NatioNal variety trials supplemeNt - Grains Research ...

November – December 2012
National variety trials supplement
PAGE 3 NVT structure and operation
PAGE 8 Data Delivery
PAGE 10 Weeds and disease
PAGE 13 Value-adding to NVT data

Change for
the better
Introduction
2
Tom Giles
By Tom Giles
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Cover photo by Paul Jones
Yield is an important component of a grain
business’s profitability. Selecting varieties that
produce the best yield for a particular market from
the same inputs is good business management.
An economic assessment by Haydn Kuchel, Australian
Grain Technologies, of the new and benchmark wheat
varieties grown in National Variety Trials (NVT)
in South Australia highlighted a $100 per hectare
difference in income between top and bottom varieties.
The assessment used yield data from each SA NVT
site plus the data for screenings, and protein and hectolitre
weight to calculate a relative return for each variety.
It also took into account quality classification for each
variety and inputs used at each site, including fungicide.
Not only did this analysis indicate a large
difference in margin, it also showed that in
some regions selecting a wheat variety classified
Australian Hard (AH) rather than Australian Prime
White (APW) was costing growers income.
This type of analysis demonstrates why it is important
for growers to carefully consider their variety choices.
The objective of the NVT program is to provide an
independent variety evaluation program that accelerates
the adoption of superior varieties. ‘Superior’ refers
to varieties with improved yield, quality, disease
resistance or a combination of these attributes.
A recent grower survey commission by the GRDC, the
sole funder of the NVT, identified positive uptake of new
varieties of all major winter crops. For example, over the
past five years 89 per cent of respondents (1203 grower
participants) had grown a new winter cereal variety and 44
per cent a new variety of pulse. Sixty per cent reported that
new grain varieties are meeting their expectations well.
The majority of respondents were aware
of NVT, but only between 28 and 30 per cent
attend field days and use NVT Online resources
to assist their variety selection decisions.
I encourage all growers to take advantage of the NVT
resources when selecting varieties. NVT Online (www.
nvtonline.com.au) is regularly reviewed and improved. In
the past 12 months visits to the website have increased by
about 28 per cent and page use has increased by 15 per
cent compared to the previous year. Both figures indicate
more growers are realising the value of NVT Online.
To help increase use of NVT resources, the GRDC
commissioned a pilot series of one-day workshops
in the Southern Region. Titled ‘Variety selection and
NVT – putting science into selection’, these workshops
were rated highly by over 90 agronomists, consultants
and plant breeders who attended the workshops.
Since the previous NVT Ground Cover Supplement
in 2008 there have been some other substantial changes
to the NVT program. Perhaps the most significant is the
use of fungicides to control disease in NVT trials and the
establishment of regional NVT Advisory Committees.
Value-adding to NVT through the variety-specific
agronomy projects run across all three GRDC regions
is another important initiative. These trials aim to
reduce the risk and improve the reliability of varieties
when grown under different management practices.
Working with the NVT management team
and Grower Advisory Committees the NVT
program will continue to evolve and respond to
the needs of Australian grain growers. □
More information: Tom Giles, manager
trial operations, GRDC, 02 6166 4500,
tom.giles@grdc.com.au
Supplement edited by
Emma Leonard

How NVT
works
NVT is a national program
providing comparative
crop variety testing
using standardised trial
management and data
generation, collection and
dissemination
By Tom Giles
Since the GRDC established the
National Variety Trials (NVT) in
2005, the program has expanded and
developed. While the size of the program
has evolved, the underlying principles
remain the same. The aim of the NVT is
to generate independent information for
growers about newly released varieties of
winter field crops relative to the current
commercial varieties grown in their area.
Although the total number of trials
sown is much the same, the number
reported increased to 653 in 2011, of
which 91.7 per cent were published,
compared to only 82.3 per cent in 2005.
This difference reflects the seasonal
conditions experienced in these years.
Each year NVT trials are conducted on
about 300 properties across Australia.
The NVT program includes 10
broadacre crops – wheat, barley,
oats, triticale, canola, chickpeas, faba
beans, lentils, field peas and lupins.
Central to the success of the NVT
program has been good communication
between all parties involved in delivering
the program (Figure 1) and the
application of agreed protocols for trial
management and for data generation,
collection and dissemination.
Submitting varieties
The NVT is a voluntary system and
all plant breeders are invited to submit
seed for testing. Nominated lines must
meet the NVT acceptance criteria of
seed being available at a commercial
scale for growers to purchase after
two years of NVT testing.
After a variety is released by a breeding
company it can remain in the NVT testing
process for up to five years, depending
on the popularity of the variety with
growers in a region. After five years,
varieties that constitute less than three
photo: Paul Jones
Good communication
has been central to the
success of NVT program.
Independent service providers run NVT trials in different regions based on a set of standard
national protocols. Scott Boyd (left) and Don McCaffery from NSW DPI check data for the
NVT wheat trial site at north west of Parkes, NSW.
FIGURE 1 The operational structure of
the National Variety Trials program
Service
Agreement
Service Providers
NVT Management
committee
(Service provider
representatives)
Material Transfer
Agreement
per cent of deliveries are withdrawn.
Thus, NVT trials contain three
types of breeding material: lines that
are within two years of commercial
release; lines that are being repeated for
a second year, sometimes referred to
as retentions; and released varieties.
It is rare for a line or variety to be
tested at every NVT location but entries
are not restricted by state boundaries.
However, few Queensland varieties
are grown in Western Australia.
Commercial varieties that are widely
grown in a region are used as comparisons
against which other material in NVT can
be benchmarked. The commercial varieties
grown at each site include those used as
market classification quality standards.
GRDC
ACAS Limited
• Trial management
• Data collection
• Data dissemination
• NVT manager
GROWERS
NVT Advisory
Committees
Participation
Agreement
Breeding Programs
Trial management
The objective of the NVT is to provide
unbiased information on variety
performance across different environments.
All trial management and data handling
is run to a rigid timetable in order to rapidly
deliver accurate information to assist
growers with variety selection decisions.
Standard outcome-based protocols
have been established for NVT trial site
selection and management. However,
service providers have the flexibility to
use fertiliser and pesticides as required.
They can also apply district practices
as recommended by the NVT
Advisory Committees (see page 4).
Following a review, commissioned
by the GRDC, and to take account of the
most common disease treatment practices
3
NVT structure and operation

