswales as overland flow to prevent concentrated flow conditions from occurring. It was also important to make the 

LID treatment systems easy to maintain. 

The site investigation is the most important step in the design of LID treatment systems. It is very important to have a 

thorough understanding of the soil and groundwater conditions on the site. This was accomplished by the excavation of 

numerous soil test pits as well as conducting “Double Ring” Infiltration tests. After the initial sizing of the Bioretention 

systems to address water quality, they were enlarged slightly to attenuate the runoff from the twenty five year storm as 

the town of Southbury requires no increase in the peak rate of runoff for this storm event. The modeling was done with 

Hydrocad to demonstrate that the Bioretention systems would be able to fully infiltrate rainfall events up to and 

including the twenty five year storm event. 

The project has been approved by local land use agencies and construction is expected to start in the June of 2013. 

403

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LID Regulations in Connecticut: The Long and Tortured Road 

Steve Trinkaus, PE, M.ASCE; Trinkaus Engineering, LLC 

114 Hunters Ridge Road, Southbury, CT, 06488 

(203) 264-4558 (phone & fax) 

Email: strinkaus@earthlink.net 

Since the Town of Tolland mandated the application of Low Impact Development strategies in 2008 for all of their 

development projects, other communities have also tried to incorporate LID strategies into their land use regulations. 

Many communities have created regulatory approaches which either encourage or mandate the use of LID strategies, 

however the implementation of these LID strategies have not always been successful. 

Why are some communities successful with the implementation of LID while other communities are not Does it matter 

if LID is mandated or only encouraged in the land use regulations What are the issues that have come to light with the 

various approaches to LID 

Another significant issue is the construction of LID systems which do not work properly. The premature failure of 

treatment systems, particularly Bioretention or other infiltration systems is a significant issue. A second and potentially 

larger issue is that many of these non-functioning systems are located in very public locations, so the public is given a 

distorted view of a Bioretention system and LID in general which makes future implementation even more difficult. Why 

are these failures occurring 

As LID treatment systems are a relatively simple concept, it is disconcerting that something is not working right on the 

regulatory, design and/or construction side. Are the LID regulations and standards clear and understandable Are 

design professionals following the specifications in the regulations or substituting their own judgment Are they using 

current design recommendations or using outdated specifications Do contractors understand what a Bioretention 

system is and how to install it It is obvious that something is missing something which results in these problems. 

This paper will investigate by a review of LID regulations in communities where problems have occurred and those 

where there are no issues and discuss the differences which result in success or failure. Is it simply language within the 

regulations Are the approaches to apply LID strategies clearly defined in the regulations Are design details provided 

for various types of LID systems which are adequate for the design community to use Are the design details based 

upon the best available information at the time the regulations were written 

In addition to addressing these questions, potential solutions will be discussed to make the existing LID regulations 

stronger and result in LID treatment systems functioning as intended. 

404

6741 

Assessing the Environmental Effects of Urban/Highway Snow and Ice Controls - Selecting the Most Effective Low 

Impact Practices 

Eric V. Novotny – Barr Engineering 


Phone 952 832 2636 

Enovotny@Barr.Com 

Vladimir Novotny- Aquanova LLC 

20 Riggs Point Road, Gloucester, MA 01930 

Phone/Fax 978 865 3382 

Vnovotny@Aquanovallc.com 

This presentation will report findings and recommendations of several years of investigations by the authors in the Twin 

Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul) Metropolitan Area (TCMA) and WERF sponsored research on developing effective practices 

for winter urban/highway effects and best management practices. In addition to TCMA, extensive monitoring was 

conducted in Milwaukee (WI), Syracuse (NY) and Edmonton (AL-Canada). The authors also conducted research on the 

effect of freeway road salt applications in Massachusetts. The presentation will briefly summarize the findings and 

suggest best management practices which, along with reducing salt application rates and/or finding less environmentally 

damaging substitutes, would make roads safe without severe environmental consequences current practices may cause. 

In the US, annual road salt use for deicing increased from 163,000 tons in 1940 to the current annual use fluctuating 

between 10 to 20 million, depending on the annual snowfall. In Minnesota annual rock salt purchases increased in the 

same time period fifteen times from 60,000 tons in 1940. In addition to chloride and sodium, that may pose 

environmental and human health problems, road salt contains ferro-cyanide additives to prevent bulking, toxic metals 

and impurities. The research in Minneapolis determined that, on average, over 70% of the chloride applied annually to 

the TCMA is retained in the watershed instead of entering the Mississippi River. As a result, chloride concentrations in 

the lakes and groundwater are increasing. Modeling documented that even if all salt applications in TCMA ceased it 

would take 10 to 30 years to reach chloride predevelopment levels. Salinity cycles were observed in area lakes with high 

concentration in winter followed by decreasing concentration in spring and summer. The snowmelt inputs into the lakes 

cause a formation of density stratification and in some lakes monomictic behavior developed with mixing 

destratification events occurring only in fall. The presence of the saline layer at the bottom of the lake prevented 

dissolved oxygen from reaching the benthic water layer in the spring, extending the anoxic period by 6 months. The 

same problem has been found in Cambridge (MA) where water supply lakes are severely impacted by snowmelt and 

runoff from heavy freeway and urban roads traffic in the watershed. In Milwaukee Metropolitan Area dissolved solids 

concentrations in Lincoln Creek and the Menomonee River exceeded in winter 10,000 mg/L and cyanide levels exceeded 

50 – 100 µg/L. 

The snow piles accumulating along the roads by plowing are a trap for traffic pollution that increases the metal content 

and contributes PAHs and other dangerous pollutants. Snow piles can accumulate pollutants for weeks, resulting in very 

high pollutant concentrations in the piles. 

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Urban or highway snowmelt typically progresses in three distinct stages: (1) chemically induced pavement melt, (2) 

roadside melt of snow on the impervious surfaces and in piles along the streets and roads, (3) pervious area melt. A 

special category of rain on snow melting is sometimes considered by urban hydrologists because of its potential for 

flooding and its high pollution loads. The first category (chemically induced snowmelt) is the most critical because it 

carries extremely high concentrations of salt and other pollutants with minimal flows without dilution capacity. By 

simulations and from information in literature, it was found that snowmelt flow rates are minimal and do not typically 

exceed 2mm/h (0.08 inch/h), even on sunny days in mid-spring. The LID practices must take this specific hydrology into 

account when developing storage to capture and safely dispose highly concentrated (more than 50,000 mg/l TDS) 

snowmelt. 

The losses of pollutants from the snowpack/snow pile storage during snowmelt include: (1) volatilization (cyanides and 

some PAHs), (2) photo-decomposition (cyanides and some PAHs), (3) removal with snowmelt and by preferential elution 

of dissolved pollutants. Pollution of snowpack at a distance of more than 10 meters (33ft) from the road is not greatly 

affected by road pollution and salt application and mostly reflects regional air pollution. Road side soil within the 10 

meters strip along the roads can be damaged by the excessive salinity, chloride and sodium content of infiltrating 

snowmelt. High salinity content changes the speciation of metals in soils and increases the toxicity of metals. This may 

result in a release of dissolved metals from the soil, soil particles on the road surface, and aquatic sediments, for 

example, in ponds. It has been found that the trapping efficiency of storage ponds diminishes or may even become 

negative during winter snowmelt conditions. 

The presentation will cover road salt problem in TCMA and other communities investigated by the authors including: 

road salt application, composition and impurities; salt balance in TCMA; traffic and dry deposition effect on the quality 

of snowmelt as well as the effects on receiving waters (monomictic behavior, high salinity, cyanides, PAHs and increased 

toxicity of metals, divalent metal release from soil and sediments). The authors will also examine deicing chemical 

management including effective and ineffective BMPs as well as the modification of existing LID practices to 

accommodate with snowmelt. 

406

6742 

Minimal Impact Design Standards (MIDS) 

Jay Riggs, Jim Hafner, Randy Neprash, and Mike Isensee 

A new era in Minnesota stormwater management will be introduced in 2013 with the roll out of the recently completed 

Minimal Impact Design Standards (MIDS). MIDS provides clear guidance about how to meet state and federal water 

quality goals by developing performance standards, design standards, and tools to enable and promote the 

implementation of LID to protect and restore natural hydrology. 

MIDS was initiated when the Governor of MN signed LID into law in the spring of 2009. Statute now reads: “The [state] 

shall develop performance standards, design standards, or other tools to enable and promote the implementation of 

low impact development and other storm water management techniques. For the purposes of this section, "low impact 

development" means an approach to storm water management that mimics a site's natural hydrology as the landscape 

is developed. Using the low impact development approach, storm water is managed on site and the rate and volume of 

predevelopment storm water reaching receiving waters is unchanged. The calculation of predevelopment hydrology is 

based on native soil and vegetation” 

A key component of MIDS is to help communities comply with federal regulations and requirements under Total 

Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4), Anti-Degradation, and Outstanding 

Resource Value Waters (ORVW) programs. Accordingly, in addition to agency staff and designers, local units of 

government, developers, and builders play a central role in defining and guiding the process and outcomes. 

Through the MN Stormwater Steering Committee, a work group of diverse professionals has spent three + years in 

developing: 

1. performance standards for new development, redevelopment and linear projects; 

2. a credit calculator to guide the design and implementation of and allow credit for site appropriate BMPs; 

3. and a community assistance package featuring model ordinances for the adoption of the MIDS package. 

This presentation will describe the work group process, how the standards were developed, demonstrate the calculator, 

and highlight how MIDS will be promoted statewide. 

407

6744 

Regulations, Incentives and Motivations in Stormwater: The National Stormwater Rulemaking and Beyond 

Seth Brown, P.E. – Water Environment Federation 

601 Wythe Street 


703.684.2423 

Sbrown@Wef.Org 

Bob Adair (Invited) – Convergent Water Technologies 

1930 Aldine Western Road 

Houston, TX 77033 

832.456.1056 

Adair@Convergentwater.Com 

Bob Newport (Invited) – EPA, Region 5 

77 West Jackson Boulevard 

Chicago, IL 60604 

312.886.1513 

Newport.Bob@Epa.Gov 

Various forces are working to move the field of stormwater forward from command-and-control motivations of 

regulatory reform to local engagement and economic incentives. The national stormwater rulemaking represents, as 

one EPA official stated, the “largest change in a generation” in the EPA stormwater program. While a number of states 

have adopted stormwater programs that likely approximate or exceed the standards spelled out by the national rule, the 

scope of this regulatory action cannot be understated, as it is the first national performance standard intended to 

address stormwater runoff through volumetric solutions. The rule will not only lay out a minimum standard of treatment 

for new development, but will also provide direction on stormwater treatment for redeveloped sites as well as 

differentiating programs addressing linear construction among other aspects. At the time this document is written, the 

exact details of the proposed stormwater rule is not known; however, the rule is expected to be proposed prior to the 

LID Symposium. If this schedule is followed, the aspects of the proposed rule will be presented in detail by a 

representative from EPA. If the proposed rule is not released, an EPA official will provide information related to the 

anticipated elements of the rule. 

To contrast the top-down nature of the national stormwater rulemaking, the emergence a new grass-roots form of 

engagement on LID at the local level, known as “LID Competitions”, has emerged. The first LID Competition took place in 

2010 in the Houston, Texas area and was led by the Houston Land and Water Sustainability Forum. This event 

challenged the land development and engineering/landscape architect community to use LID practices on sites where 

traditional stormwater management designs had already been developed – and to show that LID can not to only provide 

enhanced performance but can do so at an equal, or lower, cost. The Houston event was successful in engaging with 

local technical and development professional and has changed the view of the capacity to successfully, and costeffectively, 

use LID to address stormwater management challenges in the Houston area. Due to the success of this first 

event, other competitions have taken place in areas such as Central Virginia, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Dallas-Fort Worth, 

and Philadelphia. The Water Environment Federation (WEF) hosted a one-day workshop to bring together various LID 

competitors to share experiences and lessons learned in order to provide local champions leading current and future 

competitions with the tools needed to put on a successful LID Competition. Information on the Houston experience as 

well as results from the WEF workshop will be shared in the session. 

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The District of Columbia Department of the Environment (DDOE) is proposing a new regulatory framework that targets 

the parameter that is at the heart of urban stormwater pollution – runoff volume. Under this framework, regulated sites 

that disturb 5,000 square feet or more of soil must retain the runoff from a 1.2 inch storm, as required by the District’s 

recently-finalized MS4permit. Regulated sites, after achieving a minimum of 50% of this volume on site, will have the 

option to use off-site retention in the form of Stormwater Retention Credits (SRCs), purchased from the private market, 

or in-lieu fee, paid to DDOE. DDOE’s program is designed to provide flexibility for regulated sites while maximizing the 

benefit to District waterbodies, and has the potential to lead to more cost-efficient retention-based stormwater 

management. If the District’s market is successful, it may help to identity the commoditized value of stormwater as a 

service resource, especially in urban areas. Another example of an incentive-based program for increased retentionbased 

stormwater management is the City of Philadelphia, which has chosen to revamp their stormwater fee and rebate 

system by imposing large fee increases on commercial properties while providing rebates for property owners who 

provide stormwater facilities onsite based upon the amount of runoff retained on site up all the way up to a 80% rebate 

for those sites retaining one inch of runoff onsite. Details on these programs will be presented in the session to provide 

insights on how economic incentives may play a role along with regulatory and voluntary grass-roots programs that will 

help to move the field of progressive stormwater management forward to meet the challenges of tomorrow. 

409

6745 

Exploring the Need for a National Testing and Verification Program for Proprietary Stormwater Devices 




703.684.2423 


In the past, when stormwater programs relied solely on technology-based approaches to meet MS4 permits, the 

reliance on laboratory results provided by the producers of stormwater devices was a standard method when choosing 

proprietary devices allowed to be used within a stormwater program. Often municipalities would develop “approved 

product” lists expressing those devices deemed acceptable for use in designs and construction to meet stormwater 

requirements for a project based upon this producer-provided information. Accordingly, “approved product processes” 

were developed to formalize the method for a proprietary device to become listed on an approved product list for a 

municipality or other regulated stormwater entity. As the field matured and some state and local regulations became 

more stringent, this process grew more complex for a number of entities. Similarly, the population and diversity of 

stormwater products has continued to increase which adds another level of potential complication to approved product 

process development. 

Another development that has occurred is statewide, regional, and Federally-funded testing and verification programs 

that seek to standardize protocols and raise the level of product examination beyond the local level. The rise of 

technology testing and verification programs illustrates a need that has arisen organically over time. This has been 

driven primarily by the costly and onerous effort required by stormwater product manufacturers to gain approval for 

each separate MS4 in which they want to sell their product. Considering the approximately 7,500 MS4’s across the 

country, the effort to sell products at a national level is significantly hampered by this piecemeal approach to approval at 

the local level – this effectively creates a barrier to the spread of innovative and high-performing technology in the 

stormwater sector. 

Examples of state/regional programs include the Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Partnership (TARP), the New Jersey 

Corporation for Advanced Technology (NJCAT), the Washington State’s Technology Assessment Protocol-Ecology (TAPE), 

the Virginia BMP Clearinghouse, and the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification Program (ETV). While the goal for 

these programs was clear – reduce the financial and administrative burden on manufacturers and raise the overall 

performance of proprietary stormwater practices – the results have been mixed. Anecdotal information illustrates that 

the amount of time and money required for a product to become approved through many of these state and regional 

programs may not have resolved the issue, and thus the barrier to innovation in the sector remains. 

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With the anticipated discontinuation of the ETV program coupled with the perception from some that other programs 

may not have produced expected results in the sector, a fresh investigation into testing and verification programs is 

warranted. A first step in this investigation and with the intent to help reduce or remove barriers to innovation in the 

stormwater sector, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) hosted a meeting in October, 2012 at WEFTEC 2012 to 

discuss the topic of testing and verification programs for stormwater devices. Meeting participants included officials 

from EPA, consultants, NGOs, and representatives from stormwater manufacturers. There was a consensus from 

meeting participants that there is a need for a national, standardized testing and verification program for proprietary 

stormwater devices. This is due to: 

o The large amount of poorly-performing stormwater management devices currently in use today; 

o The costly nature of existing state and regional testing/verification protocols; 

o The lengthy timeframe and significant effort required to receive approval from these existing programs; 

o The state and regional programs, which many believe are onerous in procedure, create barriers to the implementation 

of effective stormwater products at a national level; 

o The large costs and long-time horizons associated with getting new, and potentially effective stormwater treatment 

devices to the market are significant barriers to innovation in the stormwater sector; 

o The need to raise the bar on stormwater management devices and products in order to address the growing problem 

of water quality and quantity impacts from urban runoff. 

This presentation will provide an overview of the various state/regional testing and verification programs, what the state 

of the stormwater manufacturing industry, and some possible solutions to inject higher amounts of innovation into the 

stormwater sector. 

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The Best of Weftec 2013© 




703.684.2423 


The Water Environment Federation (WEF) held its first stormwater-focused specialty conference, the WEF Stormwater 

Symposium 2012©, in Baltimore in July, 2012. This inaugural event brought together close to 400 professionals in the 

stormwater industry from across the country to discuss pressing issues and cutting-edge research in stormwater. 

Building upon the success of this event, WEF is hosting a second stormwater symposium concurrently with WEFTEC 

2013©, to be held in Chicago from October 5-9, 2013. This event will cover all aspects of stormwater and related wet 

weather issues, including green infrastructure planning and design, programmatic, CSO mitigation through retentionbased 

practices, permitting and public communication challenges for stormwater programs, stormwater utilities and 

public/private finance opportunities, and cutting-edge research in the stormwater sector. The WEF Stormwater 

Symposium 2013© will take advantage of the breadth and scope of WEFTEC, the largest event of its kind in North 

America, by placing stormwater issues in an integrated water management context through the association with 

wastewater and drinking water programming that is associated with WEFTEC. 

A select group of WEFTEC participants will present information representing the spirit of programming at WEFTEC 2013 

with the intent to complement programming at the 2013 International LID Symposium. 

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6747 

Difficulties in Meeting Regulatory Requirements and the Necessary Integration of LID Practices at Woodland Cove in 

Minnetrista, MN 

Steve Christopher – Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 



952-641-4506 Direct 

952-471-0682 Fax 

schristopher@minnehahacreek.org 

Woodland Cove is an area that covers approximately 500 acres along the southwest side of Lake Minnetonka in 

Minnetrista, Minnesota. The area has a unique set of natural resources that includes farm fields, forests, wetlands and 

rolling hills and is bordered to the northeast by Halsted’s Bay, to the south by Carver Park Reserve, to the east by Lake 

Minnetonka Regional Park and residential development, and to the west by low density residential. The rare 

combination of on-site and surrounding resources has led to a complex regulatory structure for the developer to work 

through. Navigating this process was an eye opener and the inclusion of Low Impact Development (LID) principles and 

green infrastructure was a key factor in success of the approval process. 

The Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (MCWD) was one of 11 agencies that the developer, Woodland Cove, LLC 

worked with to acquire all of the approvals necessary. It was a process that took several years, but in the end, most 

parties would agree that all of the impacts were either avoided or mitigated and much of the development will enhance 

some of the natural features that the area has. 

There are over 21 acres of wetlands on the site along with being directly adjacent to Halstead’s Bay which is listed on the 

303(d) list of impaired waters. The Bay is impaired for nutrients, specifically phosphorus and the development plan will 

address that concern by a reduction of 83 % of the current level. 

The balance of goals for the development required the utilization of local experts and methods that have not 

traditionally been used on this scale within the region. Over 100 infiltration and filtration basins will serve as the 

backbone for the stormwater management and the restoration of wetlands and creation of ephemeral pools will serve 

to reduce the sediment loading to the Bay by almost 9,000 pounds per year (97%). 

The new regulatory standards that many agencies are adopting certainly are working to protect and improve the water 

resources, but are LID practices and green infrastructure now becoming a requirement with expectations of abstraction 

of stormwater 

The project is set to start construction in the 2013 with an estimated build schedule of 5-10 years. 

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6748 

Simulating Long-Term Performance of Bio-retention in Prince George’s County, Maryland 

Guoshun Zhang 

Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030 

Tham Saravanapavan 

Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030. 

tham.saravanapavan@tetratech.com 

Mow Soung Cheng 

Prince George’s County, Maryland, Department of Environmental Resources 

Sustainability Services Division 

9400 Peppercorn Place, Largo, MD 20774 

As an effort to meet the Chesapeake Bay TMDL requirements, the Prince George’s County, Maryland has planned to 

implement various best management practices (BMPs) to control stormwater runoff. The County used the Maryland 

Assessment and Scenario Tool (MAST) to develop scenarios with various best management practices to meet the 

pollutant load reduction requirements set by the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. As part of the compliance, the County has to 

treat a large amount of existing impervious area using retrofitting BMPs such as bio-retention. MAST uses a single 

percent reduction assuming that Bio-retention is sized and installed as per the sizing requirements of Maryland 

Department of Environment (MDE). Although a single and uniform sizing is suitable for new development, it poses 

substantial challenge for retrofitting BMPs due to the limitations such as space availability, soil condition, etc. In this 

study, the County examines the long term performances of various sizes of bio-retention using the Prince George’s 

County BMP Decision Support System (PGC-BMPDSS) model, which was calibrated using data collected at Laurel High 

School. The calibrated model was used for simulating the performances of bio-retention areas that treat runoff depths 

ranging from 0.2 inches to 2.0 inches. The suite of bioretention performances are expected to greatly improve the 

County’s ability in appropriately sizing bioretention practices to meet the Bay TMDL requirements, particularly for the 

retrofit sceanrios. The information generated by this study may also pave the way to quantify the pollutant load 

reductions of different sizes as a supplement to the current capability of MAST. 

