Global Civil Society Index

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
table 1.
Volunteering and giving
as a share of GDP by
country, including gifts to
religious worship
organizations where
available, 1995-2002
Private Philanthropy Across
the World. Each of these lists
provides a different perspective
on philanthropic giving patterns
in the countries studied by the
Johns Hopkins Comparative
Nonprofit Sector Project. The
first column includes all private
philanthropy (giving +
volunteering), the second
covers only giving (cash and
other property gifts), and the
third covers only the value of
volunteering.
*Data on volunteering/giving to
religious worship organizations not
available.
** GDP total adjusted to account
for unrecognized value of volunteer
work in these calculations.
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S.
Wojciech Sokolowski, and
Associates, Global Civil Society:
Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector,
Volume Two (Bloomfield, CT:
Kumarian Press, 2004).
Country-specific data, including
data published after 2004 can be
found in the Center for Civil Society
Studies publications database.
Country
All private
philanthropy** Country Giving Country
Volunteering**
Netherlands 4.95% United States 1.85% Netherlands 4.70%
Sweden * 4.41% Israel 1.34% Sweden * 4.03%
U.S. 3.94% Canada 1.17% Tanzania 3.30%
Tanzania 3.78% Argentina 1.09% Norway 3.18%
U.K. 3.70% Spain * 0.87% France 2.98%
Norway 3.42% Ireland 0.85% U.K. 2.97%
France 3.21% U.K. 0.84% Germany 2.49%
Germany 2.56% Uganda 0.65% U.S. 2.18%
Finland 2.43% Hungary 0.63% Finland 2.12%
Canada 2.40% Tanzania 0.61% Belgium 1.59%
Israel 2.37% Kenya 0.57% Australia 1.51%
Argentina 2.36% Portugal 0.53% Argentina 1.30%
Spain * 2.10% Australia 0.51% Canada 1.26%
Ireland 2.02% Netherlands 0.49% Spain * 1.25%
Belgium 2.01% South Africa 0.47% Ireland 1.20%
Australia 1.99% Belgium 0.46% Israel 1.05%
South Africa 1.29% Slovakia 0.41% Philippines 0.96%
Philippines 1.18% Sweden * 0.40% South Africa 0.83%
Uganda 1.12% Finland 0.36% Italy 0.80%
Kenya 1.05% Norway 0.35% Korea, Rep. of 0.78%
Portugal 1.05% France 0.32% Austria 0.61%
Korea, Rep. of 0.96% Colombia * 0.32% Japan 0.61%
Italy 0.91% Brazil 0.29% Portugal 0.53%
Japan 0.82% Poland 0.28% Kenya 0.49%
Austria 0.78% Czech Rep. 0.27% Uganda 0.48%
Hungary 0.74% Peru * 0.26% Romania 0.45%
Czech Rep. 0.70% Philippines 0.23% Czech Rep. 0.43%
Colombia * 0.60% Pakistan 0.23% India * 0.31%
Romania 0.55% Japan 0.22% Colombia * 0.28%
Brazil 0.50% Korea, Rep. of 0.18% Brazil 0.21%
Slovakia 0.45% Austria 0.17% Pakistan 0.13%
India * 0.39% Germany 0.13% Hungary 0.12%
Poland 0.39% Italy 0.11% Poland 0.11%
Pakistan 0.36% Romania 0.10% Mexico * 0.08%
Peru * 0.33% India * 0.09% Peru * 0.06%
Mexico* 0.12% Mexico * 0.04% Slovakia 0.04%

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
table 2.
Civil society sector workforce* as a
percent of the economically active
population, 36 countries, 1995-
2000
*Excludes religious worship organizations.
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech
Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society:
Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two
(Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004).
Country-specific data, including data published
after 2004 can be found in the Center for Civil
Society Studies publications database.
Country Paid staff Volunteers Total
Argentina 2.93% 1.90% 4.84%
Australia 4.43% 1.90% 6.33%
Austria 3.84% 1.07% 4.92%
Belgium 8.62% 2.32% 10.93%
Brazil 1.43% 0.19% 1.62%
Colombia 1.79% 0.56% 2.36%
Czech Rep. 1.32% 0.72% 2.04%
Egypt 2.73% 0.08% 2.81%
Finland 2.42% 2.77% 5.25%
France 3.70% 3.75% 7.55%
Germany 3.54% 2.33% 5.89%
Hungary 0.94% 0.21% 1.15%
India 0.60% 0.76% 1.36%
Ireland 8.28% 2.15% 10.42%
Israel 6.61% 1.40% 8.00%
Italy 2.26% 1.49% 3.76%
Japan 3.19% 1.02% 4.21%
Kenya 1.29% 0.82% 2.11%
Mexico 0.26% 0.13% 0.40%
Morocco 0.72% 0.79% 1.52%
Netherlands 9.21% 5.07% 14.40%
Norway 2.69% 4.35% 7.20%
Pakistan 0.59% 0.40% 0.99%
Peru 1.55% 0.94% 2.50%
Philippines 0.68% 1.18% 1.88%
Poland 0.64% 0.17% 0.80%
Romania 0.35% 0.44% 0.79%
Slovakia 0.57% 0.24% 0.82%
South Africa 1.84% 1.59% 3.45%
South Korea 1.88% 0.55% 2.43%
Spain 2.82% 1.48% 4.31%
Sweden 1.74% 5.11% 7.10%
Tanzania 0.52% 1.54% 2.08%
Uganda 0.92% 1.33% 2.27%
United Kingdom 4.84% 3.63% 8.54%
United States 6.28% 3.49% 9.80%
Developing / transitional 1.18% 0.73% 1.91%
Developed 4.65% 2.71% 7.41%
36 country average 2.72% 1.61% 4.36%

