1996 - European Telework Week

Actions for stimulation of transborder
telework and research cooperation in Europe
TELEWORK ‘96
Final Report on
Telework Stimulation Actions
(1994-1995)

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Foreword
FOREWORD
Today telework is on the agenda of many companies and national administrations. Its
development is part of national and European strategies for the Information Society.
With the publication of the White Book on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment,
the European policy focus is on its contribution to employment, and many services of the
Commission are now involved with aspects of telework. Telework is prominent in the
activities of DG XIII (ACTS and Telematics research programmes), DG V (Social Funds
and Social Policy), DG III (ESPRIT and Industry Policy), and others.
The exploratory "Actions for Stimulation of Transborder Telework" in the area of
advanced communications, and brought together more than 200 organisations from all
member states in 33 projects. As a result, 30.000 people all over Europe have
experienced a permanent change in their working habits; 15.000 people were reached
directly through conferences and project presentations, etc. Projects not only focused on
the possibilities of using information and communications technologies, but also assessed
the impact on working and living.
Telework ‘96 is the third, and last, in a series of publications reporting on the results of
these actions, which extended from January 1994 until December 1996. In addition, it
describes other telework initiatives now underway, and links the ACTS programme to
other Commission initiatives.
In 1995 the 2nd European Assembly on New Ways to Work (Telework '95) and the first
European Telework Week (9 - 16 November 1995) again showed that there was great
and growing interest for transnational cooperation and for exchange of experience in
implementing new work practices.
New ways of working using advanced communications and information technology have
become an everyday practice for an increasingly large number of Europeans. However,
the real growth has still to come, and the debates on impact and best practice need to
continue. This report, and the CD ROM will provide important input for those debates.
Peter Johnston
Maarten Botterman
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Acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many hundreds of individuals and organisations have contributed to the success of the
telework stimulation actions and other telework initiatives.
Special thanks are due to:
Steve Simmons for his assistance as editor of the summary report “Telework and
small business networking” September 1995;
Andrew Bibby for his assistance as editor of the summary reports “Telework,
telecommuting and decentralisation” and “Transnational collaboration from local
telework centres” September 1995;
and to the experts who supported us in organising the European Telework Week:
Sebastian Cederschiöld;
Freddie Dawkins, EEMA;
Kitty de Bruin, Netherlands Telework Forum;
Michel Ickx, Spanish Telework Association;
Gerd Kirchhoff, IBM;
Horace Mitchell, Management Technology Associates;
Christian van Asbroeck, Belgian Telework Association.
The following people from the European Commission also contributed:
Ariane de Baré, Ian Culpin, Rosa Fina, Jean Millar, Robert Pestel, Els Ravyse, Lois
Williamson.
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. What is telework 11
1.2. Telework Stimulation Actions 11
1.3. Other Telework Initiatives 11
2. TELEWORK STIMULATION ACTIONS 15
2.1. Analysis of Impact and Exploitation of Results 15
2.1.1. Introduction 15
2.1.2. Methodology 15
2.1.3. Questionnaire results 16
2.2. The employment and economic impacts of advanced communications, and
social trends of communications services -PACE 95 21
2.2.1. Introduction 23
2.2.2. About the impact on jobs 23
2.2.3. The contribution to regional development and cohesion 26
2.2.4. Social trends that reflect the importance of advanced communications
services 28
2.3. Telework in Europe Penetration, potential and practice 36
2.3.1. Telework penetration 36
2.3.2. Telework practice in Europe 1994 37
2.3.3. Telework potential 38
2.3.4. Awareness and information sources 38
2.3.5. The gap between interest and practice 38
2.4. Legal, Organisational and Management Issues in Telework. New Ways to
Work in the Virtual European Company 40
2.4.1. Flexible employment 40
2.4.2. Customer Driven Business Organisation 40
2.4.3. New opportunities 41
2.4.4. Legal issues 42
2.4.5. Barriers to cross-border telework 42
2.4.6. Summary of recommendations 43
2.4.7. Telework and the Information Society 44
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Table of contents
2.5. Telework and Small Business Networking 45
2.5.1. Introduction 45
2.5.2. About SME Networking 46
2.5.3. SMEs, EDI and the Internet 46
2.5.4. Appropriate Technologies for SME use 47
2.5.5. Relationships Between Projects 47