used by growers, new protocols for disease
management in the NVT have been
established. These protocols include the use
of fungicides to prevent or control diseases
in NVT plots. At designated wheat (and,
in South Australia, barley) sites, one of the
four replicates remain unsprayed, allowing
pathologists to use these controls to assist
in the establishment of disease ratings.
In addition to collecting yield, quality
and agronomic data for each nomination,
trial service providers record soil and
rainfall data, minimum air temperatures,
dates of sowing and harvest, fertiliser and
chemical inputs and rotation information.
Data from all sites across Australia is
recorded in a single database. This uniform
system of recording enables a variety’s
performance to be compared across
trial sites with similar characteristics.
Data analysis is the responsibility of the
five-year project ‘Statistics for the Australian
Grains Industry’, led by CSIRO’s Professor
Brian Cullis, whose team of statisticians
work closely with the NVT program.
NVT Online (www.nvtonline.com.au)
is the central web-based repository for all
NVT information. This website is regularly
updated with new information and looks
at better ways for growers to access the
information most relevant to them. □
GRDC Research Code CAS00002
More information: Tom Giles, manager
trial operations, GRDC, 02 6166 4500,
tom.giles@grdc.com.au
NVT structure and operation
4
NVT Advisory Committees
In 2008, the NVT program was formally reviewed to assess its performance against the objective
of delivering impartial varietal information to Australian grain growers.
One of the key findings of the review was the need for a more formalised advisory and
consultative mechanism for stakeholder involvement in NVT operations. Consequently, the GRDC
established regional NVT Advisory Committees.
Initially there were 15 regional NVT Advisory Committees (Figure 2), each comprising three
growers and three agronomists from that region, a service provider and a representative from
the appropriate GRDC Regional Panel. There are now 11 NVT Advisory Committees; in Western
Australia there is now one committee with two representatives drawn from each of the five
Regional Cropping Solutions Networks.
Once a year the advisory committees meet face-to-face with the NVT manager. Additional
meetings are held by teleconference if required. Specialists, such as industry experts and
biometricians, may contribute to meetings if requested. These committees provide advice on the
operation of the NVT, including issues such as the location and number of trial sites, changes to
trial protocols and nomination and retention of commercial varieties.
Recent issues raised for consideration by the advisory committees include the exclusion of
wheat varieties that are very susceptible to stripe rust, the use of district practice for disease
management, the increase in the dry sowing of crops and its implications for NVT trials, and the
development of new analysis and reporting tables for long-term variety comparisons.
The NVT Advisory Committees also help guide the service providers on the best options for
keeping the trials pest and weed-free.
FIGURE 2 Location of NVT Advisory Committees
WA Northern
WA Central
WA Eastern
WA Sandplain
WA Mallee
Eyre Peninsula
Yorke Peninsula/
Mid-north SA
Mallee
There were originally five committees in WA but now there is one NVT advisory committee with two
representatives drawn from each of the five Regional Cropping Solutions Networks.
Central Queensland
Southern Queensland
Northern NSW
Central NSW
Southern NSW/North-east Vic
Upper south-east SA/
Vic Wimmera
High-rainfall zone
Latest
updates
to NVT
The GRDC and ACAS regularly
review the NVT program and
initiate changes based on
feedback from growers and
specialists
By Alan Bedggood
In the quest to deliver the most
relevant variety information in a highly
accessible format, the operation and grower
use of data from the National Variety Trials
(NVT) program is regularly reviewed.
In response to these reviews,
the GRDC and Australian Crop
Accreditation Systems (ACAS), which
manages the NVT program on behalf
of the GRDC, have initiated some
recent changes in the management
and delivery of the NVT program.
Disease management
There has been much debate about the use
of fungicides in variety testing programs.
In one camp are those who want
to see how the variety performs if
attacked by pathogens. In the other
camp are those who want to see
how it performs when the disease is

NVT site managers are
responsible for controlling
weeds and disease at the site
to minimise factors that could
reduce yield potential. Scott
Boyd from NSW DPI, Dubbo,
looks over his trial sprayer.
Variety
choice at
a touch
5
controlled by commercially available
fungicides, as would occur on-farm.
Disease ratings for wheat, barley
and blackleg in canola are now covered
by separate, nationally coordinated
screening projects (see pages 10, 11).
Consequently, site mangers are able
to control or prevent the predominant
fungal infections experienced in the
region using commercially available
fungicides for all crop types within the
NVT. This not only enables varieties to
achieve their potential more fully but
also prevents the untreated variety plots
being a source of infection in the district.
At some wheat (and, in South
Australia, barley) sites, an additional
fourth replicate trial remains untreated
with fungicide, allowing pathologist
to assess the disease tolerance of those
lines in the field. These unsprayed plots
can also provide an early warning of a
change in a variety’s disease rating due
to the emergence of a new pathotype.
NVT Online
Between 2008 and 2011, 181 new winter
crop varieties were released in Australia,
including 47 wheat varieties, 14 barley
varieties and 70 canola varieties. All
were included in NVT trials and the
data for them can be found on NVT
Online (www.nvtonline.com.au).
With such a diverse range of
information, finding varieties that best
suit your situation can be confusing. The
NVT team are continually searching for
better ways to present the data to help
Developments in the
management and delivery of
NVT have been initiated.
photo: Paul Jones
growers make the best variety choices.
Selecting ‘Site Near You’ through the
interactive Google map helps to direct
users to the required information (see
pages 8 and 9). Users can further refine
their search by crop and/or postcode.
A new feature on NVT Online is the
site ‘bubble’. Information and links in
the bubble help users quickly find all the
information that relates to that crop type
for a chosen state. Information on disease
ratings, end-point royalties, sowing guides
and links to other useful information
can all be located from the bubble.
More specific yield data
Statistical analysis is at the heart of
the NVT and is the responsibility of
biometricians. NVT statistical analysis
is managed by Statistics for the
Australian Grains Industry (SAGI) led
by Professor Brian Cullis, CSIRO. The
SAGI team, which includes Alison Kelly
and Dr Alison Smith, has a worldwide
reputation for excellence in this area.
In recent years, the team at SAGI has
been refining advanced statistical methods
for use with NVT data. In 2013, it is
hoped that growers will be able to reap
the benefits of this new approach. With
more reliable and specific data, growers
should be better able to select varieties
most suited to their conditions. □
GRDC Research Code CAS00002
More information: Alan Bedggood,
NVT manager, ACAS, 03 5382 7200,
alan@acaslimited.com.au
2011 saw the launch of the
CropMate VarietyChooser
app for iPhones, iPads and
iPod touch by the New South
Wales Department of Primary
Industries (DPI).
Based on the NSW DPI Winter
crop variety sowing guide,
the app is an extension of
the CropMate variety selector
system, which uses the latest
NVT data.
Following the success of
this app, the GRDC has
now commissioned Graeme
McIntosh (pictured) and his
colleagues at the NSW DPI
Broadacre Cropping Unit to
produce a national version
relevant to all winter cropping
regions.
It is anticipated that the NVT
variety chooser app will be
available in 2013. □
GRDC Research Code DAN00102
More information: Graeme McIntosh,
district agronomist, NSW DPI, 03 5019
8404, graeme.mcintosh@dpi.nsw.gov.au
photo: Peter Jessop
NVT structure and operation

