4th International Crop Science Congress - Grains Research ...

International Collaboration to Develop the Australian MungbeanIndustryWarwick Easdown 13 , Madan L. Chadha 21 AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, PO Box 42 Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan2AVRDC Regional Center for South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru 502 324, Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh, India3Corresponding author: warwick.easdown@worldveg.orgABSTRACTGlobally, mungbean is a young crop. Starting in the 1970s, a long-term collaborative breedingprogram led by AVRDC revolutionized the mungbean industry by domesticating what was formerlya wild crop. High yielding, disease resistant, quick and synchronously maturing varieties creatednew crop rotation possibilities for farmers both in Asia and Australia. Uptake was faster inAustralia, but since 1997 production in Asia has expanded significantly.Mungbean is an important food for the poor in much of Asia. Rich in protein and iron, its Asianproduction potential is unfulfilled and markets in other areas of global nutritional need such asAfrica are virtually untapped. It is also a source of high value sprouts and noodles, and expandingsuch high-end markets will improve crop profitability and industry growth.New varieties are needed to meet growing demands from diverse markets, but progress willdepend on greater collaboration between scattered national breeding programs and better cropmanagement. Australia’s breeding program is small and influenced by international trends. FutureAsian breeding priorities include extra short duration high yielding lines, with resistance to majorbiotic and abiotic stresses for use within wheat and rice rotations. Both conventional and molecularbreeding tools will be needed to exploit sources of resistance to multiple diseases, bean thrips andbean pod borer in the field and bruchids in stored seed, as well as improved tolerance to droughtand flooding, and enhancing high methionine lines. Australia could influentially contribute as wellas gain substantially from greater international research and development collaboration.THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN MUNGBEANMungbean is an ancient crop native to India, Myanmar, and southern China, but its modern historyis very short. Mungbean was first cultivated in India around 2200 BC and it is one of seven tropicalVigna species that are cultivated as crops; two native to Africa and five native to Asia (Anishettyand Moss 1989). There are about 14 wild relatives of the crop native to the arid, semi-arid, andsub-humid regions of India. The two main types are commonly known as green gram (VignaProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 2radiata (L.) Wilczek) and black gram or urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Average mungbeanyields in India were only 96 kg/ha in 1953/54, and had increased to 342 kg/ha in 1973/74 (Paroda,Thomas et al. 1988). Only 30 years ago mungbean was still a low-yielding semi-wild crop grown onmarginal lands with few inputs. Since then, most breeding work has focused on improving theyields and characteristics of V. radiata, although limited breeding work is also being done on V.mungo at institutions such as G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology at Pantnagar inIndia.History of Recent Breeding Programs in AsiaThe advent of the Green Revolution in South Asia in the 1960s created the need to improve theyields and profitability of mungbean. New high yielding varieties of wheat and rice improved theprofitability of cereal production compared with low yielding and less profitable grain legumes,including mungbean. Protein malnutrition among low income households became a seriousproblem. As crop diversity decreased due to continuous cereal cultivation, problems of decliningsoil fertility, depleted water tables and greater incidence of pests and diseases also occurred(Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009). An international effort was needed to improvemungbean production.The most important legumes grown in Asia are soybean (Glycine max L.) peanut (or groundnut)(Arachis hypogaea L.), mungbean, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)(FAOStat 2010). The International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)founded in 1972 in India, took on the role of coordinating international research and developmentfor peanut, chickpea, and pigeonpea. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center(AVRDC), founded around the same time in Taiwan, took on the mandate for internationalcoordination of research and development of mungbean and vegetable soybean. Mungbean is aself-pollinating crop and smallholder farmers can reproduce their own seed, so there has been nosignificant commercial interest in mungbean improvement from seed companies; all the varietaldevelopment work has been in the public sector. The AVRDC breeding program began byassembling what quickly became the world’s largest germplasm collection of Vigna species,currently numbering 10,745 accessions (Andreas Ebert, pers comm., March 15, 2010).An ideal plant type to breed for was decided on very early in the breeding program. It should beshort and determinate with all the pods at the top of the plant, with a potential yield of at least 2t/ha, large seeded (50-60g/1000 seeds), widely adaptable, with early and synchronous maturityaround 60-75 days and resistance to the most important diseases like Cercospora leaf