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
table 3.
Volunteering, 36 countries,
1995-2000
*See methodological appendix for estimating
procedures.
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech
Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society:
Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two
(Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004).
Country-specific data, including data published
after 2004 can be found in the Center for Civil
Society Studies publications database.
Value of
volunteer work
People volunteering*
Country (millions US $)
number percent of
(thousands) adult population
Argentina $2,693.2 1,913 8%
Australia $4,484.8 1,832 13%
Austria $1,380.4 550 8%
Belgium $4,197.7 809 10%
Brazil $754.1 6,483 6%
Colombia $229.1 1,149 5%
Czech Rep. $196.4 381 5%
Egypt $22.1 233 1%
Finland $2,657.5 326 8%
France $41,929.6 6,536 14%
Germany $48,433.0 7,071 10%
Hungary $49.7 277 3%
India $1,355.9 16,490 2%
Ireland $715.6 293 11%
Israel $894.7 235 6%
Italy $8,290.7 2,048 4%
Japan $23,354.8 485 0.5%
Kenya $52.0 955 6%
Mexico $219.6 30 0.1%
Morocco $98.4 699 4%
Netherlands $16,991.6 1,962 16%
Norway $4,255.8 1,847 52%
Pakistan $68.1 133 0.2%
Peru $38.2 729 5%
Philippines $775.9 2,833 6%
Poland $150.8 3,614 12%
Romania $155.0 325 2%
Slovakia $7.3 149 4%
South Africa $960.5 2,659 9%
South Korea $2,433.2 1,204 3%
Spain $7,055.1 1,681 5%
Sweden $10,206.1 2,009 28%
Tanzania $289.5 2,092 11%
Uganda $30.5 2,606 23%
United Kingdom $21,976.2 14,357 30%
United States $109,012.6 44,564 22%
Total $316,415.6 131,557 -
Developing / transitional country average 6%
Developed country average - 15%
All-country average - 10%