Trials with maximum value
A series of FAQs can be found at NVT Online. Here, additional questions regularly posed
to the NVT team, regional panel members and GRDC employees are explored
To allow varieties to reach full potential, fertiliser inputs may be higher than those applied commercially.
photo: Emma Leonard
NVT structure and operation
6
By Tom Giles, Allan Bedggood
and Alison Kelly
Why are fertiliser rates applied
to NVT trials often higher than
those used in the district
In NVT trials the objective is for all
varieties to reach their water-limited
yield potential (under the given
management regime) to provide the
best indication of performance.
To achieve this, nutrition must not
be limiting and so greater fertiliser rates
than may be commercially viable can
be applied. NVT trials should not be
confused with gross margin trials.
Why are the trials now
treated with fungicide
The objective of NVT is to provide
data on the yield potential of a variety.
Without disease control, variety rankings
can be very different (Figure 1).
Figure 1 shows varietal comparison
from the 2010 NVT main-season
wheat trial at Spring Ridge, New South
Wales, with and without fungicide.
Please note that error bars in Figure 1
indicate the maximum standard error
deviation (SED) for any combination
of varietal yields. If any two error bars
overlap yield difference is not significant.
Disease ratings for wheat, barley
and blackleg in canola are now covered
by separate, nationally coordinated
screening projects (see pages 10 and 11).
For pulse crops, disease rating remains
part of the public breeding programs.
NVT site mangers are instructed to
control or prevent the predominant fungal
infections experienced in the locality using
commercially available fungicides. This
applies to all crop types within the NVT.
If the site was frosted or had
a significant weed presence
what happens to the data
Where trials are harvested but temperature
data from the site indicates they have been
badly frosted the trial result is flagged as
‘invalid’ and not used in further analyses.
Significant presence of weeds in a
site, especially in patches of varying
density, distorts relative varietal
performances and the trial result is flagged
as ‘invalid’ and not used in analyses.
How can I arrange a visit
to a NVT site
At the NVT Online website (www.
nvtonline.com.au) select the ‘Resources’
tab and the link to ‘Trial sites’. All NVT
sites across Australia are listed by state.
For each site the name and contact number
of the trial manager are provided.
Contact the trial manager for a
‘mud map’ and directions to the site.
Trial managers can also provide the
contact details of the farmer collaborator
and indicate any access issues that
may be associated with the site.
Plot layouts are available at each site,
usually located in a piece of white drainage
pipe. A peg will indicate plot one.
My closest site is more than
40 kilometres away, how
should I use the NVT results
Trial results from one site in one year are
interesting but those conditions may never
occur again. This is also true for how a

variety will yield on-farm – it varies from
paddock to paddock and year to year.
The NVT trial network exposes varieties
to a range of growing environments
experienced across multiple sites and
seasons. The analysis of data across
multiple environments gives a ranking
of how varieties perform in a given
environment and shows how stable this
ranking is across other environment types.
Growers and advisers are encouraged
to look at long-term data across a range
of sites that are applicable to their own
situation, irrespective of the distance
of these sites from their property.
How can small plot trials be
accurate enough to inform
variety decisions at farm-scale
A fair comparison of varieties can
only be made when they are grown
under the same conditions. This is
especially difficult in large-scale plots
due to the extent of variation in soil
characteristics across the paddock.
Small plot trials provide the best
opportunity to test varieties under
similar conditions as it minimises the
effect of large-scale field variation.
Small plot trials in combination with
modern statistical methods have been
well established as the most accurate
way of performing variety evaluation.
Most of the district was sown
dry. Why were the NVT trials
not dry-sown
The biggest risk to dry seeding is a
false break. Small amounts of rain
may germinate the seed but then the
soil dries out, causing the seedlings
photo: Emma Leonard
NVT site visits can be arranged by contacting the trial site manager. Details of the
locations and contacts for all trials can be found at www.nvtonline.com.au
to die. Often this happens to only part
of the seed sown, with the remainder
germinating following later rains.
A trial with patchy establishment is
useless for varietal yield comparison. In
comparison, a patchy crop in a commercial
paddock may allow plants to branch and
compensate to achieve adequate yield.
By mid-May, the likelihood of
a false break is reduced; after this
time trials may be sown dry.
How are NVT site locations
selected
The location of NVT sites evolved
from the state department of agriculture
variety trials that were conducted prior
to 2005. Trials are generally located in
each of the production zones of a state
although not on a pro-rata basis.
As well as providing regional
adaptation information, the NVT trial
sites also form a hub for many grower
discussion groups and this can drive
the choice of location for some sites.
However, as new statistical
technologies come online, the ability
to define and maintain the ‘must-have’
sites for the scientific evaluation of
varieties will be greatly improved.
This new analysis will provide greater
flexibility for NVT sites to be located at
grower group field day sites and other
locations frequently visited by growers. □
GRDC Research Codes CAS00002,
UW00006
More information: www.nvtonline.com.au
7
NVT structure and operation
FIGURE 1 Varietal comparisons from the 2010 NVT main season wheat trial at Spring Ridge, NSW
Yield (t/ha)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Sunstate
Peake A
Sprayed
Lincoln A
Orion A
Dakota A
Unsprayed
EGA Bounty A
Kennedy A
Sunvale
Janz
Spitfire A
EGA Wylie A
Livingston A
Ventura
Error bars indicate the maximum SED for any combination of varietal yields. Consequently, a lack of overlap of any two error bars indicates a significant difference in yields.
Ellison A
Sunco
Sunzell
EGA Stampede A
GBA Ruby A
Sunvex A
Lang A
QAL2000
Chara A
GBA Hunter A
EGA Wills A
Merinda A
EGA Gregory A
Crusader A
Gladius A

