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Table 7: Share Probated by Generation, England 1858-2012 Period All Deaths 21+ Rich 1858-87 Prosperous 1858-87 Poor 1858-87 1858-87 0.15 0.84 0.57 0.00 1888-1917 0.22 0.68 0.54 0.10 1918-52 0.38 0.73 0.63 0.21 1953-89 0.46 0.70 0.65 0.34 1990-2011 0.43 0.61 0.59 0.37 For England in 1858-2012 average wealth at death is determined by the average estate value of those probated as well as the fraction of people probated. Table 7 shows this fraction for all adults (21 and over at time of death) by generation in England 1858-2012, as well as for those in the three rare surname groups of 1858-87. As can be seen the rich surnames continue to be probated at higher rates than the general population even into the last generation, 1990-2012. The poor group of surnames in 1858-87 is always probated at lower rates than the general population. By dividing the probate rate of each group in each period by the general probate rate we can calculate the relative representation of each surname group among the probated. This is shown in table 8. Thus in 1858-87 the rich surnames were 5.5 times as likely to be probated as the average person at death. Assuming wealth variance for each surname equal to the social average we then get an implied persistence rates across generations, b, shown in table 9. 7 7 For the poor surnames we cannot derive this for the first period since by construction noone in this surname group was probated in this period. With a normal distribution of wealth in each period it would not be possible to have a 0 percent of any group probated.
Table 8: Relative Representation by Generation Period All Deaths 21+ Rich 1858-87 Prosperous 1858-87 Poor 1858-87 1858-87 1.00 5.48 3.71 0.00 1888-1917 1.00 3.10 2.46 0.48 1918-52 1.00 1.92 1.65 0.56 1953-89 1.00 1.51 1.39 0.73 1990-2011 1.00 1.42 1.37 0.87 Table 9: Estimated b by Surname Group and Period, Probate Shares Period Rich 1858-87 Prosperous 1858-87 Poor 1858-87 1888-1917 0.63 0.81 0.37 1918-59 0.75 0.65 1.04 1960-93 0.59 0.70 0.80 1994-2011 a 0.78 0.81 0.05 Average 0.69 0.75 0.57 Direct Estimate 0.69 0.76 0.61 Note: a b estimate adjusted down to reflect incomplete generation observed. The estimated intergenerational correlation of wealth from just the fractions of people in each surname group probated is very similar to that estimated directly by calculating average log wealth, as is also shown in table 9. Thus though in most cases we only observe the status of social groups by observing their relative representation in some top x% of the population, the estimates derived in this way will be completely comparable with the standard estimates.
Page 1 and 2: Surnames and a Theory of Social Mob
Page 3 and 4: Education Correlation - b Earnings
Page 5 and 6: Table 1: Estimates of b from Surnam
Page 7 and 8: However, we do not typically direct
Page 9 and 10: Table 2: Correlations between the A
Page 11 and 12: Table 3: Regression to the mean con
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4: Average Earnings by Occup
Page 15 and 16: Table 4: Persistence in Education A
Page 17 and 18: Surnames To investigate the rate of
Page 19 and 20: In the years 1890-1980 fertility wa
Page 21 and 22: Table 6: b Values Between Death Gen
Page 23: Density Relative Frequency Figure 6
Page 27 and 28: we have met this condition. Thus th
Page 29 and 30: Relative Representation Top Tax Rat
Page 31 and 32: Sweden Table 10 summarizes the surn
Page 33 and 34: and downwards mobility. However, th
Page 35 and 36: estimates. Thus in the most recent
Page 37 and 38: For the Black population convergenc
Page 39 and 40: To measure social mobility rates we
Page 41 and 42: where τ is the correlation of abil
Page 43 and 44: England has less extensive public s
Page 45 and 46: Some recent studies of the outcomes
Page 47 and 48: dominance and genic interactions wh
Page 49 and 50: Another prediction if genes are imp
Page 51 and 52: ecruit selectively from the existin
Page 53 and 54: of each other. Thus the Protestant
Page 55 and 56: The census also suggests that this
Page 57 and 58: If Jewish populations interacted wi
Page 59 and 60: But the situation in Egypt is echoe
Page 61 and 62: Table 14: Characteristics of Travel
Page 63 and 64: % of surnames % of surnames Figure
Page 65 and 66: The recent addition to the travelli
Page 67 and 68: The likely resolution to this puzzl
Page 69 and 70: Relative Representation Figure 26:
Page 71 and 72: Source Papers Clark, Gregory. 2012.
Page 73 and 74: Cagney, Kathleen A., and Diane S. L
Page 75 and 76:
International comparisons and fifty
Page 77 and 78:
Olshanky, S. Jay et al. 2012. “Di
Page 79:
Ward, David L., Charles D. Coleman,
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