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1. Air supply, cylinder, tank 2. On/Off cylinder valve 3. First stage regulator 4. Second stage regulator, demand valve 5. Pressure gauge, replaceable by Console with multiple gauges Fig. 5.12 A basic scuba set, without harness, console, octopus reg. or buoyancy compensator The air hose is a small diameter flexible tube made of pressure resistant material which carries air from the first stage regulator to a second stage regulator (or demand valve) which in turn supplies air to the diver through the mouthpiece. With inhalation, a diaphragm moves to open a valve in the demand regulator, and air passes from the air hose to the diver, at the environmental pressure. The diver exhales directly into the water through one or more one-way valves which should prevent water from entering the demand valve during inhalation. It is important that the pressure of the air supply to a diver does not vary as the scuba cylinder empties, otherwise it will become progressively more difficult to breath as the tank pressure falls. Modern first stage regulators are much improved on the earlier models and have incorporated devices such as "balanced" valves to reduce this problem to some degree. Chapter 5 — 10
With most equipment, it is necessary <strong>for</strong> the diver to create a slight negative pressure in the mouthpiece during each inhalation in order to activate the demand valve mechanism. This negative pressure should be minimal or breathing becomes tiring. A regulator which is easy to breathe from at the surface, may not necessarily be able to deliver the large gas flows required during exertion at depth. When choosing a regulator, divers should refer to independent (e.g. U.S.Navy) testing. Low pressure hose First stage regulator ! Inflation hose Buoyancy compensator, inflation button Primary regulator (2 nd stage regulator) or demand valve Oral inflator Secondary (octopus) demand valve Fig. 5.13 A scuba rig Console, incorporating compass, pressure (contents) gauge, decompression computer (timer, depth recorder, ascent rate monitor, Chapter 5 — 11
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Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers 4t
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ! For the 1 st and
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 1 All chapters, full text,
Page 8 and 9: The development of self-contained a
Page 12 and 13: Water is much denser than air and 1
Page 14 and 15: This law can easily be demonstrated
Page 16 and 17: For example, if diver has a maximum
Page 18 and 19: Stated in another way; if a gas is
Page 20 and 21: Henry's Law This law describes the
Page 22 and 23: O 2 supports combustion vigorously
Page 24 and 25: BUOYANCY It is important for divers
Page 26 and 27: the water temperature decreases wit
Page 30 and 31: Below the larynx the air passes thr
Page 32 and 33: Gas Uptake and Loss Air, which cont
Page 34 and 35: In venous blood, the haemoglobin in
Page 36 and 37: Circulation The blood flow from the
Page 38 and 39: educes the safety margin in the eve
Page 40 and 41: infections, hypothermia, panic and
Page 42 and 43: BREAK POINT Fig 4.2 . . This diagra
Page 44 and 45: MEDICAL CHECKLIST FOR SNORKELLERS H
Page 46 and 47: Some face masks are fitted with a o
Page 48 and 49: Snorkel The snorkel allows the dive
Page 50 and 51: A poorly fitting wet suit can cause
Page 52 and 53: entanglement with other equipment i
Page 56 and 57: Difficulties are still encountered
Page 58 and 59: STANDARD DRESS or HARD HAT This tra
Page 60 and 61: Closed and Semi-closed Circuit REBR
Page 62 and 63: the B.C. to be inflated using air f
Page 64 and 65: The scuba tank may be negatively bu
Page 66 and 67: Diving Watch A reliable, accurate,
Page 68 and 69: Surface detection aids include: •
Page 70 and 71: The "Half Tank Rule". The best tech
Page 72 and 73: It is important to return to the su
Page 74 and 75: The problems centre on impaired vis
Page 76 and 77: The lower surface pressure also mea
Page 78 and 79: In general, successful military div
Page 80 and 81: Factors which upset a diver's emoti
Page 82 and 83: The above story illustrates some of
Page 84 and 85: Women divers must be doing somethin
Page 86 and 87: convenience, most women today prefe
Page 88 and 89: Other Diving Diseases In a number o
Page 90 and 91: ! Decompression sickness. As mentio
Page 94 and 95: vibrate. These vibrations are trans
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 9.5 If equalisation does not o
Page 98 and 99: If the ear drum was perforated, com
Page 100 and 101: The diver should then equalise ever
Page 102 and 103: If reasonable, avoid the use of hoo
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One or more of these must be presen
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There are four main groups of sinus
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TREATMENT Any case of suspected sin
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Chapter 11 All chapters, full text,
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Fig. 11.2 The various clinical mani
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Fig 11.3 The location of the medias
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Occasionally a valve effect allows
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The air bubbles obstruct or damage
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Predisposing Factors ! Breath-holdi
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In many navies free ascent training
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! Out of Air (OOA) and Low on Air (
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PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA OF DESCENT (LU
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This condition is easily prevented
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SUIT BAROTRAUMA OF ASCENT ("BLOW UP
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SATURATION When tissues are subject
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DIVE PROFILES The type of dive has
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! Cold. Diving in cold conditions m
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A very short surface interval may a
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ased on modified Haldane principles
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DECOMPRESSION METERS and COMPUTERS
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! Safety suggestions (the DC Ten Co
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ONSET OF SYMPTOMS The clinical feat
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confined within the solid bone of t
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SKIN MANIFESTATIONS of DCS These ar
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The ABBREVIATED MENTAL TEST SCORE (
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Unfortunately 100% O 2 can be toxic
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Transportation in aircraft presents
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Other tables are available which in
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! Slow ascent rates. A slow ascent
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epeated minor trauma which is commo
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Prevention Avoidance of the known p