spot andpowdery mildew in Southeast and East Asia, and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in SouthProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 3Asia. The major pest problems focused on included mungbean weevil, bean fly, pod borer, andbruchids (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).AVRDC established an International Mungbean Nursery to annually evaluate promising lines inmany locations around Asia. Improved lines were spread initially to partners in Bangladesh,Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. A network of 29 keynational institutions as well as international organizations and donors worked on mungbean testingand selection over a period of about 30 years. By early 2009, national partners in 27 countries hadreleased 112 improved lines of mungbean to their farmers (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al.2009).Improved varieties led to rapid expansion of mungbean in Southeast Asia, but the intractableproblem of MYMV continued to severely constrain yields in South Asia until the 1990s. Theaverage annual growth rate in mungbean production between 1985 and 2000 in Bangladesh was9.5%, India 0.3%, Pakistan 5.6%, Sri Lanka 6.9%, Myanmar 23.5%, Thailand 0.8% and China2.4% (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).Between 1985 and 2000 overall mungbean production in Asia increased by 12% from 2.3 million tto 3.1 million t (Weinberger 2003). In India it is now cultivated on 3.2 million hectares producing0.95 million t (Singh 2008). In Pakistan, mungbean production has increased tremendously, from31,800 t in 1980-81 to 177,700 t in 2007-08 (Anonymous 2008). In Myanmar the introduction ofAVRDC lines and support from FAO helped to bring about a huge increase in production from68,000 ha in 1980-81 to 650,000 ha in 1997-2000 (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).The estimated area under AVRDC’s improved mungbean varieties also increased very significantlybetween 1985 and 2000 from 100,000 to 200,000 ha in Pakistan, from 15,000 to 70,000 ha inBangladesh, and from 284,500 to 550,000 ha in India (Shanmugasundaram 2007). Improvedmungbean varieties account for the majority of the crop in major producing countries, includingalmost 90% of the mungbean area in Pakistan (Ali, Malik et al. 1997), and around 70% of the areain Bangladesh (Chadha, Bains et al. 2009). In China, two AVRDC lines released in 2003 wereplanted on almost 85% of the 772,000 ha planted to the crop that year (Shanmugasundaram,Keatinge et al. 2009). In Punjab, one of the main rice-wheat production areas of India, theimproved AVRDC early maturing variety ‘SML 668’ occupied 95% of the 2006 summer crop and60% of the rainy season crop. By 2008 the two AVRDC varieties ‘SML 668’ and ‘Pusa Vishal’ werebeing grown on 180,000 ha across the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana (Chadha, Bainset al. 2009).Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 4Further expansion of mungbean in Asia depends on breeding extra short duration varieties to fitinto different cropping systems as well as breeding for resistance to bruchid, Cercospora leaf spot,powdery mildew, bean pod borer, and MYMV. Breeding lines with high levels of iron and protein aswell as large sprout production also could expand uses for the crop.Breeding and Promotion in AustraliaMungbean production in Australia has a history of only about 30 years, and Australia is the onlydeveloped country with a significant mungbean breeding program. Although the USA has amungbean industry, little is being done to produce new varieties (Anonymous 2010). The firstofficial mungbean introductions into Australia were in the 1930s for forage use and green manure.The NSW Department of Agriculture registered ‘Celera’ as a forage crop in 1969, but noted itspotential as a seed crop. The production of mungbean for sprouting developed after theintroduction of ‘Berken,’ a variety selected in Oklahoma in 1962 and officially released by NSWDepartment of Agriculture and Queensland Department of Primary Industries in 1975. The blackgram variety ‘Regur’ was made available by CSIRO through the Queensland Graingrowers’Association at the same time and was aimed at the Japanese sprouting market. Imrie, Lawn et al.(1991) reviewed this development of Australian varieties up until the 1990s in which CSIRO playeda major role in varietal improvement. In 2002 the Australian mungbean germplasm collection andadvanced lines were handed over to the Queensland Department of Primary Industries andFisheries (DEEDI) to manage the breeding program in collaboration with the Australian MungbeanAssociation.In the late 1970s all the Australian germplasm was collected and evaluated by CSIRO in SoutheastQueensland, the Northern Territory and at Kununurrra in Western Australia, and improved linesfrom AVRDC were introduced. The initial focus was on synchronous maturity and increasing yields(Lawn 1977), but also on resistance to weather damage and short duration, which was importantfor drought tolerance. Plant breeding also focused on resistance to three key diseases: Cercosporaleaf spot caused by Cercospora canescens , powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuligineaand tan spot caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. Since 1990, breeding aims haveexpanded to include resistance to seed-borne halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.phaseolicola (DEEDI 2010a). In 30 years of local varietal development, 10 new varieties and tworeselections of early varieties have been released for Australian farmers (Table 1).Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 5Table 1 Mungbean varieties released in AustraliaYear Cultivar Released by Commercial PBR partner1969 Celera NSW Dept Ag.1975 Berken NSW Dept Ag. & QDPI1975 Regur CSIRO1982 King NTDPP1988 Satin CSIRO1988 Shantung CSIRO1991 Putland NTDPIF1992 Emerald CSIRO Aust. Mungbean Assoc. (1993)1994 Reselected Emerald Aust. Mungbean Assoc.1994 Black Pearl Jamar Grains Pty Ltd1997 Green Diamond CSIRO Aust. Mungbean Assoc. (1997)1998 Delta CSIRO2002 White Gold CSIRO Aust. Mungbean Assoc. (2004)2008 Satin II DEEDI Aust. Mungbean Assoc. (2008)2008 Crystal R DEEDI Aust. Mungbean Assoc. (2008)Australia’s breeding programs share some common aims with those in Asia over the last 30 years.The ideal plant type identified for Asian smallholder farmers also was suitable for Australianfarmers. Both wanted short duration, drought tolerant, synchronously maturing varieties with largeseed. AVRDC line VC 1973A, for instance, was released in Australia as ‘Delta,’ and also becamevery popular in Thailand, China, Myanmar, Korea, Malaysia, Bhutan, and USA(Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009). The need for mechanical harvesting in Australia anda focus on the premium priced sprouting market created some extra challenges for breeding andparticularly for product quality control. More emphasis was placed on understanding themechanisms of weather damage, diseases that affected both the field crop and sprouts, andreducing admixtures or bacterial contamination. In the process, Australia gained a significant bodyof unique expertise in relation to high quality mungbean production.Recent International Breeding Developments at AVRDCInternational coordination of global mungbean breeding work has been provided through AVRDCfor the past 30 years. Much of this depended on funding from the Taiwan government, and with aseries of grants from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) up until 2004.These permitted the establishment of a regional varietal testing network across Asia that wasessential to leverage small national programs. The main focus was on sharing and evaluatingimproved germplasm and lines, but also involved economic studies and work on nutrition.The international mungbean breeding facilitation work of AVRDC entered a new phase in 2004following the retirement of Dr. S. Shamugasundaram, who had successfully led the program formuch of the 30 years it had been running, providing a coordination role linking many nationalProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 6programs across Asia. Varietal testing had moved to AVRDC’s regional office in Thailand in 1994and all research work shifted there after 2004, with the main focus on breeding for bruchidresistance and hybrid mungbean development. Funding for mungbean research and developmentwork declined. In 2009 an international search for a new plant breeder to lead the AVRDC grainlegume work began. Once appointed, the mungbean program will shift to AVRDC’s RegionalCenter for South Asia, located at the ICRISAT campus in Hyderabad, India. There are 22 researchcenters throughout India doing mungbean varietal work as a part of the All India Coordinated PulseImprovement Program (Vijayalakshmi, Amirthaveni et al. 2003), and this relocation will facilitategreater collaborative opportunities in the crop’s center of origin.International collaborative mungbean breeding has been highly dependent on a small number ofpeople with very limited sources of funding. With no taxpayer or grower support base, internationalagricultural research centers are more dependent on fashions in international donor priorities thannational programs. Plant breeding has not been an international donor priority for many years, as itdoes not produce quick pay-offs, but the recent food crisis may be refocusing attention on thisneglected area of research.GLOBAL MARKETS FOR MUNGBEANMungbean is an important source of high quality food for the poor, and is consumed as a highvalue vegetable crop as sprouts or when processed into bean thread noodles. In South Asia thecrop is exclusively used for human food and most is consumed as dhal (split grain made into athick soup) while only a small proportion is consumed as sprouts. Mungbean grain is an importantsource of protein, minerals and is a fair source of iron (4-7 mg per 100 g). When added to diets itcan have a significant impact on overcoming anemia, particularly if cooked with vegetables such astomato, cabbage or carrot, which help to improve its iron bioavailability (Bains, Yang et al. 2003).Mungbean sprouts are a high quality vegetable popular in East Asia and four to eight kilograms ofsprouts can be produced from one kilogram of mungbean seed, providing a quality food that canbe produced at home during seasons when vegetables are in short supply or during times of crisis(Yang and Tsou 1994). Mungbean sprouts provide higher levels of accessible iron compared tomungbean grain when cooked, partially due to increased ascorbic acid levels and reduction ofphytate during the sprouting period (Yang and Tsou 2006).Mungbean also may have a niche role as a high quality functional food. The Australian MungbeanAssociation aims to develop new manufacturing opportunities for mungbean starch and mungbeanflour as additives to improve the health benefits of other products. There is potential to developProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 7new products such as peanut