JAMES 2:24 - Chafer Theological Seminary

JAMES 2:24: RETRANSLATION REQUIRED 

Part 2 of 2 

By John Niemelä 

A Continuation 

The first part of this article argued for a new translation of 

monon in James 2:24: You see then that a man is justified by 

works, and not only by faith. 1 Many fail to distinguish adjectival 

versus adverbial uses of monon. However, the contextual 

relationship of James 2:21 to 2:24 and the seeming soteriological 

conflict between Paul and James make it essential. This second 

part of the article has three facets: 

1. a general discussion of adverbs and adjectives, 

2. lexical study, and 

3. a New Testament word study of monon. 

Adverbs versus Adjectives 

Adjectives usually modify nouns or pronouns, while adverbs 

do so for verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Usually Greek, Latin, 

German, and English adjectives have different endings than 

adverbs. Furthermore, Greek, Latin, and (usually) German 

adjectives show their case, number, and gender, but English does 

not. Unlike adverbs, the textual form of an adjective may differ 

from the vocabulary form. 

A few words have both adjectival and adverbial functions. 

This applies to the accusative-neuter-singular monon in Greek 

(tantum in Latin). It also applies to the English only and the 

German allein. Not only the Greek original, but also Latin, 

German, and English, render James 2:24 with a word that can 

either be an adjective or an adverb. The Greek and Latin texts 

1 John Niemelä, “James 2:24: Retranslation Required: Part 1,” CTS Journal 7 

(January–March 2001): 13–24. This is the author’s translation of James 2:24 

given in part one. Unless otherwise indicated all scripture citations are from the 

New King James Version of the Holy Bible (Nashville: Nelson, 1990, 1985, 

1983).

James 2:24: Retranslation Required 3 

clearly convey that the word has an adverbial sense here. 

Unfortunately, the English and German treat it as an adjective. 

Greek Monon and Latin Tantus 

Each form in the following paradigm has adjectival uses. 

Only the neuter-accusative-singular can be an adverb. Two purelyadjectival 

parsings (the masculine-accusative-singular and the 

neuter-nominative-singular) share this form. If the sentence lacks a 

substantive that can agree with monon, it is adverbial. If it contains 

such a substantive, juxtaposing monon and the substantive makes it 

adjectival. 

Paradigm for the Greek Adjective 

Masculine Feminine Neuter 

Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 

Nom. monos monoi monh monai monon 

mona 

Gen. monou monwn monhs monwn monou monwn 

Dat. monw monois monh monais monw monois 

Acc. 

monon monous monhn monas monon 

mona 

Latin resembles Greek here. The accusative-neuter-singular, 

tantum, can be adjectival or adverbial. 

Paradigm for Adjectives in Latin 

Masculine Feminine Neuter 

Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 

Nom. tantus tantī tanta tantae tantum 

tanta 

Gen. tantī tantōrum tantae tantārum tantī tantōrum 

Dat. tantō tantīs tantae tantīs tantō tantīs 

Acc. 

tantum tantōs tantam tantās tantum 

tanta 

Voc. tante tantī tanta tantae tantum 

tanta 

Abl. tantō tantīs tantā tantīs tantō tantīs

4 

CTS Journal 7 (April–June 2001) 

The German Allein and the English Only 

The German allein and the English only serve adjectivally for 

any case, gender, and number. They can also be adverbial. Word 

order differentiates adjectival and adverbial uses. 

Illustrating Greek and Latin 

Consider the following simple sentence, “Esqiw arton” (I 

eat fruit) or “Esqiw artous” (I eat fruits). The translation alone 

is adjectival, but only is adverbial. The potential for ambiguity is 

less than with either English or German (see below). Only the fifth 

sentence is ambiguous. Word order is only important in the two 

sentences with asterisks. 

1. Monos esqiw karpon (I alone eat fruit) 2 

2. Esqiw monos karpon (I alone eat fruit) 

3. Esqiw karpon monos (I alone eat fruit) 

4. Monon esqiw karpon (I only eat fruit)* 

5. Esqiw monon karpon (I alone eat fruit, or I only eat fruit) 

6. Esqiw karpon monon (I eat fruit alone)* 

7. Monon esqiw karpous (I alone eat fruits) 

8. Esqiw monon karpous (I alone eat fruits) 

9. Esqiw karpous monon (I alone eat fruits) 

Illustrating English and German 

Only appears in different positions within a simple sentence 

(following). When paraphrased as alone it is an adjective, but 

solely signifies that it is adverbial. Two of four examples are 

ambiguous (more often than in Latin or Greek). 

