EPD Fresh milk - The International EPDÂ® System

ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT 

DECLARATION FOR 

“PIACERE LEGGERO” 

FRESH MILK IN PET BOTTLES* 

* 1.5 litre, 1 litre and ½ 

litre containers 

CPC code 

Revision n. 

Certification no. 

Valid until 

Reference year 

22110 – Processed 

liquid milk 

(unstats.un.org) 

11 of 06/08/2012 

S-P 00210 

29/09/2013 

2011

Epd FOR “PIACERE LEGGERO” FRESH MILK IN PET BOTTLES 

1. the company 

1. the company 

2. certification 

The company was set up in 1957 by a small cooperative 

situated near Bologna and owned by Granlatte Società 

Cooperativa Agricola, together with which it forms the largest 

milk chain in Italy, with shares held directly by the farmer 

members of the cooperative. 

Since the early nineties, the Group has been divided into 

two distinct, synergistic structures: a consortium of milk 

producers (Granlatte) – which operates in the farming industry 

and collects the raw material – and a joint-stock company 

(Granarolo S.p.A.), which controls the industrial and marketing 

activities. 

Granarolo is one of the leading food-processing companies in 

Italy. The Group closed the year 2011 with a turnover of about 

849 million euros and has: 

• 6 production plants distributed across the country; 

• 2,083 employees; 

• 1,200 refrigerated vehicles for the distribution. 

The group’s business is divided into 3 main areas: milk & 

cream, yogurt and dairy products. 

Granarolo is the leading Italian company in the sale of fresh 

milk and organic milk and dairy products under an industrial 

brand name and is one of the leaders on the market for UHT 

milk (2nd largest market share), yogurt (3rd) and fresh cheese 

(2nd). 

The central office of Granarolo S.p.A. is situated in Bologna 

and it has production plants in several regions of Italy. 

2. certification 

Granarolo adopts an integrated approach to quality policies 

that combines economic, environmental and ethical objectives 

along the entire food chain, from the farm to the consumer’s 

table. 

A path upon which the Company embarked about 15 years 

ago, by opting for a high quality strategy that has culminated 

today in the traceability of the chain, in the quality, in the 

environment and occupational safety. 

page 2


3. the product 

This Environmental Product Declaration EPD concerns 

the “Piacere Leggero” partly skimmed pasteurized fresh milk 

packaged in one and a half-litre, one-litre and half-litre PET 

bottles. The “Piacere Leggero” pasteurized fresh milk in bottles 

solely comes from Italian selected farms and contains only 

1,6% of fat. 

The whole raw milk coming from the Granarolo production 

plants is subjected to a single pasteurization treatment and 

conforms to all the requirements laid down by law 169/89. 

The standards currently adopted by Granarolo for the raw 

material used enable the milk to be subjected to a more delicate 

pasteurization process so as to make it more similar to milk 

freshly milked and, in addition, the milk is completely safe from 

the point of view of health and hygiene. 

3. the product 

traced milk 

parameters 

weighted 

mean 

geometrical 

mean 

law 

standard 

Energy 

199 kJ (47 kcal) 

Fat p/v 3.85% – – 

Protein p/v 3.44% – – 

Protein 

3.24 g 

Somatic cells (thousands 

of cells per ml) 

Bacterial load (thousands 

of bacteria per ml) 

normal milk 

parameters 

– 286 – 

– 28 – 

weighted 

mean 

geometrical 

mean 

law 

standard 

Fat p/v 3.82% – – 

Carbohydrates 

Fat 

Food fiber 

5.00 g of which sugar 5.00 g 

1.60 g of which saturated 1.10 g 

0.0 g 

Protein p/v 3.42% – – 

Somatic cells (thousands 

of cells per ml) 

Bacterial load (thousands 

of bacteria per ml) 

– 329 – 

– 80 – 

Sodium 

Calcium 

0.05 g 

120 mg (15% of the recommended daily intake) 

table 1 – quality and safety standards of raw material granarolo. 

table 2 - nutritional data per 100 ml of product. 

page 3


4. The Production Process 

The production process can be divided into the following four 

main phases: 

• production and collecting of raw milk at the cowsheds and 

transport to the plants; 

• production of containers; 

• industrial milk pasteurization and packaging process (Figure 

1); 

• transport to the distribution platforms (afterwards the milk 

can be distributed to sales points or sent to Transit Point 

where the pre-ordered products assembly takes place). 

