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22 Hardships in America TABLE 6 Critical vs. serious hardships Food Critical hardships Not enough food to eat* Missed meals Serious hardships Don’t have the kind of food the family would like to eat Worry about having enough food Housing Critical hardships Evicted Utilities disconnected Doubling up with friends or family Serious hardships Unable to make housing or utility payments Telephone disconnected Health care Critical hardships Did not receive necessary medical care Data set SIPP NSAF SIPP NSAF SIPP SIPP NSAF NSAF NSAF NSAF Question Which of the following statements best describe the amount of food eaten in your household: enough food to eat, sometimes not enough to eat, or often not enough to eat. In the last 12 months, since (name of current month) of last year, did you or other adults in your family ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food Do you have enough and the kind of food you want to eat, or do you have enough but not always the kind of food you want to eat For these statements, please tell me whether the statement was often, sometimes or never true for (you/ your family) in the last 12 months… “(I/we) worried whether (my/our) food would run out before (I/we) got money to buy more.” In the past 12 months, has there been a time when your household was evicted from your home/apartment for not paying the rent or mortgage In the past 12 months, has there been a time when your household did not pay the full amount of the gas, oil, or electricity bills During the last 12 months, did you or your children move in with other people, even for a little while because you could not afford to pay your mortgage, rent, or utility bills During the last 12 months, was there a time when (you/ you and your family) were not able to pay your mortgage, rent, or utility bills During the last 12 months, has your household ever been without telephone service for more than 24 hours During the past 12 months, did [you/(SPOUSE/PARTNER)] or (insert names of children) not get or postpone getting medical care or surgery when [you/(he/she/they)] needed it
Hardships in America 23 TABLE 6 (cont.) Critical vs. serious hardships Serious hardships Emergency room is main source for health care No health insurance Child care Child cares for self Child not in afterschool or enrichment activities Inadequate adultto-child ratio in childcare facility Data set NSAF NSAF NSAF NSAF NSAF Question What kind of place is it that [you usually go (SPOUSE/ PARTNER/CHILD) usually goes] to for health care needs Is it...[VALUE 2: Hospital Emergency Room] Derived variable from current health insurance coverage label: private, public, or uninsured. During the last month did (child) take care of (himself/ herself) {or stay alone with (his/her) brother or sister who is under 13 years old} on a regular basis even for a small amount of time No question. Label: Child is NOT involved in any activities {For the program you use most}, About how many adults usually supervise the children in (CHILD’s) room or group ————————OVER————————— About how many children are usually in (CHILD’s) room or group at this center or program or may not have children, but we exclude households with only one adult and no children. For the NSAF, the weighted sample consists of 233 million persons. The descriptive tables of hardship presented in this report use persons as the unit of analysis. That is, the tables indicate the proportion and number of persons in households experiencing hardship. The unit of analysis in the regressions is the social family (NSAF) or household (SIPP). That is, the percentages indicate the probability of a family/household experiencing hardship based on family/ household characteristics. 2.3 Critical hardships and serious hardships 2.3.1 Food insecurity To go without sufficient food is the most basic critical hardship. We measure food insufficiency in terms of not having enough to eat or missing meals sometimes or often. These measures are based on questions that have been tested for validity: families who report food insufficiency have been found to have lower food expenditures and lower intake of calories and nutrients (Rose 1999). A serious food hardship is less severe in that the family may not actually go without food, but it does not have the kind of food it feels it needs or it worries about food intake.
Page 1 and 2: HARDSHIPS IN AMERICA The Real Story
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6: Hardships in America 1 Executive su
Page 7 and 8: Hardships in America 3 Introduction
Page 9 and 10: Hardships in America 5 Chapter 1 Fa
Page 11 and 12: Hardships in America 7 measures (Sh
Page 13 and 14: Hardships in America 9 prepared at
Page 15 and 16: Hardships in America 11 poverty lin
Page 17 and 18: Hardships in America 13 TABLE 3 Sha
Page 19 and 20: Hardships in America 15 compared to
Page 21 and 22: Hardships in America 17 TABLE 5 (co
Page 23 and 24: Hardships in America 19 Chapter 2 T
Page 25: specific and invasive nature of the
Page 29 and 30: Hardships in America 25 2.3.3 Insuf
Page 31 and 32: Hardships in America 27 and SIPP),
Page 33 and 34: Hardships in America 29 TABLE 7 Pro
Page 35 and 36: Hardships in America 31 TABLE 9 Pro
Page 37 and 38: Hardships in America 33 white famil
Page 39 and 40: Hardships in America 35 TABLE 11 Pr
Page 41 and 42: Hardships in America 37 more immedi
Page 43 and 44: Hardships in America 39 FIGURE D He
Page 45 and 46: Hardships in America 41 hardship. E
Page 47 and 48: Hardships in America 43 · Pay equi
Page 49 and 50: Hardships in America 45 of eligible
Page 51 and 52: Hardships in America 47 income fami
Page 53 and 54: Hardships in America 49 Conclusion
Page 55 and 56: Hardships in America 51 When the st
Page 57 and 58: Hardships in America 53 wages, and
Page 59 and 60: Hardships in America 55 share resou
Page 61 and 62: Hardships in America 57 the core wa
Page 63 and 64: Hardships in America 59 person or f
Page 65 and 66: Hardships in America 61 TABLE A2.1
Page 67 and 68: Hardships in America 63 necessary m
Page 69 and 70: Hardships in America 65 TABLE A3.2
Page 71 and 72: Hardships in America 67 Appendix F
Page 73 and 74: Hardships in America 69 10. Tests o
Page 75 and 76: Hardships in America 71 Citro, Cons
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TABLE A4.1 Basic family budgets for
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Across the country, millions of ful
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