Only I eat bread (I alone eat bread) 

I only eat bread (I alone eat bread; I solely eat bread) 

I eat only bread (I alone eat bread; I solely eat bread) 

I eat bread only (I solely eat bread) 

2 The implied subject is nominative-singular egw (“I”), so monos (masculinenominative-singular) 

agrees with the subject.


Lexical Study 

The outline of BDAG’s pertinent adjectival uses follows: 

1. adj.—a. only, alone—a. used w. [stative] verbs. . . . 3 

b. used w. a noun [as an attributive adjective]. . . . 4 

g. w. a negative and w. ajllav foll. . . . 5 

d. movno" qeov". . . . the only God. . . . 

b. alone, deserted, helpless. . . . 6 

c. isolated, by itself. . . . 7 

Each of BDAG’s adjectival classifications involves attributive 

or predicate adjectives. Both require the adjective and its 

substantive to agree in case, number, and gender. Only the 

accusative-neuter-singular form (monon) can function adverbially. 

3 Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax 

of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 40, explains that “the 

passives of some transitive verbs” act as stative verbs in predicate nominative 

clauses. Robertson, Grammar, 656, “As further interesting examples of the 

predicate adjective, note. . . movno" (Lu. 24:8; cf. Mt. 14:23), etc.” 

4 BDAG, 658, lists John 6:22 as an example. Monos here is attributive: His 

disciples alone had gone away. 

5 Ibid., 658, cites Matthew 4:4: Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every 

word that proceeds from the mouth of God. F. Blass and A. Debrunner, A Greek 

Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, trans. and 

rev. Robert W. Funk (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 233, 

“Ouj. . . ajlla also means ‘not so much. . . as’ in which the first element is not 

entirely negated, but only toned down. . . .” Man lives by more than bread alone. 

6 This is a double accusative of object and complement. Wallace, Grammar, 

182, says that in this construction “one accusative substantive is the direct object 

of the verb and the other accusative (either noun, adjective, participle, or 

infinitive) complements the object in that it predicates something about it. The 

complement may be substantival or adjectival [emphasis mine].” Ibid., 184, 

indicates that a complementary adjective here is always a predicate adjective. 

Ibid., also says, “. . .one should normally translate the construction with ‘as,’ ‘to 

be,’ or ‘namely’ between the two accusatives.” BDAG, 659, gives John 8:29 as 

an example: The Father has not left Me [to be] alone. 

7 BDAG’s only example is John 12:24: it [a grain of wheat] remains alone. This 

resembles a predicate adjective. The verb menw (“remains”) may function as a 

stative verb (cf. Wallace, Grammar, 40, n. 11).

6 


Word Study 

The New Testament has 114 uses of monos. 8 They belong to 

various categories. 

Separating Monon from other Forms 

The appendix lists all seventy-three occurrences of the form 

monon. Only accusative-neuter examples can be adverbial. 

Nominative or masculine versions are adjectival. The seven 

passages with masculine uses of monon must be adjectival. The 

underlined words (below) are accusative masculine adjectives. 

They saw no one but Jesus alone (Matthew 17:8) 

They saw no one anymore, but Jesus alone (Mark 9:8) 

The Father has not left Me alone (John 8:29) 

You. . . will leave Me alone (John 16:32a) 

They may know You, the only true God (John 17:3) 

He will have rejoicing in himself alone (Galatians 6:4) 

Ungodly men who deny the only Lord God (Jude 1:4) 

These adjectival classifications are not controversial. 

Robertson, 9 BDAG, 10 and Moulton-Geden 11 so classify them. 

Matthew 17:8 and Mark 9:8 are adjectival, because the 

meaning of monon “w. eij mhv after a neg. not. . . except. . . alone” 12 

resembles examples using adjectival forms of monos. Both verses 

juxtapose monon with the noun, not the verb. 

