From the grassroots: NATIONAL REPORTS - Social Watch
From the grassroots: NATIONAL REPORTS - Social Watch
From the grassroots: NATIONAL REPORTS - Social Watch
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sri lanka<br />
People and <strong>the</strong> environment should be first<br />
The Government of Sri Lanka is implementing a neo-liberal, non-sustainable development model that has<br />
displaced and impoverished people and has no regard for environmental needs. Already ravaged by <strong>the</strong><br />
longest civil war in Asia and by natural catastrophes such as <strong>the</strong> 2004 tsunami, Sri Lanka currently faces<br />
severe environmental issues including deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Meanwhile <strong>the</strong> gap between rich<br />
and poor grows wider. The defeat of <strong>the</strong> Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has led to strong feelings of<br />
dissatisfaction among minority ethnic communities, who feel <strong>the</strong>ir control over <strong>the</strong>ir lands has been reduced.<br />
The Government’s military victory has nullified civil society’s political expectations.<br />
Movement for National Land and Agricultural Reform<br />
(MONLAR)<br />
Sarath Fernando<br />
The neo-liberal model currently in place in Sri Lanka<br />
continually displaces people from <strong>the</strong>ir livelihoods. It<br />
breaks up social cohesion and disrupts <strong>the</strong> collaborative<br />
relationship between nature and humanity as<br />
it strives to extract more and more resources from<br />
<strong>the</strong> environment in an aggressive and destructive<br />
approach.<br />
In 1996, for example, <strong>the</strong> Government considered<br />
shifting rural agriculture from low-value<br />
crops (domestic food production) to high-value<br />
crops (for export). It was also suggested that farmers<br />
should be encouraged to sell <strong>the</strong>ir land plots<br />
and move out of <strong>the</strong> villages to seek non-farm employment.<br />
A subsequent policy document stated<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Government expected migration from <strong>the</strong><br />
countryside to make rural/urban proportions 50:50<br />
by 2010. 1<br />
A tsunami that hit <strong>the</strong> island in December 2004<br />
led to a death toll of 35,322 and displaced 516,150<br />
people. In 2005 plans for rebuilding <strong>the</strong> country suggested<br />
<strong>the</strong> expulsion of all coastal fisher people. 2<br />
Their land was to be used for <strong>the</strong> development of<br />
tourism zones and modernized cities, designed<br />
for a rich elite. It was also intended to switch into<br />
large-scale industrial fishing that would replace <strong>the</strong><br />
small-scale, beach-based fishing on which people’s<br />
livelihoods depended. Labour protection laws were<br />
to be revised to enable <strong>the</strong> free hiring and firing of<br />
workers, since it was assumed that investors were<br />
unlikely to come to countries where labour was protected<br />
by law.<br />
Supporters of <strong>the</strong> neo-liberal economic growth<br />
model assume that <strong>the</strong> best way to make it work<br />
is by expanding exports through attracting foreign<br />
investment and promoting <strong>the</strong> private sector by providing<br />
more infrastructure facilities such as express<br />
highways, international airports, harbours, mega city<br />
developments, large tax holidays and cheap labour.<br />
1 Government of Sri Lanka, “Connecting to Growth: Sri Lanka’s<br />
Poverty Reduction Strategy,” in Regaining Sri Lanka: Vision<br />
and Strategy for Accelerated Development, (2002), p. 83.<br />
2 Amnesty International, “Sri Lanka – Waiting to go home, <strong>the</strong><br />
plight of <strong>the</strong> internally displaced,” (2006), .<br />
Basic Capabilities Index (BCI)<br />
BCI = 96<br />
99<br />
Births attended<br />
100<br />
0<br />
Children reaching<br />
5th grade<br />
Surviving under-5<br />
However this model has clearly failed to achieve its<br />
declared objectives over <strong>the</strong> last 33 years. Sri Lanka<br />
needs a different strategy, which has to address<br />
serious issues including poverty, unemployment,<br />
hunger and malnutrition.<br />
Environmental issues<br />
Sri Lanka is featured in several lists of “biodiversity<br />
hotspots” – meaning regions both biologically rich<br />
and endangered – along <strong>the</strong> Indian Western Ghats.<br />
It is home to as many as 140 endemic species of<br />
amphibians, for example. 3 But now <strong>the</strong> country is<br />
facing important environmental issues, among <strong>the</strong>m<br />
<strong>the</strong> loss of biodiversity. A report by Conservation<br />
International states that only 1.5% of <strong>the</strong> island’s<br />
original forests remain. 4<br />
Most of <strong>the</strong>se forests were lost during British<br />
colonial rule when <strong>the</strong>y were cleared for rubber,<br />
coffee and tea plantations, but deforestation also<br />
took place during <strong>the</strong> 1980s and early 1990s when<br />
Government soldiers cleared <strong>the</strong> rainforests because<br />
<strong>the</strong>y served as refuges for rebel forces. This<br />
also displaced small-scale farmers. Between 1990<br />
and 2005 Sri Lanka had one of <strong>the</strong> highest deforestation<br />
rates of primary forest in <strong>the</strong> world with<br />
more than 18% of <strong>the</strong> remaining forest cover lost<br />
in that period. 5 Over 2.5 million palmyra trees, for<br />
example, were felled for construction purposes<br />
alone. Reconstruction efforts in <strong>the</strong> wake of <strong>the</strong><br />
3 Conservation international, Western Ghats and Sri Lanka,<br />
.<br />
4 Ibid.<br />
5 Mongabay.com, Sri Lanka, .<br />
87<br />
100 100<br />
99<br />
Gender Equity Index (GEI)<br />
GEI = 62<br />
100<br />
Empowerment<br />
58<br />
100 100<br />
97<br />
Education<br />
Economic activity<br />
2004 tsunami also increased <strong>the</strong> pressure on <strong>the</strong><br />
country’s forests.<br />
The impact of climate change is a major concern<br />
in Sri Lanka as well. For example, very heavy<br />
rains that continued from 2010 to early 2011 caused<br />
serious floods in many districts with huge losses in<br />
agricultural yields. This will intensify food shortages<br />
in 2011. 6 Many reservoirs and waterways have<br />
been damaged and will require a large allocation of<br />
money for repairs. Erosion is making <strong>the</strong> soil much<br />
less fertile, so producers will need to spend more<br />
money on fertilizers. All <strong>the</strong>se issues have led to<br />
increasing food prices, which are becoming almost<br />
unaffordable by <strong>the</strong> poorer sections of society.<br />
Political unrest<br />
The military victory achieved in <strong>the</strong> north over <strong>the</strong> Liberation<br />
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (see box) has created<br />
an appearance of peace in <strong>the</strong> country, but minority<br />
ethnic communities have a strong feeling of dissatisfaction<br />
since <strong>the</strong>ir control over <strong>the</strong>ir lands has<br />
been reduced. It is feared that <strong>the</strong> continued military<br />
control of <strong>the</strong> area is set to provide opportunities for<br />
businesses, including foreign investment, that will<br />
take control of <strong>the</strong> land and o<strong>the</strong>r natural resources.<br />
People’s political expectations (such as for<br />
transparent elections and commissions for better<br />
functioning of <strong>the</strong> judicial system and civil service)<br />
have been nullified by <strong>the</strong> Government’s military<br />
victory, which enabled <strong>the</strong> presidency to extend its<br />
powers and period of rule.<br />
6 S. Patranobis, “Flood situation worsens, impending food<br />
shortage”, Hindustan Times, (13 January 2011), .<br />
0<br />
31<br />
National reports 174 <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Watch</strong>