Download - Diving Medicine for SCUBA Divers

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Closed and Semi-closed Circuit REBREATHING APPARATUS With this equipment some or all of the diver's exhaled gas is passed through a carbon dioxide absorber ("scrubber") and then rebreathed from a breathing bag ("counterlung"). This minimises gas usage, produces fewer bubbles and allows smaller cylinders to be used for an equivalent dive duration. Fig. 5.18 Diagram of two types of closed circuit oxygen rebreathing sets. A military system, using 100% oxygen in a closed circuit, is employed for clandestine operations (blowing up ships, examining potential landing sites, etc.). Because the diver rebreathes 100% oxygen, there is a risk of oxygen toxicity, so these sets have a practical depth limit of 9 metres. Some of these sets have a demand-type system, where gas is supplied automatically when the volume in the counterlung is reduced. Others have a continual gas supply, with excess being exhausted. Chapter 5 — 16
Closed circuit mixed-gas rebreathing systems are used in technical and deep diving operations. These are further described in Chapter 43, but are not recommended for use by other than very experienced and meticulously trained divers. Fig. 5.19 Military diver wearing oxygen rebreathing sets. ANCILLARY DIVING EQUIPMENT Buoyancy Compensator, Buoyancy Vest, B.C. This device was originally devised as a modified life jacket to provide emergency flotation for the diver at the surface. Its value in compensating for changes of buoyancy due to wet suit compression with depth, was realised and it was modified to allow the gas content to be varied during the dive, depending on the buoyancy needs. It was also variously called a B.C.D. or B.C.V. (buoyancy compensating device or vest) or A.B.L.J. (adjustable buoyancy life-jacket) Desirable features. When inflated the B.C. positive buoyancy should be sufficient to offset the negative buoyancy of the submerged weight of the diver and his equipment. It should support an unconscious diver so that his face is clear of the water. Ten kilograms (22 lbs) of buoyancy is more than adequate to achieve this. Most B.C.'s have excess capacity. The B.C. should have a means of oral inflation, as well as a means of manually inflating with gas from a compressed air cylinder. With modern B.C.s the latter usually takes the form of an auxiliary "direct low pressure feed" line from the first stage or reducing valve. This direct-scuba-feed allows Chapter 5 — 17
Page 2 and 3:
Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers 4t
Page 4 and 5:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ! For the 1 st and
Page 6 and 7:
Chapter 1 All chapters, full text,
Page 8 and 9:
The development of self-contained a
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 2 All chapters, full text,
Page 12 and 13: Water is much denser than air and 1
Page 14 and 15: This law can easily be demonstrated
Page 16 and 17: For example, if diver has a maximum
Page 18 and 19: Stated in another way; if a gas is
Page 20 and 21: Henry's Law This law describes the
Page 22 and 23: O 2 supports combustion vigorously
Page 24 and 25: BUOYANCY It is important for divers
Page 26 and 27: the water temperature decreases wit
Page 30 and 31: Below the larynx the air passes thr
Page 32 and 33: Gas Uptake and Loss Air, which cont
Page 34 and 35: In venous blood, the haemoglobin in
Page 36 and 37: Circulation The blood flow from the
Page 38 and 39: educes the safety margin in the eve
Page 40 and 41: infections, hypothermia, panic and
Page 42 and 43: BREAK POINT Fig 4.2 . . This diagra
Page 44 and 45: MEDICAL CHECKLIST FOR SNORKELLERS H
Page 46 and 47: Some face masks are fitted with a o
Page 48 and 49: Snorkel The snorkel allows the dive
Page 50 and 51: A poorly fitting wet suit can cause
Page 52 and 53: entanglement with other equipment i
Page 54 and 55: 1. Air supply, cylinder, tank 2. On
