Fausto-Sterling - Sexing the Body

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Copyright C 2ooo by Anne Fausto-Sterling Published by Basic Boolu, A Member of the Perseus Books Group AU rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the ca.e of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and re'-iews. For information, addreM Basic Books, ;~87 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-88>o. Book design by f/it:toria Kukowski All uncredited illustrations are from the author's collection and are used with her permission. First Edition A CIP catalog record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN o-465-07714-5 (paper) EBC 04 05 15 14 1;1 1 2 II I 0 9 8 7 6
CONTENTS Preface I 1x Acknowledomenrs I XI I Dueling Dualisms I 1 2 "That Sexe Which Prevaileth" I 30 3 O f Gender and Genitals: The Use and Abuse of the Modern Intersexual I 45 4 Should There Be Only Two Sexes I 78 Sexing the Brain: How Biologists Make a Difference I 1 • ~ 6 Sex Glands, Hormones, and Gender Chemistry I 146 7 Do Sex Hormones Really Exist (Gender Becomes Chemical) I 1 70 8 The Rodent's Tale I 1 9 s 9 Gender Systems: Toward a Theory of Human Sexuality I 233
Page 4 and 5: '"' Conrenrs Nous I lSJ Biblioaraph
Page 6 and 7: x Preface nevertheless urge everyon
Page 8 and 9: xii Acknowledgments have helped me
Page 10 and 11: 2 S EXING THE B ODY Down but not ou
Page 12 and 13: 4 S EXING THE B ODY as boys, the pr
Page 14 and 15: 6 S EXING THE B ODY vidual body, an
Page 16 and 17: 8 S EXING THE B ODY psychology, and
Page 18 and 19: 10 S EXING THE B ODY ality remained
Page 20 and 21: 12 S EXING THE B ODY Written in the
Page 22 and 23: 14 S EXING THE B ODY and nervous il
Page 24 and 25: 16 S EXING THE B ODY contemporary U
Page 26 and 27: 18 S EXING THE B ODY ‘‘cultural
Page 28 and 29: 20 S EXING THE B ODY gender—in th
Page 30 and 31: 22 S EXING THE B ODY structure . .
Page 32 and 33: 24 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 1.3: M
Page 34 and 35: 26 S EXING THE B ODY How, specifica
Page 36 and 37: 28 S EXING THE B ODY telling them t
Page 38 and 39: 2 ‘‘THAT SEXE WHICH PREVAILETH
Page 40 and 41: 32 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 2.1: Sl
Page 42 and 43: 34 S EXING THE B ODY with interacti
Page 44 and 45: 36 S EXING THE B ODY pate in the po
Page 46 and 47: 38 S EXING THE B ODY Pseudohermaphr
Page 48 and 49: 40 S EXING THE B ODY were demanding
Page 50 and 51: 42 S EXING THE B ODY on the gonads
Page 52 and 53:
44 S EXING THE B ODY Although less
Page 54 and 55:
46 S EXING THE B ODY that ‘‘whi
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48 S EXING THE B ODY Luckily for th
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50 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 3.3: Th
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52 TABLE 3.1 Some Common Types of I
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54 S EXING THE B ODY varies widely
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56 S EXING THE B ODY seventy-five h
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58 S EXING THE B ODY surgery should
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60 S EXING THE B ODY TABLE 3.3 Rece
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62 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 3.6: Re
Page 72 and 73:
64 S EXING THE B ODY their child’
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66 S EXING THE B ODY dren.’’ An
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68 S EXING THE B ODY Models of Psyc
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70 S EXING THE B ODY psychiatrists
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72 S EXING THE B ODY as one histori
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74 S EXING THE B ODY how intersexua
Page 84 and 85:
76 S EXING THE B ODY sized penises
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4 SHOULD THERE BE ONLY TWO SEXES x
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80 S EXING THE B ODY implausible is
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TABLE 4.1 Outcomes of Reduction Cli
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84 S EXING THE B ODY patients and w
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86 S EXING THE B ODY goal. 37 In ou
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TABLE 4.2 Evaluation of Vaginoplast
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TABLE 4.2 (Continued) 90 # OF AGE A
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92 S EXING THE B ODY The Right To R
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94 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 4.1: Fr
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TABLE 4.3 Psychological Outcomes of
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TABLE 4.3 (Continued) DEVELOPMENTAL
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TABLE 4.3 (Continued) 100 DEVELOPME
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TABLE 4.4 Psychological Outcomes of
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
108 S EXING THE B ODY tions and eve
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110 S EXING THE B ODY Toward the En
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112 S EXING THE B ODY and a woman,
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114 S EXING THE B ODY and methods.