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CAUSES OF NITROGEN NARCOSIS The exa
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A diver who can "hold his liquor" i
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CLINICAL FEATURES The first sign is
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obstruction somewhere in the respir
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the lungs and body into the counter
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CAUSES OF O 2 TOXICITY For resuscit
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Pulmonary Effects These effects wil
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Clinical Features A person hyperven
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CO 2 toxicity may increase the like
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CLINICAL FEATURES Symptoms are thos
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If the compressor is operated in an
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eaches the surface. If the diver is
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TREATMENT Rescue and recovery from
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PREVENTION It is paradoxical that d
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Fig. 27.3 Graph illustrating surviv
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PREVENTION Alcohol and other drugs
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Occasionally this disorder has been
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! Treatment. All coral cuts should
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! Vibrio and other Aquatic Organism
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SWIMMING POOL GRANULOMA Also called
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Until the risk is excluded it would
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MARINE Chapter 29 All chapters, ful
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! Stop the blood loss. This must be
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The venom has its most serious effe
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IRUKANDJI SYNDROME This disorder wa
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The first aid basic life support me
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hospital as soon as possible. Serio
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The spine may produce a puncture an
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Middle Ear Disorders Disturbances o
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CAUSES OF VERTIGO Problems arising
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Nitrogen narcosis may aggravate ver
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CRAMPS Cramp is a painful spasm of
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Air emboli and bubble development i
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Cold water entering an ear canal ca
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unconsciousness have been well reco
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SEASICKNESS This is a distressing a
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EXPLOSIONS - UNDERWATER BLAST This
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In addition to these the causes ass
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COLD OR HYPOTHERMIA (SEE CHAPTERS 3
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GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS A variet
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! Major Causes of Death identified
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unfortunately promoted by some inst
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Fig 34.3 But not always ! Buddy res
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Salt Water Aspiration This factor w
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Nitrogen Narcosis This was an effec
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Other Equipment Problems In 5% or l
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SUMMARY Diving fatalities generally
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CONTRIBUTING CAUSES There are a num
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This reflex is present to some exte
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! Myocarditis. Some viral infection
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Flora Fisk Quiz for Recreational Di
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(50 ft) and admitted to being "bent
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is undertaken. Then a drug reaction
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Antihistamines These are usually ta
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PROPHYLACTIC (PREVENTION) DRUGS Sta
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Marijuana — Cannabis or "pot" Chr
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Some antibiotics may have no direct
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The hearing function test (pure ton
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MEDICAL EXAMINATION FORMAT There is
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Chapter 38 — 9
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Chapter 38 — 11
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RESUSCITATION EQUIPMENT • Airways
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INFORMATION NEEDED about a DIVING A
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in medicine have 100% O 2 delivered
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compatible. Otherwise the diving il
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GENERAL INFORMATION Oxygen Toxicity
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CHECK LIST FOR DIVING ACCIDENTS INF
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D and R - DANGER and RESPONSE DANGE
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If the rescuer has the equipment an
Page 328 and 329:
Duration of CPR Continue CPR until:
Page 330 and 331:
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THE TECHNICAL DIVE 1. DIVE PROTOCOL
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For the same depth/duration dive, t
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OXYGEN ENRICHED AIR or NITROX (EANx
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likely to oxidise and have a higher
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There is also a greater conductive
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The carbon dioxide absorbent must b
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• The oxygen rebreathers are clos
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CONCLUSION There are few problems i
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The actual incidence is unknown, bu
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Appendix A All chapters, full text,
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DIVING MEDICAL TEXTS • *Diving Me
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Appendix B All chapters, full text,
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Appendix C All chapters, full text,
Page 358 and 359:
Appendix D All chapters, full text,
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