8 The Critical Text and Majority Text agree, but the Textus Receptus substitutes a 

compound word katamonas for kata monas (Mark 4:10; Luke 9:18). It adds 

monous in Revelation 9:4. These plural forms do not affect adverbial uses. 

9 Robertson, Grammar, 657, classifies Matthew 17:8; Mark 9:8; John 16:32. 

Ibid., 549, classifies John 8:29. Ibid., 776, classifies John 17:3 and Jude 1:4. He 

does not classify Galatians 6:4. 

10 BDAG, 658–59, classifies Matthew 17:8; Mark 9:8; John 8:29; 16:32a; 17:3; 

Galatians 6:4; and Jude 1:4. 

11 W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament, 5th 

ed. (Edinburgh: Clark, 1978), 657, lists all seven passages under movno" (monos, 

adjectival). Ibid., 656, lists adverbial uses under movnon (monon). 

12 BDAG, 658.


John 16:32b supports BDAG’s adjectival classification of 

John 8:29 and 16:32a. The former has monos (masculine), but the 

others use monon (masculine or neuter). 

16:32b: I am not alone (monos), because the Father is with Me 

8:29: The Father has not left Me alone (monon) 

16:32a: You. . . will leave Me alone (monon) 

John 16:32b is a simple predicate adjective. The subject I 

refers to Jesus (masculine), so alone (monos) is masculine. John 

16:32b is a predicate adjective, so 16:32a is a double accusative of 

object and complement 13 (similar to a predicate adjective). 

8:29: The Father has not left Me [to be] alone (monon) 

16:32a: You. . . will leave Me [to be] alone (monon) 

Thus, John 16:32 means that: When the disciples forsake 

Christ, He would be (humanly) alone, but not completely alone 

(because of the Father). John 8:29 parallels 16:32a. 

John 17:3 and Jude 1:4 illustrate the attributive adjective. The 

adjective is close to its matching substantive. 

The word order of Galatians 6:4 most naturally places monon 

within a prepositional phrase eis heauton monon (“in himself 

alone”), rather than modifying the verb (distant from it). 

In all seven of these verses both the NKJV and the NASB 

place alone or only in the adjectival position (next to the noun), not 

in the adverbial position. These are adjectival. John 12:9 may also 

use the masculine accusative adjectivally. 

Adjectival: 

Adverbial: 

They came, not because of Jesus alone [masculine 

accusative], but that they might also see Lazarus. 

They came, not only [neuter accusative] because of 

Jesus, but that they might also see Lazarus. 

13 Ibid., 659, gives John 8:29 as an example of the double accusative of object 

and complement: The Father has not left Me [to be] alone.

8 


BDAG, Robertson, and Moulton-Geden correctly favor 

taking monon adverbially, but neither option affects the overall 

meaning of John 12:9. 14 Sixty-six uses remain candidates for 

adverbial usage. 

Unambiguous Adverbial Uses 

This article has isolated accusative-neuter-singular forms. 

How does one distinguish adverbial uses Any sentence containing 

monon that lacks an accusative-neuter-singular substantive 

necessarily uses it adverbially. The first chart of the next two charts 

identifies definitely adverbial uses. The second contains ones that 

are possibly adverbial (requiring further analysis). 

Definitely Adverbial Uses (42) 

Matthew 5:47; 8:8; 9:21; 14:36; Mark 5:36; Luke 8:50; John 13:9; 

17:20; Acts 19:26; 26:29; 27:10; Romans 3:29; 5:3, 11; 8:23; 9:10, 24; 

13:5; 1 Corinthians 7:39; 15:19; 2 Corinthians 7:7; 8:19, 21; 9:12; 

Galatians 1:23; 4:18; 5:13; 6:12; Ephesians 1:21; Philippians 1:27; 

2:12; 1 Thessalonians 1:5; 2 Thessalonians 2:7; 1 Timothy 5:13; 

2 Timothy 2:20; Hebrews 9:10; 12:26; James 1:22; 2:24; 1 Peter 2:18; 

1 John 2:2; 5:6. 

Possibly Adverbial Uses (24) 

Matthew 10:42; 21:19, 21; Mark 6:8; John 5:18; 11:52; 12:9; Acts 

8:16; 11:19; 18:25; 19:27; 21:13; Romans 1:32; 4:12, 16, 23; 

2 Corinthians 8:10; Galatians 2:10; 3:2; Philippians 1:29; 2:27; 

1 Thessalonians 1:8; 2:8; 2 Timothy 4:8. 

Moulton and Geden classify all sixty-six references as 

adverbial. 15 BDAG categorizes sixty-three of the sixty-six as 

14 Both BDAG, 659; Moulton and Geden, Concordance, 656, classify John 12:9 

as adverbial. 

