468 Index sexual preference in, 225–226, 364(n144), 364–365(n145), 365(n146) Steinach’s research, 158–163, 160(table), 165 Rauch, R. A., 311(n44) Raz, N., 315(n65) Reproductive anatomy (human) normal, 48–50, 49(fig) visual representations of, 47–48, 49(fig), 85, 277(n9), 300(nn 29–31) See also specific organs Rethinking Innateness (Elman et al), 243 Rink, R. C., 276(n1) RNA, 236–237, 369(n14) Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 171, 173–174, 178. See also Bureau of Social Hygiene; Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Foundation, 195, 332(n72), 335(n9), 336(n15), 343(n3), 344(n10). See also Bureau of Social Hygiene; Committee for Research on <strong>the</strong> Problems of Sex Rome, ancient, 33, 41(fig) Roosevelt, Eleanor, 192 Rothblatt, Martine, 108 Rozin, P., 324(n104) Rubin, G., 258(n10) Rule, G. Udny, 320–321(n82) Ru<strong>the</strong>r, H., 312(n45) Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy, 36–37 Salmon, Thomas W., 174 Sambia people, 109 Sand, Knut, 331(n61) Sanger, Margaret, 172, 175–177, 335(n9), 335–336(n10), 337(n25), 343–344(n4) Sawicki, Jana, 77, 295(n138) Schäfer, Edward, 150, 327–328(n21) Schema concept (schematic processing), 246– 247 Schiebinger, Londa, 324(n105) Schlaug, G., 323–324(n99) Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 198, 345(n15) Schober, Justine, 296(n9) Schreiner, Olive, 172, 335(n8) Science changing nature of, 263(n46) and feminism, 77, 258(n13), 258– 259(n14), 293(n134), 315(n64), 329(n38) Scientific Humanitarian Committee, 151, 152(table) Scott, Joan, 10–11, 317(n70) Scott, Melissa, 78–79, 295(n5) Scrotum, 49, 49(fig). See also Testes Seckl, J. R., 281(n41) Sengoopta, Chandak, 151, 330–331(n55), 334(n92) Sex, biological as continuum, 3, 33–34, 76, 265(n62) construction of, 27–28. See also Genital surgery; Sex assignment cultural importance of two-sex model, 30– 31, 39–42, 46, 101, 286–287(n114). See also Gender norms definitions/categorizations of, 3–4, 257– 258(n9) ‘‘five sexes’’ proposal, 78–79, 101, 110, 295(nn 1, 3) gonads as defining factor of, 37–39 and intersexuality. See Intersexuality; Sex assignment and legal rights/restrictions, 30–31, 33, 35–36, 39–40, 41(fig), 110–114, 306(n93) prenatal detection of, 54, 280(n27) sex/gender dichotomy, 3–4, 258(n11). See also Gender ‘‘third’’ sex, 109 Sex and Character (Weininger), 151, 152(table), 154 Sex and Internal Secretions (CRPS), 178, 191– 192 Sex Antagonism (Heape), 153(table), 156–157 Sex antagonism <strong>the</strong>ory and bisexuality, 191, 342(n92) and early hormone research, 158–169, 331(nn 60–62), 331–332(n66) importance of, 334(n93) as social <strong>the</strong>ory, 153(table), 156–157, 328(n31) Sex assignment abusive nature of medical treatment, 79, 86, 285–286(n108), 296(n9), 301(n42) choosing assigned sex, 56–57 difficulty in creating male genitalia, 59 failures of, 69–71 as female, 47–48, 56–58, 60–61, 64–65. See also Joan/John following penis loss, 66–67, 69–71
Index 469 and gender identity development, 63–73, 75–77. See also Gender [identity] development of genetic females (XX or XO children), 57–59, 96(table) of genetic males (XY or XXY children), 57–59, 64–67, 69–71, 285(n108). See also Joan/John by intersexual individuals, 43 legal, 30, 35–36, 40, 41(fig) to maintain gender norms, 8, 27, 44, 58, 66, 75–76, 80, 281(n52) as male, 56–59, 61, 96(table) and malpractice, 306(n93) medical silence/lies about, 64–66, 80–81, 84–85, 297(n14), 298(n21), 299(n27) and parental image of child’s gender, 58– 59, 63–64 parents’ refusal of treatment, 58–59, 92– 93, 281–282(n57), 304(nn 56, 64) parents notified of intersexual infant/child, 48–51, 64 patient refusal of treatment, 92–93, 304(n64) perceived urgency of, for newborns, 44–48, 63, 275–276(n1), 276(n2) proposals for change in medical management, 79–81, 92, 296(nn 8, 10), 303– 304(n54) psychological treatment, 63–66 reassignment after 18 months old, 93–94, 284(n95). See also Joan/John reassignment of adult transsexuals, 107– 108, 198, 242 reproductive function preserved in, 57–59 scientific/medical, 37–44, 41(fig), 56–57, 75–77, 79 and social definitions of gender, 58 surgical treatment, 44, 58–65. See also Genital surgery See also Intersexuality Sex-change operations. See Sex assignment: reassignment of adult transsexuals Sex determination. See Sexual development Sex differences and <strong>the</strong> brain. See Brain, sex differences in defined, 4 and equal opportunity, 144–145, 293(n134), 325–326(n110) in personality, 374–375(n60) in play, 290–294(134). See also Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: behavioral studies of CAH girls turn-of-<strong>the</strong>-century research/<strong>the</strong>ories on, 154–169 Sex hormones. See Hormones Sex testing, 1–5, 113 Sexual behavior in ancient Greece, 11(fig), 13–15, 18, 264(n58), 266(n65) Beach’s research/<strong>the</strong>ories, 206–211, 218– 219, 224–225, 229–230, 350–351(n50), 351(n52), 352(nn 59–60, 62), 352– 353(n64), 353(n67) and <strong>the</strong> brain, 230 Davis’s study of, 173, 336(n17) difficulties of behavior research, 205–208 and <strong>the</strong> environment, 213, 229 and estrogen, 214–215, 218–219, 350(n48), 354(n83), 356(n93) experience and, 208–209, 220–221, 229, 232, 352(n59), 355(n87), 365(n146) female rat behavior studies, 220–222 frequency of sex, 369–370(n25) funding for research, 344(n10) holistic approach, 208, 352(n58), 353(n67) individual variation, 211, 354(n76) Kinsey survey, 9–10, 192, 199, 211, 250, 252, 261(nn 39–41), 261–262(n42), 354(n71) Laummann et al. survey, 262–263(n45) legal regulation of, 112–113, 307(n101) measuring system, 220–221, 362(n125) mid-twentieth-century research, 206–216, 218–232. See also Beach, Frank Ambrose; Young, William C. O/A <strong>the</strong>ory, 214–219, 221, 227–232, 354(n76), 356(n92) orthagonal model, 222, 223(fig), 289(n125) and play, 231 primate research, 344(n11) and progesterone, 214–215, 229, 354(n83), 356(n93) rodent studies. See Guinea Pigs; Rats and social contact, 213, 229, 358– 359(n106), 359(n107), 366(n160) study of viewed with suspicion, 377(n81) and testosterone, 205, 209–210, 212–216, 219, 356(n93)