4. The Production 

Process 

pieve emanuele (mi) 

2011 total hq milk in 1.5 l pet – 661.302 liters 

bologna 

70% 

Assolac 

1.5 

liter 

30% 

Bologna 

pasturago (mi) 

1 liter 

bologna 

1 - 1.5 liter 

roma 

anzio (rm) 

1 liter 

nola (na) 

gioia del colle (ba) 

0.5 - 1 liter 

gioia del colle (ba) 

castrovillari (cs) 

2011 total hq milk in 1 l pet – 48.134.532 liters 

28.3% 

Bologna 

15.7% 

Pasturago 

1 

liter 

2011 total hq milk in 0.5 l pet – 2.065.133 liters 

11.7% 

Assolac 

13.5% 

Gioia del Colle 

30.8% 

Anzio 

r Production plant 

r Logistics platform 

castrovillari (cs) 

1 - 1.5 liter 

100% 

Gioia del Colle 

0.5 

liter 

figure 1 –granarolo plants where in 2011 the “piacere leggero” milk packaged in 1.5, 1 and 0.5 liter pet bottles was produced. 

page 4


Before being unloaded, the milk received is subjected to 

an initial incoming test to make sure that it is suitable for 

processing. After the refrigerated storage phase (at about 4°C), 

the milk is transferred to the pasteurization process, which 

consists of a continuous flow heat treatment at a temperature 

of 76°C for 21” (Figure 2). 

The phase after the pasteurization process consists in 

packaging the milk (Figure 3). 

The process starts with the transformation of the preforms 

into bottles, which are transferred to the filling machine and 

then labelled and grouped into bundles located on pallets. 

The so packaged milk is then transferred to the distribution 

from where it will be distributed directly to the points of sale 

or via the Transit Points where the pre-ordered products are 

assembled. 

4. The Production 

Process 

arrival of raw milk 

packaging 

production 

of preform 

Stretch-blow mounding 

pasteurized 

milk 

Cooling 

Cooling 

Packaging 

Storage in silo 

Pasteurization 

(76°C for 21 seconds) 

Labelling 

Packaging with heat shrink film 

Warming up 

Bacteria 

removal 

Titration 

Homogenization 

Pallettizing and winding 

Storage in refrigerator 

Degassing 

Skimming 

shipment 

figure 2 – diagram of the “piacere leggero” milk pasteurization process. 

figure 3 – the packaging of milk in pet bottles. 

page 5


5. Method Used 

The environmental performance of the product was quantified 

as laid down in the general rules of the EPD Program 1 and in 

the specifications of the group of products “Product Category 

Rules PCR 2010:12 “Processed liquid Milk” – CPC 2211”, using 

the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method regulated by the 

ISO 14040 series international standards, which are used to 

determine environmental impacts in terms of consumption of 

resources and atmospheric emissions of a product or service 

throughout its life (“from cradle to grave”). 

In this specific case, the LCA analysis was developed using 

some LCA databases as a further support tool, such as 

Ecoinvent, PlasticsEurope, LCA Food (within the software 

SimaPro v.7.3.3) and the Boustead Model 2 ; the contribution of 

generic data to the end results was less than 10%. 

The study was conducted on direct suppliers-producers, 

who were sent detailed questionnaires to ensure a complete 

characterization of their production activity. 

The data referred to the following periods: 

• 2011 for the processes, all production and transport 

procedures that take place at the plants in Bologna, Anzio, 

Gioia del Colle, Pasturago and Assolac-Castrovillari; 

• 2011 for the PET bottle preforms and the PE caps 

manufacturers. 

As regards the primary farming production and milk production 

cowsheds, the data refers to 10 sample cowsheds (7 situated in 

Northern Italy and 3 in Southern Italy). 

The functional unit to which the results apply is: 1 Litre of 

Granarolo “Piacere Leggero” Milk packaged in PET bottles (1.5 

litres, 1-litre and ½-litre bottles). 

1 

international epd® system managed by the international epd consortium 

- iec (www.environdec.com). 

2 

www.boustead-consulting.co.uk 

5. Method Used 

page 6


6. System Limits and Main Hypotheses 

The limits of the system studied include the entire High Quality 

Milk production process handled by Granarolo and, to be more 

precise, the production of milk at the farms, the pasteurization 

and packaging at the Granarolo Group and Assolac Castrovillari 

plants, the transport to the preliminary storage platforms and 

then to the Transit Points. 