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Prince George’s County Bio-retention Monitoring at Laurel High School 

Sarah Bradbury 


Mow Soung Cheng 

Prince George’s County, Maryland, Department of Environmental Resources 

Sustainability Services Division 

9400 Peppercorn Place, Largo, MD 20774 

Russ Dudley 


Tham Saravanapavan 

Tham Saravanapavan, Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030. 

tham.saravanapavan@tetratech.com 

As part of the stormwater and public education program of the Prince George’s County, a bioretention unit was built at 

the Laurel High School in 2011. This project is part of a grant program funded by the Headquarter of the U. S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. In order to understand the performance of bio-retention at the local county 

conditions, a continuous monitoring has been carried out at the bioretention. The monitored data included the inflow 

hydrograph, outflow hydrograph, as well as automatic water quality samples at discrete time steps. Some adjustments 

were made to the original bio-retention design to accommodate the concentrated and erosive flows entering at the 

monitoring flume. This paper presents the monitoring setup, observed results, lessons learned, and the effectiveness 

during large storm events like Superstorm Sandy. After several initial attempts to collect samples during small events, it 

was observed that at least one half inch of rainfall was needed to create an outflow. During the monitoring period, 

hydrology and water quality data from 12 discrete storms, ranging from one half of an inch to 6 inches, were collected 

and analyzed. The results revealed that the bio-retention at Laurel High School provides substantial pollutant (TSS, TP, 

and TN) reductions. The inflow and outflow hydrographs also indicated that bio-retention provides substantial volume 

reduction, even with the presence of an under-drain. 

415

6750 

Experimental and Computer Modeling Studies of Green Infrastructure Performance in a Semi-Arid Climate 

Steve Burian, P.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor 

Christine Pomeroy, P.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor 

Dasch Houdeshel, Ph.D. Student 

Thomas Walsh, Ph.D. Student 

Shannon Reynolds, PhD Student 

Austin Orr, MS Student 

Hassan Tavakol-Davani, PhD Student 

Youcan Feng, Ph.D. Student 

Kristianne Sandoval, MS Student 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah 

110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 

801-585-5721 

steve.burian@utah.edu 

christine.pomeroy@utah.edu 

Green infrastructure has advanced in practice in many parts of U.S. and is supported by research at several institutions. 

In the semi-arid mountain west, especially Utah, the level of green infrastructure implementation and research has been 

less than most other regions. There remains uncertainty regarding design, installation, policy, and performance in the 

semi-arid climate and the western water law framework. The past five years we have been working at the University of 

Utah to address the gaps in knowledge regarding performance of green infrastructure and developing advances to guide 

design and analysis. In this presentation we will summarize research findings from experimental and modeling studies of 

the performance of bioretention, rainwater harvesting, and green roof systems with focus on those implemented in a 

semi-arid climate. 

A summary of experimental results will be presented for studies of bioretention and green roof performance. Results of 

studies of water flux and nutrient dynamics in bioretention systems at the University of Utah Green Infrastructure 

Research Facility (GIRF) will be presented to show measured infiltration rates, the impact of vegetation on 

evapotranspiration (ET) and nitrogen removal, as well as the potential volume capture of long-term stormwater runoff 

volume. In addition, results of green roof lysimeter experiments will be presented that quantify ET dynamics from an 

extensive green roof in a semi-arid climate and the amount of irrigation water required to support the vegetation. 

A summary of modeling studies will be presented to quantify the impact of watershed-scale rainwater harvesting 

programs on stormwater volume reduction as a function of implementation design and climate variability for cities 

throughout the United States. These studies will be synthesized to show that rainwater harvesting provides moderate 

levels of long-term runoff volume control in most locations, but smaller levels of peak discharge and flood control unless 

combined with other green infrastructure practices. 

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Use of Outlet Controls to Improve CSO Reductions Using LID SCMs 

William C. Lucas 

Integrated Land Management, Inc. wlucas@integratedland.com 

David J. Sample 

Virginia Technical University, dsample@vt.edu 

This presentation examines the potential deployment of LID stormwater control measures (SCMs) for reducing CSOs in a 

small 17.4 acre CSOshed in Richmond VA. Using a GIS to obtain source area data, a total of 68 different LID SCMs were 

modeled. 5 Green Roofs, 13 porous pavements, 5 bioretention and 21 planter-trench arrays were located in such a 

manner that the entire catchment could be intercepted. 

One LID alternative examined the results using typical LID designs in which there are no outlet controls on the 

underdrains from these SCMs. Another LID alternative installed controls on the underdrains to provide extended 

detention and improve infiltration volumes. This array of distributed LID SCMs was compared to a Grey alternative using 

a detention vault to intercept enough runoff to control CSO exceedances. These three alternatives were compared to 

existing conditions in terms of both runoff responses and water quality implications. A typical year was compared to the 

intense rainfall patterns expected due to global climate change. 

SWMM 5.0.022 was used to model these four scenarios. Due to the high degree of baseflow in a highly impervious 

watershed (>81%), it was apparent that a considerable amount of runoff was able to infiltrate into the soils. Therefore, 

aquifers were used to model these flows with a reasonable degree of accuracy. This meant that runoff volume 

reductions due to infiltration were much lower than normally anticipated. 

While the free discharge LID controls were able to provide substantial reductions in CSO exceedances, they were not as 

effective as the Grey infrastructure alternative. However, by installing outlet controls to promote infiltration and reduce 

underdrain flows, the controlled discharge LID SCMs were able to match the performance of the grey alternative in the 

typical year. In the extreme year, the controlled LID systems outperformed the grey alternative, indicating the LID SCMs 

are more resilient in terms of meeting the challenges of future global climate change. 

417

7000 

Volume-Based Design Criteria – Flaws and Potential Solutions 

Andrew J Reese, PE, LEED-AP 

Vice President 

3800 Ezell Road, Suite 100 

Nashville TN 37211 

andrew.reese@amec.com 

The current fixed depth or percent capture approach to framing Green Infrastructure (GI) design capture criteria has 

significant flaws both in expression and application. These flaws can actually be counterproductive to effective GI design 

and implementation. Flaws will be demonstrated with data and an alternative more flexible approach that may better 

meet the standard of “hydrologic mimicry” is framed and an example given. 

418

7001 

Adaptive Implementation for Achieving Clean Water Goals 

Jay Riggs, CPESC, CPSWQ 

District Manager, Washington Conservation District 

1380 W. Frontage Road, Hwy 36 

Stillwater, Minnesota 55082 

jay.riggs@mnwcd.org 

More and more cities, counties, soil and water conservation districts, watershed entities, state agencies and others are 

implementing watershed protection and restoration activities. This generally occurs because either the public demands 

water quality improvements or regulations are enacted/enforced. 

The US federal Clean Water Act (CWA) is the driving force behind many of these resource management efforts. Enacted 

in 1972, some of the rules in the CWA just are now becoming real and are starting to effect local decisions. Regulations 

are forcing cities and many others to do more. And in tough economic times, with fewer financial resources. 

The goal of the Clean Water Act (CWA) is "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the 

Nation's waters" (33 U.S.C §1251(a)). Under section 303(d) of the CWA, states, territories, and authorized tribes, 

collectively referred to in the act as "states," are required to develop lists of impaired waters. The law requires that 

states establish priority rankings for waters on the lists and develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), for these 

waters. A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still safely 

meet water quality standards. (Source EPA Website) 

TMDLs can be more than just a math exercise. They can set priorities and tangible goals for water quality improvements. 

But what are the key components of watershed protection and restoration to help meet water quality targets What are 

the critical activities that result in real improvements 

The foundation for successful implementation of watershed protection and TMDLs are rooted in an adaptive approach 

to watershed management that uses sound science to drive implementation. With a focus on implementation and 

receiving water benefits, this cyclical process is referred to as "Adaptive Implementation (AI)." This presentation will 

provide guidance and real-world examples about how well-executed adaptive implementation can achieve our clean 

water goals. Highlights include: 

* Adaptive Implentation (AI) Overview 

* Monitoring at multiple scales to track trends and direct implementation 

* Watershed and TMDL Plans to orchestrate implmentation 

* Prioritization and targetting efforts 

* Outcome based education and community organizing 

* Implementation actions from regulations/standards to voluntary incentive programs 

419

7002 

Soup to Nuts; Policy Making and Watershed-Scale Planning to Site Specific Strategies in Chattanooga and Beyond 

Jose Alminana, FASLA 

Andropogon Associates, LLC 

10 Shurs Lane 


alminanaj@andropogon.com 

215-487-0700 x 414 

Patty West, RLA 

Andropogon Associates, LLC 

10 Shurs Lane 


westp@andropogon.com 

215-487-0700 x 422 

Every once and awhile the stars align to create an opportunity. Of course, these rare occurrences are never without their 

adversities or challenges, in fact; they usually are born from them. But through these trials come change – and also a 

good story. Such was the case in Chattanooga TN. 

The City of Chattanooga needed to come into compliance with their NPDES - Phase I MS4 permit. Elevated TMDL levels 

and multiple infractions at the Moccasin Bend wastewater treatment facility were costing the city expensive court cases 

and fines. The Public Works Department, overseeing the task of compliance, came together with the Department of 

Sustainability and the Hamilton County Planning Department with the goal of using the required changes as an 

opportunity to not only comply with the permit, but to revitalize Chattanooga; 

to protect & enhance its natural resources, to direct future development sustainably, locate areas and identify strategies 

to reduce impervious cover and improve the overall health of Chattanooga’s watersheds. 

A team was put together including Meliora Environmental Design, Arcadis and Andropogon to produce the following 

deliverables; a new draft stormwater ordinance, targeted code and policies that would need to be updated to work with 

the new stormwater ordinance, a corresponding stormwater runoff reduction manual for new and retrofitted 

development, and design for a supplemental environmental project that would double as public outreach for MS4 

compliance. 

Once we set to work, we found within the MS4 permit there was requirement to submit a completed EPA Water Quality 

Scorecard with their annual report. 

Andropogon lead the effort to complete this document, which turned out to be an invaluable and far-reaching tool for 

incorporating green infrastructure (GI) and low impact development (LID) practices at the municipal, neighborhood and 

site scale. While intended as a review of current codes and ordinances affecting stormwater across multiple municipal 

departments, it also provided us with a framework with which to map city-wide structure and identify on the ground 

opportunities and constraints for GI and LID. 

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7002 

The scorecard was used to create a baseline score for the city as it currently operated. Deficiencies in policy were 

identified and suggestions reviewed/incorporated during the 1½ year long project process. It was then used again to 

measure the positive impacts that would be generated by the new stormwater ordinance, code harmonization, runoff 

reduction manual and supplemental environmental project by revising the score after the work had been substantially 

complete and accepted by the city. Beyond its intended use however, the EPA Water Quality Scorecard lent itself as a 

guide for an in-depth mapping exercise of city resources. Mapping included: 

• identifying and prioritizing critical non-water and water resources; 

• understanding the current distribution, potential stormwater performance and acquisition 

opportunities for open space networks; 

• reviewing existing tree resources on municipal lands and identifying areas to target tree 

planting campaigns; 

• reviewing current development trends and identifying opportunities to densify, 

Repurposing brownfields, as well as potential development threats to existing natural 

resources; 

• targeting potential smart or green street opportunities based on connectivity, right-ofway 

width and the need to solve traffic problems and flooding issues; 

• The potential to create efficient parking based off of gross leasable land, existing 

available parking and current zoning regulations. 

The goal of this mapping was to provide the city with an ever-evolving GIS-based framework with which to guide 

compliance of the MS4 permit and synergistically integrate GI, stormwater management implementation, LID, and 

revitalization opportunities. This tool allows the city to: 

• Create a logical foundation for planning strategies, so that ideas can be evaluated and 

opportunities weighed out, including the integration of ecological, historical, cultural and 

social values that are relevant to a progressive sustainable “green community” vision. 

• Provide graphics to help decision makers visualize critical connections and areas with 

similar opportunities and constraints. 

• Guide “alternative practice rules” in the MS4 permit, including; directing mitigation 

efforts and allocating stormwater fees collected. 

This presentation will review the process described above (completed in January 2013) which lead to the identification 

of target areas resulting in further projects. 3 case studies will be presented: 

1. Chattanooga Open Space Mapping Study 

• This study will walk step by step through the analysis of several factors that identified 

targeted opportunities for open space acquisition. Factors included: proximity to existing 

open space networking opportunities, underserved and non-served neighborhoods, capacity 

for stormwater management and preserving natural resources, and the potential repurposing 

of vacant lands and brownfields. This work is being incorporated into the Chattanooga Parks 

and Recreation Department’s 2020 Master Plan. 

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7002 

2. Brainerd Road Commercial District and Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport 

• This on-going campaign brings together the City of Chattanooga and private stakeholders to 

create public/private partnerships for the purpose of revitalizing an aging mall complex while 

capitalizing on the expansion of an adjacent airport. The analyses of existing circumstances 

lead to the identification of two public/private partnership projects. These current projects 

help to reduce impervious cover, address current flooding problems, and create additional 

development opportunities while employing LID strategies to repurpose a declining mall, 

typical of many first-tier suburban commercial zones. Projects are also part of a larger public 

education campaign. 

3. Almono Redevelopment of the LTV Steel Hazelwood Site, Pittsburgh PA 

• The type of work described in Chattanooga has implications in other municipalities. The 

Almono Redevelopment of the LTV Steel Hazelwood site in Pittsburgh, PA explores the 

balance of GI, stormwater management techniques and site infrastructure within a network of 

common open space (public), and parcel open space (private) interconnected by right-ofways 

that link the functions of these performance-based landscapes. 

422

7003 

Vegetated Roof Performance Monitoring 

Donald D. Carpenter, Ph.D, PE, LEED AP 

Professor and Director, Great Lakes Stormwater Management Institute 

Department of Civil Engineering 

Lawrence Technological University 

dcarpente@ltu.edu 

Elizabeth Fassman Beck, Ph.D 

Senior Lecturer 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

University of Auckland 

Robert Traver, Ph.D., PE, D.WRE 

Professor and Director, Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

Villanova University 

William Hunt, Ph.D, PE 

Associate Professor and Extension Specialist 

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering 

North Carolina State University 

This advanced technical learning session will consist of a panel of researchers with vegetated roof performance 

monitoring experience. The session will summarize the different techniques available to quantify roof performance 

based on established objectives. Performance objectives, and associated metrics, could include water quality and 

quantity, air temperature/thermal performance, plant establishment and growth, biodiversity, education and 

outreach. The session will use international case studies on vegetated roof performance monitoring to frame the 

discussion and will conclude with an interactive session. 

423

7004 

Drivers of Living Roof Water Quality 

Elizabeth Fassman, Ph.D. 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand 

Robyn Simcock, Ph.D. 

Landcare Research NZ Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 

The hydrology and water quality of two “pairs” of extensive living roofs and their corresponding conventional (control) 

roofs in Auckland, New Zealand has been evaluated over periods of 8 months to approximately 14 months. During eight 

storm events, contaminant event mean concentrations (EMCs) and total loads were quantified. Growing media chemical 

composition was also analysed for potential influences on runoff quality. The field-monitored systems are established 

living roofs with 100-150 mm depth substrates installed over synthetic drainage layers, with > 80% plant coverage. Key 

characteristics linking living roof design to performance are quantitatively explored. The established living roofs 

generated negligible Total Suspended Solids (TSS) that was not statistically different from control roofs (p

7005 

Six Blind Men and the Pollutant Trading Program 

David J. Hirschman – Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

919 2 nd Street Se, Charlottesville, VA 22902 

434-293-6355 

Djh@Cwp.Org 

Bill Stack - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 


410-461-8323 

Bps@Cwp.Org 

Karen Cappiella - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 


410-461-8323 

kc@cwp.org 

Like the parable of the six blind men and the elephant, different people have very different stories to tell about pollutant trading. 

The economist expounds, “it is a way to realize cost-efficiency with pollutant reductions.” The regulator explains, “it must follow the 

rules!” The business-person notes that “I can make money AND protect the environment.” The watershed advocate asks, “who is 

right and will the water really be protected” 

The truth of the matter is that most water pollutant trading programs are in a nascent state and have not matured to the point 

where we can ascertain which points of view may be correct. As a market-based strategy, these types of programs have high hopes 

for helping to achieve increasingly stringent pollution reductions through TMDLs and other watershed-based programs. On other 

hand, there is concern and indeed a degree of suspicion about trading schemes and whether they will result in real pollutant 

reductions or are just a way to cheat the system. 

In this presentation, we will focus on nutrient trading as it may apply to stormwater issues, such as: 

• MS4s achieving permit-driven wasteload allocations through trades with other permitted or non-permitted entities, such as 

wastewater treatment plants or farmers. 

• Developers using trades to comply with state or local stormwater requirements. 

• Public or private entities generating credits for sale through stormwater retrofits or other urban projects. 

The presentation will focus on critical programmatic elements that help establish the “rules of the road” for pollutant trading 

programs. These elements include: 

• How much MS4s, developers, or other entities (e.g., farmers) should be expected to control their own pollution before 

generating credits for sale or purchasing credits to meet their own compliance needs. 

• What scale should dictate the relationship between a seller and buyer If trades must remain within “the watershed,” what 

scale of watershed are we talking about 

• How will trades impact local water quality in cases where a permitted entity is not fully treating their own water by 

purchasing credits from a source that may not be within the same subwatershed Are there situations where trades should 

not be allowed, and what are they 

• In a programmatic sense, how can trading programs be transparent and accountable This includes issues such as 

identifying qualifying practices that can generate credits, certifying credits for sale, tracking trades (and not doublecounting 

them), and verifying the long-term performance of practices used to generate credits. 

There are obviously a host of other issues with pollutant trading. The presentation will focus on some of the key issues noted above, 

drawing largely from a white paper developed by the Center for Watershed Protection on nutrient trading in the Chesapeake Bay 

Watershed. 

425

7006 

The Economics of LID to Meet Water Quality Objectives 

Bill Stack - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 


410-461-8323 

Bps@Cwp.Org 

Karen Cappiella - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 


410-461-8323 

Kc@Cwp.Org 

Reid Christianson, Phd - Center for Watershed Protection, Inc. 

8390 Main Street, 2nd Floor, Ellicott City, MD 21043 

410-461-8323 

rdc@cwp.org 

Who doesn’t love LID It is often touted as the panacea for all of stormwater’s ills. A national center has been named for 

it and there is even an annual symposium where LID worshippers can gather. Staff from the Center for Watershed 

Protection is among these worshippers but have been suspected lately of being heretics because of our finding that LID 

has limited applicability in addressing water quality goals in a watershed setting, particularly when applied as retrofits. 

Over the past several years the Center has developed multiple watershed plans and retrofit assessments for BMP 

feasibility where invariably we have found limitations in the application of LID to meet water quality goals spelled out by 

TMDLs, for example. Surprisingly, this finding has been met with a great deal of skepticism (at times heated) among 

some advocates of LID. The assumption by many practitioners is that if LID is the “magic bullet” in reducing costs of long 

term control plans for CSOs then it must also be the solution for meeting water quality goals. This presentation will 

describe why this is not necessarily the case by examining watershed planning and BMP cost effectiveness evaluations of 

two communities, Richmond, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. The results of BMP feasibility assessments will be used 

to show the relative cost effectiveness expressed as cost per pound of pollutant removal for nitrogen, phosphorus, and 

sediment. 

This presentation will draw primarily from work done to support the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. Specifically, BMPs such as 

bioretention, bioswales, infiltration, permeable pavement, illicit discharge detection and elimination, gross solids 

capture, street sweeping and stream restoration will be considered. The following questions will be addressed: 

• How effective are LID-centered post construction stormwater management programs at mitigating sediment 

and nutrient loadings from new development 

• What assessment techniques are available to determine LID feasibility in a retrofit setting 

• What are the costs associated with LID retrofits compared to “green field” BMPs associated with post 

construction stormwater management 

• What is the relative cost effectiveness of LID BMPs in meeting sediment and nutrient load reduction targets 

compared with alternatives (e.g., stream restoration) 

426

7007 

Lessons Learned from the Owner/Developer’s Perspective After Using Extensive L.I.D. Techniques in Three 

Developments. 

David Newman – President – The Bancor Group, Inc. 

1521 – 94 th Lane NE 

Blaine, MN 55449 

763-79208975 

dave@bancorgroup.com 

Paul Robinson – Vice President – The Bancor Group, Inc. 

1521 – 94 th Lane NE 

Blaine, MN 55449 

(763) 398-0320 

paul@bancorgroup.com 

The Bancor Group developed Wild Meadows, one of the first conservation developments in the Twin Cities. We have 

since developed Locust Hills in Wayzata and were the lead developer at Woodland Cove in Minnestrista. All three have 

incorporated Low Impact Development Techniques such as reduced street width, preservation of natural areas and 

common open space, swales, bioswales and bioretention cells. Both Locust Hills and Woodland Cove have been 

presented by the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District it’s award for development of the year. 

While we continue to learn about L.I.D., it’s benefits and challenges, this presentation is based on the Lessons Learned 

initially from developing Wild Meadows and new learning experiences we have encountered in the past six years 

through the development of Locust Hills and Woodland Cove. 