15 Moulton and Geden, Concordance, 656.


adverbial. 16 Robertson and Blass-Debrunner each classify several 

adverbial examples from these (giving no adjectival examples). 17 

Simple concordance study reduces the potentially adjectival 

uses of monon from sixty-six to twenty-four. These contain 

substantives that might agree with an adjectival monon. 

The Final Twenty-Four 

The mere presence of a noun that could agree with monon 

does not prove adjectival usage. Further analysis is necessary. 

Matthew 10:42 

Bruce Metzger observes, “. . . Matthew uses the adverb 

movnon seven times; Mark, twice; Luke, once).” 18 

Whoever only gives one of these little ones a cup of cold water to 

drink in the name of a disciple, assuredly, I say to you, he shall by 

no means lose his reward (Matthew 10:42). 

16 BDAG, 658–59. Ibid., 658, classifies Romans 4:23 as adjectival. It does not 

classify Acts 11:19 or 2 Timothy 4:8. 

17 Robertson, Grammar, 657, classifies Matthew 8:8; Acts 21:13; 1 John 5:6 

adverbially. Ibid., 549, does so for Luke 8:50. Ibid., 659, calls Galatians 1:23 

adverbial. Blass-Debrunner, Grammar, 126, classifies Acts 11:19; 1 Timothy 

5:13; 2 Timothy 4:8; Hebrews 12:26; and James 1:22 as adverbial. 

18 Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 

(N.p.: United Bible Societies, 1971), 28. Earlier (page 6) this article showed that 

Matthew 17:8 and Mark 9:8 are adjectival. Metzger’s tally of ten adverbial uses 

in Matthew, Mark, and Luke agrees with this author’s counts. 

Adverbial 

Adjectival 

Matthew 5:47; 8:8; 9:21; 10:42; 4:4, 10; 12:4; 14:23; 

14:36; 21:19, 21 7 17:8; 18:15; 24:36 7 

Mark 5:36; 6:8 2 4:10; 6:47; 9:2, 8 4 

Luke 8:50 

+ 1 

4:4, 8; 5:21; 6:4; 9:18, 

36; 10:40; 24:12, 18 + 9 

10 20

10 


The word order of Matthew 10:42 is a bit ambiguous. Monon 

does not lie next to the verb and a genitive separates it from the 

accusative-neuter-singular noun. It could modify the noun or the 

verb. Before choosing the word closer to monon, another factor is 

pertinent. An adverbial phrase, in the name of a disciple, follows 

monon. Although that phrase is further from gives. . . to drink than 

monon, still modifies the verb. The person gives a drink in the 

name of a disciple. Adjectival use of monon is possible, but it 

seems adverbial: One merely showing Christian hospitality 

(nothing more) will have eternal reward. 

Acts 8:16 and 18:25 

In Acts 8:16 monon precedes de (“but”) as the first word in its 

clause, because de can never be initial. Thus, monon is as close to 

the verb as possible, but as far as possible from to onoma (“the 

name”). It is adverbial. 

[The Holy Spirit] had fallen upon none of them, but they had only 

been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus (Acts 8:16). 

Acts 18:25 sets monon between the verb and its direct object: 

epistamenos monon to baptisma Iwannou (“only knowing 

John’s baptism”). Monon is neither attributive nor predicate to to 

baptisma. It is adverbial. 

[Apollos] taught accurately the things of the Lord, though he only 

knew the baptism of John (Acts 18:25). 

Matthew 21:19; Acts 11:19; and Mark 6:8 

Ouden (“nothing”) could formally agree with monon 

(Matthew 21:19). Yet, it lies outside of the clause containing ei 

mh. . . monon (“except only”). Monon is adverbial. 