From the NVT Online home page
(www.nvtonline.com.au)
select ‘View latest results’
or ‘Results and Reports’.
This will take you to a map where
you can refine your search
by crop type and/or postcode.
Each pin represents the location
of a trial site. Pins are colourcoded
and contain the initials of
the crop types located at that
site. In this search example only
barley has been selected.
If a crop type is not selected
all crops in trials within your
chosen postcode will be
presented.
Click on a pin to select
your chosen location and
an information ‘bubble’
will appear.
Data delivery
8
At a site
near you
NVT Online is a unique
resource providing growers
with all the information about
current and emerging varieties
in one place.
By Greg Bowey
The NVT team is continually
improving NVT Online to enable users to
quickly locate the information they seek.
Two recent improvements include
the ability to search Google maps on the
website by postcode and crop type and
the collation of all relevant information
in a single information bubble. Each
bubble includes information about
yield and grain quality, disease ratings,
end-point royalties, trial locations and
links to other relevant information.
The following information demonstrates
these two developments. For more
information view the ‘How to’ videos about
a site near you. Other videos will soon be
added, including one demonstrating how
to locate information on new varieties and
another on locating variety brochures. □
GRDC Research Code CAS00002
More information: www.nvtonline.com.au
Before selecting varieties for next season visit www.nvtonline.com.au

This link provides the best estimate of the relative yield performance of
varieties of the selected crop type in this region. Presented as a graph
and a table, the data is based on the long-term analysis of all available
trial yields. This information is vital to those considering new varieties.
9
In this example, selecting this option provides a snapshot of the
performance of all barley varieties tested at this site in Wagga Wagga,
NSW, in 2011. Data is provided on yield and grain quality as well as site
data such as soil tests and monthly rainfall. Details of paddock
rotations and chemical and fertiliser inputs are also provided.
This information is helpful when evaluating the performance of
a variety in relation to specific seasonal conditions.
Data delivery
Statewide
tables of yield
and grain quality
Disease ratings
EPR
Location and
fate of trials
Selecting this option will download an Excel spreadsheet containing
tables of yield and quality data from locations across your state.
Tables are provided for yield and each of the grain receival test results,
for example, protein, 100 grain weight and screenings. This information
is useful to review the performance of a variety across different regions.
Tables of ratings for disease resistance on a crop-by-state basis.
These tables should be considered in tandem with long-term trial
results when selecting varieties.
End-point royalties can vary considerably between varieties.
This option is a link to the Variety Central webpage for your chosen
crop. This is a quick way to identify the end-point royalty associated with
varieties you may consider growing.
This is a quick way to establish what happened to trials in your region
as, due to seasonal conditions and other factors, not every site is
harvested and reported. Contact details for the trial manager for each
site can also be found here.
Many other documents related to the region and crop type can be
located from this link. A publications front cover has been used as the
link to help quick identification of the available publications.

Coordinated disease assessment
Disease ranking for wheat and barley lines and cultivars in NVT is now carried out
independently through nationally coordinated projects
Weeds and disease
10
By Emma Leonard
The use of varietal resistance remains
at the forefront for the management of
most important diseases of cereals.
To ensure growers have reliable
disease ratings on newly released
cereal cultivars, wheat and barley
pathologists are taking a very proactive
approach to gathering disease data from
inclusions within the National Variety
Trials (NVT) evaluation system.
To provide an independent disease
ranking system for the commercially bred
winter crops – wheat, barley and canola – the
GRDC has established several projects that
are run by disease experts across Australia
These screening and monitoring
projects include all the NVT lines prior
to commercialisation as well as an agreed
set of commercial cultivars. While
independence remains a cornerstone of
this work, good collaboration with the
breeding companies is also important.
Disease screening remains part
of the breeding programs run by
Pulse Breeding Australia, which is
an unincorporated joint venture.
Wheat
For the past five years a coordinated
disease assessment project for
wheat has been applied to NVT.
The project is coordinated by Dr
Grant Hollaway, senior plant pathologist
at the Victorian Department of Primary
Industries (DPI) and NVT. With his
colleagues at Horsham he coordinates
all the disease rankings work for wheat,
which is carried out with seven other
pathology teams across Australia.
The seed distributed to all collaborators
is from a single source for each variety
and supplied to the Victorian DPI by
the breeding companies. In addition,
the team maintains a current set of
wheat varieties already available to
growers, known as the AUSVAR set.
“Each year we distribute seed for about
120 NVT lines of bread wheat, durum
and triticales as well as about 100 from
the AUSVAR,” Dr Hollaway explains.
“Just for the Victorian component of
the project we are managing field nurseries
for the three rusts (stripe, leaf and stem)
and yellow leaf spot. In others states the
pathology groups evaluate the set of wheat
lines for diseases relevant to their district
and within their area of specialisation.”
In total, across Australia this
network of plant pathologists annually
evaluates the NVT lines against 14
different diseases of wheat (Table 1).
Within Australia the plant pathology
groups involved in the screening include
the state departments of agriculture in all
mainland states and at the University of
Sydney. The disease/s to be screened are
agreed between the GRDC, the NVT trial
management and the pathologists and are
often based on the environment and the skills
held by various pathologists around Australia.
“Not every disease will be screened
at every location, but duplicate locations
help reduce the risk of unconducive
seasons and enable better screening of
diseases with multiple pathotypes.”
In addition to trials in Australia,
some material is screened in the UK,
New Zealand and Mexico. This is to
establish disease ratings for pathogens
or pathotypes that pose potential
biosecurity threats to Australia.
While the pathologists observe the
NVT trial plots, the data for disease
ratings is collected from disease nurseries
in the field, mini plots or glasshouse.
To ensure the target diseases and
pathotypes are present, the pathologist
inoculates the trials with disease inoculum
they have gathered, tested and multiplied.
Data is recorded using a standard
template and returned to the NVT manager.
The whole process is run on a strict
timetable to ensure data is available to
growers at the start of the following year.
A pathologist with specialist
knowledge will nominate the ratings
for specific diseases, based on the
current and previous year’s data.
Where possible, a single national
rating will be assigned for each disease.
Where there are pathotype differences then
regional ratings are assigned as appropriate.
All plant breeders and relevant
parties are informed of the ratings
photo: Emma Leonard
Local agronomists are an important source
of information about the emergence of new
pathogens for pathologists. SARDI's Dr Hugh
Walwork (left), who is involved in the wheat
and barley screening work in South Australia,
discusses a new pathotype identified by Yorke
Peninsula agronomist Sam Holmes (right).
Table 1 Wheat and barley
diseases screened as part of
the nationally coordinated,
independent disease rating
system for NVT
Wheat
Black point
Bunt
Cereal cyst nematode
Crown rot
Common root rot
Flag smut
Leaf rust
Pratylenchus neglectus
Pratylenchus thornei
Powdery mildew
Septoria nodorum blotch
Stripe rust
Septoria tritici blotch
Yellow leaf spot
Barley
Barley yellow dwarf
virus
Cereal cyst nematode
Common root rot
(Bipolaris)
Covered smut
Net form net blotch
Spot form net blotch
Leaf rust
Pratylenchus neglectus
Pratylenchus thornei
Barley grass stripe rust
Barley stripe rust
Powdery mildew
Stem rust
Scald
Spot blotch