Page 56 and 57: Difficulties are still encountered
Page 58 and 59: STANDARD DRESS or HARD HAT This tra
Page 62 and 63: the B.C. to be inflated using air f
Page 64 and 65: The scuba tank may be negatively bu
Page 66 and 67: Diving Watch A reliable, accurate,
Page 68 and 69: Surface detection aids include: •
Page 70 and 71: The "Half Tank Rule". The best tech
Page 72 and 73: It is important to return to the su
Page 74 and 75: The problems centre on impaired vis
Page 76 and 77: The lower surface pressure also mea
Page 78 and 79: In general, successful military div
Page 80 and 81: Factors which upset a diver's emoti
Page 82 and 83: The above story illustrates some of
Page 84 and 85: Women divers must be doing somethin
Page 86 and 87: convenience, most women today prefe
Page 88 and 89: Other Diving Diseases In a number o
Page 90 and 91: ! Decompression sickness. As mentio
Page 94 and 95: vibrate. These vibrations are trans
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 9.5 If equalisation does not o
Page 98 and 99: If the ear drum was perforated, com
Page 100 and 101: The diver should then equalise ever
Page 102 and 103: If reasonable, avoid the use of hoo
Page 104 and 105: One or more of these must be presen
Page 106 and 107: There are four main groups of sinus
Page 108 and 109: TREATMENT Any case of suspected sin
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Fig. 11.2 The various clinical mani
Page 114 and 115:
Fig 11.3 The location of the medias
Page 116 and 117:
Occasionally a valve effect allows
Page 118 and 119:
The air bubbles obstruct or damage
Page 120 and 121:
Predisposing Factors ! Breath-holdi
Page 122 and 123:
In many navies free ascent training
Page 124 and 125:
! Out of Air (OOA) and Low on Air (
Page 126 and 127:
PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA OF DESCENT (LU
Page 128 and 129:
This condition is easily prevented
Page 130 and 131:
SUIT BAROTRAUMA OF ASCENT ("BLOW UP
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
SATURATION When tissues are subject
Page 136 and 137:
DIVE PROFILES The type of dive has
Page 138 and 139:
! Cold. Diving in cold conditions m
Page 140 and 141:
A very short surface interval may a
Page 142 and 143:
ased on modified Haldane principles
Page 144 and 145:
DECOMPRESSION METERS and COMPUTERS
Page 146 and 147:
! Safety suggestions (the DC Ten Co
Page 148 and 149:
ONSET OF SYMPTOMS The clinical feat
Page 150 and 151:
confined within the solid bone of t
Page 152 and 153:
SKIN MANIFESTATIONS of DCS These ar
Page 154 and 155:
The ABBREVIATED MENTAL TEST SCORE (
Page 156 and 157:
Unfortunately 100% O 2 can be toxic
Page 158 and 159:
Transportation in aircraft presents
Page 160 and 161:
Other tables are available which in
Page 162 and 163:
! Slow ascent rates. A slow ascent
Page 164 and 165:
epeated minor trauma which is commo
Page 166 and 167:
Prevention Avoidance of the known p
Page 168 and 169:
CAUSES OF NITROGEN NARCOSIS The exa
Page 170 and 171:
A diver who can "hold his liquor" i
Page 172 and 173:
CLINICAL FEATURES The first sign is
Page 174 and 175:
obstruction somewhere in the respir
Page 176 and 177:
the lungs and body into the counter
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
CAUSES OF O 2 TOXICITY For resuscit
Page 182 and 183:
Pulmonary Effects These effects wil
Page 184 and 185:
Clinical Features A person hyperven
Page 186 and 187:
CO 2 toxicity may increase the like
Page 188 and 189:
CLINICAL FEATURES Symptoms are thos
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
If the compressor is operated in an
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
eaches the surface. If the diver is
Page 198 and 199:
TREATMENT Rescue and recovery from
Page 200 and 201:
PREVENTION It is paradoxical that d
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Fig. 27.3 Graph illustrating surviv
Page 208 and 209:
PREVENTION Alcohol and other drugs
Page 210 and 211:
Occasionally this disorder has been