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116 S EXING THE B ODY taken from ou
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118 S EXING THE B ODY At first ever
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120 S EXING THE B ODY TABLE 5.1 Nin
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122 S EXING THE B ODY anatomical la
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124 S EXING THE B ODY Mall engaged
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126 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 5.3: A
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TABLE 5.3 Absolute Sex Differences
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130 S EXING THE B ODY Genu Isthmus
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TABLE 5.4 Relative Sex Differences
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TABLE 5.5 Hand Preference, Sex, and
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136 S EXING THE B ODY law-abiding a
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138 S EXING THE B ODY they would us
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140 S EXING THE B ODY Well, 66 perc
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142 S EXING THE B ODY GENDER DIFFER
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GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENC
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6 SEX GLANDS, HORMONES, AND GENDER
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148 S EXING THE B ODY Scientists di
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150 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 6.1: B
Page 160 and 161:
152 TABLE 6.1 Thinking About Sex an
Page 162 and 163:
154 S EXING THE B ODY plasms differ
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156 S EXING THE B ODY he considered
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158 S EXING THE B ODY much of the e
Page 168 and 169:
TABLE 6.2 Steinach’s Experiments
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162 S EXING THE B ODY stronger than
Page 172 and 173:
164 S EXING THE B ODY The naturally
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 6.3 Moore’s Transplantation
Page 176 and 177:
168 S EXING THE B ODY less certain
Page 178 and 179:
7 DO SEX HORMONES REALLY EXIST (GEN
Page 180 and 181:
172 S EXING THE B ODY The early twe
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174 S EXING THE B ODY became Superi
Page 184 and 185:
176 S EXING THE B ODY women’s rig
Page 186 and 187:
178 S EXING THE B ODY In 1939 CRPS
Page 188 and 189:
180 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 7.3: P
Page 190 and 191:
182 S EXING THE B ODY mones came in
Page 192 and 193:
184 S EXING THE B ODY sugar, the fe
Page 194 and 195:
186 S EXING THE B ODY the role of s
Page 196 and 197:
188 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 7.5: N
Page 198 and 199:
190 S EXING THE B ODY which denoted
Page 200 and 201:
192 S EXING THE B ODY the very thin
Page 202 and 203:
194 S EXING THE B ODY steroids as o
Page 204 and 205:
196 S EXING THE B ODY consolidated
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198 S EXING THE B ODY Sexual chaos
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200 S EXING THE B ODY omy in rabbit
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202 S EXING THE B ODY had no ovarie
Page 212 and 213:
204 S EXING THE B ODY equated with
Page 214 and 215:
206 S EXING THE B ODY measure hormo
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208 S EXING THE B ODY ‘‘environ
Page 218 and 219:
210 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 8.2: B
Page 220 and 221:
212 S EXING THE B ODY Young, who ob
Page 222 and 223:
214 S EXING THE B ODY for anatomica
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216 S EXING THE B ODY activators. T
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218 S EXING THE B ODY and female ro
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220 S EXING THE B ODY Many of them
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222 S EXING THE B ODY androgen on t
Page 232 and 233:
224 S EXING THE B ODY While Beach
Page 234 and 235:
226 S EXING THE B ODY 1920s, by the
Page 236 and 237:
228 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 8.6: A
Page 238 and 239:
230 S EXING THE B ODY females, and
Page 240 and 241:
232 S EXING THE B ODY ‘wiring’
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FIGURE 9.1: A budding scientist (So
Page 244 and 245:
236 S EXING THE B ODY DNA needed an
Page 246 and 247:
238 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 9.2: S
Page 248 and 249:
240 S EXING THE B ODY In other word
Page 250 and 251:
242 S EXING THE B ODY ponents and n
Page 252 and 253:
244 S EXING THE B ODY others to ‘
Page 254 and 255:
246 S EXING THE B ODY with other hu
Page 256 and 257:
248 S EXING THE B ODY popped into m
Page 258 and 259:
250 S EXING THE B ODY gender can mo
Page 260 and 261:
252 S EXING THE B ODY with another
Page 262 and 263:
254 S EXING THE B ODY FIGURE 9.4: T
Page 264 and 265:
notes Chapter 1: Dueling Dualisms 1
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Notes 259 (and are) suspicious of g
Page 268 and 269:
Notes 261 a veil that he refers to
Page 270 and 271:
Notes 263 22 percent of women repor
Page 272 and 273:
Notes 265 in previous historical er
Page 274 and 275:
Notes 267 account of the history of
Page 276 and 277:
Notes 269 93. Stein 1998. For a ful
Page 278 and 279:
Notes 271 note that this approach t
Page 280 and 281:
Notes 273 important. They urge caut
Page 282 and 283:
Notes 275 26. Dreger 1998b. 27. Quo
Page 284 and 285:
Notes 277 tailed yet accessible boo
Page 286 and 287:
Notes 279 B. In females 1.Absence o
Page 288 and 289:
Notes 281 36. Mercado et al. 1995.