The purpose of the presentation is to focus on mistakes we, a residential developer, learned from and things we would 

do or have since done differently in implementing Low Impact Development. A good example was that during the 

approval/planning process of Wild Meadows no one raised the issue of how school buses might access sections of the 

community during development, yet when this issue arose it stirred up the residents and created headaches for the 

developer until it was resolved. 

This 40 minute program includes a 30 minute presentation with about 10 minutes for Q&A. It will provide a “no-holds 

barred” discussion from the developers perspective. 

427

7008 

Performance Results from Small- and Large-Scale System Monitoring and Modeling of Intensive Applications of Green 

Infrastructure in Kansas City 

Robert Pitt 

University of Alabama, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering 

Tuscaloosa, AL 

Leila Talebi 



Dustin Bambic 

Tetra Tech, Nashville, TN 

Deborah O’Bannon 

University of Missouri, Kansas City, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 

Kansas City, MO 

Michelle Simon 

US EPA, Water Supply and Water Research Division 

Cincinnati, OH 

The US EPA’s Green Infrastructure Demonstration project in Kansas City, MO, incorporates both small-scale individual 

biofiltration device monitoring, along with large-scale watershed monitoring. The test watershed (40 ha, 100 acres) has 

as many green infrastructure components (including curb-cut biofilters with extra subsurface storage, rain gardens, 

cascading biofilters, and porous concrete sidewalks). An adjacent 35 ha (87 acre) control watershed is also being 

monitored for comparison and to track effects of different rains affecting the watershed responses. A locally calibrated 

version of the WinSLAMM stormwater model was used to evaluation specific design options of these stormwater 

controls and for analyses of green infrastructure alternatives at other areas of the city. SWMM and SUSTAIN are also 

being used in this demonstration project to obtain insights in applying the lessons learned to larger city-wide 

applications. 

Performance plots were prepared using the calibrated WinSLAMM model relating the size of green infrastructure 

components with expected flow reductions considering local design approaches and site conditions. As an example, the 

curb-cut biofilters being used are about 1.5 to 2% of their drainage areas (containing substantial surface and subsurface 

storage) and are expected to provide about 90% long-term reductions in stormwater runoff to the combined sewer. 

During the monitoring period, none of the rain gardens on private property had any surface overflows, and the 

monitored biofilters contained well over 90% of their flows. 

More than half of the 100-acre pilot area is directly treated by about 135 individual green infrastructure control 

installations. The remaining areas were not treated as they drained to private property yard drains or had no suitable 

locations due to interferences (large trees, driveways, etc.). The area treated was associated with the largest flow 

portion of the whole site (mostly being along the roads). The large system flow monitoring at the test and control 

locations in the combined sewer indicated significant and large flow reductions. The period of construction was 

associated with continuously decreasing runoff yields, stabilizing to about 50 to 70% runoff volume reductions after all 

the controls were completed. The EPA-sponsored monitoring program will continue through the summer of 2013. 

428

7009 

Performance Results from Large-Scale System Monitoring and Modeling of Intensive Applications of Green 

Infrastructure in Areas Served by Separate and Combined Sewers in Cincinnati, OH 

Leila Talebi 



Robert Pitt 



Laith Alfaqih 

Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, Environmental Programs 

Cincinnati, OH 

This project, funded by the Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, is evaluating methods to monitor and 

evaluate flows from green infrastructure demonstration sites in the Cincinnati area. Retrofitted green infrastructure 

stormwater controls located in small and large developed watersheds at three locations are being studied, including 

Cincinnati State College, the Cincinnati Zoo, and the Clark Montessori High School. These sites are all served by 

combined sewer systems, but several of the sites are being monitored in separate stormwater drainage components 

before discharging into the combined sewers. These three study areas and five separate monitored drainages (ranging in 

area from about 2 to 30 acres each) have about three years of high-resolution (5-minute) flow measurements from insystem 

flow monitors. The flow data is available for periods ranging from after construction only at two of the 

monitored areas, before construction and during construction at one of the monitored areas, and before, during, and 

after construction at two of the monitored areas. Most of the monitored areas have a single monitoring location only 

receiving flows from the area having green infrastructure controls, with no adjacent control area. Three areas have preconstruction 

data for comparison, while one only has post construction data. Therefore, the data analysis methods vary 

greatly depending on the flow configurations and data availability. For flows in the two combined sewer test areas, dry 

weather flows were evaluated and removed to isolate the wet weather flow contributions. 

In all cases, any pre-construction flow data is being used to calibrate WinSLAMM for the area to account for rain 

variations that may have occurred during the long-term monitoring periods. For areas only having post-construction 

data, the calibrated WinSLAMM model is being used to predict the expected flows without controls. For example, the 

extensive use of porous pavement (paver blocks) at the Cincinnati Zoo entrance area has resulted in sewer flows that 

are only about 15 to 20% of the expected flows with conventional pavement (observed Rv of about 0.14). At one of the 

Cincinnati State College drainages having porous pavement parking areas, several small rain gardens, level spreaders 

and infiltration trenches, and large bioretention areas, the after construction Rv was only about 0.03 compared to the 

before construction Rv of about 0.17, resulting in long-term runoff volume reductions of more than 80%. 

This presentation will review the data analysis methods and present the preliminary results showing the significant 

runoff volume reductions possible with extensive use of green infrastructure controls in both separate and combined 

sewer areas. 

429

7010 

Green Stormwater Infrastructure Design – Lessons Learned in Philadelphia 

Stephen C. Maakestad, PE, LEED AP 

Project Engineer 

Hatch Mott MacDonald 

The Public Ledger Building, Suite 1040 

150 South Independence Mall West 


Phone: 215-399-1161 

Fax: 215-627-2277 

stephen.maakestad@hatchmott.com 

In 2010, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) embarked on a 25-year plan to improve water quality in local rivers 

and streams, primarily through reduction in combined sewer overflows. This $2.4 Billion program, known as “Green 

City, Clean Waters”, highlights Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) as the primary solution with a plan to develop 

9,564 “Green Acres” in an effort to significantly reduce the annual CSO volume. PWD has also completed a Triple- 

Bottom-Line analysis in order to understand the social and economic benefits that go beyond water quality 

improvement. 

Green Streets is the most prominent of the multiple Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) programs that are in 

progress by PWD. This presentation discusses the development process for Green Streets Contracts in Philadelphia as 

well as the formation of the program including site evaluation and selection, standardization of design details and 

specifications, and future plans for maintenance and monitoring. It will also discuss the variables and constraints that go 

into stormwater system design for projects in city streets and public property. The overall goals of the Long Term 

Control Program will be presented and the lessons learned in the initial phase of the GSI program will be discussed 

including site selection, differences in tested versus actual infiltration, community outreach, construction of the GSI, and 

utility coordination. 

Case studies are examined to explain GSI tools that can be used and the variables and constraints that factor into 

selection of these technologies are discussed. Integration of GSI projects with other infrastructure projects such as 

water main relay projects and sewer reconstruction projects will be revealed with case studies and the various benefits 

of these types of projects will be presented. In addition, the provisions that have been incorporated for evaluation and 

monitoring of system performance will be reviewed. Future initiatives that are underway at PWD will also be discussed. 

Key Learning Outcomes 

- The audience will gain an understanding of the relationship between projected GSI project costs and potential 

stormwater/CSO control benefit. 

- The presentation will cover several case studies of typical GSI projects being implemented in Philadelphia and 

the lessons learned from them. 

- This presentation will discuss the benefits of integrating GSI projects with infrastructure upgrades such as sewer 

reconstruction or water main replacement projects. 

430

7011 

Case Study: SAFL Baffle Retrofit Program for Sump Manholes City of Golden Valley, Minnesota 

A.J. Schwidder –Upstream Technologies Inc. 

Eric Seaburg – City of Golden Valley 

Like many municipalities throughout the United States, the City of Golden Valley needed to find cost effective ways to 

reduce the sediment load entering lakes and ponds from its storm sewer system. Sump manholes were installed over 

many years to capture a portion of this sediment, but the captured sediment sometimes washes out of the sump during 

intense precipitation events. To improve the ability of these sump manholes to retain sediment during high flows, city 

engineers initiated a multi-year program to retrofit the sump manholes with SAFL Baffles, which were developed at the 

University of Minnesota’s St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. The retrofit program began in 2012, with 7 SAFL Baffle 

installations. Over the last year, City of Golden Valley personnel monitored the performance of each sump with respect 

to frequency of inspections and maintenance, as well as the volume of sediment captured and grain size distribution of 

the sediment. 

We will compare these actual results with estimated sump cleaning frequency and volume of sediment captured, as 

predicted by a mathematical model developed from the research and testing at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. We 

will also discuss costs to implement the retrofit program, impacts on the City’s existing storm sewer maintenance 

program, and construction/installation issues. 

431

7014 

Rethinking Nutrient Mangement in Cities 

Lawrence A. Baker – University Of Minnesota 



763-370-1796 

Baker127@Umn.Edu 

With more than a decade of experience with EPA’s Stormwater and TMDL programs, there has been modest success in restoring 

urban lakes impaired by nutrient pollution. To be precise, in Minnesota we have “delisted” one nutrient-impaired urban lake. It is 

time to reassess our approach for reducing nutrients in urban stormwater so that our stormwater management becomes more 

effective, more efficient, and fairer. Moreover, one of our stormwater nutrients, phosphorus, is also an essential, non-renewable 

resource for our food supply that we eventually will have to conserve. 

To date, we have placed major reliance on structural stormwater control measures (SCMs) for reducing nutrients by trapping them 

at the end of the pipe. Pond-type SCMs are expensive (P removal in a wet pond can cost $1000/lb P); some pollutants are not 

effectively removed (e.g., chloride, coliforms, nitrate); cold weather performance is unknown; toxins may accumulate (e.g., PAHs); 

and the cost is born by the polluted (downstream) not the polluters (upstream). For infiltration-based SCMs, some pollutants (esp. 

nitrates and chloride) move freely to groundwater; systems may clog; and for rain gardens, maintenance is expensive. 

The first step in rethinking urban stormwater management is to rethink system boundaries. The traditional stormwater approach 

considers the stormwater grate as the system boundary, which constrains management options to structural SCMs. Other system 

boundaries to be considered here are the curb and the watershed itself. 

Considering the watershed first, sources of P include: human food, household chemicals, pet food, fertilizer, and atmospheric 

deposition. The last three enter outside landscapes (pet food as feces). Urban lawns are typically oversupplied with P, resulting in 

elevated P concentrations. Minnesota has enacted the first state-wide lawn P fertilizer restriction, reducing P inputs to residential 

watersheds by ~75%. In our Twin Cities Household Ecosystem Project (TCHEP), we determined that pet waste is now the major 

source of P to lawns for owner-occupied, single family homes; much of this P is picked up and deposited in the garbage. 

The second boundary to consider is the curb, making the street part of the “system”. Most inputs of P to streets come from 

vegetated landscapes. We have hypothesized that nutrient runoff from lawns is “disproportionate”, with most export coming from 

a small percentage of the watershed, with vulnerable landscapes (steep; clayey) managed by homeowners who use inappropriate 

practices (e.g., overfertilization). Developing this idea could lead to highly targeted nutrient reduction practices that would likely be 

more effective than “broadcast” messages. Along with lawn runoff, trees contribute substantial P to streets. For drainages in the 

Capital Region Watershed District, P yield is directly proportional to tree canopy cover. Modeled lake clarity decreases substantially 

in relation to street canopy cover in watersheds. Fortunately, we have found that street sweeping can be an effective and efficient 

way to reduce the P load entering storm drains, as my colleague Paula Kalinosky will show in her presentation. 

We also need to start thinking more about nitrogen management. Although the “P limitation” paradigm drives our TMDL process, 

we now know that algal abundance is not limited solely by P, but also by N. Globally, co-limitation appears to be the typical 

condition. This has major implications for stormwater programs based entirely on reducing P concentrations, and puts even greater 

focus on source reduction. 

Finally, we need to start thinking about conserving P in cities. The U.S. will exhaust its phosphate rock reserve within a few decades, 

compelling us to rely on foreign sources of phosphate for fertilizer. The U.S. has already started to import phosphate, and the price 

of phosphate fertilizer has been escalating. Yet most of the P entering cities is buried in landfills – only 4% is recycled. A modest P 

conservation scenario for the Twin Cities shows that 2/3 of P entering the city could readily be recycled (mostly sewage biosolids and 

food wastes). Such an effort might provide a nutrient-rich source of compost very close to home, to the benefit of urban and periurban 

agriculture. 

432

7015 

US EPA National Stormwater Calculator Demonstration Workshop 

Author: Jason T. Berner, Landscape Architect, US EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC 

Co-Authors: Lewis Rossman (US EPA, ORD), Tamara Mittman (US EPA, OW), and AQUA TERRA Consultants 

EPA’s National Stormwater Calculator is a desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and 

frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States (including Puerto Rico). Estimates are based on 

local soil conditions, land cover, and historic rainfall records. The Calculator accesses several national databases that 

provide soil, topography, rainfall, and evaporation information for the chosen site. The user supplies information about 

the site’s land cover and selects the types of low impact development (LID) controls they would like to use. The LID 

controls that the user can choose are seven green infrastructure practices: disconnection, rain harvesting, rain gardens, 

green roofs, street planters, infiltration basins, and porous pavement. It is designed to be used by anyone interested in 

reducing runoff from a property, including: site developers, landscape architects, urban planners, and homeowners. 

During this workshop EPA will demonstrate how to use the calculator and answer questions audience members have 

about their specific user needs. Audience members are encouraged to download and install the calculator onto their 

laptops prior to the workshop using the following website: 

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/models/swc/. EPA will conduct live demonstrations of using the calculator for 

example project sites across the country, relying on lively interactions from workshop participants. Lastly, EPA will 

discuss the future update of the calculator, which includes linking several future climate scenarios, to be released by the 

end of 2013. 

433

Poster Presentation Abstracts 

434

6372 Quantifying the Contribution of Small Scale Community and Homeowner Best Management Practices 

(BMPs) in the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) 

Amanda Rockler, University of Maryland, Sea Grant Extension 

6420 Evaluating LID Runoff Control Efficiency in Taipei Tech Eco-Campus with Sustain Model 

Chi-Feng Chen, Department of Natural Resources, Chinese Culture University 

6423 Modeling the Effect of a Low Impact Designed Road on Stormwater Control in China’s Shenzhen City 

Yongwei Gong, Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of 

Civil Engineering and Architecture 

6426 Effect of Compaction on Water Flow in Sand-Peat Columns 

Redahegn Sileshi, University of Alabama 

6429 Peat-Based Sorption Media: A New Approach for Removing Heavy Metals from Stormwater 

Paul Eger, Global Minerals Engineering LLC 

6443 Assessment of Water Supply Self-Sufficiency and Economical Benefit through Rainfall Harvesting 

System 

Kyewon Jun, Kangwon National University 

6454 University of Minnesota Extension Stormwater Educational Programs for Professionals and 

Communities 

Shane Missaghi, University of Minnesota Extension 

6466 Urban Stream Stabilization – How to Achieve Diverse Goals Associated with Stormwater Conveyance 

in the Urban Environment 

Jonathon Kusa, HR Green, Inc. 

6473 Potential Influence of Polyphosphate Treated Drinking Water on Stormwater Runoff 

Bruce Wilson, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

6476 Removing Heavy Metals from Stormwater Runoff Using an Experimental Proprietary Bioretention 

Media at an Army Installation in North Carolina 

Jessica M. Fears, North Carolina State University 

6479 Nine Mile Creek Watershed District’s Cost Share Program: An Opportunity for Community Initiated 

LID Projects 

Erica Sniegowski, Nine Mile Creek Watershed District 

6480 LID Selection and Sizing Tool for Achieving Water Balance in California 

Scott Meyer, California State University Sacramento 

6482 Sustainable, Cost-Effective Green Initiative Design for Stormwater Quantity and Quality Treatment 

Chris French, Filterra Bioretention Systems 

6492 Characterization of the Rainfall-Runoff Response of an Urban Combined Sewer Catchment Using 

Observed and Analytical Methods 

Scott Jeffers, Drexel University 

435

6494 Town & Country Stormwater Program and Projects 

Josiah Holst, HR Green, Inc. 

6499 Thermal Effects of Different Mediterranean Tree Species According to their Physical Characteristics 

Lizeth Rodrigez Potes, ABC Laboratory, Architecture School of Marseille 

6500 A Collaborative Transdiciplinary Approach to Urban Stormwater 

Amanda Rockler, University of Maryland 

6503 Restoring the Environment and Creating Green Jobs 

Amanda Rockler, University of Maryland 

6511 Determination of Design Objectives to Achieve Low Impact Development Stormwater Management 

Reeho Kim, Korea Institute of Constructive Technology 

6513 Field Test and Applications of LID Practices for Riparian Areas in Langfang City, China 

J.Q. Li, Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil 

Engineering and Architecture 

6516 Review and Prospect of Permeable Pavement in China 

Yao Haibo, Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil 

Engineering and Architecture 

6519 Policy on Low Impact Development in South Korea 

Reeho Kim, Korea Institute of Constructive Technology 

6553 Performance Evaluation of Non-Infiltrating Heat Reduction Stormwater Practices 

Jim Davidson, Dakota County Soil and Water Conservation District 

6560 Modeling Urban Landsacapes 

Akilah Martin, DePaul University 

6566 Implementing a Tool to Simulate Low Impact Development BMPs Using AGWA and the Kineros2 

Model 

Yoganand Korgaonkar, University of Arizona 

6572 Application of Vortex Flow Controls to Maximize Stormwater Incentives 

Jeremy Fink, Hydro International 

6573 Bioretention Hydrologic Performance for Cold Climates 

Jim Davidson, Dakota County Soil and Water Conservation District 

6594 Living Streets: Design and Implementation Experiences 

Clifton Aichinger, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

6595 Retrofitting Maplewood Mall for Stormwater Management 

Tina Carstens, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

6597 Web Based GIS Tools to Assess Watershed Restoration Strategies 


436

6600 Development of LID Spreadsheet Modeling Tool for Stormwater Management Plan Approval in North 

Carolina 


6601 LID for San Antonio: Development of the Bexar Regional Watershed Management LID Design Manual 

Aarin Teague, San Antonio River Authority 

6613 The RWMWD Experience – Building for Zero Runoff 

Julie Vigness-Pint, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District 

6619 Green Infrastructure Implementation for Alley Enhancement: Elmer Avenue Neighborhood Retrofit 

Project Continued 

Eileen Alduenda, Council for Watershed Health 

6620 Investigation of Insecticide Leaching and Transport from Potted Nursery Stock 

Grant Graves, Oklahoma State University 

6628 The OSORB Stormwater System Revolution: NSF and Fielded Results 

Stephen Spoonamore, ABS Materials, Inc. 

6630 Tracking Maintenance of LID Practices Using Geospatial Information Technology 

Hunter Loftin, Michael Baker Corporation 

6636 Providing Stormwater Solutions to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLs: How Does LID Fit in 

What Are the Best Uses for LID Practices 

Brian Lowther, AEWS Engineering 

6658 Integrating Stormwater Management and Form-Based Codes in Dublin, OH 

Ann Thomas, Tetra Tech, Inc. 

6666 Metals in Effluent from Bioretention Media Incorporating Bottom Ash 

Akosua Ofori-Tettey, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 

6667 Walls of Water – More Than Just an Infiltration Basin 

Ronald Leaf, SEH, Inc. 

6669 Understandable Permeable Paver Systems (PPS) and How They Work as a BMP for Stormwater 

Mitigation 

Tim Oberg, Minnesota Nursery & Landscape Association 

6682 Volunteer Data Collection Complexities: Butler County Stream Team 

Jeffrey Wedgeworth, Miami University, Oxford 

6684 The Utilization of LID Practices to Address Impaired Waters at the West End Development in St. Louis 

Park, Minnesota 

Steve Christopher, Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 

6687 Development of Filter-Type Sediment Control Facility for Construction Site 

Jongsoo Choi, Land & Housing Institute of Korea 

437

6693 Tracking the Hydrological Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems 

Hamidreza Kazemi, University of Louisville 

6695 Assessment of Practicality of Smart LID/NPS Simulator for Verification of LID Efficiency 

Mi Eun Kim, Pusan National University 

6699 Curve Number Estimation for Engineered Gravel Parking Lots 

Haley Malle, Oklahoma State University 

6707 The Interchange: Stormwater Reuse and LID Design 

Rebecca Nestingen, SEH, Inc. 

6713 Design and Calibration of Rainfall Simulator for LID Efficiency Verification 

Tae Seok Shon, Pusan National University 

6727 Accelerated Test Methods for Permeable Pavement Blocks 

Sangho Lee, Kookmin University 

6730 Validation of Two Soil Heat Flux Estimation Techniques against Observations Made in an Engineered 

Urban Green Space 

Lauren Smalls-Mantey, Drexel University 

438

6372 

Quantifying the Contribution of Small Scale Community and Homeowner Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the 

Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) 

Amanda Rockler- University of Maryland, Sea Grant Extension 

18410 Muncaster Drive 

Derwood, MD 20855 

240-393-8346 

arockler@umd.edu 

Jennifer Dindinger- University of Maryland, Sea Grant Extension 

Jackie Takacs- University of Maryland, Sea Grant Extension 

Symons Hall, College Park, MD 20740 

jdinding@umd.edu 

jtakacs@umd.edu 

At the current time, there is no mechanism to account for the installation and performance of private small 

scale/residential BMP’s in Maryland. Therefore, under the current TMDL situation, there is no incentive for investment 

in these BMP’s even though they may be a cost-effective way to achieve nutrient and sediment restoration goals. The 

ability to count and track these small scale residential/private BMP’s toward achieving the TMDL will create quantifiable 

water quality benefits across the state of Maryland. Actions on these smaller properties such as the installation of rain 

barrels, rain gardens, green roofs, and changing of lawn fertilization practices on an individual property may have 

perceived insignificant effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment pollution, but these reductions may be significant 

in the aggregate. However, there is no mechanism for them to be accounted for in the Chesapeake Bay TMDL process. 

