10.01.2015 Views

Download Full Journal - Pakistan Academy of Sciences

Download Full Journal - Pakistan Academy of Sciences

Download Full Journal - Pakistan Academy of Sciences

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

300 M. Ayub Khan Yousuf Zai et al<br />

Table 2. Descriptive statistics, quantities <strong>of</strong> ionospheric<br />

turbulence at <strong>Pakistan</strong> air space.<br />

——————————————————————<br />

Mean 2.5<br />

Median 2.3<br />

Mode 2.2<br />

Max 5.7<br />

Min 0.8<br />

Range 4.9<br />

St. Dev. 0.7<br />

Median AD 0.5<br />

Mean AD 0.6<br />

——————————————————————<br />

Table 3. Descriptive statistics, residual quantities <strong>of</strong><br />

ionospheric turbulence at <strong>Pakistan</strong> air space.<br />

——————————————————————<br />

Mean -0.001<br />

Median -0.051<br />

Mode -0.400<br />

Max 2.306<br />

Min -1.300<br />

Range 3.605<br />

St. Dev. 0.600<br />

Median AD 0.338<br />

Mean AD 0.450<br />

——————————————————————<br />

3. CONCLUSIONS<br />

<br />

out the hidden periodicities in different processes<br />

quantifying the ionospheric turbulence that was<br />

analyzed in upper layers <strong>of</strong> ionosphere by spectral<br />

analysis, FFT and wavelet transformation one<br />

dimension Haar 5-Levels for approximation and<br />

decomposition details at the <strong>Pakistan</strong> air space. The<br />

more precise results were obtained using tests <strong>of</strong><br />

randomness and normality in datasets. These results<br />

might be useful in astrophysical plasma.<br />

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

The authors are grateful to the technical staff <strong>of</strong> Space and<br />

Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)<br />

for providing the Ionospheric data in the form <strong>of</strong> critical<br />

frequency and other variables recorded by Digital<br />

Ionospheric Sounder DGS-256.<br />

5. REFERENCES<br />

1. Rishbeth, H. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics.<br />

Academic Press, New York, p. 4-31 (1969).<br />

2. May–Britt Kallenrode. Space Physics – An<br />

Introduction `to Plasma and Particles in the<br />

Heliosphere and Magnetospheres, 3 rd ed. Springer-<br />

Verlag, Berlin, p. 301-302, 166-167 (2004).<br />

3. Chen, M. C. Introduction to Plasma Physics. Plenum<br />

Publishing Corporation, New York, p. 243 (1929).<br />

4. Barclay, L. Propagation <strong>of</strong> Radio Waves. The<br />

Institute <strong>of</strong> Electrical Engineers, London (2003).<br />

5. Jacobson, M. Z. Fundamentals <strong>of</strong> Atmospheric<br />

Modeling “IST Cambridge University Press, USA,<br />

p. 60-65 (1999).<br />

6. Pandit, S M. Time Series and System Analysis with<br />

Application. John Wiley & Sons, USA, p. 24, 29,<br />

119 (1983).<br />

The Analysis <strong>of</strong> Time Series: An<br />

Introduction, 4/e, Chapman & Hall, London, p.105-<br />

35 (1989).<br />

8. Misiti, M., Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim & Jean-Michel<br />

Poggi Wavelets and Their Applications. ISTE, Ltd.<br />

USA, p.13-23 (2007).<br />

9. Van den Berg, J. C. Wavelets in Physics. Cambridge<br />

University Press, UK, p. 8-15 (2004).<br />

10. Hong, D. Real Analysis with an Introduction to<br />

Wavelets and Applications. Elsevier India, p.123-<br />

213 (2005).

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!