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第 5 卷 第 2 期
古 生 物 学 文 摘 ( 网 络 版 )
2009 年 6 月
古 生 物 学
综 论
2009020001
新 加 里 东 岛 : 一 个 很 老 的 进 化 的 源 泉 =
New Caledonia: a very old Darwinian island.
( 英 文 ). Grandcolas P; Murienne J; Robillard T.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences, 2008,
363(1508): 3309-3317
New Caledonia has generally been
considered a continental island, the biota of
which largely dates back to Gondwanan times
owing to its geological origin and the presence
of phylogenetic relicts. This view is
contradicted by geological evidence indicating
long Palaeocene and Eocene submersions and
by recent biogeographic and phylogenetic
studies, with molecular or geophysical dating
placing the biota no older than the Oligocene.
Phylogenetic relicts do not provide conclusive
information in this respect, as their presence
cannot be explained by simple hypotheses but
requires assumption of many ad hoc extinction
events. The implication of this new scenario is
that all the New Caledonian biota colonized
the island since 37Ma Local richness can be
explained by local radiation and adaptation
after colonization but also by many dispersal
events, often repeated within the same groups
of organisms. Local microendemism is
another remarkable feature of the biota. It
seems to be related to recent speciation
mediated by climate, orography, soil type and
perhaps unbalanced biotic interactions created
by colonization disharmonies. New Caledonia
must be considered as a very old Darwinian
island, a concept that offers many more
fascinating opportunities of study.
2009020002
“ 分 支 分 类 23” 中 的 争 论 问 题 : 达 尔 文 的
系 统 演 化 关 系 理 论 = Problematic issues of
cladistics 23: Darwin's concept of
phylogenetic relationship. ( 英 文 ). Reif W-E.
Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie u. Palaontologie
/ Abhandlungen, 2007, 244(2): 227-245
Darwin discovered that, in the light of the
therory of descent with modification, the
interrelationships of the taxonomic groups in
the Natural System become understandable as
real, phylogenetic relationships (PhR) , and
that all taxonomic group and the hierarchical
structure of the organic diversity are real,
rather than arbitrary. To make the notion of
PhR understandable, he postulated a very
close relationship between PhR and blood
relationship among persons. As he failed to
discriminate sharply between general PhR,
relative PhR and absolute Phr he did not
realize that systematics works only with
relative PhR and that his postulate that
"classifications will eventually become
genealogies" could, at least in the literal sense,
lnever come true.
2009020003
达 尔 文 的 两 难 选 择 : 第 一 个 种 与 显 生 宙 多
样 性 的 假 单 源 性 原 则 = The Darwinian
delemma of the first species and the principle
of pseudo-monophyly of Phanerozoic
diversity. ( 英 文 ). Reif W-E. Neues Jahrbuch
fur Geologie u. Palaontologie /
Abhandlungen, 2007, 244(3): 371-379
In his publications, Darwin avoided the
discussion of the evolutionary origin of the
mechanisms of life. his principle to its own
unique bauplan and is hence derived from one
single ancestor. This leads to the inevitable
conclusion that the diversity of the
Phanerozoic dates back to a single progenitor
species. Hence, Darwin stated that life on
Earth started with about 10 first plant and
animal species, which is in accordance with
the ecological laws. Most of the descendants
of most of the first species died out, whereas
the remaining ones underwent convergent
evolution which led to the unity of type
("pseudo-monophyly"), and divergent
evolution which led to the enormous
Phanerozoic diversity on the species and on
the ecosystem level.
2009020004
一 种 利 用 硫 酸 从 石 灰 岩 中 提 取 大 化 石 的 新
方 法 = A new method for the extraction of
macrofossils from calcareous rocks using
sulphuric acid. ( 英 文 ). Vodr á ž ka R.
Palaeontology, 2009, 52(1): 187-192
A new method for the extraction of
calcified and/or partly pyritized macrofossils
has been developed. This method is based
upon the differential speeds for the dissolving
of microcrystalline and macrocrystalline
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