A detailed diagram of the system analysed is shown in Figure 

4, which illustrates three different levels or subsystems for the 

following production activities: 

Upstream processes 

• “farms” raw milk production at the cowsheds; 

• “production of packaging materials” production of the PET 

preforms, of the packaging indicated on the bill of materials of 

the bottled Piacere Leggero milk and of the auxiliary materials 

for the pasteurization process. 

Core processes 

• “Granarolo process” milk pasteurization and packaging 

activities. 

Downstream processes 

• “transport of finished product” the transport of the PETpackaged 

Piacere Leggero milk to the distribution platforms 

and the transit points. 

6. System Limits and 

Main Hypotheses 

upstream processes 

core processes 

downstream processes 

production 

of raw milk 

production 

of packaging 

output input 

Cattle, Feed, Water, 

Detergents, Energy consumption 

Farms 

Manure, Waste, 

Enteric fermentation emissions 

Raw 

materials 

energy ↓ 

Production 

of Caps-PET 

preforms 

transport 

of raw milk 

transport 

of containers 

treatment process 

water ↓ 

energy ↓ 

energy ↓ 

Pasteurization 

Packaging 

Plants: Bologna, Anzio, 

Gioia del Colle (Sail), Pasturago, 

Castrovillari (Assolac) 

transport of finished product 

transport 

voluntary optional phases 

Transport to 

logistical platforms 

Use 

End of life 

of primary packages 

figure 4 – diagram of granarolo “piacere leggero” milk production system. 

page 7


7. Environmental Performance 

In accordance with the rules of the EPD system, below 

are shown the environmental performances referred per 

litre of milk. As the milk is distributed in 1.5, 1 and 0.5 litres 

containers, the results will be presented in such a way as 

to compare the impacts associated with the use of the two 

containers, keeping the functional unit fixed (i.e, the results of 

the half-litre container are simply twice those of the impacts of 

the one-litre container). 

Resources consumption 

The need for resources is indicated in two separate sections: 

renewable resources (Table 3) non-renewable resources (Table 

4) and water consumption (Table 5). 

upstream core downstream 

1.5 litre 

container 

renewable resources 

farms packaging other auxiliary 

materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

of platforms 

total 

7. Environmental 

Performance 

hydroelectric 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06



1 litre 

container 

total 

renewable resources 


materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

of platforms 

energy 

resources 

(mj/l) 

hydroelectric 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.11


1.5 litre 

container 

non-renewable resources 


total 

material resources (g/l) 

sodium chloride 17.51 0.09 3.91 0.01


1 litre 

container 



total 

material resources (g/l) 

sodium chloride 17.25 0.11 1.29 0.01


½ litre 

container 



total 

sodium chloride 17.06 0.14 2.01 0.01



1.5 litre 

container 

total 



materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

to platforms 

water consumption (l/l) 5.54 0.32 0.22 8.70 0.07 14.85 


1 litre 

container 

total 



materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

to platforms 


Performance 



½ litre 

container 

total 



materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

to platforms 


table 5 – total water consumption. data expressed in litres per litre of milk (1.5, 1 and ½ litre containers). 

page 13


Production of waste 

Another important data item in the description of the 

environmental impacts of the system is the production of 

waste. Table 6 shows the total amount of waste produced in 

order to produce one litre of “Piacere Leggero” milk. 

1.5 litre 

container 


total 

production of waste 

non-hazardous waste (g/l) 0.98 3.41 0.08 24.26


Emissions into the air and water 

With regard to the emission of pollutants, the EPD 

International System lays down that they must be presented 

in “aggregate” form, assessing them through indicators that 

refer to different types of environmental impact expressed in 

terms of appropriate equivalent substances 9 on the basis of the 

criteria and specifications present in the system rules. 

The results of this classification are given in Table 7 below in 

which the values refer to one litre of “Piacere Leggero” milk. 

9 

the phases of an lca classification and characterization study entail 

identifying a series of potential environmental effects and then 

determining which of the impacts identified during the inventory phase 

contributes to a given effect (classification). for example, co 2 

, co and 

hydrocarbons all contribute to the greenhouse effect. another aim of 

this phase is to assign a numeric value to the degree to which the process 

examined contributes to the potential impacts identified by determining 

given environmental indicators (characterization) expressed in quantities 

of suitable equivalent substances. 


