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3 Signaling Aggression Moira J. van Staaden,* William A. Searcy, † and Roger T. Hanlon ‡ *Department of Biological Sciences and JP Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind & Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA † Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA ‡ Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA I. Introduction A. An ethological approach to aggression B. The classic game theory model C. Signaling games D. Threat displays and why they are part of aggression E. Evolutionary issues F. The challenge of “incomplete honesty” G. Case studies in aggressive signaling II. Bird Song Signals Aggressive Intentions: Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick III. Visual Displays Signal Aggressive Intent in Cephalopods: The Sweet Smell of Success A. Cuttlefish agonistic bouts B. Squid agonistic bouts C. From molecules to aggression: Contact pheromone triggers strong aggression in squid D. Signaling aggression in humans Acknowledgments References Advances in Genetics, Vol. 75 0065-2660/11 $35.00 Copyright 2011, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-380858-5.00008-3
24 van Staaden et al. ABSTRACT From psychological and sociological standpoints, aggression is regarded as intentional behavior aimed at inflicting pain and manifested by hostility and attacking behaviors. In contrast, biologists define aggression as behavior associated with attack or escalation toward attack, omitting any stipulation about intentions and goals. Certain animal signals are strongly associated with escalation toward attack and have the same function as physical attack in intimidating opponents and winning contests, and ethologists therefore consider them an integral part of aggressive behavior. Aggressive signals have been molded by evolution to make them ever more effective in mediating interactions between the contestants. Early theoretical analyses of aggressive signaling suggested that signals could never be honest about fighting ability or aggressive intentions because weak individuals would exaggerate such signals whenever they were effective in influencing the behavior of opponents. More recent game theory models, however, demonstrate that given the right costs and constraints, aggressive signals are both reliable about strength and intentions and effective in influencing contest outcomes. Here, we review the role of signaling in lieu of physical violence, considering threat displays from an ethological perspective as an adaptive outcome of evolutionary selection pressures. Fighting prowess is conveyed by performance signals whose production is constrained by physical ability and thus limited to just some individuals, whereas aggressive intent is encoded in strategic signals that all signalers are able to produce. We illustrate recent advances in the study of aggressive signaling with case studies of charismatic taxa that employ a range of sensory modalities, viz. visual and chemical signaling in cephalopod behavior, and indicators of aggressive intent in the territorial calls of songbirds. ß 2011, Elsevier Inc. I. INTRODUCTION Although physical fighting, including the killing of conspecifics, is widespread in nonhuman animals just as it is in humans, the majority of contests and disputes in nonhuman animals are settled without physical fighting. Rather than resorting to immediate physical combat, nonhuman animals often engage instead in extended bouts of signaling, making prominent display of their weapons (e.g., antlers, claws, and teeth), or running through a repertoire of highly stereotyped agonistic signals. With their high cognitive capacity, primates (humans included) are particularly good at reducing social tensions and resolving conflicts using agonistic signaling as opposed to sheer physical force (Cheney et al., 1986).
Page 2 and 3: Aggression Volume 75
Page 4 and 5: Volume 75 Aggression Edited by Robe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributors ix 1 Aggressi
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Page 10 and 11: Contributors Numbers in parentheses
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5 Neurogenomic Mechanisms of Aggres
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C. Aggression outside the breeding
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6 Genetics of Aggression in Voles K
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6. Genetics of Aggression in Voles
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7 The Neurochemistry of Human Aggre
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8 Human Aggression Across the Lifes
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8. Human Aggression Across the Life
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Table 8.2. Effect Sizes (Correlatio
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Missouri twins (Hudziak et al., 200
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Ad-Health (Cho et al., 2006) Colora
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items such as: “some people think
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9 Perinatal Risk Factors in the Dev
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9. Perinatal Factors in the Develop
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1. Amygdala 9. Perinatal Factors in
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10 Neurocriminology Benjamin R. Nor
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10. Neurocriminology 257 evident in
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10. Neurocriminology 259 Another qu
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10. Neurocriminology 261 frontal co
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10. Neurocriminology 263 found to h
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10. Neurocriminology 265 low attent
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10. Neurocriminology 267 self-repor
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10. Neurocriminology 269 MAO-A acti
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10. Neurocriminology 271 birth comp
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10. Neurocriminology 273 We have no
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10. Neurocriminology 275 Alexander,
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10. Neurocriminology 277 Evseef, G.
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10. Neurocriminology 279 Langevin,
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10. Neurocriminology 281 Raine, A.
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10. Neurocriminology 283 Streissgut
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Index Adoption study, human aggress
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Index 287 receptors, 132-133 regula
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Index 289 N Neural circuits aggress
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Index 291 R Reactive and Proactive
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Index 293 forms of, 191-193 G x E i
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0.1 Human (Homo sapien) Other prima
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