This project seeks to find a credible and verifiable way to account for these practices so they can be included as part of 

local Watershed Implementation Plan Phase II strategies. Maryland DNR Chesapeake and Coastal Program will assist in 

defining barriers to BMP accounting and work with the PIs to develop strategies to overcome these barriers. Towson 

University Center for Geographic Information Sciences will provide the interactive web and tracking platform. 

439

6420 

Evaluating LID Runoff Control Efficiency in Taipei Tech Eco-Campus with Sustain Model 

Chi-Feng Chen Department of Natural Resources, Chinese Culture University 

Address: 55, Hwa-kang Rd., Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei 11114, Taiwan 

Phone: +886-2-28610511 ext 31432 

Email: cqf2@faculty.pccu.edu.tw 

Jen-Yang Lin Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology 

Address: 1, Sec3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan 

Phone: +886-2-27712171ext 2647 

Email: jylin@ntut.edu.tw 

Yi-Lung Chen Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology 

Address: No1, Sec3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan 

Phone: +886-2-27712171ext 2647 

Email: insh9002@gmail.com 

National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT) is located in the central Taipei city, Taiwan. In order to improve the 

campus environment and to create the unique interaction between campus and city, an eco-campus program has 

started in 2003. The program has two objectives, one is to restore and maintain ecosystem in campus and the other is to 

promote the use of sustainable buildings. Before the program, impervious area occupied 82.3% of the campus. Until 

now, the total of 73 low impact development (LID) facilities were built, including pervious pavements, green roofs, 

bioretention cells, wet and dry detention ponds, infiltration swales, rainwater barrels, and grass belts. The greenization 

area is obviously increasing and the appearance of the campus becomes beautiful and attractive. However, the LID 

contributions on runoff reduction did not be discussed. This study applied a LID assessment tool, System for Urban 

Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration Model (SUSTAIN), to evaluate the runoff control efficiency obtained by 

these LIDs. Two year weather data was used. The results showed that the 2% of annual runoff in the campus can be 

reduced after settling LIDs, compared with the current situation. However, while compared with predevelopment 

situation, the runoff reduction became 13%. It should be noted that the use of compare base line is important and focus 

on the reduction of additional runoff volume after development is suggested. Pervious pavements contributed to the 

most runoff control in the eco-campus, which provided 75% of the total reduced amount. The runoff reduction 

efficiency of different LID type was illuminated and the runoff control volume per unit area was 1.11, 1.09, 0.76, 0.40, 

and 0.39 m 3 /m 2 for pervious pavement, bioretention cell, green roof, grass belt, and infiltration swale, respectively. In 

addition, this study is the first case of employing SUSTAIN model in Taiwan. This experience is benefit to verify the 

international applicability of this model. 

440

6423 

Modeling the Effect of a Low Impact Designed Road on Stormwater Control in China’s Shenzhen City 

Yongwei Gong - Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing 

University of Civil Engineering and Architecture 

NO.1 Zhanlanguan Road, Beijing, 100044, China 

PHONE/FAX: +861068304273 

EMAIL: gongyongwei@bucea.edu.cn 

Haijun Qi - Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing 

University of Civil Engineering and Architecture 


PHONE/FAX: +861068304273 

EMAIL: qi_hai_jun@163.com 

Junqi Li - Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University 

of Civil Engineering and Architecture 


PHONE/FAX: +861068304273 

EMAIL: lijunqi@bucea.edu.cn 

To verify the adaptability of Low Impact Development (LID) in China, one pilot LID road project-No. 38 Road-was 

constructed in Guangming District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China. The road lies on the west of Guangming 

High-speed Railway Station. It is a two-way road and the width of each side is 30 m. The surface layer of the road used 

the open graded friction course (OGFC), which has good permeability. There is a sunken greenbelt adjacent to each road 

side, which is 2.1 m wide and 0.1 m deep. There are porous media under the surface soil with the porosity of 0.2. 

Overflow outlets and corresponding pipes were set up to drain runoff beyond the designed capacity. During a storm 

event, runoff is generated under the OGFC layer and drains to the sunken greenbelt. One part of the runoff infiltrates 

through the media. Another part of the runoff is detained in the vertical space between the soil surface and road 

surface, and it will finally infiltrate into the soil. If the generated runoff exceeds the infiltrated runoff, then the excess 

runoff will drain to the overflow outlets and drain to the pipes. The overflowed runoff was measured during two storm 

events in 2012. The model Mike Urban, developed by DHI Water & Environment was used to simulate these processes. 

The model was run and the simulated runoff values were compared with the measured runoff values. The model 

efficiency (ENS) values were 0.927 and 0.862 in the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The results of ENS 

indicate that the model was acceptable. The model simulation results could be used with a reasonable confidence for 

this district. The traditional development scenario was then modeled using Mike Urban. When compared with 

traditional development scenario, the present LID mode has obvious advantage on stormwater control and groundwater 

recharge. Therefore, LID has great potential for maintaining sustainable water environment in urban areas of China. 

441

6426 

Effect of Compaction on Water Flow in Sand-Peat Columns 

Redahegn Sileshi, PhD Candidate – The University of Alabama 

Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering 

Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 

Phone No. 256-503-6699 

Email: rksileshi@crimson.ua.edu 

Robert Pitt, P.E., M.ASCE, Cudworth Professor of Urban Water Systems - The University of Alabama 

Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering 

Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 

Email: rpitt@eng.ua.edu 

Shirley Clark, P.E., M.ASCE, Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering - Penn State, Harrisburg 

School of Science, Engineering and Technology 

Harrisburg, PA 17057 

Email: seclark@psu.edu 

Premature clogging of filtration media by incoming sediment is a major problem affecting the performance of 

stormwater biofiltration systems in urban areas. Appropriate hydraulic characteristics of the filter media, including 

treatment flow rate, clogging capacity, and water contact time, are needed to select the media and drainage system. 

This presentation will describe a series of tests being conducted to determine flow in sand-peat columns as a function of 

compaction. 

A 4 inch diameter PVC pipe was used to construct the columns for these tests. A total of forty five columns, each 3 ft 

long, were used in each series of tests during phase I of the experiment. The bottom of the columns had a fiberglass 

window screen secured to contain the media and were placed in funnels above sample bottles. The columns were filled 

with about 2 inches of cleaned pea gravel purchased from a local supplier. The columns had various mixtures of sand 

and peat added on top of the gravel layer. To separate the gravel layer from the media layer, a permeable fiberglass 

screen was placed over the gravel layer and then filled with the sand media, along with varying amounts of added peat 

(10 % peat and 90 % sand; 25 % peat and 75 % sand; 50 % peat and 50 % sand). The sand-peat layer (well mixed) was 

about 1.5 ft thick. Three levels of compaction were used to modify the density of the sand-peat layer during the tests: 

hand compaction, standard proctor compaction, and modified proctor compaction. The infiltration rates through the 

sand-peat mixture were measured in each column using municipal tap water. 

Particle trapping tests will be performed in selected sand-peat columns and other bioretention media using a mixture of 

fine ground silica particulates (Sil-Co-SiL ® 250), medium sand, and coarse sand mixed with the river water. The test will be 

conducted on five sand-peat columns containing 25 % peat and 75 % sand and using the standard proctor compaction 

test. The concentrations of the Sil-Co-SiL ® 250, medium sand, and coarse sand in the dirty water will equals 100 mg/L and 

1000 mg/L during the experiment. The influent dirty water samples can all be composited for analysis for each batch, 

but the effluents will need to be separated for suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and particle size distribution 

(PSD) analysis. Similar tests will be conducted using three different types of coarse media and bioretention media 

obtained from Kansas City, North Carolina, and Wisconsin. 

The preliminary laboratory compaction test results indicated that compaction has significant effects on the infiltration 

rates; however changes in bulk density resulting from amending the sand mixture with peat were observed. 

442

6429 

Peat-Based Sorption Media: A New Approach for Removing Heavy Metals from Stormwater 

Paul Eger, Global Minerals Engineering LLC 

3920 13th Ave E Street 7 

Hibbing, MN 55746 

Phone -218-969-6483 

Email - paul.eger@globalmineralseng.com 

Diamond Chrome Plating had elevated levels of chromium, cadmium and zinc in stormwater from their plating facility in 

Howell, Michigan. After some preliminary testing, they decided to try a new approach using a low-cost ion exchange 

material made from peat. American Peat Technology (APT) uses a low-temperature carbonization process to convert 

peat into a granular, hardened ion exchange material (APTsorbTM). These granules have a high internal surface area, 

maintain their structure when wet and can be crushed to any size, making them easily adaptable to existing treatment 

system technologies. Since the product is crushed to a uniform size, flow rates are consistent and controllable, with 

estimated conductivities in excess of 1 cm/sec. 

Treatment of stormwater began in July 2008. The APTsorbTM was particularly effective in removing total chromium and 

cadmium with average removal efficiencies of 98.7 and 93.2 % respectively. With the exception of a few values during 

startup, the system was effective at meeting permit conditions. Zinc removal was slightly lower but still averaged 

85%.The material successfully treated over three million gallons before the capacity of the peat for chromium was 

exceeded and concentrations increased in the effluent. The media was replaced in August of 2011. TCLP tests leached 

essentially no chromium (< 0.01 mg/L) and only small amounts of cadmium (0.1 mg/L) and the spent material easily 

qualified as non-hazardous. 

The treatment system at Diamond Chrome operated successfully for three years with no flow problems and essentially 

no maintenance The parts for the complete system cost around $85,000 and were installed by Diamond Chrome staff. 

The APTsorb for this system cost about $15,000, which is equivalent to $5,000 per year. When the removal capacity of 

the material had been exhausted, the material was easily removed from the treatment tanks with a vacuum truck and 

taken to a sanitary landfill. 

443

6443 

Assessment of Water Supply Self-sufficiency and Economical Benefit through Rainfall Harvesting System 

JUN, KYEWON - Kangwon National University 

346 Joongang-ro, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, KOREA 

+82-33-570-6816 / +82-33-570-6819 

kwjun@kangwon.ac.kr 

JUNG, SEUNGKWON – HECOREA 

1006, Hyundai41 Tower, Mok 1-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, KOREA 

+82-2-572-4320 / +82-2-2168-4320 

jsk@hecorea.co.kr 

BYUN, DONGHYUN – HECOREA 


+82-2-572-4320 / +82-2-2168-4320 

bdh0507@hecorea.co.kr 

SIM, JAEBUM – HECOREA 


+82-2-572-4320 / +82-2-2168-4320 

sjb@hecorea.co.kr 

JANG, CHANGDUK - Kangwon National University 

346 Joongang-ro, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, KOREA 

+82-33-570-6816 / +82-33-570-6819 

cdjang79@gmail.com 

Recently, climate change has caused drought to become more frequent and is becoming one of the serious natural 

disasters, resulting damages in infrastructure facilities, economy and private property losses etc. 

Taebaek city of Gangwon-do lies in the northeast Korean Peninsula along the steep mountain slopes, all the way to the 

sea. Thu, this city exhibit the Marine Climatic Characteristics. During the past 10 years, the average rainfall of Taebaek 

city is 849.9mm/year, which is less than the average rainfall for the whole country (1,274mm/year). In the period after 

July 2008, the 6 months rainfall amount is only 141.2mm. And in the months from August to October, the water supply 

was restricted to 50%. Moreover, the penetration rate of water supply of Taebaek city is only 86.1%, which is lower than 

the nationwide average of 93.5%. The price of water supply is 1,278won/ton, which is the most expensive. This means 

that the self-sufficiency of water supply is very low in Taeback city. In order to ensure the self-sufficiency of water supply 

of Taeback city, this paper aims to describe the implementation of Rainfall Detention Facilities in the open fields of 

primary, middle and high school as well as propose the plan of water resource demand and supply. 

The population of Taeback city is about 50,000 with water consumption about 13,250m 3 per day (water usage per 

person per day is 265L). In Taeback city, there are 13 primary schools, 6 middle schools, and 4 high schools, therefore it 

is possible to achieve a catchment area of up to about 130,000m 3 . Through this method, about 45,000m 3 of rainfall 

water can be stored, which amount to about 1/3 of the water supply in the case of emergency. 

Furthermore, the design of the Water Quantity of Rainfall Detention considered the reuse of water for purposes like the 

toilet flushing, recreation, gardening and cleaning in the school. And this will save about 100,000won per month on the 

water bill. 

444

6443 

Till now, the research has finished the assessment for the available catchment area coming from the primary, middle 

and high schools in the Taeback city. Also, the assessment of Rainfall Detention Quantity and the water saving costs in 

different scenarios (school types and water use purpose) has been completed. 

This research is still ongoing. The next assessment will be on the construction cost of rainfall harvesting system (through 

school types) and the LCC (Life Cycle Cost) of Maintenance Administration. After which, discussion for the impacts 

Rainfall Harvesting System on the water supply self-sufficiency of Taeback city will be made. Lastly, conclusion on the 

future economic benefit for Taeback city will be given. 

445

6454 

University of Minnesota Extension Stormwater Educational Programs for Professionals and Communities 

Shahram (Shane) Missaghi 

Extension Water Resources-Stormwater 

4100 220th Street W 

Farmington, MN 55024-8087 

Phone: 952-221-1333 

Fax: 651-480-7797 

Miss0035@umn.edu 

Since 2007, the University of Minnesota Extension has been successfully leading and implementing collaborative and 

locally tailored stormwater public engagement, education and outreach programs for stormwater professionals and 

communities. The goal of the Extension Stormwater Education Program is to promote an environmentally sound Water 

Resources Management & Policy Implementation. We work with many organizations to help protect water quality by 

how we design, build, and live in our communities. 

Extension also promotes innovative stormwater best management practices among the stormwater practitioners: 

contractors, developers, engineers, and field staff through locally tailored workshops currently known as Stormwater U. 

We provide these workshops and opportunities for local governments and design professionals to reduce the 

environmental impacts of stormwater runoff. 

These workshops focus on important stormwater issues facing Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) operators 

such as cities and watersheds. Stormwater U workshops are designed to help MS4’s meet their stormwater permit 

minimum control measure requirements and are designed and developed by a collaborative team including Minnesota 

Pollution Control Agency, MetCouncil, local agencies, and University of Minnesota. All courses include presentations, 

hands on learning, and peer discussions with all workshop materials available on our website: 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/stormwater/ 

Stormwater U workshops are interactive and consists of: 

• Presentations: Will focus on specific topics and technical issues of stormwater ponds to detail how and why 

minimum requirements need to be met. 

• Field Practice: Examine area ponds, discuss case studies, and learn firsthand how to perform important tasks to 

managing and maintaining stormwater ponds. 

• Roundtable Discussions / Networking: Talk with other stormwater professionals participating in the workshop 

to gain insight and knowledge about stormwater wetland management and explore other stormwater issues 

related to communities in the area 

The current list of workshops cover topics such as hydrodynamic separators, introduction to stormwater, design and 

construction of infiltration basins, urban stream maintenance, BMP maintenance and many others. 

Summary 

A poster presentation on the Minnesota Extension Stormwater Education programs. The poster will offer a list of these 

workshops and a few lessons learned from each, as well as an over view of their development, structure and progress. 

446

6466 

Urban Stream Stabilization – How to Achieve Diverse Goals Associated with Stormwater Conveyance in the Urban 

Environment. 

Jonathon Kusa, PE, LEED AP – HR Green, Inc. 

University Avenue W., Suite 400N 

Phone: 651-644-4389 

Fax: 651-644-9446 

jkusa@hgreen.com 

Over a 300 years of development have resulted in extensively disturbed, degraded, and undersized drainage-ways within 

many of our towns and cities. Many stream corridors were converted to “drainage channels” or storm sewer systems 

with the sole intent to provide drainage and flood protection. The management of these former streams for stormwater 

conveyance and flood reduction has resulted in systems that no longer provide any ecological benefit and due to 

continued development, are often undersized relative to the flashy runoff now experienced by urbanized areas. A new 

generation of designers is now tasked with designing stormwater systems that mitigating flood-prone areas, stabilize 

urban channels, meet local aesthetic and ecological needs, and improve water quality. This presentation will provide an 

overview of the urban stream restoration concepts available to practitioners and general guidance for how to apply 

them in various situations to achieve these diverse goals. The presentation will include the foundational design 

guidelines and manuals available to designers as well as specific project examples of various bank stabilization, channel 

design, and water conveyance techniques. 

447

6473 

Potential Influence of Polyphosphate Treated Drinking Water on Stormwater Runoff 

Bruce Wilson – Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 

520 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155 

651-297-2343 

Bruce.Wilson@State.MN.US 

Nick Olson, Minnesota Department of Transportation 

3485 Hadley Avenue North 

651/366-4467 

Nicholas.Olson@state.mn.us 

This poster is an examination of the potential influence of polyphosphate treated drinking water on urban stormwater 

runoff, with phosphorus being a primary pollutant causing eutrophication of lakes, streams and wetlands. Of the types 

of phosphorus, soluble phosphorus concentrations have proven most vexing to reduce in our stormwater flow network 

treatments. In Minnesota, over 400 communities use polyphosphates (or orthophosphorus or blended phosphorus) to 

polish domestic drinking water to prevent staining (iron) and corrosion of distribution systems. 

Median phosphate concentration, from 156 communities, as measured by the Minnesota Department of Health at the 

drinking water facility discharges, was 1.85 mg P/L (or converted to elemental phosphorus is about 600 ug P/L). 

Summer water use is about 2.5 times greater than winter use for sustenance of gardens, lawns and trees etc. Losses to 

stormwater flow networks occur as overspray to impervious surfaces and discharges from hydrant flushing and 

irrigational losses, leaking pipes, car washing etc. The potential impacts were estimated to be between 10% and 20% of 

phosphorus loading to the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes. Hence, this potential P source should be explored in more detail 

for reducing (1) P in polished drinking water (while protecting domestic supply systems) and (2) from system-losses to 

impervious surfaces and stormwater conveyances. 

448

6476 

Removing Heavy Metals from Stormwater Runoff Using an Experimental Proprietary Bioretention Media at an Army 

Installation in North Carolina 

Jessica M. Fears – North Carolina State University 

NCSU Biological & Agricultural Engineering 


Campus Box 7625 

Raleigh, NC 27695 

Phone: (513) 545-9034 

Email: jmfears@ncsu.edu 

William F. Hunt, Ph.D., PE - North Carolina State University 




Phone: (919) 515-6751 

Fax: (919) 515-6772 

Email: wfhunt@ncsu.edu 

Andrew R. Anderson, E.I. – North Carolina State University 




Phone: (919) 515-8595 

Fax: (919) 515-6772 

Email: arander5@ncsu.edu 

Stormwater runoff is a major non-point source of contaminants, such as nutrients, suspended solids, and heavy metals, 

in U.S. water bodies. Little information is known about the quality of stormwater runoff from military installations, 

which are newly governed by EPA’s Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 for hydrologic and water quality 

impacts. Heavy metal concentrations in the stormwater runoff from two adjacent parking lots at an army installation in 

North Carolina were quantified for a variety of species, including: Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), 

Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn). The focus of this study was to test heavy metal adsorption potential of 

experimental proprietary media in two existing bioretention cells located next to the parking lots. Metal content of both 

bioretention cells—one amended with media to adsorb metals and one control—was tested to determine the 

effectiveness of the bioretention media. Concentrations of metals in the influent and effluent were monitored to 

characterize removal capabilities using flow-paced composite sampling. Metal retention was measured in the media by 

testing the soil for the various metal species. This was the first field study of the proprietary media, which has shown 

high metal removals in the laboratory. Monitoring began in January 2013 and will conclude in January 2014. 

449

6479 

Nine Mile Creek Watershed District’s Cost Share Program: An Opportunity for Community Initiated LID Projects 

Erica Sniegowski – Nine Mile Creek Watershed District 

7710 Computer Ave, Suite 135, Edina, MN 55435 

952-358-2276 

esniegowski@ninemilecreek.org 

Kevin Bigalke – Nine Mile Creek Watershed District 

7710 Computer Ave, Suite 135, Edina, MN 55435 

952-835-2079 

kbigalke@ninemilecreek.org 

Stormwater runoff is the most significant problem affecting the water quality of lakes, rivers, wetlands and other water 

resources in urban areas. The Nine Mile Creek Watershed District (NMCWD) is a special purpose unit of local 

government focused on water quality and water resources management. Nine Mile 

Creek runs through the southwestern suburbs of Hennepin County in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The 

approximately 50 square mile watershed consists largely of a developed urban landscape. As with other urban 

watersheds, the water resources in the NMCWD are greatly influenced by the rate and volume of stormwater runoff and 

the associated pollutant load. 