1.5 litre 

container 


global warming potential - 

(GWP) (g CO 2 

eq) 


materials 

Granarolo 

process 

transport 

to platforms 

total 

921.26 10 126.29 24.77 129.13 57.90 1,259.35 


Performance 

impact indicator 

acidifcation - AP 

(g SO 2 

eq) 

eutrophication - EP 

(g PO 43 

- eq) 

ozone depletion - ODP 

(g CFC-11 eq) 

17.63 0.50 0.12 0.23 0.27 18.75 

6.16 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.06 6.38 


impact indicator 

1 litre 

container 

non renewable resources 


total 

global warming potential - (GWP) 

(g CO 2 

eq) 

907.42 11 136.48 11.90 125.58 15.03 1,196.40 

acidifcation - AP 

(g SO 2 

eq) 

17.37 0.53 0.06 0.37 0.07 18.40 

eutrophication - EP 

(g PO 43 

- eq) 

6.07 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.02 6.26 

ozone depletion - ODP 

(g CFC-11 eq) 


8. Additional Information 

Representativeness of the farms 

Granarolo acquires the raw material from a large number of 

farms, all situated in Italy, which are divided into classes, not 

only on the basis of the number of animals but also in terms of 

the quantity of milk produced per day (expressed in litres/day). 

The distribution of milk producers according to the distinction 

made by Granarolo is illustrated in Figure 5, from which it 

emerges that most of the milk (about 81%) comes from the 

cowsheds with a daily production of over 3,000 litres/day. 

contributions to total milk production by cowshed categories 

81% 

>3,000 l/g 

figure 5 – contributions to total milk production by the cowshed 

categories (2011 data). 

2.6% 

501-1,000 l/g 

0.8% 

0-500 l/g 

15.6% 

1,001-3,000 l/g 

Primary milk production data 

The primary milk production data used for the LCA and to draw 

up this Environmental Product Declaration refers to a sample 

of 8 farms; in quantitative terms, the production of these 

companies was equivalent to 12% of the Piacere Leggero milk 

produced by Granarolo in 2011. 

As regards their production, the sample cowsheds belong 

to the main categories shown in Figure 5 (> 300 l/g), so as to 

guarantee that 99,8% of the Piacere Leggero milk produced 

and delivered to Granarolo is represented (the cowsheds with a 

productivity of less than 300 litres/day, which account for 0,2% 

of the milk were left out of the sample). 

Primary milk processing data 

The primary milk processing and packaging data refers to all 

the 5 plants indicated in Figure 1 and accounts for 100% of the 

production of Granarolo Piacere Leggero milk packaged in 1.5, 

1 and 0.5 litre PET containers. 

Use and end of life of the bottle 

The impacts associated with the use of the milk and 

management of the primary packaging after use are closely 

correlated with the consumer’s behaviour. 

Consumption of Piacere Leggero Milk 

As regards the use phase, the main environmental impact 

is associated with the storage of the fresh product in the 

refrigerator considering that the Piacere Leggero milk has a life 

of 6 days following pasteurization. 

8. Additional 

Information 

page 17


End of life of the primary packaging 

The white 1-litre PET bottle is a modern remake of the glass 

bottle (used in Italy until the seventies); the new container was 

designed with a view to combining the value of tradition with 

respect for the environment and the need for a more practical 

container. 

In fact, this container is highly practical, light and ensures 

that the product remains fresh; the PET bottle is not just 

unbreakable and lighter than the glass bottle, even after it has 

been opened it can be set horizontally in the refrigerator as it 

has a liquid-proof cap. 

Over the past few years, in order to reduce the consumption 

of raw materials, Granarolo has gradually reduced the weight of 

the bottle, by undertaking a project to this aim in 2001, starting 

from a PET bottle weight of 29 g in 2007, reaching 25 g in 2008 

and 23.5 g in 2009-2010, these bottles maintaining their shape 

and technical characteristics at the same time. 

The information given in this document refers to all the 

phases that can be controlled directly by Granarolo so the end 

of life management of the package (waste disposal) lies outside 

the limits of the system assessed in the LCA analysis and the 

EPD, as indicated in the reference PCR. 