A new pathotype of net blotch identified on
a previously resistant barley. Samples are
gathered in the paddock and taken to the
laboratory for multiplication and testing.
prior to public release and there is a
10-day review period in which they can
provide feedback. A process has been
established to reassess disputed ratings.
Barley
A coordinated disease assessment process
was implemented for barley in 2012. Greg
Platz, principal pathologist at Agri-Science
Queensland, coordinates this project,
following the model established for wheat.
Across Australia a network of 11
pathologists and technicians gather data
on 15 diseases of barley (Table 1). With
some of these diseases, such as leaf
rust and net form net blotch, at least six
different pathotypes are used, providing a
comprehensive evaluation of resistance.
The protocols for seed distribution,
data collection and reporting mirror
those used in the wheat disease screening
project, although on a smaller scale. There
are only 19 NVT lines and 48 released
barley varieties (commonly referred to
as the AUSBAR set) in the 2012 series.
It is the responsibility of individual
pathologists to ensure data is generated but
how this is achieved is at their discretion.
In disease-conducive environments
natural infection will be used, while
in other trials, and in the glasshouse,
plants will be artificially inoculated.
“We aim to characterise the diseases in
as many individual nurseries as possible
to understand which virulences are
present. This will increase our confidence
in how effective the resistances are
in individual lines,” Mr Platz says.
“Testing with multiple, known pathotypes
also helps us determine the genes providing
resistance to some pathogens. This
information assists researchers in variety
development and sowing recommendations.
The Plant Breeding Institute at Cobbitty,
NSW, currently provides this service
for leaf rust and it could be expanded
to other diseases in the future.”
Nationally coordinated NVT disease
screenings provide a comparative evaluation
of a line’s performance under different
environments and disease epidemics,
giving increased confidence to the disease
ratings applied to new varieties. This
assists growers in their varietal selection
and management decisions and encourages
breeding entities to develop varieties with
adequate multiple-disease resistance. □
GRDC Research Codes DAV00107,
DAQ00161, DAS00057, DAW00199,
DAQ00161
More information: Dr Grant Hollaway,
senior plant pathologist – cereals, Victorian
Department of Primary Industries,
03 5362 2111, grant.hollaway@dpi.vic.gov.
au; Greg Platz, principal pathologist,
Agri-Science Queensland, 07 4660 3633,
greg.platz@daff.qld.gov.au
11
Weeds and disease
Advances
in blackleg
management
Practices to deal with the
breakdown of blackleg
resistance in intensive canola
districts are based on large
screening trials
By Dr Steve Marcroft
Our understanding of the
blackleg pathogen of canola has progressed
substantially over the past few years. An
important practical development from this
work is that all current commercial cultivars
and advanced breeding lines have been
screened to determine their complement
of blackleg resistance genes. This has
enabled researchers to allocate cultivars
into one of seven resistance groups.
Growers are familiar with the rating
of crop varieties for susceptibility (S)
through to resistance (R) to a specific
pathogen. However, the sexually
reproducing pathogen blackleg is adept
at overcoming cultivar resistance, which
compromises a cultivar’s blackleg rating.
Field observations have found blackleg
resistance is often overcome when the same
variety is regularly grown across large
areas in a region for more than three years.
Seven resistance rotation groups have
been established, named A to G. If there is
a risk of high blackleg severity in a location
where the same cultivar has been grown
for three or more years then a cultivar
from a different resistance group needs
to be sown (see Blackleg Management
Guide Fact Sheet, www.grdc.com.au/
GRDC-FS-BlacklegManagementGuide).
One canola cultivar from each of the
seven resistance groups has been sown
adjacent to National Variety Trials (NVT)
sites to monitor how blackleg populations
evolve to overcome cultivar resistance.
In 2011, this blackleg monitoring
identified regional differences in infection
levels between resistance groups. This
information was used as the basis of a
pre-sowing early warning system to alert
growers in a region to the potentially high
level of blackleg inoculum able to attack
cultivars in a specific resistance group.
There are 32 blackleg monitoring
sites across Australia located in
New South Wales, South Australia,
Victoria and Western Australia.
Blackleg Management Guide
Blackleg spores are released from
canola stubble and spread extensively by
wind and rain splash. Therefore disease
pressure is higher in areas of intensive
canola production and higher rainfall.
The Blackleg Management Guide,
which was released as a GRDC Fact
Sheet in July 2012 (www.grdc.com.au/
GRDC-FS-BlacklegManagementGuide),
provides a four-step process to help
growers identify and manage the risk of
blackleg on a paddock-by-paddock basis.
Step 1. Determine the risk for your region;
Step 2. Identify the blackleg severity
in each of your paddocks;
Step 3. Select management practices
to reduce the risk including
cultivar resistance, distance from
old canola stubble, fungicide
use, years of the same cultivar
and time of sowing; and
Step 4. If you are seeing disease levels
increasing in a third year of growing
the same cultivar then select a cultivar
from a different resistance group. □
GRDC Research Code UM00042
More information: Dr Steve Marcroft,
Marcroft Grains Pathology, 03 5381 2294,
steve@grainspathology.com.au