Addressing urban stormwater runoff requires multiple approaches, including engaging communities, local residents and 

businesses in implementing stormwater management best practices and natural resources projects. In 2008, the 

NMCWD established a Cost Share Program to help achieve the NMCWD’s goal of maintaining and improving water 

quality and managing water quantity. The program offers financial assistance to residents, schools, businesses, 

government units, and non-profits for projects that protect and improve water and natural resources in the Nine Mile 

Creek Watershed. Grants up to 75% of the total cost of the project are offered, with a funding maximum of $3,000 for 

residential projects, $10,000 for townhome, condominium association or lake associations, and $25,000 for commercial 

and government projects. Over the past five years, the NMCWD has awarded cost share funding to 32 residential 

projects, 9 townhome or condominium association projects, 2 private businesses, and 12 city or public projects. Over 

$400,000 in funding has been granted, with total project costs exceeding $3,500,000. 

Cost share programs can be an effective way to initiate community driven low impact development projects and help 

communities and residents overcome the financial barrier to implement these practices. This poster will look at the 

successes and challenges of NMCWD’s Cost Share Program and offer recommendations for organizations looking to 

implement a program of their own. 

450

6480 

Lid Selection and Sizing Tool for Achieving Water Balance in California 

Maureen Kerner, P.E. – California State University Sacramento, Office of Water Programs 

6000 J Street Modoc Hall Room 1001 

Sacramento, CA 95819-6025 

916-278-8117 

Maureen.Kerner@owp.csus.edu 

The Office of Water Programs (OWP), on behalf of California State University Sacramento, has been awarded a grant by 

the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to develop a web-based tool that assists stormwater 

practitioners in selecting and sizing LID BMPs statewide. In particular, the tool will provide a means to select and 

properly size BMPs to meet water balance requirements set forth in two of California’s NPDES permits for stormwater 

discharges: those associated with construction and land disturbance activities (the Construction General Permit, or CGP) 

and those from small municipal separate storm sewer systems (the Phase II Permit). These permits promote balancing 

post-development discharges with pre-development discharges through use of LID. 

Although a variety of LID BMP types are available, selecting and sizing them to meet water balance requirements under 

site-specific conditions is difficult due to the lack of an accurate and consistent means to compare their potential 

performance. Most tools that are available for statewide application simulate runoff based only on depth of rainfall for 

a single storm and do not incorporate factors such as region-specific rainfall intensity, back-to-back storms (and 

antecedent moisture conditions), evaporation, etc. When these mechanisms are not simulated on a small time-step 

basis, it results in inappropriate designs, which in the field either do not perform adequately or are oversized, and thus a 

waste of resources. The few continuous simulation models that do exist require extensive training and understanding of 

the base model, provide only conceptual methods for choosing and sizing BMPs, and/or apply only to fragmented 

locations and particular site conditions. These problems constitute a significant barrier to successful implementation of 

LID. The proposed tool, which will be based on results of continuous simulation, would thus improve selection of costeffective 

LID. It will also increase LID implementation through by supplying a simple, easily understood online 

application. 

The tool will allow water balance comparisons by providing volume-reduction design curves based on EPA’s SWMM 5. 

Climate data for approximately 15 regions representing most climatic zones of California will be imported into the 

model, and used to develop pre- and post-development runoff discharge volumes for a variety of user-selected 

scenarios (soil types, BMP size, and BMP types). The results of these scenarios will be stored in a database and used to 

calculate volume reductions between the pre- and post-development conditions. The resulting volume reductions will 

be presented as tables and charts that can be used for preliminary selection of the best-performing BMP configuration. 

LID BMPS that will be modeled include vegetated strips and swales, bioretention facilities, earthen filters, infiltration 

trenches and basins, porous pavement, and detention basins. 

Finalizing selection of BMPs involves accounting for factors beyond design and performance such as safety, costs, and 

maintenance. The website will reference the California Stormwater Quality Association’s LID portal and the LID Center’s 

website to direct users to consider safety factors, capital and operational costs, maintenance requirements, life span, 

and other pertinent information specific to various BMP types. The project will include development of a user manual to 

document how the tool was developed and instruct practitioners on its use. The tool will be hosted on OWP’s website 

for easy access. 

The SWRCB has approved the grant funding and the formal agreement is scheduled to be executed in January 2013, with 

the tool completed toward the end of that year. 

451

6482 

Sustainable, Cost-Effective Green Initiative Design for Stormwater Quantity and Quality Treatment 

Chris French, Filterra Bioretention Systems 

11352 Virginia Precast Road, Ashland, VA 23060 

Phone: 804-752-1427 Fax: 651-644-8894 

cfrench@filterra.com 

The Filterra ® BioPave Stormwater Management System is a Green Initiative design based on two proven methods that 

when paired together can handle both quality and quantity through at least Q10. The Filterra BioPave Stormwater 

Management System incorporates stormwater detention, storage, conveyance, infiltration and bioretention quality 

treatment into a wearing surface for light and heavy duty vehicular traffic. This system uses exclusive components of 

permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), stone aggregate, soil stabilization grid and Filterra Bioretention Systems 

to create a wearing surface that fully detains, conveys and treats up through Q10 storm events. This system can 

eliminate quantity conveyance systems and offers unprecedented stormwater quality treatment (100% of Q10 storm 

event) within a functional wearing surface such as a parking lot. PICP conveys stormwater runoff to underlying stone 

detention, allowing maximum infiltration according to the site conditions. Detained runoff not infiltrated is treated by 

Filterra Bioretention Systems, providing full treatment through at least the Q10 storm event. Because this detention 

system is fully drained by Filterra in less than 24 hours, the mechanical integrity of the wearing surface is maintained. 

This presentation will illustrate how the Filterra BioPave Stormwater Management System can be sized in accordance 

with the new stormwater management regulations for Virginia, with presentation of preliminary results of hydrologic 

performance for actual storm events. Design details will include how to design a pavement typical section for 

mechanical integrity and strength, based on equivalent single axle loads (ESAL's) and the bearing capacity of underlying 

soils. Also, how to design the stone reservoir for stormwater storage and infiltration benefits on your site. Construction 

methods and life cycle costs will also be addressed along with the design approaches. Concerns regarding maintenance 

responsibilities for PICP and other important considerations for a parking lot owner or designer will be addressed. 

452

6492 

Characterization of the Rainfall-Runoff Response of an Urban Combined Sewer Catchment Using Observed and 

Analytical Methods 

Scott Jeffers – Drexel University 

3141 Chestnur St 

610 937 7459 

smj46@drexel.edu 


3141 Chestnut St 

201 362 1258 

Fam26@drexel.edu 

In this study, hydrologic and hydraulic observations were made in two catch-basins and a manhole at the end of a two 

hectare urban combined sewer catchments in Bronx, New York City over the course of nine months. These 

measurements included 28 rain-events that were used to characterize the rainfall-runoff response and combined sewer 

flow in the collection system. The observations were used to assess the ability with which standard hydraulic and 

hydrologic methods can predict the actual rainfall- runoff response of this particular urban catchment. The analytical 

method assessed in this study is listed in the Technical Release 55 (TR-55), a manual for developed by the Soil 

Conservation Service (SCS) for urban stormwater analysis and design. These methods currently have popular usage by 

municipality stormwater code and practicing engineers and included the following: the SCS Curve Number Runoff 

Method, Rational Method for peak flow, and analysis of lag-to-peak time between peak rainfall intensity and peak sewer 

flow. The results of this study show a strong regression correlation (R 2 = 0.95) for the Curve Number method, and a 

weaker correlation for the Rational Method (R 2 = 0.60) and the lag-to-peak analysis (R 2 = 0.69). Observed deviations 

from each model may be the result of rainfall variability and antecedent moisture conditions. 

453

6494 

Town & Country, Mo Stormwater Program and Projects 

Josiah Holst – Hr Green, Inc. 

16020 Swingley Ridge Road 

636-812-4207/636-519-0996 

Jholst@Hrgreen.Com 

In 2010, the City of Town & Country (City) adopted a policy and an associated ongoing program to alleviate drainage problems 

that have a detrimental effect on both the public infrastructure and private properties. The program is funded from portions 

of the ½ cent sales tax collected for Parks and Storm Water Improvements. Since the inception of the stormwater program, 

the Director of Public Works (Director) has identified 43 projects for consideration to be included in the program. For those 

43 projects, HR Green was selected as the primary engineering consultant and has assisted the Director in developing a 

preliminary Scope of Work for each project, completing a Location Benefit Indication (LBI) form for each affected property, 

and an Opinion of Probable Construction Cost (OPC) for each project, from which a cost to benefit ratio was derived. OPCs 

range from $30,000 to $425,000, totaling approximately $6.4-million. The number of properties affected ranges from one to 

more than twenty, totaling over 200 properties. The scopes of work range from alleviating surface erosion to the construction 

of piped conveyance to the stabilization of urbanized open drainage channels to detention and water quality related projects. 

The Director, with assistance from HR Green, presents the project scopes of work, LBIs and OPCs to the City’s Public Works 

and Storm Water Commission (Commission) in sessions open to the public. All stakeholders, particularly the affected property 

owners, are encouraged to attend and participate in the open session. Projects adopted by the Commission are ranked with 

the highest priority given to those with the lowest cost to benefit ratio. Projects are inserted into the ranking system based 

solely on the calculated ratio regardless of the order of identification. 

The Commission presents the program to the City’s Board of Alderman (Board) in the form of a five year implementation plan 

as a part of the City’s annual budgeting process. The target year for construction of the highest to lowest ranked projects is 

derived by comparing project cumulative OPC’s to the schedule of anticipated funding that should be available from the Parks 

and Storm Water Improvement Tax. It is intended for the program to be re-evaluated by the Commission on a regular basis 

and re-presented to the Board as new projects are identified and included in the program. 

Subsequent to program implementation by the City, HR Green has designed the improvements and prepared plans, 

specifications and estimates (EPS&E’s) for the first four projects with the highest priority. These projects include bank 

stabilization and storm sewer design. In addition, HR Green has assisted the Director with the procurement of construction 

bids and with the awarding of construction contracts. OPCs for these projects total approximately $800,000. 

In summary, the program consists of the following five stages to complete design and bidding of the projects(s), followed by 

construction. 

1. Pre-Design ~ Assist the Director with data gathering, problem definitions, LBI’s, OPC’s, cost to benefit calculations, 

and a presentation to the Commission. 

2. Design Development ~ Land Surveying, Geotechnical Investigation and EPS&E preparation. This stage includes review 

by regulatory agencies and utility service providers and a public "Open House". 

3. Construction Documents ~ Finalize EPS&E and property rights acquisition documents. 

4. Design Completion ~ Complete EPS&E’s including the incorporation of property rights agreements. 

5. Construction Bidding ~ Assist the Director with the bidding and the award of a construction contract. 

454

6499 

Thermal Effects of Different Mediterranean Tree Species According to Their Physical Characteristics 

Lizeth Rodrigez Potes – ABC Laboratory - Architecture School of Marseille 

184 Avenue De Luminy 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France 

+33-491827147 

Licirodriguez@Yahoo.Com 

Marc Andre Dabat – ABC Laboratory - Architecture School of Marseille 

Dabat@Marseille.Archi.Fr 

Stephane Hanrot - Architecture School of Marseille 

stephane.hanrot@marseille.archi.fr 

Urban design presupposes not only a theoretical knowledge of climatic conditions and the impact of landscape features 

on the microclimate, but also the application of this knowledge to create microclimates that are comfortable for people 

and minimize the use of energy in buildings. To achieve these objectives, the trees are natural means: they can cool the 

hot air through evapotranspiration, provide shade on the floor and walls during the summer and control the wind speed. 

This study is part of a doctoral thesis on the thermal environment in urban green areas in a Mediterranean climate. The 

purpose of this paper is to show how urban spaces are subjected to thermal influences of planting trees. It is based on 

microclimatic measurements in summer under several species of trees in Marseille city in France. The population of this 

study is deciduous trees of the Mediterranean region, adults, in good health, with a size between 10-25m: Aesculus 

hippocastum, Sophora japonica, Tillia tomentosa, Celtis australis, Fraxinus Americana, Poplus alba and Gleditsia 

triacanthos. 

The measurements were made in the Botanical Garden of Marseille with the use of five logger thermohygrometers, 

each one under the foliage of each tree at 1.5m from the ground to measure the temperature and relative humidity air. 

A multifunction thermohygrometer was also used to collect air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in a 

reference point close to the zone of the measured trees (radius between 50 and 100 ms max) and under a mineralized 

shade. The analyze focus in the effects of trees on cooling the air temperature, according to their characteristics: the 

percentage of leaves, the dimensions of the crown, trunk and leaves. 

The results of this research can be used in the methodologies for selecting tree species to plant in urban projects, taking 

into account the thermal comfort of users and the thermal effects of trees on microclimate in order to reduce effects of 

heat island and energy consumption during the summer. They also can be implemented to fight against global warming. 

455

6500 

A Collaborative Transdiciplinary Approach to Urban Stormwater 

Amanda Rockler – University of Maryland 

University of Maryland, Montgomery County Office 

18400 Muncaster Rd 


240-393-8346 


Victoria Chanse – University of Maryland 

Dept. of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture 

2136 Plant Sciences Building 

College Park, MD 20742 

301-405-4345 

vchanse@umd.edu 

Paul Leisnham- University of Maryland 

Department of Environmental Science & Technology 

1443 Animal Sciences (Bldg 142) 

College Park, Maryland 20742 

301-314-9023 

leisnham@umd.edu 

The collaborative transdisciplinary approach to environmental issues, using Community Based Participatory Research 

(CBPR) principles, has been shown to complement local regulations to promote more responsive and effective 

environmental management (Owens, 2000; Margerum, 2008). Despite this information we still have a poor scientific and 

practical understanding of this approach in shaping stormwater management within urban watersheds (Kootz and 

Moore Johnson, 2004). 

The integration of CBPR with a cutting edge Diagnostic Decision Support Tool (DDSS) is an innovative transdisciplinary 

approach to improve urban stormwater conditions (quantity and quality) by increasing Best Management Practice (BMP) 

adoption, specifically on targeted hotspots. The DDSS currently under development will calibrate and validate target hot 

spots, prescribe appropriate BMPs for them, and map the level of change in social factors, attitudes and behaviors 

(adoption barriers) needed for adoption. 

Various social science tools, including semi-structured interviews, PhotoVoice, economic assessments, and surveys of 

residents from two diverse and contrasting watersheds in Maryland and the District of Columbia that drain to the 

Chesapeake Bay were used to explore BMP adoption barriers. 

CBPR instruments, including Watershed Steward Academies (WSA) a train-the-trainer program, social marketing and 

education programs, and technology transfer, are being applied in cooperative partnership with three state agencies 

and five well-established grassroots and community associations active in the study watersheds to lower BMP adoption 

thresholds and implement prescribed BMPs in hot spots. 

456

6501 

Restoring the Environment and Creating Green Jobs 

Amanda Rockler – University of Maryland 

University of Maryland, Montgomery County Office 

18400 Muncaster Rd 


240-393-8346 


Local governments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are currently engaged in the development of Watershed 

Implementation Plans (WIPs) to address state-wide Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) and regulations to improve 

water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. In urban and suburban settings, these plans must address nitrogen, suspended 

sediments and phosphorous pollution coming from stormwater runoff flowing from impervious surfaces. Low Impact 

Development (LID) practices such as rain gardens provide a low cost, non-structural method to trap this runoff, filtering 

it into the soil, and thus decreasing the volume of water running into our streams during storm events. According to the 

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System Discharge Permit, Howard 

County is required to control 20% of currently untreated acres within a five-year timeframe. In the midst of increasing 

water quality and quantity requirements, the economic recession has created difficult employment conditions. 

Although unemployment affects all demographics, young people can be especially impacted. There are also few 

opportunities for young adults to earn money for education and/or acquire job skills to succeed in today’s competitive 

job market. In an effort to accelerate the implementation of stormwater controls in a stagnant economy with high 

unemployment, the Restoring the Environment and Developing Youth (READY) program was created. 

Launched as a pilot program in 2012, the READY program created 31 green jobs for young adults, and put them for 8 

weeks to work building rain gardens and conservation landscapes. In its first year, the READY program implemented 31 

rain gardens and conservation landscapes and treated nearly 200,000 square feet of impervious surfaces. READY also 

demonstrated effective collaboration between Howard County and multiple non-profit and academic organizations: the 

Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, People Acting Together in Howard (PATH), the Parks and People Foundation, and the 

University of Maryland. The pilot program was deemed a major success in Maryland and has been fully funded by 

Howard County for 2013. Expansion of the program will include implementation of more rain gardens and conservation 

landscapes, development of a comprehensive maintenance and inspection plan for LID practices, and extensive 

residential outreach to meet increasing demands of installing LID practices on private property. 

457

6511 

Determination of Design Objectives to Achieve Low Impact Development Stormwater Management 

Reeho Kim- Korea Institute of Construction Technology 

283, Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Korea 

+82-10-8962-9382/+82-31-910-0291 

rhkim@kict.re.kr 

Jungsoo Mun - Research & Development Institute, LOTTE E&C 

104 Wonhyoro 1(il)-ga Yongsan-Gu, Seoul, 140-846 Korea 

+82-10-8143-7383/+82-2-3483-7899 

Jsmun21@gmail.com 

Jongbin Park- Korea Institute of Construction Technology 


+82-10-8962-9382/+82-31-910-0291 


Low Impact Development (LID), which is a new approach in stormwater management, is urgent to address those water 

related problems and supplement the limitations of existed water management system. It should have functions to 

restore water and heat cycles in urban areas, that is, to restore hydrological cycle by promoting infiltration and 

evaporation, to secure water resources, to alleviate heat island phenomena, to prevent urban flood, and to conserve 

and restore the ecosystem. However, the comprehensive design objective to realize integrated LID measures is still 

needed. In this study, the procedure to determine design objective are suggested based on percentile rainfall analysis 

and land use. And the design objectives are presented for several cities in South Korea. The rainfall depth per event 

correspond to 80th and 90th percentile rainfall in the cities is calculated from 25.5 to 34 mm and from 38.5 to 60.5, 

respectively. We suggested design objective of South Korea as 90th percentile rainfall, which is corresponds to average 

49.4mm of rainfall depth. In details, the design objectives are differed from each city due to its pattern of land use. 

Furthermore, multilevel design objectives instead of a single design objective are needed to optimize LID stormwater 

management considering site specific features. 

458

6513 

Field Test and Applications of LID Practices for Riparian Areas in Langfang City, China 

J.Q.Li 1 , C.Y.Guo 1 , W.Che 1 , J.L.Wang 1 , Y.Zhang 2 , Y.J.Long 2 

1 Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and 

Architecture), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044,China, PH (86) 10-68304273; FAX (86) 10-62039125; e-mail: 

jqli6711@vip.163.com 

2 Urban Planning and Environmental Design Research Center Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 

100176, China 

This field test project aimed at providing solutions to waterscape pollution of the urban riparian area in Langfang City, 

China. A series of decentralized structural measures based on Low Impact Development (LID) and Green Infrastructure 

(GI) were constructed along Dapiying Channel, including swales, seepage pits, bio-retention, vortex-settling separator 

and etc. Water quality of runoff from road, grassland and storm drains and the outflow from LID practices were 

monitored, according to which the effect of LID practices were comprehensively evaluated. 

459

6516 

Review and Prospect of Permeable Pavement in China 

J.Q. LI, H.B. YAO, Y.W. Gong, S.S. Wang 

Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beijing University of Civil Engineering and 

Architecture), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China, PH (86) 10-68304273; FAX (86) 10-62039125; e-mail: 

jqli6711@vip.163.com 

With issues of urban flooding and hydrology highlight, the Chinese government pays more and more attention to the 

permeable pavement applications, and strongly advocates the sidewalk, park roads, district roads, squares and parking 

lots with permeable pavement. The current provision in norms and Standard drawings of permeable pavement of China 

was introduced, including materials, design and construction, and then the application effects such as public satisfaction, 

runoff reduction effect and so on were analyzed. In addition, the existing problems in the application of permeable 

pavement in China were summarized, such as blockage, anti-freeze-thaw durability. 

460

6519 

Policy on Low Impact Development in South Korea 

Reeho Kim- Korea Institute of Construction Technology 


+82-10-8962-9382/+82-31-910-0291 


Jongbin Park- Korea Institute of Construction Technology 


+82-10-8962-9382/+82-31-910-0291 

bbin63@naver.com 

Low impact development(LID), as defined by Washington State University’s Puget Sound Action Team, “is a stormwater 

management strategy that emphasizes conservation and the use of existing natural site features integrated with 

distributed, small-scale stormwater controls to more closely mimic natural hydrologic patterns in residential, 

commercial and industrial settings.” Low impact development takes a very different approach to water management as 

compared to conventional stormwater strategies. Green growth is a policy focus for Korean government, which 

emphasizes environmentally sustainable economic progress to foster low-carbon, socially inclusive development. It 

implies the conversion to system with low carbon, high efficiency, and clean environment. Many water management 

laws in South Korea have been enacted for last half-century. 

Basic laws for water management were established from 1960 to 1970 such as Water supply and waterworks installation 

Act, Sewerage Act and Environmental protection Law. The 1980s is the times of development of stable water resources. 

Groundwater act and law for the preservation of water quality are established in 1990s, when it is the times of 

occurrence of water pollution accident. In the 2000s, many laws to flood protection, social amenity and environmental 

protection were enacted for balance of development and environment. Obligation of rainwater harvesting system in 

large-scale buildings was included in “Water supply and waterworks installation act” enacted by the ministry of 

environment in September 2001 year. The National Emergency Management Agency had a law entitled 

“Countermeasures against natural disasters acts” which was enacted in July 2004 year, and is working on the projects 

for rainwater storage and infiltration. After 2008 year, many laws are enacting to develop to water cycle city is in South 

Korea. The ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs established “Guidelines on urban planning for low carbon 

and green growth” in July 2009 year and enacted “Special act on waterfront development” in December 2010 year. 