paste using mungbean to avoid allergy reactions, or as foodsupplements for women due to mungbean’s phytoeostrogen content (AMA 2009).International production and trade statistics for mungbean are difficult to obtain as they areaggregated with other “dry beans” in FAO statistics. India is the largest importer and China andMyanmar are the major exporters. Although 95% of the Australian crop is exported (AMA 2009),Australia’s maximum recent production of 32,000 t is very small by world standards. Production inChina has a major impact on world prices, and although national consumption in China hasincreased from 0.3 kg/head in 1986 to 0.5 kg in 2000 and imports have dropped from US$13.6million to US$1.4 million over the same period, exports have increased from US$45 million in 1986to US$50 million in 2000 (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).Potential Expansion Outside AsiaMungbean remains overwhelmingly an Asian crop. The most important factor that fueled the recentexpansion of mungbean in South Asia, Myanmar, and China was the development of much bettervarieties of a crop that already was familiar to millions of farmers. For instance, short duration anddisease resistant mungbean varieties that could fit into the 65-75 day fallow period between riceand wheat crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains provided a new economic opportunity for farmers thatcould help save on tillage, irrigation water, and nitrogen fertilizer in the crop rotation.AVRDC has extensively tested mungbean lines in Africa at its Regional Center for Africa inTanzania and its varieties have been officially released in Tanzania and Somalia. Its improvedvarieties have also been released outside of Asia in Ecuador, Costa Rica, Fiji, and USA as well asAustralia (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009), but production remains focused in Asia.OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTRALIA IN MUNGBEAN DEVELOPMENTMungbean is a beneficial crop for Australian cropping systems, and one of the few legumes suitedto summer plantings in northern Australia, but it must be treated with the care of a vegetable croprather than as a grain crop for the highest returns. Rising prices for nitrogen fertilizers make itsnitrogen fixing role in cropping systems ever more valuable. However, the industry currentlydepends on less than 500 growers (AMA 2009) and must compete with large volumes of highquality hand-harvested crops in Asia for the premium-priced sprouting market. Mungbean isregarded as a vegetable crop by AVRDC, and is described in those terms by the Department ofPrimary Industries in its current online advice to growers: “The marketing of mungbean to othercountries is not unlike marketing our vegetable crops in Australia. The buyer places a lot ofemphasis on product familiarity, product appearance, and quality” (DEEDI 2010b). There is a majorneed to differentiate a trusted and quality product in the global market place in order to compete.Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 8Australia has benefited enormously from collaborations in international agricultural research. Theimportance of such work is seen in the mission statement of the Australian Council for InternationalAgricultural Research (ACIAR); the federal government’s main international agricultural researchdonor: “To achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit ofDeveloping Countries and Australia, through international agricultural research partnerships.” 1 Aparliamentary enquiry has been instituted this year into Australia’s international researchcollaboration to examine “the benefits of international scientific collaboration, impediments tosuccessful collaboration, and strategies for supporting international research engagement.” 2The Australian mungbean industry has benefited significantly from introductions of elite linesidentified and developed by AVRDC and other institutions. The identification of these lines resultedfrom regional testing in Asian countries funded mainly by those developing countries. Suchresearch spillover is an important side benefit of international agricultural research, but suchresearch is usually done by a small number of wealthy or large countries. In 2000, the USA, Japan,France, and Germany accounted for two-thirds of the $12.8 billion of public research done bywealthy countries, and four developing countries—China, India, Brazil, and South Africa—accounted for half of the developing world’s public expenditures on agricultural research (Pardey,Alston et al. 2006).Australia only has a small proportion of the global collection of mungbean lines, and the NationalMungbean Improvement Program funded has identified “a potential shortage of robust diseaseresistant germplasm for both powdery mildew and tan spot…” 3 The Australian collection may notcontain all the diversity and characteristics needed to secure the national future of the crop.AVRDC has sent 313 Vigna accessions or lines to institutions in Australia over the past 30 years;288 of these were V. radiata, but 237 of these were sent before 1985 (A. Ebert, pers. comm. 16March 2010). This represents less than five percent of the global collection of V. radiata lines heldby AVRDC.Although AVRDC holds the world’s largest collection of Vigna, long term funding constraints meanthat only 12 to 16% of accessions have been agromorphologically characterized with broaddescriptions of plant and seed characteristics. About 85% of mungbean accessions are availablefor international