Weed kill without crop damage
Before spraying, growers and agronomists are encouraged to check NVT Online for
information on the safety of herbicide use on their varieties
Weeds and disease
12
By Emma Leonard
Crop yield can be compromised
by damage from herbicides, even when
products are applied appropriately at
the label rate. Varieties are known to
differ in their tolerance to herbicides
and this can vary between regions.
The good news is that more than 70
per cent of all crop varieties are tolerant to
most herbicides. The remaining varieties
can experience yield losses of 10 to 30 per
cent and, in some cases, 50 per cent yield
loss has been recorded. This occurs with
the use of registered herbicides applied at
label rates under good spraying conditions
at the appropriate crop growth stage.
To provide growers with clear
information about the herbicide interactions
of a variety for their region, four regionally
based herbicide-tolerance screening projects
have been established. The projects are
run by Jenny Garlange and Harmohinder
Dhammu, Department of Agriculture and
Food, Western Australia, Rob Wheeler and
Michael Zerner, South Australian Research
and Development Institute, Peter Lockley,
New South Wales Department of Primary
Industries, Steve Walker, the University
of Queensland and John Churchett,
Queensland Department of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF).
The four projects have recently been
combined under a national program,
coordinated by Mr Wheeler.
Results from all the herbicide tolerance
trials can be easily accessed via NVT
Online (www.nvtonline.com.au).
National approach
Screening of varieties for herbicide
tolerance has been undertaken in most
states since the early 1990s. The main crop
varieties tested were in wheat and barley.
The new coordinated approach
tests the tolerance to commonly used
in-crop herbicides of wheat, barley,
oats, peas, lentils, faba beans, chickpeas
and lupin varieties emerging from the
NVT. This will ensure that the tolerance
to important herbicides is known at
the time of a new variety’s release.
Crop types tested vary between regions
in relation to their importance in a region.
For example, lupins are only tested in WA.
Varieties and advanced lines are generally
tested for two or more years to validate
varietal responses and to minimise the
seasonal influences on herbicide tolerance.
The project also tests new chemistries
in collaboration with chemical companies.
“Independently testing a variety’s
herbicide tolerance before its market release,
ensures growers have the most relevant
information available to them when selecting
new varieties,” Mr Wheeler explains.
Herbicides are applied individually
and in tank mixes at label and above label
rates in weed-free field sites. Treated plots
are monitored for crop damage (colour
change, necrosis, biomass and stunting)
and compared to unsprayed plots.
Crop damage and retardation is assessed
visually and with crop sensors that measure
crop greenness using the normalised
difference vegetation index (NDVI).
These measurements help to establish if
observed damage results in yield loss.
Bringing these projects together in a
coordinated national program has enabled
research approaches to be standardised.
It has also facilitated collaboration on
projects such as those assessing genotype,
environment and herbicide interactions.
A significant step in the research has
been the development of a simple rating
system using symbols to categorise the
sensitivity of varieties, based on the
yield responses across all trials. Tables of
herbicide tolerance ratings can be found
at NVT Online (www.nvtonline.com.au).
A variety that has no significant yield
reduction from both the label recommended
rates and higher rates is marked with ‘’.
An ‘N’, indicating a narrow safety
margin, denotes significant yield reductions
at the higher-than-label-recommended
rate, but not at the recommended rate,
and these varieties are shaded in yellow.
When there is a significant yield
reduction at the recommended rate,
a warning is noted if recorded in one
trial only (shaded in brown) or in
two or more trials (shaded in red). In
these instances the magnitude of yield
reductions are noted in the table.
photo: Steve Walker
Researchers involved in the herbicide tolerance
screening work at an annual review meeting
in Birchip, Victoria. (From left) Hanwen Wu,
Kaylene Nuscke, Peter Lockley, Rob Wheeler,
Harmohinder Dhammu, Courtney Ramsey and
Steve Walker.
Regional application
Variety herbicide-tolerance testing for
wheat and barley has been carried out in
Queensland since 1999. More recently
chickpeas have been added to the project,
which is run by John Churchett, principal
experimentalist, Queensland DAFF.
In 2011, 22 trials were sown, treated
and harvested in the northern herbicide
tolerance project. This figure hides the
size of the project, which included the
testing of 32 NVT wheat lines with 12
herbicides (those considered to be the
most commonly used) in three trials and
the testing of 20 NVT barley lines with
eight common herbicides in two trials.
A further seven trials assessed advanced
wheat lines and new varieties that had
shown potential sensitivity to specific
herbicides in the previous season. In a
further two trials, the sensitivity of three
varieties and two lines of chickpeas
were tested with four herbicides.
Trials are located at sites across
southern Queensland to ensure
regional environmental influences
on herbicide–variety interactions are
also identified in this project.
The importance of conducting trials
across Australia has been emphasised
by the identification of different levels
of crop sensitivity to some herbicides
in the Northern Region trials compared
with results in the south and west.
This indicates a strong environmental
influence on herbicide tolerance. □
GRDC Research Codes DAS00100,
DAN00142, UQ00059, DAW00191
More information: Rob Wheeler, SARDI,
0401 148 935, rob.wheeler@sa.gov.au

Pushing the yield frontier
13
Identifying the varieties best suited to certain combinations of environments
and management regimes is the aim of this CSIRO-led project
By Dr Zvi Hochman
As growers improve their wheat
crop management practices a new
opportunity is provided for discovery
of genotype, environment, management
(G×E×M) interactions that will push
yields beyond the current frontier.
This GRDC-funded, CSIRO-led
project aims to capture the G×E×M
impacts through field meaurement
and cropping systems simulation.
The results of the National Variety
Trials (NVT) can be difficult to relate
to an individual farm or paddock due
to differences in soil type, rainfall,
temperature and management practices.
Currently, a variety’s estimated genetic
value (EGV) is calculated to provide a
prediction of the yield (tonnes per hectare)
of the variety in a specified environment
as defined by a geographic region. To help
improve the assessment of varieties across
trial sites, this project aims to establish a
process to account for a site’s environment
on the basis of its water-limited yield
potential, rather than its location. This
estimate requires the research team to factor
in specific differences in soil type, climate
and environmental stresses at each site.
By fully characterising the
environments (soil and climate) of the
NVT sites and applying management
that allows the site potential to be fully
expressed, we can better understand
how varieties differ in their response
to environmental stresses and provide
growers with variety data that is more
appropriate to their specific situation.
The project has established 11 field
sites (at least two for each mainland
state) alongside NVT sites. At each site
seven current spring wheat varieties
suited to the agro-ecological zone were
selected, with the variety Janz sown
at all sites as a reference variety.
Three sowing times are being assessed
over three seasons with management
practices that will enable the expression
of yield potential. For example, additional
nitrogen fertiliser is top-dressed if, based
on Yield Prophet ® , it appears likely
that soil fertility might prevent the crop
photo: Belinda Walters, CSIRO
Eleven field
sites have been
established
alongside NVT
sites.
Rain-out shelters are one of the tools being used to establish which varieties are best suited to the
various combinations of environments and management regimes in the Australian wheat zone.
from achieving its yield potential. Crop
development (Zadoks growth stages),
total dry matter, yield components
and grain yield are also assessed.
The soils at each of these sites are
being characterised using electromagnetic
mapping and soil coring for chemical and
soil moisture analysis. Soils are also
being tested for root diseases using the
PreDicta B ® analysis.
Rain-out shelters and ponds are
being used to assess the influence of
soil water-holding capacity and soil
water stress. Automatic temperature and
rainfall loggers have been installed to
measure the environmental factors that
influence crop growth and development.
Data from the first two years of this
four-year project are being used in crop
simulation models to capture the measured
variety, site and time of sowing effects.
By using simulation models, the detailed
G×E×M information can be extended
across a wide range of locations and
seasons. Simulation modelling also enables
the timing and severity of water stress
to be related to specific variety yields.
Ultimately, the project aims to
establish which varieties are best
suited to the various combinations of
environments and management regimes
in the Australian wheat zone. □
GRDC Research Code CSA00027
More information: Dr Zvi Hochman, CSIRO,
07 3833 5733, zvi.hochman@csiro.au
Value-adding to NVT data