Thereafter, a law to promote and support water reuse, which also promotes rainwater management for supplying 

alternative water resources, was enacted in 2010 and now it is enforcing. 

Recently, Green Standard for Energy, Environmental Design is amending. Especially, water resource area in revised bill is 

consisted of sound of water cycle and efficiency of water use. 

461

6566 

Implementing a Tool to Simulate Low Impact Development BMPs Using AGWA and the Kineros2 Model 

Yoganand Korgaonkar – University of Arizona 

School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 325 Biological Sciences East, Tucson, AZ 85721 

Phone: 813-405-6171 

Email: yoganandk@email.arizona.edu 

D Phillip Guertin – University of Arizona 

School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 325 Biological Sciences East, Tucson, AZ 85721 

Phone: 520-621-1723 

Email: phil@snr.arizona.edu 

David C. Goodrich – USDA - ARS 

Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719 

Phone: 520-647-9241 

Email: dave.goodrich@ars.usda.gov 

Carl Unkrich – USDA - ARS 

Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719 

Phone: 520-647-2897 

Email: carl.unkrich@ars.usda.gov 

The objective of this study is to utilize the "Urban" component in the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS2) to 

simulate Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Low Impact Development (LID) in an urban watershed. The study will 

include the development of a spatial tool as part of the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment Tool (AGWA) to 

simulate various BMPs such as detention basins, bio retention cells, pervious surfaces, high density development and 

water harvesting in an urban watershed. The tool will allow users to design and place BMPs in a watershed and 

subsequently parameterize the watershed for KINEROS2. The tool will aid in assessing the impacts of LID designs during 

the planning phase of new urban development. 

AGWA is a GIS based tool that performs hydrologic analysis using existing hydrologic models. AGWA is an ArcGIS 

extension that uses existing spatial datasets in the form of digital elevation models, land cover maps, soil maps and 

weather data as inputs. These inputs are processed to prepare input parameters for hydrologic models. The simulation 

results are imported back into AGWA and displayed spatially for analyses. 

KINEROS2 is an event driven, process based model included in AGWA, that simulates runoff and erosion for small 

watersheds. It utilizes kinematic equations to simulate overland flow over rectangular planar or curvilinear hillslopes and 

channelized flows through open trapezoidal channels. In addition to the standard plane and channel components, 

KINEROS2 also has an "Urban" component which consists of up to six overland flow areas that contribute to a paved, 

crowned street with the following configurations: (1) directly connected pervious area, (2) directly connected 

impervious area, (3) indirectly connected impervious area, (4) indirectly connected pervious area, (5) connecting 

pervious area, and (6) connecting impervious area. The “Urban” component represents an abstraction of a typical 

subdivision. 

462

6572 

Application of Vortex Flow Controls to Maximize Stormwater Incentives 

Jeremy Fink – Hydro International 

94 Hutchins Drive, Portland Maine 

(207) 756-6200 

Jfink@Hydro-Int.Com 

Philip Taylor – Hydro International 

94 Hutchins Drive, Portland Maine 

(207) 756-6200 

Ptaylor@Hydro-Int.Com 

In an attempt to reduce infrastructure costs, many of the innovative stormwater utilities have created incentive 

structures based on runoff attenuation. These incentives can be maximized with vegetated BMPs in conjunction with 

flow controls and storage. This paper will examine the incentives in the Columbus, OH area as an example. The 

examples show how vortex flow controls can be more effective than orifice flow controls in attenuating peak 

stormwater flow rates and allow the system to claim the maximum incentives available. 

Stormwater fees in Columbus can amount to almost $1800/acre per year. By taking advantage of the “Peak Flow Credit 

Mechanism” owners are allowed to reduce this bill by up to 80%. However, the practicality of this reduction is typically 

limited by the minimum orifice size and the land area available for storage. In Columbus, the stormwater manual 

specifies a minimum orifice size of four inches. Although the designer may attempt to maintain shallow head levels in a 

wide storage network, a four inch orifice is not very restrictive hydraulically. It will pass high flow rates with a low head 

level, minimizing the incentive realized. 

A vortex flow control is a standard flow regulating device that creates a high hydraulic restriction while maintaining a 

large clear opening. They are used regularly in Europe and have been installed widely in Evanston, IL, Ottawa, ON and 

other cities in North America. Because the reduction in annual fees is proportional to the percent reduction of peak 

flow rates, increasing the hydraulic restriction is the best way to maximize the incentive. As an added benefit, the vortex 

flow control allows for higher water levels within the storage structure, reducing the required storage chambers and 

excavation. 

In one example modeled in HydroCAD ® , a 4-inch orifice passes 0.5 cfs at 1.2 ft of head. This water level amounts to 50% 

capacity in a storage chamber. A 4-inch vortex flow control passes less than 0.2 cfs at 1.7 ft of head, or 70% capacity of 

the storage chamber. With no additional excavation or storage media, the vortex flow control allows for a 60% 

reduction of peak flows. 

In the case of the Columbus incentive plan, this reduction could amount to a 48% savings in the stormwater bill, or 

$800/acre per year. The paper will explore this scenario in detail, as well as other case studies located in the United 

States and Europe. 

463

6594 

Living Streets: Design and Implementation Experiences 

Clifton Aichinger 



651-792-7950 

Cliff.Aichinger@Rwmwd.Org 

Fred Rozumalski 




952-832-2733 

Frozumalski@Barr.Com 

In 2009, the Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District began the preparation of a Green Streets Plan for the City of 

North St. Paul. This plan was designed to develop the benefits, design and approach for implementing a green streets 

(renamed to Living Streets by the planning task force) approach for the replacement of the city streets. All city streets 

needed new utilities and would, therefore, need reconstruction and offered a unique opportunity to narrow streets and 

incorporate stormwater treatment practices citywide. 

The City adopted the plan in 2010. Staff and consultants then selected a pilot project street for initial implementation. 

The process of design started which also included a very involved neighborhood participation process. However, that 

was met with considerable resistance and ultimately the pilot project was not recommended for implementation by the 

City Council. 

Following the cancellation of the program in North St. Paul, the District brought the concept to the City of Maplewood 

for implementation of a pilot project. The Living Streets approach was then applied to a city street project slated for 

construction in 2012. The project was approved by the City and construction was completed in the fall of 2012. 

The Living Streets design in Maplewood included the narrowing of over 2.5 miles of streets from 30 feet to 24 feet, the 

installation of 32 rain gardens, one regional filtration basin, and the planting of 155 trees. Sidewalks were also 

constructed to improve walkability in the neighborhood to schools and parks nearby. 

The poster will show images from the project along with the holistic benefits achieved. The design, costs and final results 

will also be shown on the poster. 

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Retrofitting Maplewood Mall for Stormwater Management (Poster Session) 

Tina Carstens 



651-792-7950 

Tina.Carstens@Rwmwd.Org 





952-832-2805 


In order to improve the water quality of Kohlman Lake in Maplewood, Minnesota, the Ramsey-Washington Metro 

Watershed District began discussions with the owners of Maplewood Mall (Simon Property Group) in 2008 to implement 

a four-phased (and extensive) project throughout the Maplewood Mall parking lot. Phase I consisted of large, showy 

rain gardens placed at each of the mall’s main access points from its ring road and was completed in 2010 with District 

funds. Phases II and III implemented stormwater features (rainwater gardens, Stockholm Tree Trenches for 

Management of Stormwater (STTeMS) and an iron-enhanced sand filter) in the northeast and northwest quadrants of 

the Mall, as well as the incorporation of water features and artistic elements at the Mall’s main entrance. Phases II and 

III were completed in the fall of 2012. Phase IV, the final phase, consisted of more rainwater gardens and STTeMS 

throughout the southern half of the Mall parking lot, and the incorporation of water features and artistic elements at 

the Mall’s four remaining entrances. Phase IV was completed in the fall of 2012. 

Ultimately, the project was successful in capturing approximately one inch of runoff from 90% of the Mall’s 35-acre 

parking lot through an extensive system of 55 rainwater gardens, 375 trees (200 of which are a part of the STTeMS) and 

porous paver crosswalks (located at four of the Mall’s five building entrances). The project is expected to reduce the 

parking lot’s sediment loading by at least 90% and its phosphorus load by at least 60%. Treatment efficiency will 

increase with time as the trees grow into the system. Another project success is the demonstration of the STTeMS 

technique in a large-scale retrofit project, with minimal loss of parking spaces- a key design parameter for the project. 

This poster presents the many stormwater features that were constructed for this unique and large-scale retrofit 

project, providing graphical details on the array of the project’s stormwater and other environmental benefits. 

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Web Based GIS Tools to Assess Watershed Restoration Strategies 

Hunter C. Freeman, PE 



(919) 469-3340 


Engineers and GIS developers from Withers & Ravenel have developed web based GIS tools to assist with management 

of watershed restoration planning and implementation efforts. The mapping tools use GIS data and custom worksheets 

to catalog and rank potential BMP retrofit opportunities, and then analyze the potential cumulative watershed benefits 

compared to pre-established goals. 

The tools not only aid in creating a prioritized database of potential retrofit sites, but also create a portal through which 

local stakeholders may initiate communication with local officials to further leverage public and private partnerships. To 

date, our databases have been used by Towns, Cities, and State officials to further promote improved water quality and 

document progress towards watershed restoration goals. 

This presentation will be a live demonstration of the most recent mapping tool, developed for Wilmington, NC. This atlas 

was developed as part of a larger EPA 319 grant targeting fecal coliform pollution in two urbanized watersheds. The tool 

is a critical component in implementation of the watershed restoration plan, giving City staff the ability to continually 

monitor progress towards pre-established goals as well as forecast the potential benefits of long term City watershed 

improvement initiatives. 

During the presentation we will also include case studies, technical discussion, and a summary of lessons learned during 

the development, roll out, and day to day use of the software. 

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Development of LID Spreadsheet Modeling Tool for Stormwater Management Plan Approval in North Carolina 

Hunter Freeman, P.E. 

Withers & Ravenel 



(919) 469-3340 


Withers & Ravenel will discuss their role in the development of a spreadsheet based modeling tool to assist in obtaining 

approval for Low Impact Development (LID) stormwater management plans in North Carolina. The project was a 

collaborative effort between the North Carolina Coastal Federation (NCCF), Withers & Ravenel, and the North Carolina 

Division of Water Quality. 

As a design engineer for land development projects, Withers & Ravenel has been directly involved with the ever 

changing stormwater management practices in North Carolina. LID practices are one means to achieve high water 

quality standards, but until recently, it had been the responsibility of local governments to develop permitting standards 

for green projects. Under an EPA 319 grant, the project stakeholders will develop a calculation tool to quantify the 

cumulative benefit of structural and non-structural LID practices in a manner consistent with current statewide 

stormwater regulations. As lead engineer, Withers & Ravenel will work with the NCCF and NCDWQ to tailor the 

spreadsheet tool to meet a variety of watershed specific regulations that currently exist across the state. As design 

engineers, we are able to combine the needs of the regulators with the engineering data entry, resulting in a 

spreadsheet tool which can be used not only by engineers for site design but also by reviewers for plan approval. 

The spreadsheet is an extension of a permitting tool currently used by multiple coastal jurisdictions in North Carolina. 

The spreadsheet tool helps bridge the gap between traditional stormwater design philosophies and LID based 

stormwater designs. The original spreadsheet tool was developed to provide an easy to use format to quantify the 

cumulative effect of lot by lot BMPs on flow rates and water quality for all types of development and re-development. 

The resulting calculations are used to determine compliance with state water quality regulations and local flood 

protection rules. 

The spreadsheet tool transforms the previously perceived qualitative LID concept into a quantitative engineered 

solution to stormwater management that addresses stormwater quality and quantity. This concise engineered approach 

will lead to a reduction in paperwork and abbreviated design and review times, as well as expedite the use of green 

techniques across the entire state. 

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LID for San Antonio: Development of the Bexar Regional Watershed Management LID Design Manual 

Aarin Teague – San Antonio River Authority 

600 E. Euclid, San Antonio TX 78283 

Phone: 210.227.1373, Fax: 210.858.0265 

ateague@sara-tx.org 

Karen Bishop – San Antonio River Authority 


Phone: 210.227.1373, Fax: 210.858.0265 

kbishop@sara-tx.org 

Jason Wright – Tetra Tech 

One Park Drive, Suite 200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 

Phone: 919-485-2064, Fax: 919-485-8280 

jason.wright@tetratech.com. 

Steve Carter – Tetra Tech 


Phone: 858.268.5746, Fax: 858.268.5809 

steve.carter@tetratech.com. 

Russell Persyn – San Antonio River Authority 


Phone: 210.227.1373, Fax: 210.858.0265 

rpersyn@sara-tx.org 

The San Antonio River Authority (SARA) has promoted the implementation and use of LID stormwater management techniques 

through many different initiatives. SARA recognizes the important role that LID will play in stormwater program management and 

master planning to meet program objectives and regulatory requirements. To adequately contribute to the protection of local water 

resources, structural BMPs must be designed and maintained to a manageable and effective standard. To meet this need, SARA, 

working through the Bexar Regional Watershed Management (BRWM) consortium, developed a LID Design Manual to provide clear, 

unambiguous design guidance that is fully consistent with applicable regulations customized to the unique conditions in the San 

Antonio region. To provide this guidance the manual accomplishes four main goals: provides relevant examples of the BMP design 

process, creates a BMP selection matrix to guide decision making on choosing the appropriate BMPs best suited for the San Antonio 

area, provides technical design guidance for multiple BMP types, and details how new and infill development might be reviewed and 

permitted using the LID Design Manual in lieu of the traditional designs using the current Unified Development Code. 

In addition to design guidance, the manual outlines the special stormwater considerations unique to the local setting, summarizes 

performance criteria, and provides resources for site planning, construction oversight, and operation and maintenance of BMPs in 

public and private projects. Considerable effort was made to seek and incorporate not only all BRWM member agencies’ input but 

also private and not-for-profit environmental entities’ input into reviewing planning documents, design standards, and ordinances 

developed for the City of San Antonio and the surrounding region. Performance criteria were established tailored to help SARA and 

the San Antonio region meet water quality targets and planning goals, including existing or future Total Maximum Daily Loads. 

Without the regulatory drivers for LID in San Antonio, incentives are vitally important for LID implementation. The LID Design 

Manual highlights incentives and multiple benefits of LID to promote implementation, as well as provide placeholders for future 

efforts for potential quantification of these benefits based on Triple Bottom Line procedures. The manual ultimately provides 

engineers, landscape architects, architects, and plan checkers in San Antonio with a step by step design process and a set of simple 

tools, including electronic drawing design templates and details that can be integrated directly into a plan set, to help meet 

requirements for implementing LID into public and private projects. 

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6613 

The RWMWD Experience – Building for Zero Runoff 

Julie Vigness-Pint 


2665 Noel Drive 

Little Canada, MN 55117 

Phone: 651-792-7950 

Email: Julie@Rwmwd.Org 

Eric Korte 


2665 Noel Drive 

Little Canada, MN 55117 

Phone: 651-792-7950 

Email: Julie@Rwmwd.Org 

Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District is a local unit of government on the east side of the Twin Cities. When 

the District needed to find new office space many options were considered but ultimately it was decided to build a new 

building on a site that could accomplish many goals. Construction of the building was completed in the fall of 2005. The 

planning of this building and site serves as a demonstration of green building techniques and commercial site 

stormwater runoff best management practices (BMPs). One of the original goals of the project was to build a project 

that result in zero runoff for up to a 2 inch rain event through infiltration BMPs. 

The zero runoff goal is achieved through the use of several stormwater BMPs including rain gardens, a pervious asphalt 

parking lot, a green roof on the garage, rain barrels, and native vegetation planting. The site also includes rain gardens 

that take runoff from the adjacent public street. The building green features include daylighting, energy efficient 

heating and air conditioning, efficient lighting, recycled and recyclable materials and office furniture. 

The presentation will include an overview and photos of the planning and construction process for the building and 

landscape as well as lessons learned. Over 7 years of monitoring data on all the BMPs will also be presented. 

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6619 

Green Infrastructure Implementation for Alley Enhancement: Elmer Avenue Neighborhood Retrofit Project Continued 

Eileen Alduenda – Council for Watershed Health 

700 N. Alameda St., Los Angeles, CA 90012 

213-229-9959 

eileen@watershedhealth.org 

Kristy Morris – Council for Watershed Health 


213-229-9960 

kristy@watershedhealth.org 

Nancy L.C. Steele – Council for Watershed Health 


213-229-9950 

nancy@watershedhealth.org 

Jason Wright – Tetra Tech 


858-268-5746 


Mauricio Aregente 

3475 E. Foothill Boulevard, Suite 300, Pasadena, CA 91107 

805-542-9052 

mauricio.argente@tetratech.com 

As water quality and water supply issues become more and more of a challenge in Los Angeles, innovative projects that 

can provide multiple integrated water resources solutions to both improve water quality and recharge groundwater will 

be imperative. Water quality objectives set by the EPA and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board cannot 

be met by centralized BMPs alone requiring the implementation of multiple distributed or decentralized projects 

throughout the Los Angeles area incorporating public right-of-ways as well as private parcels, similar to Phase I of the 

Elmer Avenue Neighborhood Retrofit Project. For an extensive distributed BMP program of this type to be successful a 

multi-discipline approach that considers all of the factors of the design beyond typical engineering design concepts 

including institutional barriers, existing development rules, stormwater regulations, groundwater management, cost and 

funding, and education and awareness will be necessary. The Council for Watershed Health incorporated this multidisciplined 

approach in the design for Phase II of the Elmer Avenue Neighborhood Retrofit Project, applying green 

infrastructure concepts to the retrofit of an alley at the end of Elmer avenue, that both beatified and enhanced the 

aesthetics of the alley while providing for water quality and quantity treatment. The design involved multiple BMPs 

including a bioswale with native vegetation and pervious concrete to reduce pollutant loads and enhance infiltration 

using multiple integrated water resource solutions to benefit water quality goals while addressing water supply issues 

through ground water recharge. The design included a full analysis of multiple BMP configurations to optimize 

implementation costs versus treatment. An extensive community outreach project was crucial to the success of the 

project including multiple outreach events incorporating surveys and an “open house” in the paseo giving the residents 

a chance to discuss the goals and design elements with the Council for Watershed Health staff and the design team. 

Feedback from the residents was documented and incorporated into multiple aspects of the design including features 

such as green walls, murals, pervious concrete, benches, and lighting. 

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6620 

Investigation of Insecticide Leaching and Transport from Potted Nursery Stock 

Jason Vogel, Ph.D., P.E. – Oklahoma State University 

Oklahoma State University 

218 Agricultural Hall 

Stillwater, OK 74078 

405-744-7532 

jason.vogel@okstate.edu 

Grant Graves – Oklahoma State University 




580-371-1747 

grant.graves@okstate.edu 

Jason Belden, Ph.D. – Oklahoma State University 




405-744-1718 

jbelden@okstate.edu 

Eric Rebek, Ph.D. – Oklahoma State University 


Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology 


405-744-4846 

eric.rebek@okstate.edu 

Nurseries within the USDA red imported fire ant quarantine zone are required to apply insecticides to their nursery pots to 

prevent migration of fire ants. A synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, is commonly incorporated in potting media to 

prevent the spread of red imported fire ants when transporting potted plants from nurseries and greenhouses within the 

quarantine zone. Nurseries adjacent to streams and lakes have recently been detecting potentially toxic concentrations of 

insecticides in nearby receiving waters. Management techniques may be able to limit the amount of insecticide that 

ultimately leaches from pots and is transported to receiving water bodies in runoff from both storms and daily irrigation. 

Bifenthrin has a strong affinity to soil and may be able to be removed from the environment with sufficient best management 

practices such as bioretention cells and wetlands. 

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the fate of bifenthrin in a controlled nursery application to better establish best 

management practices for red imported fire ants and reduce the environmental impacts of pyrethroid pesticides across the 

quarantine zone. In this study, occurrence of soil incorporated bifenthrin and fipronil in simulated nursery runoff/discharge 

was compared in various irrigation strategies and pot production systems in a laboratory setting. Fipronil was added to 

evaluate alternative methods and to contrast bifenthrin. Concentrations of the pesticides through the media were 

determined from a pore volume analysis using a stainless steel column with a constant water head. Rootmaker ® planter pots 

are often used in nurseries because of their unique patented root growing system. These vented pots were compared to 

typical slick-walled 3-gallon planter pots for bifenthrin and fipronil leaching from the pots for a 14-day irrigation period. 

Overhead and drip irrigation systems were also compared with the two pot types for leachability. Additionally, irrigation and 

pot-type comparisons were used for a field simulation of production strategies for a 14-day period. Determining the amount 

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of compost in bioretention cell media may improve removal efficiencies. Column studies on bioretention cell target medias 

were performed to simulate fate of insecticides infiltrating into a bioretention cell. 

472

6628 

The Osorb® Stormwater System Revolution: 

Nsf and Fielded Results 

Stephen Spoonamore – ABS Materials, Inc. 