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
table 4.
Civil society sector FTE
workforce, by field, 36
countries, 1995-2000
Country
Culture
Education
Health
Social Services
Environment
Development
Civic / Advocacy
Foundations
International
Professional
n.e.c.
Total (thousands)
Percent of total civil society workforce*
Argentina 13.8 31.5 9.8 13.5 1.6 15.7 1.8 0.1 0.8 8.2 3.2 659.4
Australia 22.7 17.9 14.9 23.6 1.4 10.4 2.9 0.2 0.4 3.3 2.4 579.7
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech
Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil
Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit
Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfield, CT:
Kumarian Press, 2004).
Country-specific data, including data
published after 2004 can be found in the
Center for Civil Society Studies
publications database.
Austria 184.3
Belgium 11.1 30.5 23.9 22.9 0.5 8.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.0 456.9
Brazil 15.1 35.1 17.5 19.2 0.2 3.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 8.6 0.3 1173.8
Colombia 7.5 20.2 15.3 18.7 0.8 18.5 1.6 1.5 0.1 14.9 0.9 377.6
Czech Rep. 35.8 10.6 11.9 13.1 6.1 6.7 3.5 2.2 1.4 8.6 0.0 115.1
Egypt 629.2
Finland 32.6 12.4 13.1 15.5 0.7 1.6 16.8 0.2 0.4 6.2 0.4 137.6
France 30.0 14.6 9.2 27.4 5.0 4.7 1.9 0.6 2.4 4.3 0.0 1981.5
Germany 19.7 7.6 21.8 27.2 2.8 4.4 3.3 1.0 1.6 4.2 6.4 2418.9
Hungary 36.8 8.9 4.7 15.1 2.2 11.3 2.3 3.7 1.0 14.0 0.0 54.8
India 12.2 39.3 12.0 31.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 6035.0
Ireland 10.5 43.0 23.3 13.0 0.9 5.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.3 150.3
Israel 8.6 41.4 27.2 16.0 0.6 0.8 2.0 1.6 0.1 1.6 0.0 176.7
Italy 23.9 14.8 18.0 26.1 1.2 3.6 3.0 0.8 0.6 6.7 1.2 950.1
Japan 5.5 18.5 37.3 17.3 0.7 1.9 0.5 1.1 1.6 5.0 10.7 2835.2
Kenya 4.7 10.8 10.1 18.6 4.0 20.2 5.3 0.3 0.0 1.5 24.5 287.3
Mexico 6.4 30.7 8.4 16.3 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 33.6 0.0 141.0
Morocco 157.9
Netherlands 17.2 23.1 29.5 20.3 2.0 1.7 2.9 0.2 1.2 1.8 0.0 1051.8
Norway 41.2 11.2 6.0 14.0 0.6 4.3 6.3 0.2 2.9 13.1 0.3 163.0
Pakistan 5.2 56.6 10.4 8.0 0.3 7.8 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 442.7
Peru 2.5 45.2 2.6 38.3 0.4 8.8 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 210.0
Philippines 5.6 30.5 2.0 6.2 2.1 21.3 1.7 1.0 0.4 29.3 0.0 517.6
Poland 32.7 22.2 6.7 19.5 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0 10.8 3.0 154.6
Romania 28.6 15.1 8.5 32.2 2.2 2.4 3.8 1.0 4.0 2.4 0.0 83.9
Slovakia 37.0 20.4 1.9 10.1 9.0 1.1 3.8 5.6 0.9 9.1 1.1 23.0
South Africa 17.6 5.5 10.0 25.6 5.9 17.9 15.9 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 562.4
South Korea 4.9 40.5 25.8 15.5 0.0 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 535.4
Spain 15.2 20.6 10.5 30.8 3.0 9.2 5.9 0.1 2.6 1.8 0.2 728.8
Sweden 45.5 6.8 0.9 10.5 2.1 4.4 10.2 0.2 2.3 15.4 1.7 342.9
Tanzania 10.3 11.7 10.5 16.4 10.6 12.8 7.1 7.8 3.9 3.2 5.8 330.9
Uganda 22.7 12.8 6.7 28.8 1.0 20.2 0.5 1.0 0.2 3.3 2.6 228.6
U.K. 27.5 25.4 8.0 16.0 2.4 12.5 1.8 1.3 2.4 1.5 1.2 2536.0
U.S. 9.0 18.5 34.2 22.1 1.0 4.0 4.9 1.0 0.3 3.9 1.1 13549.1
Developing/
transitional
16.6 24.9 9.7 19.3 2.8 9.4 3.9 1.5 0.8 8.6 2.6 12720.2
Developed 21.4 20.4 18.5 20.2 1.7 5.2 4.2 0.6 1.3 4.8 1.7 28242.7
36 countries 18.8 22.9 13.7 19.7 2.3 7.5 4.0 1.1 1.0 6.9 2.2 40962.8