Page 212 and 213:
! Treatment. All coral cuts should
Page 214 and 215:
! Vibrio and other Aquatic Organism
Page 216 and 217:
SWIMMING POOL GRANULOMA Also called
Page 218 and 219:
Until the risk is excluded it would
Page 220 and 221:
MARINE Chapter 29 All chapters, ful
Page 222 and 223:
! Stop the blood loss. This must be
Page 224 and 225:
The venom has its most serious effe
Page 226 and 227:
IRUKANDJI SYNDROME This disorder wa
Page 228 and 229:
The first aid basic life support me
Page 230 and 231:
hospital as soon as possible. Serio
Page 232 and 233:
The spine may produce a puncture an
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Middle Ear Disorders Disturbances o
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
CAUSES OF VERTIGO Problems arising
Page 242 and 243:
Nitrogen narcosis may aggravate ver
Page 244 and 245:
CRAMPS Cramp is a painful spasm of
Page 246 and 247:
Air emboli and bubble development i
Page 248 and 249:
Cold water entering an ear canal ca
Page 250 and 251:
unconsciousness have been well reco
Page 252 and 253:
SEASICKNESS This is a distressing a
Page 254 and 255:
EXPLOSIONS - UNDERWATER BLAST This
Page 256 and 257:
In addition to these the causes ass
Page 258 and 259:
COLD OR HYPOTHERMIA (SEE CHAPTERS 3
Page 260 and 261:
GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS A variet
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
! Major Causes of Death identified
Page 266 and 267:
unfortunately promoted by some inst
Page 268 and 269:
Fig 34.3 But not always ! Buddy res
Page 270 and 271:
Salt Water Aspiration This factor w
Page 272 and 273:
Nitrogen Narcosis This was an effec
Page 274 and 275:
Other Equipment Problems In 5% or l
Page 276 and 277:
SUMMARY Diving fatalities generally
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
CONTRIBUTING CAUSES There are a num
Page 282 and 283:
This reflex is present to some exte
Page 284 and 285:
! Myocarditis. Some viral infection
Page 286 and 287:
Flora Fisk Quiz for Recreational Di
Page 288 and 289:
(50 ft) and admitted to being "bent
Page 290 and 291:
is undertaken. Then a drug reaction
Page 292 and 293:
Antihistamines These are usually ta
Page 294 and 295:
PROPHYLACTIC (PREVENTION) DRUGS Sta
Page 296 and 297:
Marijuana — Cannabis or "pot" Chr
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Some antibiotics may have no direct
Page 302 and 303:
The hearing function test (pure ton
Page 304 and 305:
MEDICAL EXAMINATION FORMAT There is
Page 306 and 307:
Chapter 38 — 9
Page 308 and 309:
Chapter 38 — 11
Page 310 and 311:
RESUSCITATION EQUIPMENT • Airways
Page 312 and 313:
INFORMATION NEEDED about a DIVING A
Page 314 and 315:
in medicine have 100% O 2 delivered
Page 316 and 317:
compatible. Otherwise the diving il
Page 318 and 319:
GENERAL INFORMATION Oxygen Toxicity
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
CHECK LIST FOR DIVING ACCIDENTS INF
Page 324 and 325:
D and R - DANGER and RESPONSE DANGE
Page 326 and 327:
If the rescuer has the equipment an
Page 328 and 329:
Duration of CPR Continue CPR until:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
THE TECHNICAL DIVE 1. DIVE PROTOCOL
Page 334 and 335:
For the same depth/duration dive, t
Page 336 and 337:
OXYGEN ENRICHED AIR or NITROX (EANx
Page 338 and 339:
likely to oxidise and have a higher
Page 340 and 341:
There is also a greater conductive
Page 342 and 343:
The carbon dioxide absorbent must b
Page 344 and 345:
• The oxygen rebreathers are clos
Page 346 and 347:
CONCLUSION There are few problems i
Page 348 and 349:
The actual incidence is unknown, bu
Page 350 and 351:
Appendix A All chapters, full text,
Page 352 and 353:
DIVING MEDICAL TEXTS • *Diving Me
Page 354 and 355:
Appendix B All chapters, full text,
Page 356 and 357:
Appendix C All chapters, full text,
Page 358 and 359:
Appendix D All chapters, full text,
show all

Download - Diving Medicine for SCUBA Divers

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?