1909 Old Mansfield Road, Wooster, OH 44691 

(330) 234-7999 

S.Spoonamore@Absmaterials.Com 

Hanbae Yang, Ph.D. – ABS Materials, Inc. 

1909 Old Mansfield Road, Wooster, OH 44691 

(330) 234-7999 

H.Yang@Absmaterials.Com 

ABSMaterials, Inc. has developed a series of flexibly constructed, animated organosilica materials that have been nanoengineered 

to bind anthropogenic contaminants such as oil, pesticides, and pharmaceutical products, commercially 

available as Osorb®. Under the technical leadership of Dr. Hanbae Yang, the company has refined a composite material 

of Osorb and nano-metals that captures and chemically reduces thousands of volatile organic compounds. The effect on 

water quality is orders of magnitude improvements. The material has been demonstrated through NSF-funded research 

to be durable, stable, non-toxic, and easy to implement. 

BioMix-Osorb® soil media has been proven to remove and remediate BTEX, biocides, pharmaceutical products, solvents, 

dyes, pesticides, and numerous fatty acids and phenols. 

The company has been awarded SBIR grants from the National Science Foundation and now has three years of detailed 

data on the impact at sites including 17-acre, heavy industrial campus locations, college parking lots, drill pad sites for oil 

and gas production, and Midwestern agricultural runoff. 

BioMix-Osorb distributed stormwater treatment systems have recently been selected for complete academic campus 

rebuild locations, including the College of Wooster, Ursuline College, Baldwin Wallace University, and McPherson 

College. BioMix-Osorb has now been specified for usage in several hospital complexes to capture and destroy 

pharmaceutical compounds, biocides, and endocrine disruptors. 

The presenters will examine the science behind this innovation and provide information about baseline effects and 

resulting improvements on water quality at three locations that are part of the National Science Foundation-funded 

research: 1) a side-by-side Osorb-enabled system and control system at the College of Wooster campus, 2) a retrofit and 

upgrade at a 17-acre 1968 industrial facility still in use today with extensive legacy issues of fuels, halons, and 

fluorinated and chlorinated compounds, and 3) a large, new build for a hospital parking facility at the Cleveland Clinic. 

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6630 

Tracking Maintenance of LID Practices Using Geospatial Information Technology 

Rod Frederick – Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. 

3601 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria, VA 22304 

703-960-8800 

Refrederick@Mbakercorp.Com 

Linda Blankenshp - Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. 

3601 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria, VA 22304 

703-317-3262 

Linda.Blankenship@Mbakercorp.Com 

Steven Gartner – Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. 

Chicago, IL 

312-575-3902 

Sgartner@Mbakercorp.Com 

In 2004, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) was tasked with being the primary 

organization responsible for ensuring small streams within Cook County were free from obstructions and debris. With 

approximately 1,400 miles of waterways to manage in a County that ranks second largest in the country by population, 

this is no small task. In 2006, the District established the Small Streams Maintenance Program (SSMP). In 2011, MWRD 

contracted Michael Baker to build an enterprise online solution that would utilize GIS and GPS capabilities in order to 

streamline business workflows, enhance reporting and analysis capabilities and improve communication and 

coordination between not only internal District staff but the community and surrounding government agencies. 

This poster describes a maintenance and management application developed for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation 

District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) for stream blockages which also has potential to be useful for tracking 

maintenance of LID practices. This application monitors the problems and locations, and handles assignment of 

inspections and associated maintenance work orders. The majority of the application is accessible using an ordinary 

web browser. Smart phones and other mobile devices can take pictures of problems which can be sent directly to 

maintenance managers. Problems can be identified by the general public and routine inspections. A Geographic 

Information System (GIS) is incorporated into the system allowing for creation of dynamic mapping of the locations and 

problem visualization for prioritizing maintenance requests and work orders. The application can be used to create 

summary reports on quantities of debris removed, type of work performed, costs, streams affected, and more. This 

application is a free and open-source alternative to commercial off-the-shelf products. 

The District now has a complete, integrated geospatial solution to more effectively monitor reported debris and 

blockage locations as well as handling the assignment of inspections and management of associated work orders. Since 

a large part of managing waterways is performed out in the field, the new small streams management system was built 

to be device independent allowing multiple inputs to the system including, iPhone and Android smart phone devices. By 

taking a picture using a smart phone, a technician performing an inspection can quickly provide a picture of a blockage 

and at the same time log its location via GPS thus allowing a manager back in the office the ability to view and analyze it 

in real time. Incorporating GIS into the application technology stack not only provides staff the ability to quickly visualize 

problem areas and prioritize requests but also provides expanded reporting capabilities. Managers using the system are 

able to create dynamic maps and summary reports in relation to quantity of debris removed and/or costs incurred using 

any number of criteria such as type of work performed, labor/equipment involved, date range and associated stream or 

geographic area. 

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The poster will also include examples of how applications for stream blockages can be used for other LID Practices. 

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6636 

Providing Stormwater Solutions to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLs. How Does LID Fit In What Are the Best 

Uses for LID Practices 

Brian C Lowther, PE 

Brian.lowther@aewsengineering.com 

919-900-4109 

The purpose of this study is to summarize the ways in which Low Impact Development (LID) practices can be used to 

meet Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) and water quality standards for MS4 and Industrial NPDES permittees. The 

study also addresses how these concepts have been applied in meeting recent TMDLs and permit requirements. 

AEWS is an engineering firm that helps municipalities meet water quality standards and TMDLs for their receiving 

waters. To do this effectively we must review and evaluate a broad class of stormwater BMPs and control measures. LID 

is becoming an increasingly popular approach to manage stormwater runoff and our focus is to identify LID solutions 

that have been used to successfully manage and treat polluted stormwater. Stormwater control measures that meet 

water quality standards or TMDLs include source and treatment control BMPs. These controls may be either structural 

or non-structural BMPs. Proprietary BMPs may be needed to treat certain pollutants such as heavy metals, pathogens, 

and hydrocarbons. Stormwater solutions are considered based on the following: pollutant, location, and cost. 

Recently some NPDES MS4 permits are requiring permittees to incorporate LID practices to meet water quality 

standards and TMDLs. NPDES industrial permits require permittees to manage their stormwater discharges to meet 

benchmarks or action levels. Our study looks into TMDLs, NPDES Permits, and current projects to determine the 

advantages and disadvantages of using LID to meet Water Quality Standards and WLA. 

LID is effective at meeting Water Quality Standards and TMDLs for many reasons. LID practices such as infiltration, subsurface 

infiltration, and water collection help reduce stormwater runoff loads, erosion, and help meet TMDL pollutant 

loadings. Many impaired waters have degraded habitats and/or impaired biological communities from changes to 

natural hydrology related to development. Development usually incorporates additional impervious surfaces and 

therefore increases stormwater volumes and velocities, which are highly erosive and degrade stream and lake habitats. 

Some TMDLs use impervious surfaces as surrogates for other stormwater pollutants. For these TMDLs, LID will help 

mitigate the effects of increased impervious surfaces. For other pollutants, the link between LID and compliance with 

regulatory standards is not so clear. LID has potential to treat and reduce typical stormwater pollutants in TMDLs or 

pollutants that cause water body impairments. These pollutants include metals, sediment, pathogens, and nutrients. LID 

can be used to manage stormwater in order to reduce pollutant inputs and help restore and maintain natural watershed 

hydrology. Because LID is focused on infiltrating stormwater, pollutant removal rates can be very high. Also, LID can be 

used as part of an integrated plan with traditional BMPs to decrease the volume that needs to be controlled. 

The trend in many NPDES permits is to require LID to help meet standards. This is happening more frequently 

throughout the nation such as with the new Los Angeles County-wide MS4 permit. The Los Angeles County permittees 

that implement a watershed management program must demonstrate that they have a LID ordinance in place as well as 

LID design principles, LID strategies and LID control BMPs. 

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While LID will help to meet TMDLs and water quality standards, there are many limitations that effect when it can be 

used. For example, not all soil types allow enough infiltration for certain LID practices and high groundwater tables 

prohibit adequate treatment depth. Additionally, there are regulatory issues regarding reuse of stormwater. LID 

practices can be difficult for retrofit sites because of space constraints. For Industrial site application, some stormwater 

pollutants should not be infiltrated or stored within BMPs without further treatment. In these instances, LID may be 

used in part, but more traditional stormwater controls may be needed. 

Our presentation will include an analysis on specific LID practices at different sites and their pollutant load reductions to 

meet TMDL WLA/LAs or water quality standards. The goal of this study will be to greater describe and quantify how LID 

can be applied to meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLs. This study is currently in progress based on our current 

work, research, and project experience. 

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6658 

Integrating Stormwater Management and Form-Based Codes in Dublin, OH 

Anne M. Thomas - Tetra Tech 

1395 Bear Mountain Dr. #96, Boulder, CO 80305 

517-394-8612 

anne.thomas@tetratech.com 

Juli Beth Hinds – Birchline Planning LLC 

12664 Carmel Country Road #70, San Diego, CA 92130 

802-324-5760 

birchlineplanningllc@gmail.com 

Dan P. Christian – Tetra Tech 

1921 E. Miller Road, Suite A, Lansing, MI 48911 

517-394-8615 

dan.christian@tetratech.com 

Kristin K. Yorko – City of Dublin, Ohio 

5800 Shier Rings Road, Dublin, OH 43016 

614-410-4657 

kyorko@dublin.oh.us 

Barbara A, Cox – City of Dublin, Ohio 

5800 Shier Rings Road, Dublin, OH 43016 

614-410-4641 

bcox@dublin.oh.us 

Background 

Dublin, Ohio is grappling with an issue that is drawing the attention of the highest levels of the US EPA, Congress for 

New Urbanism, and others: How can communities create vibrant, walkable, mixed-use districts while protecting water 

quality, given the conflict between a dense built environment and stormwater pollution In particular, Dublin faces the 

challenge of integrating its well-developed water quality standards with its new form-based coding. The focus on 

building envelope and type in form-based codes, and especially the need to expand the street grid in places to create an 

urban fabric, often is at odds with both the parcel-based approach to managing stormwater, and also some of the 

contemporary stormwater and Low Impact Development (LID) guidance that stresses reduced impervious cover, less 

roadway and fewer sidewalks, and reservation of open space on individual parcels. 

Integration of LID with form-based and new urbanist urban design principles often focuses on the public right-of-way as 

one of the most important sites for incorporating stormwater management into vibrant community design, since using 

the right-of-way for storage, infiltration, and treatment often frees up capacity for redevelopment and infill. 

Conventional detention ponds, which are often the “default” management tool, are especially unsuited to use in urban 

districts, but so is an approach that limits building density or street networks. Stormwater design standards must 

remain flexible while also meeting stormwater quantity and quality requirements. 

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Form-Based Zoning Code 

Form-based coding represents a different approach to traditional or "Euclidian" zoning's emphasis on separating land 

uses (e.g. retail, single-family residential, warehouse, etc.) into defined zones or districts, with maximum allowable 

densities and minimum required separations between and among uses. In a form-based code, areas are designated for 

specific building and street types or "families," with specific standards for the placement and massing of buildings in 

relationship to the street, sidewalk, and other nearby structures. 

With respect to stormwater management, form-based coding's emphasis on specific street profiles, building designs, 

and lot layouts can present challenges if their interaction with stormwater requirements is not carefully evaluated. LID 

methods such as sidewalk bioretention and planter boxes, as examples, must be specifically accommodated in a formbased 

code's allowances for street profiles and building facades if they are to be used for stormwater management. 

Project Summary 

Dublin, Ohio approved a new form-based zoning code for their Bridge Street District (BSD) in April 2012. The 1,200-acre 

District is envisioned to be a highly walkable, densely built, mixed-use area at the center of Dublin. Dublin recognized the 

challenge this represented for stormwater management, particularly doing so without the use of conventional basins. 

Besides ensuring that it is possible and feasible to simultaneously meet the stormwater requirements using distributed 

stormwater control measures (SCM) and the dictates of the form-based code, the City needed to provide guidance to 

developers and City staff defining how distributed SCMs would be integrated with the specific requirements for street 

“families”, rights-of-way, building types, and open spaces as defined in their new form-based code. Revising the City of 

Dublin Stormwater Management Design Manual to overcome these challenges proved to be the most appropriate 

mechanism to accomplish this. 

Project Objectives 

1. Provide design guidance to developers and city staff such that distributed stormwater control measures can be 

integrated into the BSD form-based code. 

2. Show that the use of distributed stormwater control measures can feasibly be designed to meet the City’s stormwater 

quality/quantity requirements. 

Key Components of the Stormwater Management Design Manual 

The prior stormwater management design manual applied broadly to stormwater management within the city limits. 

The charge for the revised manual was to maintain the development standards for areas outside of the BSD while 

accommodating variances within the BSD, which focuses on the use of distributed SCMs to meet quantity and quality 

requirements. The key components of the revised manual with respect to the BSD include the following: 

- Detailed design guidance for SCMs including SCM setbacks from buildings, pavement, and right-of-way. This was 

particularly important for successfully incorporating SCMs into street families, building types, and open spaces 

types. Design guidance includes a table of design standards and accompanying diagram for each SCM. 

- A chapter dedicated to the integration of the SCMs with form-based code. This chapter includes tables linking 

the permissible SCMs with each building type, street family, and open space type as well as guidance for 

placement within a street right-of-way or site development. 

- Guidance for coordinating a shared stormwater treatment facility between two or more properties. Dublin 

recognized that enabling shared stormwater treatment facilities could help support the design goals of the BSD 

by promoting greater efficiency in land use, reducing the total area of land consumed by stormwater treatment, 

and enabling greater use of recommended treatment approaches, such as vegetated SCMs. 

- Example stormwater management calculations to demonstrate the plausibility of using distributed SCMs to 

meet the water quality/quantity requirements. 

479

6658 

- Inclusion of a stormwater treatment and control feasibility assessment for redevelopment to assist developers 

in achieving the maximum practicable degree of treatment and control for water quality volume and peak rate 

of runoff while accommodating the space, development, and natural resource constraints on previouslydeveloped 

sites. This will be important to the development of the BSD, where most of the anticipated 

investment will be redevelopment. 

Conclusions 

Although the revisions to the manual focused on the integration of a distributed stormwater management approach 

specifically for the new BSD code, the result is a manual enriched with SCM design guidance, support for shared 

stormwater treatment systems, and attention to redevelopment challenges, which can be applied city-wide. The chapter 

specifically tailored to integrating SCMs into the form-based code provides a straight-forward mechanism for developers 

and city staff to cross-reference important pieces of the code affecting stormwater management and how that code, 

which as a whole is markedly supportive of vegetated SCMs, may be further interpreted to accommodate SCMs. 

Status 

The revised City of Dublin Stormwater Management Design Manual was completed in December 2012. 

480

6666 

Metals in Effluent from Bioretention Media Incorporating Bottom Ash 

Akosua Ofori-Tettey – Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 

Department of Civil Engineering, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1800 

618-789-1760 

aoforit@siue.edu 

Jessica Eichhorst – Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 


812-798-1075 

jeichho@siue.edu 

Susan Morgan – Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 

Graduate School, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1046 

618-650-2171/618-650-2555 

smorgan@siue.edu 

Increased human activities, weathering of building materials and atmospheric deposition contribute heavy metals such 

as lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium to urban runoff. Bioretention is a green infrastructure as well as a best management 

practice used to improve the quality of stormwater runoff in addition to reduce its quantity. This stormwater 

management practice is gaining popularity in commercial development because it can easily be sited in the required 

natural areas of places such as parking lot medians and streetscapes. 

Due to the costs of sand and the availability of incinerator bottom ash, the suitability of bottom ash as biorention media 

in stormwater management is being investigated. The use of bottom ash in place of sand in bioretention media would 

provide a use for a waste product and extend the life of landfills while reducing ash disposal fees and eliminating the 

cost of sand. The goal of this research is to evaluate the suitability of bottom ash as a replacement for sand in 

bioretention media by studying the effect of the bottom ash on the removal and retention of heavy metals. 

The methodology to achieve our objective involves a 50:50 ash and wood fines mix which will be compared to a control 

of 50:50 sand and wood fines for pollutant removal effectiveness. The 50:50 mixture of incinerator bottom ash and 

wood fines was chosen because it satisfied drainage requirements of at least 2 feet per day. The study is being 

conducted using 8-inch diameter columns with 18 inches of media. Twelve of the 18 columns were planted with switch 

grass; the remaining columns were left unplanted to study the impacts of the plants on the water quality. Synthetic 

rainwater is being used as the influent to treat the columns. Its composition is based on samples of local rainwater and 

literature reviewed. Effluent samples are being collected and analyzed for copper, lead, and zinc. Initial samples were 

collected in October 2012. The study will continue until August 2013. The findings are significant for future development 

of bioretention media for removal of dissolved heavy metals from stormwater runoff. 

481

6667 

Walls of Water – More Than Just an Infiltration Basin 

Ronald B. Leaf, PE – SEH 

3535 Vadnais Center Drive, St Paul MN 55110 

651-765-2998 

Rleaf@Sehinc.Com 

Veronica Anderson – SEH 

3535 Vadnais Center Drive, St Paul MN 55110 

651-490-2000 

Vanderson@Sehinc.Com 

This presentation will highlight two regional infiltration basins created in 2012. Each basin serves a relatively large 

contributing drainage area and each also basin incorporates unique educational features that draw the public’s 

attention to the system as something more than a green space that temporarily holds water. These unique features 

provide a great opportunity to pull the general public into the story behind why each basin was created, how each basin 

functions and the benefits each basin provides. 

The Gladstone Savanna regional infiltration basin was created to provide volume control and water quality treatment for 

runoff from an approximate 115-acre upstream drainage area. Benefits of this basin are above and beyond the local 

standards of 1-inch volume control, and as development or redevelopment occurs in the contributing areas in the 

future, those projects will be required to install their own volume control systems. The primary stormwater goals of the 

project were to improve water quality treatment and to highlight the function of the basin by incorporating educational 

features within the site. One of the key educational features of the regional infiltration basin is an imprint of the high 

water elevations for the modeled 2, 10 and 100-year storm events on the face of a ten foot high retaining wall in the 

pretreatment cell. The large numbers are visible from the adjacent roadway as well as from viewing areas within the 

open space and trails created around the basin. The storm water “elevations” on the concrete wall in Cell 1 will provide 

the City with an opportunity to educate residents about storm water management and are intended to create some 

curiosity on the part of residents to learn more about the site. During construction, four double-ring infiltration tests 

were completed following initial grading operations and two additional tests were completed after final tilling of the soil 

and seeding. Test results showed a wide range of infiltration rates before tilling and more consistent results following 

final restoration. Results will be presented along with a summary of design details incorporated into the system to allow 

for maintenance and bypass of the 42-inch inlet pipe to the basin. 

The Tartan Crossing basin, constructed in commercial/retail redevelopment area, created a unique mix of art and 

function with a four-cell filtration/infiltration basin. The four cells are separated by three concrete walls, each with 

spouts to pass water to the next cell and created visual impact with a splash on the channel below. The walls also 

provide a unique flow response depending on the intensity and duration of a given storm event. Low flows generally 

stay within the meandering concrete channel for infiltration within the lowest cell. High flows will fill the basin cells and 

dissipate through the spouts to the lower cells and be filtered through the planting soil in each cell. 

482

6669 

Understanding Permeable Paver Systems (PPS) and How They Work as a BMP for Stormwater Mitigation 

Tim Oberg - MNLA 

1813 Lexington Ave N St Paul, MN 55113 

612-363-5497 / 651-633-4986 

Toberg@comcast.net 

Tim Power MNLA 

The Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association (MNLA) recognized several years ago that the stormwater issues that accompany 

development not only present regulatory challenges to property owners and local units of government, but also offer significant 

business opportunities to those companies who can provide effective and widely-accepted stormwater solutions. MNLA formed a 

Stormwater Management Task Team in 2010 to identify, promote and provide education on environmentally responsible and 

beneficial green infrastructure solutions being offered by green industry companies. Because a significant funding source was 

available from local suppliers and distributors of permeable paver systems (PPS), MNLA’s task team began its work by focusing on 

PPS as a stormwater best management practice (BMP). This education and outreach program is resulting in increased awareness 

and acceptance of PPS at the municipal level. 

The objective of MNLA’s PPS program is the education of cities, counties, watershed districts, environmental groups and others 

about the benefits of permeable paver systems as a stormwater solution. The task team developed a Powerpoint program that an 

MNLA presenter can use in a “lunch and learn” format, accompanied by a printed brochure with supporting documents to be left 

behind with participants for future reference. The Powerpoint and the printed materials focus on the proper design, installation and 

maintenance of permeable paver systems; describe circumstances in which full-, partial- and no-exfiltration systems should be used; 

and utilize national and local case studies to illustrate concepts. Printed materials include checklists for proper design, installation 

and maintenance. 

At the same time MNLA was developing its PPS program, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) formed a legislativelyfunded 

work group to help standardize green infrastructure/low impact development (LID) stormwater solutions for the Minnesota 

Stormwater Manual. The Minimal Impact Design Standards (MIDS) work group is developing a higher clean water performance goal, 

new modeling methods and credit calculations, and a credits system and ordinance package that will allow for increased flexibility 

and a streamlined approach to regulatory programs for developers and communities. MNLA participated actively in MIDS, attending 

monthly meetings and serving on technical teams concerning permeable pavements, tree trenches, turf, harvesting/reuse and green 

roofs. MNLA was one of several organizations in MIDS advocating for acceptance of permeable pavements as a creditable 

stormwater BMP. That participation allowed MNLA to not only influence the content of the MIDS products themselves, but it also 

provided updated input for MNLA to incorporate into its PPS program. 