He found nothing on it [the fig tree] except only leaves.


Acts 11:19 has ton logon (“the word”), which could (under 

other circumstances) agree with monon. No form agrees with 

monon, so it adverbially modifies the verb. 

Now those who were scattered. . . traveled. . . preaching the word 

to no one but only the Jews (Acts 11:19). 

Mark 6:8 uses the same ei mh. . . monon (“except only”) 

phrase as Matthew 21:19. It also resembles the ei mh monon of 

Acts 11:19. In those passages, monon was necessarily adverbial, 

because the only accusative-neuter-singular substantive was 

outside of the target phrase. Here, the substantive lies within it: ei 

mh rabdon monon (“except only a staff”). 

He commanded them to take nothing for the journey except only a 

staff—no bag, no bread, no copper in their money belts— but to 

wear sandals, and not to put on two tunics (Mark 6:8–9). 

Word order alone cannot decide this. However, the ei mh. . . 

monon construction is an established adverbial usage. 

Adverbial Usages With Negatives 

Sixteen of the twenty-four remaining candidates belong to 

one of BDAG’s adverbial subcategories: “. . . used w. negatives: 

. . . ouj (or mh;). . . m., ajllav kai; not only. . . , but also. . .” 19 

1. You will not only do what was done to the fig tree, but also. . . it 

[removing the mountain] will be done (Matthew 21:21b). 

2. He not only broke the Sabbath, but also said that God was His 

Father (John 5:18). 

3. Jesus would die for the nation, and not only for that nation, but 

also that He would gather together. . . . (John 11:51–52). 

4. They came, not only because of Jesus, but also that they might 

see Lazarus (John 12:9). 

5. Not only is this trade of ours in danger of falling into disrepute, 

but also the temple. . . may be despised (Acts 19:27). 

19 BDAG, 659.

12 


6. I am ready not only to be bound, but also to die at Jerusalem 

for the name of the Lord Jesus (Acts 21:13). 

7. Those who practice such things are deserving of death, not only 

do the same but also approve of those who practice them 

(Romans 1:32). 

8. [Abraham is] the father of circumcision to those who not only 

are of the circumcision, but who also walk in the steps of the 

faith [of Abraham] (Romans 4:12). 

9. The promise might be sure to all the seed, not only to those who 

are of the law, but also to those who are of the faith of 

Abraham. . . . (Romans 4:16) 

10. It was not written for his sake alone. . . , but also for us 

(Romans 4:23–24). 

11. It is to your advantage not only to be doing what you began and 

were desiring to do a year ago; but now you also must 

complete the doing of it (2 Corinthians 8:10–11). 

12. I do not only pray for these, but also for those who will believe 

in Me through their word (John 17:20). 

13. Our gospel not only came to you in word, but also in power, 

and in the Holy Spirit and in much assurance (1 Thessalonians 

1:5). 

14. In a great house there are not only vessels of gold and silver, 

but also of wood and clay, some for honor and some for 

dishonor (2 Timothy 2:20). 

15. He Himself is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours 

only but also for the whole world (1 John 2:2). 

16. This is He who came by water and blood—Jesus Christ; not 

only by water, but by water and blood (1 John 5:6). 

Six (of sixteen with this construction) separate the negative 

from monon. They are still adverbial. None has a substantive for 

which monon could be a predicate or attributive adjective. 

1. Jesus would die for the nation, and not only for that nation, but 

also that He would gather together . . . (John 11:51–52). 

2. I do not only pray for these, but also for those who will believe in 

Me through their word (John 17:20). 

3. Our gospel not only came to you in word, but also in power, and 

in the Holy Spirit and in much assurance (1 Thessalonians 1:5).


4. In a great house there are not only vessels of gold and silver, but 

also of wood and clay, some for honor and some for dishonor (2 

Timothy 2:20). 

5. He Himself is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only 

but also for the whole world (1 John 2:2). 

6. This is He who came by water and blood—Jesus Christ; not only 

by water, but by water and blood (1 John 5:6). 

James 2:24 resembles the six (and the sixteen). The difference 

is that it does not have alla (“but”). Despite a separation of the 

negative and monon, the verse contains no word that can agree 

with monon in case-gender-number. It is adverbial, as are the 

preceding six examples. Thus, the following translation is 

untenable: 

A man is justified by works, and not by faith only. 