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Notes 285 98. Money and Ehrhardt 19
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Notes 287 system. As I discuss in t
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Notes 289 masculine behavior’’
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Notes 319 removed from that of Amer
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Notes 321 zie, Rule’s Q is most p
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Notes 323 evolution of brain asymme
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Notes 325 nature/nurture dichotomy
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Notes 327 literature on social worl
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Notes 329 driving force in many agi
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Notes 331 a story of quackery. Nor,
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Notes 333 came Dean of Biological S
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Notes 335 human biology, with virtu
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Notes 337 sion of Medical Sciences.
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Notes 339 mal, while all other form
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Notes 341 59. Frank and Goldberger
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Notes 343 93. While most readers ar
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Notes 345 15. Schlesinger 1958, p.6
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Notes 347 kind of struggle against
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Notes 349 ever, that in mice neithe
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Notes 351 Beach’s work and manner
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Notes 353 the majority of the femal
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Notes 355 ability to substitute for
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Notes 357 Here I discuss only matin
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Notes 359 heat . . . duration of ma
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Notes 361 In addition to attacking
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Notes 363 127. Clark 1993b, p. 37.
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Notes 365 the altered testosterone
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Notes 367 treatment (van de Poll et
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Notes 369 to understanding relation
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Notes 371 the brain—a region of t
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Notes 373 neuromuscular development
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Notes 375 der prophecies based on s
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Notes 377 to present-day studies on
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Notes 379 ties. Taylor, however, re
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382 Bibliography Abu-Arafeh, W., B.
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384 Bibliography Azziz, R., R. Mula
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386 Bibliography ———. 1968. T
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388 Bibliography Berenson, A., A. H
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390 Bibliography Breines, W. 1992.
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392 Bibliography ———. 1999. R
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394 Bibliography Corner, G. W. 1964
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396 Bibliography Deanesly, R., and
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398 Bibliography Dorsey, G. A. 1925
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400 Bibliography Elias, S., and G.
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402 Bibliography ally dimorphic beh
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404 Bibliography on its purificatio
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406 Bibliography development: A dev
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408 Bibliography Gustavson, R. G. 1
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410 Bibliography Hansen, B. 1989. A
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412 Bibliography Hill, R. T. 1937a.
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414 Bibliography mission of active
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- Page 432 and 433: 426 Bibliography ———. 1956. S
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- Page 438 and 439: 432 Bibliography Phoenix, C. 1978.
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- Page 442 and 443: 436 Bibliography Russett, C. E. 198
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- Page 446 and 447: 440 Bibliography ———. 1913. P
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- Page 452 and 453: 446 Bibliography Werner, M. H., J.
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- Page 456 and 457: 452 Index Moore cited by, 353(n65)
- Page 458 and 459: 454 Index clitoral recession, 60(ta
- Page 460 and 461: 456 Index Earhart, Amelia, 192 Eder
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