full text - Caspar Bgsu - Bowling Green State University

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3. Signaling Aggression 37 predict attack, and suggests that these soft calls cause some receivers to retreat (Rek and Osiejuk, 2011). Effectiveness in intimidating opponents has been demonstrated in some other aggressive signaling systems (Dingle, 1969; Fugle et al., 1984; Wagner, 1992). III. VISUAL DISPLAYS SIGNAL AGGRESSIVE INTENT IN CEPHALOPODS: THE SWEET SMELL OF SUCCESS Cephalopods—squid, octopus, and cuttlefish—are marine molluscs with large complex brains and highly diverse behavior (Hanlon and Messenger, 1996). They are highly visual animals, exemplified partly by their huge optic lobes that represent more than half of their central nervous system. These soft-bodied cephalopods are renowned for their rapid adaptive coloration: individuals of each species can instantly (
38 van Staaden et al. Early game theory models of agonistic behavior predicted that animals should not signal their probability of attack to their opponents. As Maynard Smith (1982) argued, if animals signaled their aggressive motivation during a fight, there would be strong selective pressure for animals to “bluff” and to signal the highest motivational state possible; such a system would likely be invaded by cheaters and become unreliable. However, some animals do signal intent (Hauser and Nelson, 1991), and below we provide an unusual example of this in cuttlefish. As in birds, cephalopods signal aggressive intent but they do so with visual signals (chromatic skin patterns) as well as body postures (parallel positioning and arm postures). Two examples are given: one from cuttlefish (Order Sepioidea) and one from squid (Order Teuthoidea). In addition, a new finding is described in which a molecular trigger of aggression has been found in squid. A. Cuttlefish agonistic bouts In the Intense Zebra Display of the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, the males turn on high-contrast stripes and dark eye ring and extend their large 4th arm toward the opponent (Fig. 3.3C). Such agonistic encounters between males can lead to aggressive grappling and biting. The experiments of Adamo and Hanlon (1996) showed that one visual component of the display—the facial darkness— was by far the most highly variable in expression, and was a good predictor of outcome in encounters in which one male withdrew. In non-escalated encounters, the male that ultimately withdrew always maintained a less dark face than its opponent (Fig. 3.3A). When the face of a displaying cuttlefish became lighter, the other male either remained in the Intense Zebra Display but did not approach closely or lightened the intensity of its own display within 15 s. When both males maintained a dark face, the agonistic encounters usually escalated to physical pushing, and sometimes to grappling and biting (Fig. 3.3B). Why would males show an agonistic display to a rival male but simultaneously signal their intent not to be aggressive Adamo and Hanlon (1996) pointed out that sexual recognition in cephalopods is poorly developed, and that the Intense Zebra Display (with 4th arm extended) identifies the signaler as a male. The authors suggest that male cuttlefish that are not prepared to attack an opponent still give the modified (i.e., light-faced) Intense Zebra Display to convey two messages: (1) that it is male, but (2) it is not prepared to escalate to aggressive physical contact. As the authors point out, when agonistic displays perform more than one function, signaling intent (i.e., signaling its likely subsequent behavior) can be an ESS. Unless the fight escalated to grappling and biting, there would be little cost to cheaters in this system since males that
Page 2 and 3: Aggression Volume 75
Page 4 and 5: Volume 75 Aggression Edited by Robe
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributors ix 1 Aggressi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii Acknowledgments 140 Re
Page 10 and 11: Contributors Numbers in parentheses
Page 12 and 13: 1 Aggression Robert Huber* and Patr
Page 14 and 15: 1. Aggression 3 These exhibit fight
Page 16 and 17: 1. Aggression 5 destruction, humans
Page 18 and 19: 2 Evolutionary Aspects of Aggressio
Page 20 and 21: 2. Evolutionary Aspects of Aggressi
Page 32 and 33: References 2. Evolutionary Aspects
Page 34 and 35: 3 Signaling Aggression Moira J. van
Page 36 and 37: 3. Signaling Aggression 25 Such agg
Page 38 and 39: 3. Signaling Aggression 27 Table 3.
Page 40 and 41: 3. Signaling Aggression 29 Performa
Page 42 and 43: 3. Signaling Aggression 31 II. BIRD
Page 44 and 45: 3. Signaling Aggression 33 the evid
Page 46 and 47: 3. Signaling Aggression 35 The use
Page 50 and 51: 3. Signaling Aggression 39 A Darkne
Page 52 and 53: A B Escalation Miscellaneous visual
Page 54 and 55: 3. Signaling Aggression 43 0.1 Huma
Page 56 and 57: 3. Signaling Aggression 45 Alexande
Page 58 and 59: 3. Signaling Aggression 47 Hughes,
Page 60 and 61: 3. Signaling Aggression 49 Searcy,
Page 62 and 63: 4 Self-Structuring Properties of Do
Page 64 and 65: 4. Self-Structuring Properties of D
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Page 94 and 95: 5 Neurogenomic Mechanisms of Aggres
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5. Neurogenomic Mechanisms of Aggre
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C. Aggression outside the breeding
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6 Genetics of Aggression in Voles K
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6. Genetics of Aggression in Voles
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7 The Neurochemistry of Human Aggre
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7. The Neurochemistry of Human Aggr
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8 Human Aggression Across the Lifes
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8. Human Aggression Across the Life
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Table 8.2. Effect Sizes (Correlatio
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Missouri twins (Hudziak et al., 200
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Ad-Health (Cho et al., 2006) Colora
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items such as: “some people think
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9 Perinatal Risk Factors in the Dev
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9. Perinatal Factors in the Develop
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1. Amygdala 9. Perinatal Factors in
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10 Neurocriminology Benjamin R. Nor
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10. Neurocriminology 257 evident in
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10. Neurocriminology 259 Another qu
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10. Neurocriminology 261 frontal co
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10. Neurocriminology 263 found to h
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10. Neurocriminology 265 low attent
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10. Neurocriminology 267 self-repor
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10. Neurocriminology 269 MAO-A acti
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10. Neurocriminology 271 birth comp
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10. Neurocriminology 273 We have no
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10. Neurocriminology 275 Alexander,
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10. Neurocriminology 277 Evseef, G.
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10. Neurocriminology 279 Langevin,
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10. Neurocriminology 281 Raine, A.
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10. Neurocriminology 283 Streissgut
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Index Adoption study, human aggress
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Index 287 receptors, 132-133 regula
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Index 289 N Neural circuits aggress
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Index 291 R Reactive and Proactive
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Index 293 forms of, 191-193 G x E i
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0.1 Human (Homo sapien) Other prima
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