Nevertheless, in relation to the handling of PET bottles at the 

end of their life, it should be pointed out that the environmental 

impacts depend mainly on the behaviour of the end user 

and the local availability of efficient separate waste collection 

services; according to the statistics, on average, PET waste in 

Italy 13 is disposed of as follows: 

• recycling 41%; 

• waste to energy systems 30%; 

• delivery to dump 29%. 

There are two ways of recycling PET: it can be transformed into 

secondary raw material or it can be converted into energy as 

illustrated in Figure 6. 

Recycling 

PET recycling eliminates the need to 

produce granules from natural raw 

materials. 

Waste of energy 

One PET bottle has a calorific power 

(feedstock energy) of about 1 MJ, which 

may be converted into usable energy. 

8. Additional 

Information 

The production of 23.5 g of virgin PET 

granules uses up about 40 g of energy 

resources (oil, gas and coal) and an 

equivalent amount of about 80 g of CO 2 

is 

emitted. Source: Plastics Europe 

1 bottle = 

23.5 grams of PET 

1 MJ of energy corresponds to about 0.025 

Nm³ of natural gas or 0.026 litres of diesel 

oil and is sufficient for an average-engine 

car to travel about 400 m. 

figure 6 – possible ways of reusing the pet bottle (23.5 g) at the end of its life. 13 reference: administration report 2011 corepla. 

page 18


9. Contribution of Generic Data 

The generic data used in this study concerns the production of 

some feeds included in the rations administered to the cattle 

and the detergents used to clean and sanitize the cowsheds and 

plants; the influence of the generic data on the performance 

indicators used was less than 10%. 

10. contacts 

For further information about the Granarolo Group or 

this environmental declaration, contact Mirella Di Stefano 

(Environmental Management System Specialist of the 

Granarolo Group) by telephone: no. 051-41.62.599, by e-mail: 

mirella.distefano@granarolo.it or by writing to Granarolo 

S.p.A., Via Cadriano 27/2 – 40127 Bologna - Italia. Alternatively, 

information can be found at the www.granarolo.it site. 

Granarolo was given technical support by the Life Cycle 

Engineering firm from Turin(www.studiolce.it). 

11. Info about the certifying body and the pcr 

PCR: PCR 2010:12 – version 1.0 (2010-06-24) Processed Liquid 

Milk (CPC code 2211). 

PCR review, was conducted by: Technical Committee of the 

International EPD® System. 

PCR moderator: Mirella Di Stefano, Granarolo S.p.A., Italy. 

Third party verifier: Certiquality Certification Body (www. 

certiquality.it) accredited by Accredia (registration n. 003H rev.6 

– 21/07/2011). 

Valid until: 29/09/2013. 

9. Contribution 

of Generic Data 

10. contacts 

11. certifying body 

and the pcr 

Independent verification of the declaration and data, according 

to ISO 14025: Internal External 

EPDs belonging to the same product category but coming from 

different programs are not necessarily comparable. 

page 19


12. Main References 

• Life Cycle Engineering; “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) applicata 

al sistema di Produzione, Confezionamento e Distribuzione 

delle referenze Granarolo Latte Fresco Alta Qualità in bottiglie 

PET da 1,5 litri, 1 litro e 0,5 litri, Latte Fresco Piacere Leggero 

in Bottiglie PET da 1,5 litri, 1 litro e 0,5 litri, Latte Biologico in 

PET da 1 litro, Latte Biologico Parzialmente Scremato in PET 

da 1 litro” Rev.1 del 08/03/2012; 

• Product Category Rules: PCR 2010:12 - version 1.0 (2010- 

06-24) - Processed Liquid Milk (CPC code 2211) (www. 

environdec.com); 

• SEMC, 2008. International EPD Cooperation (IEC), General 

Programme Instructions for Environmental Product 

Declaration EPD, Versione 1.0, del 29/02/2009. Swedish 

Environmental Management Council (www.environdec.com); 

• ISO 14025:2006. Environmental labels and declarations – Type 

III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures 

(www.iso.org); 

• ISO 14040/14044:2006. ISO series on Life Cycle Assessment 

(Valutazione del ciclo di vita), UNI EN ISO 14040:2006 e 

14044:2006 (www.iso.org); 

• IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 

Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use chapter 

10 emissions from livestock and manure management (www. 

ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp); 

• IDF 2010, A common carbon footprint approach for dairy. The 

IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for 

the diary sector. Bullettin of International Dairy Federation, 

445/2010; 

• IDF 2005, Guide on Life Cycle Assessment Toward 

Sustainability in the Dairy chain, Bullettin of International 

Dairy Federation, 398/2005; 

• Software SimaPro versione 7.3.3 del 2010 (www.pre.nl); 

• Relazione sulla Gestione Corepla 2011(www.corepla.it). 

12. Main References 

page 20


13. glossary 

Acidification Potential (AP) 

Ozone Depletion Potential 

(ODP) 

Global Warming Potential 

(GWP) 

Gross Energy Requirements 

(GER) 

Eutrophication Potential (EP) 

The characteristic of rain or 

other form of precipitation 

having a lower than normal 

pH, it may have harmful effects 

on forests, crops, aquatic 

animals and infrastructure. 

It is caused by SO 2 

, NO x 

and 

NH 3 

emissions, which are thus 

included in the Acidification 

Potential (AP) indicator, 

expressed in moles of H + 

produced. 

Amount of degradation 

caused to the ozone layer, 

which performs the function 

of blocking ultraviolet light, 

by particularly reactive 

compounds that derive from 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 

or chlorofluoromethanes 

(CFM). The substance used 

as a reference for the ODP is 

trichlorofluoromethane, or 

CFC-11. 

Amount by which the infrared 

radiation emitted by the 

Earth’s surface following 

solar radiation is absorbed 

by molecules present in the 

atmosphere and re-emitted in 

the form of heat, thus warming 

the entire atmosphere. This 

GWP indicator measures above 

all the emissions of carbon 

dioxide, the main greenhouse 

gas, but also other gases with 

lower degrees of infrared ray 

absorption, such as methane 

(CH 4 

), nitrogen protoxide 

(N 2 

O) and chlorofluorocarbons 

(CFC), and is expressed as 

the equivalent amount of CO 2 

absorbed (g CO 2 

). 

The total amount of energy 

required by a production 

system and made up of the 

sum of the energy values 

corresponding to all the 

operations from which it is 

derived, starting from the 

extraction of raw materials. 

Gross energy may be divided 

into at least five types: direct 

energy or energy content 

of fuel, feedstock energy, 

production & delivery energy, 

transport energy and biomass 

energy. 

The potential of nutrients 

to cause overfertilization of 

water, which may in turn cause 

increased growth of biomass 

due to the lack of nutrient 

limitation. The Eutrophication 

Potential (EP) depends mainly 

on the phosphorus and 

nitrogen salts present and is 

expressed as an equivalent 

amount of oxygen (g O 2 

). 

13. glossary 

page 21


Photochemical Oxidants 

Creation Potential (POCP) 

Downstream processes 

Core processes 

Upstream processes 

The potential to produce 

compounds that, in the 

presence of light, trigger an 

oxidation reaction that leads 

to the production of ozone in 

the troposphere. The POCP 

indicator concerns above 

all VOC (volatile organic 

compounds) and is expressed 

as an equivalent amount of 

ethylene (g C 2 

H 4 

). 

Phases subsequent to the main 

production process concerning 

the transport of the product 

to the point of sale/end 

user, the use of the product, 

the maintenance activities 

(defined in the instructions 

booklet, if provided) and 

the end of its life. For 

services (Core Process), 

no Downstream Processes 

are normally identified 

(e.g. waste management is 

already included in the Core 

Processes). 

Phases of the process 

directly associated with the 

construction/provision of the 

product/service concerned 

by the EPD (these phases 

include the transport of 

main components by the 

supplier to the production 

plant and the handling of the 

waste produced). Normally, 

the construction of the 

structures/infrastructure/ 

plants/equipment and the staff 

activities associated with the 

product are not included 14 . 

Phases prior to the main 

process such as the extraction 

and processing of raw 

materials, the production of 

semifinished products and the 

transport of components/parts 

of products along the supply 

chain to the distribution points. 

14 

if a significant part of the total impact is associated with the construction of the production site/equipment (e.g. 

photovoltaic panels for the production of energy), the significant facility/infrastructure construction and disposal 

phases must be considered applying specific cut-off rules. 

13. glossary 

page 22

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