The third leg of MNLA’s PPS education and outreach program has been the establishment of a PPS certificate course for paver 

installers. Many MNLA member firms install pavers, but relatively few are qualified to install permeable paver systems. The 

Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI) has developed a nationally-recognized course for installation of Permeable 

Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP), but it is relatively expensive and focused on commercial installations. MNLA developed its 

own full-day academic course, focused on residential applications and the related design, installation and maintenance. In the near 

future, MNLA hopes that PPS will become a practice requiring a city or county permit, ensuring proper installation through 

inspection. MNLA also hopes that obtaining that permit will be contingent on holding an MNLA or ICPI permeable paver 

certification. 

To date, MNLA’s PPS lunch and learn session has been presented for a city, two counties, and a watershed district citizen advisory 

committee, at the state fair Eco-Experience venue and at a meeting of the Sensible Land Use Coalition. MNLA’s certificate course 

was conducted once in 2012 and again in 2013, resulting in 33 certified individuals. The MIDS work group expects its products to 

debut in 2013, with MNLA as a significant contributor. MIDS completion should result in growing acceptance of LID best 

management practices and increasing interest in PPS and the PPS education that MNLA is prepared to provide. MNLA believes that 

education of municipalities and contractors is an ongoing process and has no immediate end in sight. 

483

6682 

Volunteer Data Collection Complexities: Butler County Stream Team 

Butler County, Ohio 

Jeffrey Wedgeworth – Miami University, Oxford 

215 Foxfire Drive Apt. 103 Oxford, Ohio 45056 

(513) 292-6226 

wedgewjb@muohio.edu 

Penny Feltner – Miami University, Oxford 

254 Upham Hall Oxford, Ohio 45046 

(513) 335-3379 

feltnepc@muohio.edu 

The Butler County Stream Team, active since 2006, is a volunteer organization made possible through the collaborative 

effort of Butler County resident volunteers, the Institute for the Environment and Sustainability at Miami University, 

the Butler County Storm Water District, and the Butler Soil and Water Conservation District. On the second Saturday of 

every month, volunteers from across Butler County bring samples of local waterways to the Stream Team lab, located on 

the Miami University campus, for analysis. In the lab, the samples are tested for conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, 

phosphorous, nitrate, turbidity, total coliforms, and E. coli. These data are then placed on an online database so the 

public can view the results and check on the health of their neighborhood streams. 

This project examines the challenges inherent to gathering data via a volunteer base, particularly how this affects data 

analysis and presentation. The data is not collected consistently at all sites, sampling locations are not always optimal, 

and some areas are sampled heavily and some little. Furthermore, the sampling periods are limited by a set schedule, 

which is helpful to volunteers, but limits the ability to account for extraneous aspects like weather and nearby 

agricultural practices. 

The Butler County Stream Team currently has data that spans more than five years. Examination of this dataset provides 

insight not only into what Stream Team has been able to accomplish, but also into what challenges exist for providing 

excellent monitoring data with a volunteer base. Complications such as suboptimal sampling distributions, data 

variability, and weather effects are explored in this study with two possible positive outcomes. First, by visualizing the 

complications, actions can be taken to ameliorate them. Second, volunteers and Stream Team affiliates can more easily 

and accurately determine implications of the data when using it to make planning or regulatory decisions. 

An initial analysis has examined nitrogen, phosphorous, pH, and coliform, as they relate to percentage of agricultural 

land and Butler County’s sub-watersheds. The analysis also examined the sampling distribution in three HUC-8 

watersheds within Butler County and their associated sub-watersheds. Since Stream Team is consistently collecting data, 

this project will be an ongoing endeavor; the analysis presented here will be limited to the data collected through 2012. 

SAS 9.3 has been used to perform the initial analysis and will be used to complete this project. The project will be 

completed no later than June 2013. 

484

6684 

The Utilization of LID Practices to Address Impaired Waters at the West End Development in St. Louis Park, MN 

Steve Christopher – Minnehaha Creek Watershed District 



952-641-4506 Direct 

952-471-0682 Fax 

schristopher@minnehahacreek.org 

In 2007, the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District (MCWD) worked cooperatively with Duke Realty and the City of St. 

Louis Park on a redevelopment project to address impairments for Brownie Lake in Minneapolis. The MCWD is a local 

unit of government responsible for managing and protecting the water resources in parts of Minneapolis, Minnesota, 

and its western suburbs. Included in the MCWD’s authority is the ability to require permits for land altering activities. 

The MCWD also has a Low Impact Development (LID) grant that offers funding assistance for water quality Best 

Management Practices (BMPs) that can exceed the regulatory requirements. 

Duke Realty applied for a MCWD permit proposing new retail and additional office buildings that resulted in an increase 

of 1.9 acres of impervious cover over the 35 acre parcel which is located at the southwest intersection of Interstate 394 

and Highway 100, otherwise known as West End. Due to the scope of the project, there was potential to include 

stormwater treatment improvements beyond the regulatory requirements providing eligibility for LID grant funding. The 

MCWD committed to Duke Realty funding assistance for treatment that would address both the reduction of Total 

Phosphorus (TP) and runoff volume to the receiving waterbody, Brownie Lake. Brownie Lake, which is on the west 

central border of Minneapolis, had been identified by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency as impaired for nutrients, 

specifically phosphorus. The lake is also identified in the MCWD’s Comprehensive Plan for a 12 pound TP load reduction. 

In 2007, the MCWD’s stormwater management requirements required the removal of 50% of the total phosphorus from 

the additional impervious surface, which was equal to two pounds. By effective cooperation with the MCWD, Duke 

Realty was able to incorporate a number of BMPs into the redevelopment plan including three subsurface infiltration 

chambers, slot drains connected to tree cells with structural soils, and a modular green roof. The result of the project 

was a reduction of 47 pounds of TP and a reduction of runoff volume of 63.5 acre feet. The infiltration practices are sized 

adequately for a 1-inch storm event and effectively reduce the peak runoff rate discharging the 100-year event at a 10- 

year rate. 

Phase 1 of West End was completed in 2010 and there is potential to add stormwater improvements into Phase 2 that 

will continue to reduce loads as they enter Brownie Lake. The success of the project would not have been possible if not 

for the cooperation of Duke Realty and the comprehensive approach that the MCWD took utilizing all of its tools to 

accomplish its goals of improving water quality. 

485

6687 

Development of Filter-type Sediment Control Facility for Construction Site 

Jongsoo Choi – Land & Housing Institute 

462-2, Jeonmin-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-731, Rep. of Korea 

T. 82-42-866-8651, F. 82-42-866-8472 

jongsoo@lh.or.kr 

Jungmin Lee – Land & Housing Institute 

462-2, Jeonmin-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-731, Rep. of Korea 

T. 82-42-866-8464, F. 82-42-866-8472 

andrew4502@lh.or.kr 

Sediment basins are often installed in most construction sites for sediment control during rainfall, however, this process 

has some disadvantages as it requires a large-scale of land and it may possibly be difficult to make an appropriate 

treatment. In the case of water flow that exceeds the amount it is designed for, in this study, a sediment control facility 

which could substitute existing sediment basins and developed to control silts on construction sites. This device is a 

filter-type with rotating drum screen and designed to wash back in a very short time using compressed air, whereas 

conventional filter-type facilities wash back filter screens with water. It consists of a rotating drum filter screen for 

filtering, an air-compressor for air-compression and a control panel to manipulate the device. In order to decide on the 

pore size, the size distribution of sediment on construction site was analyzed, based on which the device was produced 

in two pore sizes; 46μm and 23μm. This treatment device was operated for surface runoff from construction site during 

precipitations. In order to evaluate the on-site applicability of the facility, the most optimized operational condition and 

pore size were drawn, and a water quality analysis was conducted for each water quality constituents in order to analyze 

the removal efficiency of the device. The result of operation showed that the filter run time were as 5~7 minutes and 

1~2 minutes for the pore size of 46μm and 23μm, respectively. The water quality constituents for removal efficiency were 

turbidity, SS, COD, TN and TP. The removal efficiency by pore size were 25.5%, 21.5%, 51.7%, 23.5% and 14.7% 

respectively for 46μm, and 37.4%, 39.7%, 54.9%, 27.0% and 20.4% respectively for 23μm. The less the pore size, the 

higher the removal efficiency, but this caused more frequent blockage of the filter and eventually more frequent backwashing. 

Hence, it is deemed to be necessary to set the pore size more than certain size and this study proposes more 

than 50μm. The result of analysis on filter regeneration rate by backwashing time showed that sufficient regeneration 

was possible only with 1~2 seconds of momentary back-washing so that it could reduce the time significantly less than 

conventional back-washing method using water. Based on the result of this study, it is judged to be possible for this 

filter-type device, which was developed to control sediment on construction site, to be applied on construction sites 

instead of sediment basins, and to be an effective technology to control sediment in construction sites where installing 

such sediment basins is difficult. 

486

6693 

Tracking the Hydrological Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems 

Hamidreza Kazemi – University of Louisville 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WS Speed Hall 101, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292 

PH: (502) 852-6276 

Email: h.kazemi@louisville.edu 

Thomas D. Rockaway – University of Louisville 


PH: (502) 852-6276 

Email: tom.rockaway@louisville.edu 

Joshua Rivard – University of Louisville 


PH: (502) 852-6276 

Email: josh.rivard@louisville.edu 

Currently many communities are implementing green infrastructure (GI) controls (permeable pavements, rain gardens 

or infiltration trenches) to mitigate storm water runoff and address combined sewer overflows (CSOs) issues. While 

initial results indicate that GI controls are viable solutions, there has been limited research examining the long-term 

hydrological performance of GI controls. To examine the hydrological performance of permeable pavement GI controls 

this study analyzes the relationship between the rain events and observed water levels in the storage gallery. 

In December 2011, two permeable interlocking concrete pavement (ICP) controls were constructed in a small-urbanized 

neighborhood (28 acres) in Louisville, KY. Each control was embedded with time domain reflectometers (TDRs), 

piezometers and thermistors to monitor the hydrological performance. 

Hydrological performance is defined as a GI control’s ability to capture the surface runoff volume (infiltration capacity) 

and then pass captured volume into the surrounding and underlying soil layers (exfiltration performance). To quantify 

the surface infiltration capacity and exfiltration performance of both GI controls, the study used data recorded by the 

embedded piezometers and rain event data. 

Through the analysis of piezometers data, the progression of surface clogging and the degradation of exfiltration 

performance were quantified. Going forward, the study will examine methods for analyzing the recorded data by the 

piezometers to predict long-term hydrological performance of GI controls. 

487

6695 

Assessment of Practicality of Smart LID/NPS Simulator for Verification of LID Efficiency 

Kim, Mi Eun - Pusan National University 

Busan 609-735 Korea 

way8210@naver.com 

Baek, Jong Seok – Pusan National University 


baek2baek@naver.com 

Kang, Doo Kee – WEMS Corporation 


dookee@nwater.co.kr 

Shin, Hyun Suk (Corresponding Author) - Pusan National University 


hsshin@pusan.ac.kr 

In recent, low impact development techniques are a wide range of developed LID requisite, but not effective, especially, 

validation procedure of effectiveness of these is in poor condition all around the world. Therefore it is necessary to 

establish a facility for validating effectiveness of LID factors. 

The Smart LID/NPS Simulator designed in this study is possible to validate LID method, analysis of water balance using 

the simulator has been conducted for assessing the possibility of application. The method of experiment in the study is 

preliminary to divide 5 sections in runoff plot of 2 by 5 meters (total width × length). Two sections dividing total width 

was setting up in impermeable area on one side and permeable area using the sponge on the other side. And there were 

two cases with rainfall intensity of 10 and 30 mm/h and it sprayed the rainfall for 30 minutes. Especially, the important 

point was to set up thickness of one-ply and two-ply on permeable area. One of the most important points of this 

experiment is to wait for 30 minutes until finishing the surface runoff and ground water runoff after spaying the 

constant rainfall for 30 minutes. In this result for each case, first of all, case of rainfall intensity of 10 mm/hr showed 

reducing approximately 75 % of surface runoff on the permeable area with sponge than the impermeable area. But, in 

case of rainfall intensity threefold increase, there are rarely differences of surface runoff between impermeable and 

permeable area. Lastly, decreasing groundwater runoff was shown in case of two-ply sponge than case of one-ply 

sponge as increasing the amount of contained water in the sponge. In the future, this simulator will be very effective to 

develop the high LID techniques in the aspects of effectiveness. 

488

6699 

Curve Number Estimation for Engineered Gravel Parking Lots 

Haley Malle - Oklahoma State University 




417-214-1082 

haley.malle@okstate.edu 

Jason Vogel - Oklahoma State University 




405-744-7532 


Dan Storm - Oklahoma State University 




405-744-8422 


Urbanization has led to an increase in the amount of impervious surfaces, resulting in increased runoff and reduced 

water quality. By replacing conventional pavement with pervious surfaces, infiltration can be increased and the volume 

of runoff can be reduced. If designed and installed correctly, gravel surfaces may be used in place of conventional and 

pervious pavement to provide increased infiltration. A gravel parking lot has the same infiltration rate as the subgrade 

soil, and an added layer of storage in the pore space of the rock layer. The goal of this project is to determine how 

effective gravel is as a pervious surface by establishing rational method runoff coefficients and curve numbers for 

engineered gravel parking lots with a bottom liner. The curve number method is an empirical method developed by the 

NRCS to characterize rainfall-runoff relationships. Curve numbers range from 30 to 100, with low numbers indicating 

pervious surfaces and high numbers indicating impervious surfaces. Curve numbers are paired with initial abstractions, 

which indicate how much rain must fall before runoff begins. The Rational Method is the most common method used for 

estimating peak flows. In the Rational Method, low runoff coefficients indicate impervious surfaces, while high runoff 

coefficients indicate impervious surfaces. Rainfall simulations were used to collect runoff data and estimate runoff 

coefficients, curve numbers, and initial abstractions for several combinations of parameters that may affect total runoff 

in a gravel parking lot. The parameters were rock size, rock layer thickness, slope, and soil type. A total of 72 

combinations of these parameters were evaluated. This project is ongoing and expected to be complete by May 2013. 

489

6707 

The Interchange: Stormwater Reuse and LID Design 

Rebecca Nestingen, PE - SEH 

3535 Vadnais Center Drive 

St. Paul, MN 55110-5196 

651.490.2175 Direct / 651.490.2150 Fax 

Rnestingen@Sehinc.Com 

The Interchange project of Hennepin County, the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority and the Hennepin 

County Housing and Redevelopment Authority is a multi-transportation hub and community gathering space located in 

Minneapolis, Minnesota currently under design and construction and scheduled to be complete by the spring of 2014. 

This one-of-a-kind transit station will connect trains from the Hiawatha line, the Central Corridor line, and Northstar 

Commuter line and buses from Metro Transit while also serving as a unique urban area providing opportunities for 

public recreation, entertainment, and community events. Located next to Target Field, the Interchange will connect the 

North Loop neighborhood to the historic Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis providing for both movement 

and assemblage of people while creating stronger neighborhoods and enhancing commuters experiences with the 

offered amenities. 

The Interchange will feature a suite of low impact development (LID) practices to manage stormwater in compliance 

with local, state, and federal standards as well as compliment the sustainable growth and urban design guidelines which 

are the framework for the design process. Among the LID practices are bioretention swales, green roofs, green spaces, 

tree trenches, permeable hardscapes, underground retention and stormwater reuse. Unique challenges in designing LID 

practices included integrating LID in a multi-level site, minimizing infiltration due to existing soil and groundwater 

contamination and the industrial reuse of stormwater in at the adjacent Hennepin Energy Recovery Center (HERC) 

facility. 

The HERC facility incinerates thirty-five percent of Hennepin County’s solid waste to generate steam and electricity and 

is one of the City of Minneapolis’ largest users of water. The Interchange project and HERC are closely intertwined with 

the reuse of stormwater in HERC and the use of steam generated by HERC to heat hardscapes at the Interchange and 

provide snowmelt during winter months. This innovative reuse of stormwater in an industrial facility involved sizing two 

– 20,000 gallon cisterns with the capacity to capture runoff from a 1.1 inch event over a two acre contributing area. 

490

6713 

Design and Calibration of Rainfall Simulator for LID Efficiency Verification 

Shon, Tae Seok - Pusan National University 


tsshon1@hanmail.net 

Jang, Young Su Pusan National University 


jysone@pusan.ac.kr 

Lee, Sang Jin K-water 

Daejeon 306-711 Korea 

sjlee@kwater.or.kr 

Lee, Kyung Hwan K-water 

Daejeon 306-711 Korea 

khwan@kwater.or.kr 

Shin, Hyun Suk (Corresponding Author) - Pusan National University 


hsshin@pusan.ac.kr 

Climate change and Urbanization have affected a variety of factors of water resources such as increase of peak 

discharge, decrease of lag time, etc. And these reasons also have increased water pollution and destruction of 

ecosystem. In view of these aspects, the LID (Low Impact Development) technology has been highlighted as one of 

adjustable control measures to mimic predevelopment hydrologic condition recovering infiltration, evaporation and 

natural storage into soil and vegetation. Many LID technology have developed all the world in order to manage the 

urban stormwater runoff and non-point sources. But there is a lack of study with verification of LID technology 

efficiency. Moreover the study is nonexistent in Korea. Therefore this study has designed and developed rainfall 

simulator for verification of LID technology efficiency. The rainfall simulator is designed 2m wide, 5m long and 

compacted to a depth 3m. And this simulator is composed to a frame, a runoff plot, a nozzle, a flowmeter, pump, water 

tank, etc. Also this study has calibrated the rainfall simulator through the rainfall distribution experiment and the 

experiment about relationship between nozzle and inflow for LID Efficiency verification. 

491

6727 

Accelerated Test Methods for Permeable Pavement Blocks 

Sangho Lee – Kookmin Univeristy 

Jeongneung-Dong, Seongbuk-Ku, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea 

82-2-910-4529/82-2-910-4939 

sanghlee@kookmin.ac.kr 

Taekgun Yun – Kookmin University 

Jeongneung-Dong, Seongbuk-Ku, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea 

82-2-910-5060/82-2-910-8597 

ytk0521@gmail.com 

Reeho Kim –Korea Institute of Construction Technology 

283, Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, Republic of Korea 

82-31-910-0304/82-31-910-0291 


The creation of large impervious surface in urban and urbanizing areas commonly leads to multiple impacts on stream 

systems including higher peak runoff, reduced infiltration, and increased pollutant loads to streams. To reduce these 

damages, facilities for reducing stormwater runoff are deemed necessary. Permeable pavement blocks made up of a 

matrix of concrete blocks with voids offer solution to this problem. These voids allow stormwater to infiltrate through 

the pavement into the underlying soil, which in turn can play a significant role in reducing the impacts of stormwater 

runoff caused by urban development. 

Nevertheless, permeable pavement blocks can easily get clogged with dirt and other debris under practical situations. 

This makes it less effective at letting rain and melted snow pass through it. Accordingly, the loss of permeability of 

permeable pavement blocks is one of the biggest challenges to overcome. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict the 

clogging of permeable pavement blocks because it is closely related to climate conditions, stormwater quality, pavement 

void structures, and clogging mechanisms. This makes the design of efficient permeable pavement blocks problematic. 

In this context, we investigated the accelerated test methods for permeable pavement blocks in order to predict their 

clogging phenomena. Both permeation rate and pollutant concentration were used to accelerate the clogging of 

permeable pavements. 

Experiments were carried out using a specially fabricated device, which allows permeation tests under a variety of 

different conditions. Synthetic waters containing high concentration of particles were applied to increase the rate of 

clogging. Stormwater runoff samples collected from catchments surfaces of an urban building in Seoul, Korea were also 

used for the comparison. To interpret the experimental data, a statistical analysis based on Weibull distribution was 

applied. Moreover, the relationship between the pore size of permeable pavements and the size of particles was 

investigated upon the consideration of different fouling mechanisms such as standard blocking, complete blocking and 

cake formation. 

492

6730 

Validation of Two Soil Heat Flux Estimation Techniques Against Observations Made in an Engineered Urban Green 

Space 

Smalls-Mantey, Lauren- Drexel University 

3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 

215-895-1385 

las399@drexel.edu 

DiGiovanni, K. a , Olson, M. a , Montalto, F. A. a 

a 

Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 

Soil heat flux is a measure of the amount of thermal energy that passes through a unit area of soil over time. As such, it 

links the surface energy balance with the soil thermal regime. In highly developed landscapes, the soil heat flux that 

results from changes in land cover determines, in part, the extent to which urban climatic conditions can be modulated 

(e.g. retrofitting cities with new, engineered green spaces to reduce urban heat island effect). In this study temperaturedependent 

(TD) and temperature-independent (TI) soil heat flux models are validated against six days of measurements 

made in an engineered urban green space. The results suggest that the TI model (heat flux plate method) represents the 

observations better than the temperature-dependent one, which consistently overestimates soil heat flux at night and 

during the dusk-dawn period. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis reveals that the TD model is more sensitive to the 

selection of thermal conductivity and heat capacity values than the TI model. It can be concluded that the TI model is a 

more robust predictive tool, and especially in urban applications where soil properties may be highly uncertain. 

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Final Program and Abstracts Book - College of Continuing Education

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