Debunking Human Health Risk, APPENDIX D - LBAMspray.com

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LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH ERADICATION PROJECT APPENDIX D DRAFT PEIR HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT Figure D3-4 Structure of Meta-Ethyltoluene (from National Library of Medicine) XYLENES Xylenes (dimethylbenzene) is a colorless, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and as a cleaner and paint thinner, in paints or coatings, or as a blend in gasoline. It occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar (Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] 2005; USEPA 2003). Xylenes (CAS no. 1330-20-7) have the molecular formula C 8 H 10 , and a molecular weight of 106.17. Xylenes are liquid at room temperature, but readily volatilize to air given their low vapor pressure (USEPA 2003). Commercial formulations of xylenes are typically composed of a mixture of three isomers, meta-xylene (m-xylene), orthoxylene (o-xylene), and para-xylene (p-xylene), of which the m-isomer usually predominates (USEPA 2003). The chemical and physical properties of xylenes are listed in Table D3-9, and the structure is given on Figure D3-5. Table D3-9 Chemical and Physical Properties of Xylenes Property Parameter Source: HSDB 2009 Molecular weight, grams 106.17 Color and state Colorless liquid Boiling point 137-140ºC Water solubility Practically insoluble Log octanol-water partition coefficient 3.12-3.2 Vapor pressure at 25 ºC 7.99 mmHg at 25 ºC Figure D3-5 Structure of Xylenes (from National Library of Medicine)*** D3.1.2.1.2 Environmental Transformation and Degradation of Carriers and Dispersants 1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE If released to the atmosphere, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene will exist in the vapor phase, where it is subject to degradation by hydroxyl and nitrate radicals but not by direct photolysis (HSDB 2009). 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene is expected to partition to organic matter if released to soil; and as a result, should have only limited mobility in this environmental compartment. Aerobic biodegradation may occur in soils. In surface waters, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene will partition to sediment, although some is also expected to volatilize based on the Henry’s Law Constant. Hydrolysis is not a significant loss process (HSDB 2009). D3-16 App D_HHRA_508.doc JULY 2009
SECTION D3 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT ETHYLBENZENE Like 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, if ethylbenzene is released to the atmosphere, it will exist in the vapor phase where it is subject to degradation by hydroxyl radicals (HSDB 2009). The Henry’s Law Constant reflects a tendency to volatilize readily from moist soils; volatilization from dry soils will also occur (HSDB 2009). In surface waters, ethylbenzene will tend to sorb to suspended solids and to sediments, although if released to the surface, volatilization will also occur. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur. Measured BCFs of 0.67 to 15 indicate a minimal potential for bioaccumulation (HSDB 2009). ETHYLTOLUENES No information on the environmental fate of the ethyltoluenes was found. XYLENES Xylenes released to ambient air are expected to exist solely in the vapor phase. Once in the atmosphere, xylenes react with hydroxyl radicals, resulting in a relatively short half-life for xylenes of 1 to 2 days (HSDB 2009). If released to moist soil or to water, xylenes will tend to volatilize to air, although some of the material may remain sorbed to soil or sediment organic carbon. In surface waters, the estimated half-life ranges from 3 to 99 hours (HSDB 2009). Biodegradation of xylenes occurs in soil and groundwater under both aerobic and anaroebic conditions (HSDB 2009). A BCF of 20 was determined experimentally in eels. Although not definitive because data are available for only a single species, this low BCF suggests little potential exists for bioconcentration of xylenes in aquatic organisms (HSDB 2009). D3.1.2.2 Mammalian Toxicity of Carriers and Dispersants D3.1.2.2.1 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene The potential adverse health effects of exposure to 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene will not be quantitatively evaluated when present as an inert ingredient of a product formulation used in the No Program Alternative. However, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene will be quantitatively evaluated when introduced as a component of Permethrin E-Pro used in the MMA Alternative. Toxicity data for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene are extremely limited. The HSDB (2009) reports that 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene is a central nervous system depressant and respiratory irritant. It is also irritating to the skin and eyes (HSDB 2009). No exposure data were provided to characterize the concentrations of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene or duration of exposure associated with induction of these effects. TOXNET (2009) summarizes acute toxicity data for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. These data include a 48-hour LC > 2000 parts per million, and oral LD 50 s that range from 2720 mg/kg to 6000 mg/kg. Chronic inhalation exposure can result in bronchitis, although this outcome is likely associated with exposure to high concentrations that occur over long periods of time (HSDB 2009). The USEPA has identified a provisional RfC for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene of 7 x 10 -3 mg/m 3 which is equivalent to 2 x 10 -3 mg/kg-d (USEPA 2008). A subchronic RfC of 7 x 10 -2 mg/m 3 , equivalent to 2 x 10 -2 mg/kg-d is also cited in the Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values (USEPA 2008b). An inhalation RfD of 2 x 10 -3 mg/kg-d and subchronic inhalation RfD of 2 x 10 -2 mg/kg-d were used as toxicity values in the HHRA. JULY 2009 App D_HHRA_508.doc D3-17
Page 1: A P P E N D I X D Human Health Risk
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
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