Variety-specific agronomy
Agronomy trials to look at the interaction of variety and environment
compliment the NVT program
Value-adding NVT
14
By Blakely Paynter and Ben Curtis
Answering the myriad ‘what if’
agronomy questions posed by growers at
NVT field days was part of the stimulus
for the GRDC to continue investment in a
series of variety-specific agronomy projects
across western and southern Australia.
NVT trials aim to provide relative grain
yield data for varieties. Variety-specific
agronomy package (VSAP) trials examine
varieties and determine how to optimise
their grain yield and their grain quality,
as well as minimise their weaknesses.
VSAP trials aim to answer the questions
that relate to variety management on-farm.
These questions include:
• What varieties are best suited
to continuous wheat
• What are the most suitable
seeding rates for my environment
and the varieties I grow
• What are the differences between
varieties in their flowering date,
grain yield and grain quality at
different dates of seeding
• What are the differences between
varieties in their responsiveness
to nitrogen and phosphorus
• What are the best management
packages for my new varieties
The focus of VSAP is on genotype,
environment, management interactions
(G×E×M) rather than only genotype by
environment (G×E). In variety-specific
agronomy trials attention is paid to
impacts on agronomic traits and grain
quality in addition to grain yield.
VSAP in the west
In Western Australia, variety-specific
agronomy projects are co-funded by the
GRDC and the Department of Agriculture
and Food, WA (DAFWA). These projects
include ‘Wheat agronomy – building
system profitability in the Western Region’
and ‘Management of barley and barley
cultivars in Western Australia’. The
outputs of these projects complement
data produced from the NVT program.
An example of this ‘what-if’ analysis
comes from two previous GRDC–DAFWA
co-funded projects that focused on the
agronomy of barley in WA. The projects
tackled the questions ‘if seeding rate is
changed what is the impact on grain yield
and grain quality and do varieties differ’
In those two projects, malting barley
varieties (three varieties in low-rainfall
areas and eight varieties in higher-rainfall
areas) were evaluated for their response to
increasing plant density (70 to 230 plants
per square metre). Two or three rates of
nitrogen were applied and the trials were
run across 13 locations in low-rainfall areas
and 14 locations in higher-rainfall areas.
In 92 per cent of the trials, the grain
yield response to increasing plant
density of the barley varieties sown was
similar across sites, but the grain quality
response often differed. In 50 per cent of
the trials, the impact of seeding rate on
screenings varied with variety. In 45 per
cent of trials, the impact of seeding rate
on grain brightness varied with variety.
The focus of VSAP is on
genotype, environment,
management interactions.
These results demonstrate the type of
questions and additional information that
VSAP trials can provide to help growers
select the most appropriate variety for their
region, management and potential market.
VSAP trials also look to add value to
the data generated by NVT. The current
wheat agronomy project is assessing wheat
lines in NVT trials for their tolerance to
aluminium and boron toxicity in solution
culture and their tolerance to pre-harvest
sprouting (low falling number risk).
This information is being combined
with the G×E×M information and NVT
information in the development of varietyspecific
management guidelines and annual
variety sowing guides for wheat and barley.
The information from VSAP trials is
also being used in the development and
improvement of decision-support models
such as Flower Power, which predicts the
effect of management and environment on
flowering time of new varieties and the risk
of frost and terminal drought. Other tools
under development are an electronic variety
selector and a seeding-rate calculator.
photo: Blakely Paynter, DAFWA photo: DAFWA
(From left) Christine Zaicou-Kunesch, DAFWA
research officer (Wheat agronomy systems
profitability), Ben Cripps, Ogilvie, Northern
Agri Group, and Matu Peipi, LongReach Plant
Breeders at the Mingenew-Irwin Group field
day in September. The wheat agronomy trial
behind them is looking at the value of fungicide
and nitrogen to wheat profitability in a wheat-onwheat
system.
Barley agronomy trial at Merredin, WA. What
is the optimum seeding rate for barley Using
irrigation to simulate different seasons and
determine how the optimum seeding rate to
maximise grain yield may differ with season and
impact on grain quality.
Agronomy projects provide growers
with greater confidence in selecting the
variety or varieties that best suit their
business needs and the management
required to optimise production
and meet market demand. □
GRDC Research Codes DAW00218,
DAW00224, DAW00148, DAW00190
More information: Blakely Paynter, senior
research officer, DAFWA, 08 9690 2115,
blakely.paynter@agric.wa.gov.au; Ben
Curtis, development officer, DAFWA, 08
9083 1105, ben.curtis@agric.wa.gov.au