distribution and screening trials, but only 13.5% of these accessions have beencharacterized (A. Ebert, pers. comm. 16 March 2010). For example, it would simply not be possible1 ACIAR Vision: http://www.aciar.gov.au/node/3412 House of Representatives enquiry into Australia’s international research collaborationhttp://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/isi/intresearch/media.htm)3 DAQ00060 National Mungbean Improvement program 06-07http://www.grdc.com.au/director/about/investmentportfolio?item_id=52C964A2ED3E84DAA7B1100F10C8246E&pageNumber=50Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 9to identify mungbean accessions with resistance to powdery mildew or tan spot from the AVRDCgermplasm database. Much more work is needed to analyze the collection to this level, and thisneeds funding and personnel. In terms of institutional priorities, Vigna is the fourth largest group ofspecies in the AVRDC collection, and is exceeded by larger collections of more economicallyimportant species related to soybean, tomato, and capsicum.The international agricultural research system is only just beginning to pull out of a long period ofdecline due to changing donor priorities. In 2008 the combined budget of the CGIAR (ConsultativeGroup in International Agricultural Research), which includes 15 independent specialist institutionsand makes up the vast bulk of the international agricultural research system, was US$548 million 4(A$596 million): about half the A$1,160.49 million revenue of the University of Queensland 5 in thesame year. AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, with a budget in 2008 of under US$18 million,is comparable to a medium-sized CGIAR institution.Australia can develop its mungbean industry more efficiently and effectively as a part of aninternational research effort in collaboration with other national programs. Such internationalcollaboration is already being done by Australian industries and ACIAR to develop chickpea inconjunction with ICRISAT and lentil with ICARDA. It is highly cost-effective. Extensive studies ofthe cost-benefits of international agricultural crop research and development show that it has amedian rate of return of 58%, and rates of return to horticultural research are among the highest,averaging 67% (DFID, 2005). The mungbean breeding program in India, for instance, involvesmany universities and government institutions working in the All India Coordinated PulseImprovement Program, including Punjab Agricultural University, with an entire department of 15 to20 scientists working together on mungbean and other pulse crops. There are very goodopportunities for finding synergies with the expertise that Australia has already built up in areassuch as mungbean breeding, plant pathology, and crop modelling.Mungbean is a valuable niche crop in Australia and it is also a major source of protein for theworld’s poor. Assisting in the development of the international industry need not harm Australia’skey markets, and can have a major impact on improving the lives and health of millions of peoplearound the world.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by Mr. Worawit Sorajjapinun andDr. Ray-yu Yang in providing background information to support the development of this paper.4 Who we are: http://www.cgiar.org/who/index.html5 UQ Fast Facts, http://www.uq.edu.au/about/fast-factsProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

Easdown and Chadha 10REFERENCESAli M, Malik IA, Sabir HM, Ahmad B (1997) The mungbean Green Revolution in Pakistan.Technical Bulletin No. 24. pp. 66. (AVRDC)AMA (2009) Australian Mungbean Association. Strategic Plan 2009-2014. (Published online:http://www.mungbean.org.au/pdf/AMA%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf: Queensland, Australia)Anishetty M, Moss H (1988) Vigna genetic resources: Current status and future plans. In‘Mungbean: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium.’ Bangkok. (Eds SShanmugasundaram and BT McLean) (AVRDC) pp.13-18.Anonymous (2008) Pakistan Statistical Year Book, 2007-08. Federal Bureau of Statistics, StatisticsDivision, Government of Pakistan.Anonymous (2010) Mungbean: A food legume adapted to hot, dry conditions. Thomas JeffersonAgricultural Institute (Published online: http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/mungbean.shtml:Missouri, USA).Bains K, Yang RY, Shanmugasundaram S (2003) High iron mungbean recipes for North IndiaAVRDC – The World Vegetable Center. Publication 03-562, 34 pp.Chadha ML, Bains TS, Sekhon HS, Sain SK (2009) Short duration mungbean for diversification ofrice-wheat system. In ‘Milestones in food legumes research.’ (Eds M Ali and S Kumar) (IIPR,Kanpur India) pp.151-177.DEEDI (2010a) Mungbean – Pests and Diseases. Queensland Government, Department ofEmployment, Economic Development and Innovation, Primary Industries(Published online: http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/26_12562.htm: Brisbane, Australia)DEEDI (2010b) Mungbeans – Marketing. Queensland Government, Department of Employment,Economic Development and Innovation, Primary Industries(Published online: http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/26_5048.htm: Brisbane, Australia).DFID (2005) Rates of Return to Research; A literature review and critique. CRDG&L03 FinalReport. Department for International Development in association with ODGDEV and CambridgeEducational Consultants.Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.

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