Enhancing China's Competitiveness Through Lifelong Learning ...

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vi Contents 15. Shanghai Aerospace Computer Engineering Limited: Distance-Based Medical Education and Training Platform 209 Background 209 Teaching and operations 209 Curriculum development 210 Quality assurance 210 Growth potential 210 16. The Challenge of Training Rural Migrants 213 Scope of the challenge 213 Existing approaches and programs 214 New potential 217 17. The Challenge of Massive Industrial Retraining for Laid-off Workers 219 The scope of the challenge 219 Existing approaches and programs 220 New potential 223 References and Other Sources 229 Boxes 1.1. Promoting China’s vocational education 17 2.1. The European Community’s strategy for lifelong learning 20 2.2. Toward more effective Public Service Units 33 3.1. Germany’s higher education system: Toward market needs 44 3.2. The University of Phoenix—A new type of provider 46 3.3. Encouraging creativity in Singapore 49 4.1. The Republic of Korea’s flexible system of recognizing learning outcomes 71 4.2. The Australian Qualifications Framework 76 5.1. The ChileCalifica Program in Chile 87 5.2. European Union: Mutual recognition of qualifications and competencies 90 5.3. School report cards in Paraná: A useful school incentive system 92 6.1. China’s public education funding per capita and per student are far below the developed countries 96 6.2. Deepening reform of rural compulsory education financing mechanisms 102 6.3. An effective legal and regulatory framework for education and training 107 6.4. Education vouchers in China 111 6.5. Eduloan in South Africa 116 6.6. Twenty characteristics of “good practice” loan schemes 116 6.7. The Federal Family Education Loan Program in the United States 118 7.1. Accreditation and quality assurance in U.S. distance learning 132 A9.1. <strong>Enhancing</strong> Education through Technology competitive grants 191 A17.1. Survey of workers’ training in China 225 A17.2. Korea: Vocational Training Consortium for small and medium enterprises 227
Contents vii Figures 1.1. China’s population by education need 10 1.2. Trends for China’s school-age population 12 1.3. Educational attainment of the Chinese population ages 25 and over, rising over time 13 1.4. Average educational attainment still low, especially for the working-age population 13 1.5. Secondary enrollment by province 15 1.6. Massive changes in the structure of output and employment 17 2.1. <strong>Lifelong</strong> learning from a demand-supply view 21 2.2. Rising inequality in rural incomes and illiteracy 27 2.3. Per student spending is closely correlated with provincial income 29 3.1. Low proficiency means low-skill jobs . . . 38 3.2. . . . and little training 39 3.3. Student performance and spending per student 51 5.1. Growth in urban real wages by percentile, 1988–99 81 5.2. Returns to schooling, 1988-99 (percent) 82 6.1. Trend of variation of school-age population for higher education, 2000–20 105 6.2. Trends in public and private investment in education in developing countries, 1970–2000 105 7.1. Percentage of in-service adults among total enrollment in 68 pilot universities 125 7.2. Percentage of in-service adults among total enrollment in CCRTVU, 1999–2003 125 8.1. China has about 3.3 percent of the global spending ($2.5 trillion) on formal education, 2003 136 A4.1. The U.S. education system is imbalanced in serving low-income and minority groups 164 A4.2. For-profit institutions in the United States 164 A6.1. European Qualification Framework would consist of three main elements 171 A6.2. An EQF level acts as a meta-level to compare qualifications in two countries 172 A14.1. CIBT’s increasing enrollment 207 Tables 1.1. Public education spending as a share of GDP (percent) 4 1.2. Rising secondary and tertiary enrollments (percent) 5 1.3. Projections of China’s school-age populations, 2000–2050 11 1.4. Educational enrollment and literacy rate 13 1.5. Education levels of the labor forces by region, 2004 (percent) 14 1.6. A brief comparison of occupational classifications 16 2.1. Changing role of government in education and training for effective lifelong learning system 23 2.2. Current role of government in China versus new role in the knowledge economy 26 2.3. Division of expenditures by administrative level, 2003 28
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Instrument Description Main Variabl
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Annex 13 Tecnológico de Monterrey
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Tecnológico de Monterrey Virtual U
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Annex 14 CIBT School of Business an
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