What if ...
Working across the GRDC’s Southern and Northern regions, the team running
variety-specific agronomy packages in New South Wales is providing answers
to variety agronomy questions for wheat, canola, lupins and barley
15
By Dr Peter Martin,
Dr Matt Gardner and Rick Graham
In NSW, variety-specific agronomy
packages (VSAP) supported by the GRDC
have been in full swing since 2006.
Many trials have been made possible
by collaboration and co-location with a
range of other groups in NSW including
National Variety Trials (NVT). This
provides efficiencies and cost savings as
well as improved research outcomes.
A management committee made up of
NSW Department of Primary Industries
(DPI) research agronomists and district
agronomists has ensured projects reflect
the needs of growers and agronomists.
A significant output has been the
detailed work on yield response of wheat
varieties to sowing time. This combines
VSAP and NVT data in a single analysis.
Communicated through a range of reports,
field days and NSW DPI fact sheets, this
work provides yield response curves for
56 main season varieties sown between
20 April and 19 July. Similar data is
presented for 22 early-sown varieties.
In 2012, the program investigated a
range of ‘what-if’ agronomy questions in
canola, wheat, barley and lupins at multiple
locations across NSW. In previous years
these and other questions had been tackled.
Canola sowing time by seeding rate
– 15 canola varieties, three sowing times
and three seeding rates aiming to establish
15, 30 and 45 plants per square metre.
Canola establishment – six canola
varieties, three sowing depths and interactions
with stubble cover and sowing time.
Canola fertiliser – the response
differences of six varieties (hybrid
and open pollinated) to five nitrogen
fertiliser rates (zero, 15, 30, 60, 120
kilograms of nitrogen per hectare).
Fertiliser was either separated from the
seed by deep banding or drilled prior to
sowing. In addition, northern trials also
included sulfur rates ranging from 0 to
40 kilograms of sulfur per hectare.
Wheat sowing time – at seven
locations (Wagga Wagga, Deniliquin,
Cowra, Forbes, Condobolin, Tamworth and
Trangie), 30 near-release and established
Peter Martin scoring canola time of sowing trial at Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute in 2012.
varieties were sown at three sowing dates
and compared to established varieties.
Wheat fertiliser – differences in
grain protein and yield responses of six
varieties that represent a range of maturity
and plant types. Nitrogen fertiliser
rates were determined by location but
ranged from zero to 120kg N/ha.
Wheat and barley delayed harvest
– the impact on grain quality parameters
in different varieties due to delayed
harvest across 19 varieties, four harvest
dates at Condobolin and Tamworth.
Wheat row spacing – at Deniliquin,
this trial is evaluating six commercial
varieties at three row spacings (18,
24 and 36 centimetres) and three seed
densities (80, 120, 160 plants/m 2 ).
Lupin trials – at Merriwagga and
Wagga Wagga three varieties of narrow
and three of broad leaf lupins, six possible
row spacing (25, 50 and 75cm and 18, 24
and 36cm) and fertiliser treatments (nil,
sown with the seed, pre-drilled or banded).
Crown rot by sowing time –
in collaboration with Dr Steven
Simpfendorfer, 18 wheat varieties (nine
bread wheats, five barley and four durum),
plus or minus crown rot inoculum and two
sowing times are being assessed at Walgett.
Crown rot by row spacing – similarly
at Walgett and Gurley, three wheat varieties,
high and low population, plus or minus
crown rot inoculum and three row spacings
(30, 40 and 50cm) are the treatments.
Barley lodging management – four
plant growth regulator treatments,
plus or minus slashing are under
scrutiny on two varieties at Moree and
Gurley, Bithramere and Breeza.
Barley nitrogen management – in the
northern region, four varieties tested with
four nitrogen rates (zero to 120kg N/ha)
and two in-crop application treatments.
National barley trial – at Gurley
and Spring Ridge, a collaboration
with the Western and Southern
Barley Agronomy Projects is looking
at G×E×M interactions. □
GRDC Research Code DAN00167
More information: Dr Peter Martin, special
research agronomist, Wagga Wagga,
02 6938 1833, peter.martin@dpi.nsw.gov.
au; Dr Matt Gardner, research agronomist,
Tamworth 02 6763 1138, matthew.gardner@
dpi.nsw.gov.au; Rick Graham, research
agronomist, Condobolin, 02 6895 1009
Value-adding NVT

www.nvtonline.com.au
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arthurtoN 5572 BreNtwood 5575 Bute 5560 MaitlaNd 5573 MiNlatoN 5575 paSkeville 5552 port CliNtoN 5570 uraNia 5573 warooka 5577 willaMulka 5554
wokurNa 5520 CreSSy 7302 BirChip 3483 hopetouN 3396 MaNaNgataNg 3546 MerriNee 3496 Murrayville 3512 QuaMBatook 3540 raiNBow 3424 ultiMa 3544
walpeup 3507 BalliaNg 3340 CharltoN 3525 ColBiNaBBiN 3559 diggora 3561 eaStville 3463 MitiaMo 3573 dookie 3646 ruthergleN 3685 wuNghNu 3635
yarrawoNga 3730 haMiltoN 3300 StreathaM 3351 teeSdale 3328 BriM 3391 CoraCk 3480 horShaM 3400 kaNiva 3419 MiNyip 3392 tarraNyurk 3414
woNwoNdah 3401 BadgiNgarra 6521 CarNaMah 6517 eradu 6532 MiNgeNew 6522 Morawa 6623 NaBawa 6532 ogilvie 6535 walkaway 6528 BadgiNgarra 6521
Beverley 6304 BiNNu 6532 BuNtiNe 6613 CaliNgiri 6569 Coorow 6515 CorrigiN 6375 CuNderdiN 6407 eNeaBBa 6518 eradu 6532 gooMalliNg 6460
kataNNiNg 6317 kuliN 6365 MiliNg 6575 MiNgeNew 6522 NareMBeeN 6369 piNgelly 6308 wagiN 6315 wiCkepiN 6370 woNgaN hillS 6603 woNgaN hillS r.S. 6603
arthur river 6315 Coorow 6515 fraNklaNd 6396 gNowaNgerup 6335 keNdeNup 6323 koJoNup 6395 Mt. Barker 6324 Mullewa 6630 NarrogiN 6312
NyaBiNg 6341 piNgrup 6343 toodyay 6566 williaMS 6391 york 6302 arthur river 6315 BeNCuBBiN 6477 Cadoux 6466 dalwalliNu 6609 kataNNiNg 6317
kellerBerriN 6410 MerrediN 6415 MooriNe roCk 6425 MukiNBudiN 6479 Mullewa 6630 piNgelly 6308 pithara 6608 wyalkatCheM 6485 yuNa 6532
graSS patCh 6446 holt roCk 6355 hydeN 6359 JerraMuNgup 6337 lake graCe 6353 Mt. MaddeN 6356 SalMoN guMS 6445 SCaddaN 6447 witteNooM hillS 6447
woNgaN hillS 6603 eSperaNCe 6450 giBSoN 6448 MuNgliNup 6450 Newdegate 6355 hydeN 6359 MerrediN 6415 eSperaNCe 6450