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14 The Ames Room Illusion is one in which we mistakenly perceive a person to change in size as they cross a room. The illusion is caused by the fact that we: a maintain size-constancy for the room at the expense of size-constancy for the person b maintain shape-constancy for the room at the expense of shape-constancy for the person c maintain size-constancy for the room at the expense of shape-constancy for the person d maintain shape-constancy for the room at the expense of size-constancy for the person. 15 The Müller-Lyer Illusion is one in which we mistakenly think that one parallel line is longer than the other because of the pattern on the end of each of the lines. The best description of the illusion is that: a the line with the arrowheads on the ends is perceived to be shorter than the line with the feather-tails on the ends b the line with the arrowheads on the ends is perceived to be longer than the line with the feather-tails on the ends c the two lines are perceived to be the same length but at different distances from us d the two lines are perceived to be the average length of the outermost and innermost measurements. 16 When we are in broad daylight looking at an object, we like to look straight at it and hold it in the centre of our visual field. When it is almost dark, we cannot pick out colours and we see objects better when they are on the edge of our field of view. With reference to the retina and photoreceptors, explain why this is the case. 17 The processes that are carried out by the photoreceptors during visual perception include reception, transduction and transmission. Explain what is meant by transduction. Explain what is meant by transmission. 18 With reference to the picture shown below, identify four depth cues that are shown and describe how each one enables us to perceive depth in this picture. 19 Explain, using an example, the Gestalt principle of similarity. 20 Explain what is meant by the term ‘perceptual set’. Give an example that shows your understanding of this principle. 21 The Ames Room Illusion is a visual illusion. a Define ‘visual illusion’ b i Describe the Ames Room Illusion. (Be careful to state what is perceived.) ii Why does the illusion occur? 131
unit 1 aos 1>> research methods and ethics research methods and ethics 132 1 case study Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Negro Males Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection and can affect both men and women. It is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact and is highly contagious. It can also be passed on by an infected mother to her unborn child. If left untreated, it can damage the heart, brain, eyes and bones with fatal consequences. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Negro Males was a clinical study that began in 1932 and ended in 1972 and recruited 399 males with syphilis and 201 males without syphilis (the control group). The main organisations involved in the study were the Tuskegee Institute (a historically black college) and the Public Health Service Venereal Disease Clinic in Arkansas. Most of the African American males recruited to be in the study were poor and illiterate and were told they had ‘bad blood’. As an incentive to participate, they were offered free medical treatment, transportation to the clinic, meals and burial insurance in case of death. Questions Complete the following with reference to this research. 1 When did the Tuskegee experiment begin? 2 How were participants selected? 3 How many participants were involved in the study? 4 What experimental design was used (e.g. matched participants, independent groups, repeated measures)? 5 Were participants offered any incentive(s) to participate in the study? If so, what ethical principle was breached? 6 What year did the experiment begin? 7 Explain what ‘syphilis’ is and how it is acquired. Use the Internet to give additional information to answer this question. 8 What was the aim of the experiment? 9 How did the researchers track the effects of syphilis on the participants? 10 Why is this experiment considered unethical by today’s standards? Explain your answer with reference to the ethical principles outlined in Chapter 1. 11 What were the long-term problems caused by this experiment? When the study began in 1932, treatment of syphilis was often unreliable and many of the medications used were toxic. The researchers wanted to observe the progression of the disease and subjected the participants to dangerous and painful procedures without actually treating their syphilis. The study also required all participants to undergo an autopsy after their death in order for their families to receive the funeral benefits promised. In 1947, penicillin became the standard treatment for the disease with excellent results. However, the participants in the study who were diagnosed with syphilis were not given treatment. Some were given a placebo (not the real treatment). At the end of the study, only 74 of the original test subjects survived. Twenty-eight of the men died directly of syphilis, 100 died of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected and 19 of their children were born with congenital syphilis. Reference:
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