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
table 5.
Civil society sector sources of
support, with and without
volunteers, 34 countries,
1995-2000
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech
Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil
Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit
Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfield, CT:
Kumarian Press, 2004).
Country-specific data, including data
published after 2004 can be found in the
Center for Civil Society Studies
publications database.
Country
Government
Philanthropy
Fees
Millions
US$
Government
Philanthropy
Fees
Millions
US$
Argentina 19.5% 7.5% 73.1% $13,321 16.2% 23.0% 60.8% $16,014
Australia 31.2% 6.3% 62.5% $19,810 25.4% 23.6% 51.0% $24,295
Austria 50.4% 6.1% 43.5% $6,262 41.3% 23.1% 35.6% $7,643
Belgium 76.8% 4.7% 18.6% $25,576 65.9% 18.1% 16.0% $29,773
Brazil 15.5% 10.7% 73.8% $11,390 14.5% 16.3% 69.2% $12,144
Colombia 14.9% 14.9% 70.2% $1,719 13.1% 24.9% 62.0% $1,948
Czech Rep. 39.4% 14.0% 46.6% $860 32.1% 30.0% 37.9% $1,056
Finland 36.2% 5.9% 57.9% $6,064 25.2% 34.6% 40.3% $8,722
France 57.8% 7.5% 34.6% $57,304 33.4% 46.6% 20.0% $99,234
Germany 64.3% 3.4% 32.3% $94,454 42.5% 36.2% 21.3% $142,887
Hungary 27.1% 18.4% 54.6% $1,433 26.2% 21.1% 52.7% $1,483
India 36.1% 12.9% 51.0% $3,026 24.9% 39.9% 35.2% $4,382
Ireland 77.2% 7.0% 15.8% $5,017 67.6% 18.6% 13.8% $5,732
Israel 63.9% 10.2% 25.8% $10,947 59.1% 17.0% 23.9% $11,842
Italy 36.6% 2.8% 60.6% $39,356 30.2% 19.7% 50.1% $47,647
Japan 45.2% 2.6% 52.1% $258,959 41.5% 10.7% 47.8% $282,314
Kenya 4.8% 14.2% 81.0% $404 4.3% 23.9% 71.8% $456
Mexico 8.5% 6.3% 85.2% $1,554 7.5% 17.9% 74.7% $1,774
Netherlands 59.0% 2.4% 38.6% $60,399 46.1% 23.9% 30.1% $77,391
Norway 35.0% 6.9% 58.1% $5,640 20.0% 46.9% 33.1% $9,895
Pakistan 6.0% 42.9% 51.1% $310 4.9% 53.1% 41.9% $378
Peru 18.1% 12.2% 69.8% $1,272 17.5% 14.7% 67.7% $1,310
Philippines 5.2% 3.2% 91.6% $1,103 3.1% 43.2% 53.7% $1,878
Poland 24.1% 15.5% 60.4% $2,620 22.8% 20.1% 57.1% $2,771
Romania 45.0% 26.5% 28.5% $130 20.5% 66.5% 13.0% $285
Slovakia 21.9% 23.3% 54.9% $295 21.3% 25.1% 53.5% $302
South Africa 44.2% 24.2% 31.7% $2,386 31.5% 45.9% 22.6% $3,346
South Korea 24.3% 4.4% 71.4% $19,753 21.6% 14.9% 63.5% $22,186
Spain 32.1% 18.8% 49.0% $25,778 25.2% 36.3% 38.5% $32,833
Sweden 28.7% 9.1% 62.3% $10,599 14.6% 53.7% 31.7% $20,805
Tanzania 27.0% 20.0% 53.1% $263 12.8% 61.9% 25.3% $552
Uganda 7.1% 38.2% 54.7% $108 5.5% 51.8% 42.7% $139
U.K. 46.7% 8.8% 44.6% $78,220 36.4% 28.8% 34.8% $100,196
U.S. 30.5% 12.9% 56.6% $566,960 25.6% 26.9% 47.4% $675,973
Developing/
transitional 21.6% 17.2% 61.3% - 16.7% 33.0% 50.3% -
Developed 48.2% 7.2% 44.6% - 37.5% 29.0% 33.5% -
34 countries 34.1% 12.5% 53.4% - 26.5% 31.1% 42.4% -

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
Figure 1.
Civil society organization
workforce as a share of the
economically active
population, by country,
1995-2000
36 countries
Netherlands
Belgium
Ireland
U.S.
U.K.
4.4%
8.5%
10.9%
10.4%
9.8%
14.4%
Israel
8.0%
France
7.6%
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S.
Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates,
Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the
Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two
(Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,
2004).
Norway
Sweden
Australia
Germany
7.2%
7.1%
6.3%
5.9%
Country-specific data, including data
published after 2004 can be found in
the Center for Civil Society Studies
publications database.
Finland
Austria
Argentina
Spain
5.3%
4.9%
4.8%
4.3%
Japan
4.2%
Italy
3.8%
South Africa
3.4%
Egypt
2.8%
Peru
2.5%
South Korea
2.4%
Colombia
2.4%
Uganda
2.3%
Kenya
2.1%
Tanzania
2.1%
Czech Rep.
2.0%
Philippines
1.9%
Brazil
1.6%
Morocco
1.5%
Paid staff
India
Hungary
1.4%
1.1%
Volunteers
Pakistan
1.0%
Slovakia
0.8%
Poland
0.8%
Romania
0.8%
Mexico
0.4%
Percent of economically active population

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies | ccss.jhu.edu
Figure 2.
Civil society organization
workforce as a share of the
economically active population,
by level of development, 1995-
2000
36-country
average
2.7%
1.6%
4.4%
SOURCE: Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech
Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil
Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector,
Volume Two (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press,
2004).
Developed
countries
4.7%
2.7%
7.4%
Country-specific data, including data
published after 2004 can be found in the
Center for Civil Society Studies publications
database.
Developing and
transitional
countries
1.2%
0.7%
1.9%
Paid staff
Volunteers
Percent of economically active population