Rather, the word only is adverbial. 

A man is justified by works, and not only [justified] by faith. 

This in turn is more easily understood as: 

A man is not only justified by faith, but also by works. 

Conclusion 

The Greek is perfectly clear: Monon in James 2:24 is an 

adverb. The translation ought to be: You see then that a man is not 

only justified by faith, but also by works. Thus, James speaks of 

two justifications: one by faith (before God) and another by works 

(before men). This is quite consistent with verses 21 and 23. Verse 

21 signals that he had two justifications: Was not Abraham our 

father justified by works when he offered Isaac his son on the 

altar The question expects an affirmative answer. Verse 23a 

indicates the fulfillment of Genesis 15:6: Abraham believed God, 

and it was accounted to him for righteousness. Thus, verse 23a 

speaks of Abraham’s justification by faith. Verse 23b indicates the

14 


fulfillment of a second Old Testament truth: And he was called the 

friend of God (2 Chronicles 20:7 and Isaiah 41:8). Verse 23b 

speaks of that justification by works before men. In other words, 

an adverbial translation of monon is quite consistent with context. 

On the other hand, both the German and the English have 

missed the clear adverbial sense of the Greek (and even the Latin). 

These translations do not continue the sense of verses 21 and 23. 

Rather, they introduce the foreign notion of a single justification 

by two criteria: faith plus works. It is time to abandon 

ecclesiastical tradition and allow James to make his point 

unhindered: Abraham had two distinct justifications. James wants 

his readers to also have a second justification. When Christians use 

the doctrine that they believe, they gain a testimony with people. 

James 2:15–16 show that ministry to people cannot happen unless 

we are justified by works in their eyes. 

Appendix 

Monon 

The form monon appears seventy-three times in the New 

Testament. This pool contains both adjectival and adverbial uses. 

Matthew 5:47; 8:8; 9:21; 10:42; 14:36; 17:8; 21:19, 21; Mark 5:36; 6:8; 

9:8; Luke 8:50; John 5:18; 8:29; 11:52; 12:9; 13:9; 16:32a; 17:3, 20; Acts 

8:16; 11:19; 18:25; 19:26, 27; 21:13; 26:29; 27:10; Romans 1:32; 3:29; 

4:12, 16, 23; 5:3, 11; 8:23; 9:10, 24; 13:5; 1 Corinthians 7:39; 15:19; 2 

Corinthians 7:7; 8:10, 19, 21; 9:12; Galatians 1:23; 2:10; 3:2; 4:18; 5:13; 

6:4, 12; Ephesians 1:21; Philippians 1:27, 29; 2:12, 27; 1 Thessalonians 

1:5, 8; 2:8; 2 Thessalonians 2:7; 1 Timothy 5:13; 2 Timothy 2:20; 4:8; 

Hebrews 9:10; 12:26; James 1:22; 2:24; 1 Peter 2:18; 1 John 2:2; 5:6; 

Jude 1:4. 

Forms other than Monon 

Forty-one (or forty-two) uses of monos appear in forms that 

have non-adverbial usage. These are strictly adjectival.


Matthew 4:4, 10; 12:4; 14:23; 18:5; 24:36; Mark 4:10* CT/MT ; 6:47; 9:2; 

Luke 4:4, 8; 5:21; 6:4; 9:18* CT/MT , 36; 10:40; 24:12, 18; John 5:44; 6:15, 

22; 8:9, 16; 12:24; 16:32b; Romans 11:3; 16:4, 27; 1 Corinthians 9:6; 

14:36; Philippians 4:15; Colossians 4:11; 1 Thessalonians 3:1; 1 Timothy 

1:17; 6:15, 16; 2 Timothy 4:11; Hebrews 9:7; 2 John 1:1; Jude 1:25; 

Revelation 9:4 TR ; 15:4. 

—End— 

John Niemelä received a B.A. (University of Minnesota), and 

earned the Th.M. and Ph.D. degrees in New Testament Literature 

and Exegesis from Dallas Theological Seminary. John is 

Professor of Hebrew and Greek at Chafer Theological Seminary. 

His email address is language@chafer.edu.

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