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PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE MOTIVATION EMOTION CONTEXT fig 6.17>> Factors affecting our perceptual set Motivation: Very often we see what we want to see. On a long drive in the country, running low on petrol, a sign that reads ‘FOOD AHEAD’ may well be interpreted as ‘FUEL AHEAD’. Emotion: We could interpret someone’s facial expression as showing laughter or crying, depending on how we are feeling ourselves. fig 6.18>> Quickly look at this illustration. Close your eyes and recall what you saw. did you know? Researchers found that when they presented a picture of a farmyard to a group of subjects and then asked them to describe it from memory, they were able to do so quite well. However, when shown the picture above, the subjects were surprised by the picture of a giant squid outside the barn—it is out of context, so they concentrated on this and failed to pay attention to the other items in the picture. PERCEPTUAL SET Bugelski & Alampay (1961) performed the very famous rat-man experiment. One group of participants was shown a series of line-drawings of faces and then the ambiguous rat-man stimulus—the majority identified it as an old man. The other group was shown a series of line-drawings of animals and then the ambiguous stimulus—the majority identified it as a rat or mouse. This shows how the perceptual set, created by prior experience, influences perception. fig 6.19>> Rat-man. Can you see the rat and the man? SELECTION INTERPRETATION 123
chapter 6>> visual perception review 6.3 1 Describe how the brain uses certain principles to organise visual information. 2 What theory underlies all of the Gestalt principles? 3 Explain the phi phenomenon using local examples. 4 What is figure-ground organisation? Why is a ‘contour’ important to this principle? 5 Why do we find it so difficult to see animals camouflaged in their environment? 6 Explain how ‘closure’ works. 7 Give an example of similarity and explain why the example is seen as a single unit. 6.3 investigate 124 Try the rat-man experiment 1 Trace the drawings below onto pieces of card or paper. 8 What is retinal disparity and why is it important to depth perception? 9 Convergence is also a binocular depth cue. Explain how this works. 10 Why are depth cues so important to us? 11 What techniques have been developed by artists to show visual representations of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface? 12 Do these visual clues apply to all humans? If not why not? 13 List the groups of psychological factors that influence our visual perception. 2 Show either the ‘faces’ group of cards or the ‘animals’ group, one at a time, to volunteer participants. 3 Show the ambiguous rat-man stimulus (Figure 6.19, page 123) to each volunteer and record the response. 4 Compare the responses of the two groups. Did the ‘faces’ group identify an old man more than the ‘animals’ group? 5 Repeat the experiment with other volunteers, but this time show them a mixture of three ‘faces’ and three ‘animals’ before showing the rat-man stimulus. > Step 5 is an important step in the research. Why should this be done?
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