Page 290 and 291:
Notes 283 cluding that which we ter
Page 292 and 293:
Notes 285 98. Money and Ehrhardt 19
Page 294 and 295:
Notes 287 system. As I discuss in t
Page 296 and 297:
Notes 289 masculine behavior’’
Page 298 and 299:
Notes 291 Berenbaum and Hines’s m
Page 300 and 301:
Notes 293 ‘‘early hormone expos
Page 302 and 303:
Notes 295 injection is not discusse
Page 304 and 305:
Notes 297 Three of the twelve appar
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Notes 299 Holmes chose to go public
Page 308 and 309:
Notes 301 operation, refers to ‘
Page 310 and 311:
Notes 303 51. Slijper et al. 1998,p
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Notes 305 68. Actually, this moment
Page 314 and 315:
Notes 307 99. See de la Chapelle 19
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Notes 309 antilocalizers cheered th
Page 318 and 319:
Notes 311 38. In1999 it is the sple
Page 320 and 321:
Notes 313 popular PET scans are con
Page 322 and 323:
Notes 315 64. Halpern (1998), p. 33
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Notes 317 France and England as the
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Notes 319 removed from that of Amer
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Notes 321 zie, Rule’s Q is most p
Page 330 and 331:
Notes 323 evolution of brain asymme
Page 332 and 333:
Notes 325 nature/nurture dichotomy
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Notes 327 literature on social worl
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Notes 329 driving force in many agi
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Notes 331 a story of quackery. Nor,
Page 340 and 341:
Notes 333 came Dean of Biological S
Page 342 and 343:
Notes 335 human biology, with virtu
Page 344 and 345:
Notes 337 sion of Medical Sciences.
Page 346 and 347:
Notes 339 mal, while all other form
Page 348 and 349:
Notes 341 59. Frank and Goldberger
Page 350 and 351:
Notes 343 93. While most readers ar
Page 352 and 353:
Notes 345 15. Schlesinger 1958, p.6
Page 354 and 355:
Notes 347 kind of struggle against
Page 356 and 357:
Notes 349 ever, that in mice neithe
Page 358 and 359:
Notes 351 Beach’s work and manner
Page 360 and 361:
Notes 353 the majority of the femal
Page 362 and 363:
Notes 355 ability to substitute for
Page 364 and 365:
Notes 357 Here I discuss only matin
Page 366 and 367:
Notes 359 heat . . . duration of ma
Page 368 and 369:
Notes 361 In addition to attacking
Page 370 and 371:
Notes 363 127. Clark 1993b, p. 37.
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Notes 365 the altered testosterone
Page 374 and 375:
Notes 367 treatment (van de Poll et
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Notes 369 to understanding relation
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Notes 371 the brain—a region of t
Page 380 and 381:
Notes 373 neuromuscular development
Page 382 and 383:
Notes 375 der prophecies based on s
Page 384 and 385:
Notes 377 to present-day studies on
Page 386 and 387:
Notes 379 ties. Taylor, however, re
Page 388 and 389:
382 Bibliography Abu-Arafeh, W., B.
Page 390 and 391:
384 Bibliography Azziz, R., R. Mula
Page 392 and 393:
386 Bibliography ———. 1968. T
Page 394 and 395:
388 Bibliography Berenson, A., A. H
Page 396 and 397:
390 Bibliography Breines, W. 1992.
Page 398 and 399:
392 Bibliography ———. 1999. R
Page 400 and 401:
394 Bibliography Corner, G. W. 1964
Page 402 and 403:
396 Bibliography Deanesly, R., and
Page 404 and 405:
398 Bibliography Dorsey, G. A. 1925
Page 406 and 407:
400 Bibliography Elias, S., and G.
Page 408 and 409:
402 Bibliography ally dimorphic beh
Page 410 and 411:
404 Bibliography on its purificatio
Page 412 and 413:
406 Bibliography development: A dev
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408 Bibliography Gustavson, R. G. 1
Page 416 and 417:
410 Bibliography Hansen, B. 1989. A
Page 418 and 419:
412 Bibliography Hill, R. T. 1937a.
Page 420 and 421:
414 Bibliography mission of active
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416 Bibliography Jost, A., and Y. B
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418 Bibliography Klein, M., and A.
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420 Bibliography olution. In Discou
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422 Bibliography Lott, B., and D. M
Page 430 and 431:
424 Bibliography Martin, J. B. 1993
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426 Bibliography ———. 1956. S
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428 Bibliography ual Differentiatio
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430 Bibliography Oppenheim, J. S.,
Page 438 and 439:
432 Bibliography Phoenix, C. 1978.
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434 Bibliography Reilly, J. M., and
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436 Bibliography Russett, C. E. 198
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438 Bibliography Simpson, J. L. 198
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440 Bibliography ———. 1913. P
Page 448 and 449:
442 Bibliography feminist perspecti
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444 Bibliography Van den Wijngaard,
Page 452 and 453:
446 Bibliography Werner, M. H., J.
Page 454 and 455:
448 Bibliography gic modulation of
Page 456 and 457:
452 Index Moore cited by, 353(n65)
Page 458 and 459:
454 Index clitoral recession, 60(ta
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456 Index Earhart, Amelia, 192 Eder
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458 Index Money and Ehrhardt’s de
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460 Index Hausman, Bernice, 23 Hawk
Page 466 and 467:
462 Index clinical features, 52(tab
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464 Index Lichtenstern, R., 163, 33
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466 Index Nerve cells. See Brain; C
Page 472 and 473:
468 Index sexual preference in, 225
Page 474 and 475:
470 Index Young’s research/theori
Page 476 and 477:
472 Index Uecker, A., 324(n104) Und
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