4th International Crop Science Congress - Grains Research ...

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Easdown and Chadha 2radiata (L.) Wilczek) and black gram or urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Average mungbeanyields in India were only 96 kg/ha in 1953/54, and had increased to 342 kg/ha in 1973/74 (Paroda,Thomas et al. 1988). Only 30 years ago mungbean was still a low-yielding semi-wild crop grown onmarginal lands with few inputs. Since then, most breeding work has focused on improving theyields and characteristics of V. radiata, although limited breeding work is also being done on V.mungo at institutions such as G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology at Pantnagar inIndia.History of Recent Breeding Programs in AsiaThe advent of the Green Revolution in South Asia in the 1960s created the need to improve theyields and profitability of mungbean. New high yielding varieties of wheat and rice improved theprofitability of cereal production compared with low yielding and less profitable grain legumes,including mungbean. Protein malnutrition among low income households became a seriousproblem. As crop diversity decreased due to continuous cereal cultivation, problems of decliningsoil fertility, depleted water tables and greater incidence of pests and diseases also occurred(Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009). An international effort was needed to improvemungbean production.The most important legumes grown in Asia are soybean (Glycine max L.) peanut (or groundnut)(Arachis hypogaea L.), mungbean, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)(FAOStat 2010). The International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)founded in 1972 in India, took on the role of coordinating international research and developmentfor peanut, chickpea, and pigeonpea. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center(AVRDC), founded around the same time in Taiwan, took on the mandate for internationalcoordination of research and development of mungbean and vegetable soybean. Mungbean is aself-pollinating crop and smallholder farmers can reproduce their own seed, so there has been nosignificant commercial interest in mungbean improvement from seed companies; all the varietaldevelopment work has been in the public sector. The AVRDC breeding program began byassembling what quickly became the world’s largest germplasm collection of Vigna species,currently numbering 10,745 accessions (Andreas Ebert, pers comm., March 15, 2010).An ideal plant type to breed for was decided on very early in the breeding program. It should beshort and determinate with all the pods at the top of the plant, with a potential yield of at least 2t/ha, large seeded (50-60g/1000 seeds), widely adaptable, with early and synchronous maturityaround 60-75 days and resistance to the most important diseases like Cercospora leaf spot andpowdery mildew in Southeast and East Asia, and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in SouthProceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.
Easdown and Chadha 3Asia. The major pest problems focused on included mungbean weevil, bean fly, pod borer, andbruchids (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).AVRDC established an International Mungbean Nursery to annually evaluate promising lines inmany locations around Asia. Improved lines were spread initially to partners in Bangladesh,Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. A network of 29 keynational institutions as well as international organizations and donors worked on mungbean testingand selection over a period of about 30 years. By early 2009, national partners in 27 countries hadreleased 112 improved lines of mungbean to their farmers (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al.2009).Improved varieties led to rapid expansion of mungbean in Southeast Asia, but the intractableproblem of MYMV continued to severely constrain yields in South Asia until the 1990s. Theaverage annual growth rate in mungbean production between 1985 and 2000 in Bangladesh was9.5%, India 0.3%, Pakistan 5.6%, Sri Lanka 6.9%, Myanmar 23.5%, Thailand 0.8% and China2.4% (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).Between 1985 and 2000 overall mungbean production in Asia increased by 12% from 2.3 million tto 3.1 million t (Weinberger 2003). In India it is now cultivated on 3.2 million hectares producing0.95 million t (Singh 2008). In Pakistan, mungbean production has increased tremendously, from31,800 t in 1980-81 to 177,700 t in 2007-08 (Anonymous 2008). In Myanmar the introduction ofAVRDC lines and support from FAO helped to bring about a huge increase in production from68,000 ha in 1980-81 to 650,000 ha in 1997-2000 (Shanmugasundaram, Keatinge et al. 2009).The estimated area under AVRDC’s improved mungbean varieties also increased very significantlybetween 1985 and 2000 from 100,000 to 200,000 ha in Pakistan, from 15,000 to 70,000 ha inBangladesh, and from 284,500 to 550,000 ha in India (Shanmugasundaram 2007). Improvedmungbean varieties account for the majority of the crop in major producing countries, includingalmost 90% of the mungbean area in Pakistan (Ali, Malik et al. 1997), and around 70% of the areain Bangladesh (Chadha, Bains et al. 2009). In China, two AVRDC lines released in 2003 wereplanted on almost 85% of the 772,000 ha planted to the crop that year (Shanmugasundaram,Keatinge et al. 2009). In Punjab, one of the main rice-wheat production areas of India, theimproved AVRDC early maturing variety ‘SML 668’ occupied 95% of the 2006 summer crop and60% of the rainy season crop. By 2008 the two AVRDC varieties ‘SML 668’ and ‘Pusa Vishal’ werebeing grown on 180,000 ha across the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana (Chadha, Bainset al. 2009).Proceedings of the 1 st Australian Summer Grains Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 21 st – 24 th June 2010.Edited paper.
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