2.5.6. Practical Outcomes 48
2.5.7. Conclusions and Work for the Future 48
2.5.8. Recommendations 49
2.6. Local telework centres and transnational collaboration: 50
2.6.1. Executive summary 50
2.6.2. Telecentres and smaller businesses 51
2.6.3. Telecentres and larger businesses 52
2.6.4. Teleworking across national boundaries 53
2.7. Telework, Telecommuting and Decentralisation 54
2.7.1. Executive Summary 54
2.7.2. The projects covered 54
2.7.3. Maximising the advantages, minimising the problems 55
2.7.4. The importance of experimentation 56
2.7.5. Using technology in innovative ways 57
2.7.6. Internationalisation and decentralisation 57
3. EUROPEAN TELEWORK WEEK 59
3.1. Purposes and achievements 59
3.2. The Events registered. 59
3.3. Impact 62
3.3.1. Wider electronic dissemination 62
3.3.2. Other materials 63
3.3.3. Measuring effectiveness 63
3.4. Key Lessons Learned 65
3.4.1. Communication, co-ordination: 65
3.4.2. Publicity 65
3.4.3. Success stories 66
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Table of contents
4. TELEWORK UNDER THE ACTS PROGRAMME 67
4.1. ACTS: Trials within Projects, supporting telework 67
4.2. The ACTS concertation Mechanism: The Telework Chain 68
4.2.1. Objective 68
4.2.2. Recipients Targeted by the Telework Chain 68
4.2.3. Planned Output for the First Year 69
4.2.4. Scope of Work 69
4.3. Mini-profiles of the ACTS projects in the Telework Chain 69
ANNEXES
Annex 1 - The Development Of EU Actions To Stimulate Telework 79
Annex 2 - Acts And The Chain Concertation Mechanism
1. Acts in short
2. Project chains
Annex 3 - Participants In Telework Initiatives
1. Projects in the Telework Stimulation Actions
2. List of the Participants to the ACTS Telework Concertation Chain
3. Participants and sponsors of the European Telework Week 1995
Annex 4 - Publications
1. Publications by the Telework Stimulation Action projects
2. Publications by the European Commission
Annex 5 - Network Sources Of Published Information On
Telework
1. WWW
2. CompuServe
83
85
88
91
93
106
114
117
119
123
125
127
128
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is telework
In the context of the actions and initiatives described in this document, the term
“telework” does not have a narrow technical definition. It covers a range of new ways of
working, using telecommunications as a tool and, for at least part of the time, outside a
traditional office environment.
These new ways of working include:
• A new division of working time between an office near a person’s home, the home
itself and a city-centre office (the neighbourhood office may be managed by the
person’s employer or by a third party);
• A new division of working time between home, clients’ premises, and the employer’s
offices - for example by sales representants, service engineers and software
engineers; and
• Work in geographically dispersed groups, either within the same organisation, or
bringing together people from different organisations for a particular project.
Telework increasingly involves the use of mobile and data communications as an integral
part of a person’s work, rather than as a specialist function.
It is associated with new flexibilities in employment, both in the place of employment
and in the hours worked. It may involve quasi-autonomous working by highly trained
specialists or supervised work in secretarial support, accounting and data entry activities.
The business sectors most involved are those with a high information content in: high
added-value up-stream activities such as research, software development, product design;
business management activities, such as accounting, financial services, insurance claims
processing, business services and information management, but also supervision,
instruction and guidance on construction sites; media activities such as journalism,
publishing, TV, video services and games development, advertising and publicity
services; notary and legal service provision, security services, retail and distribution;
transport fleet management; and stock control, customer services and commercial sales
support.
No attempt has been made to impose a single definition of “telework” in the development
and implementation of these actions. In such a rapidly developing area, innovation and
experimentation must be given full reign.
1.2. Telework Stimulation Actions
At the European summit in Copenhagen in June 1993, the President of the European
Commission highlighted the importance of rapid development of new frameworks for cooperation
between businesses in Europe and the creation of a common "information
space" within which decentralised economic activity can develop through interactions of
small businesses.
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Telework 96
On 21st June 1993, the Commission decided on a new set of preparatory actions, and a
Call for proposals was published. 122 proposals were received and evaluated. The 33
that best contribute to European economic growth, industrial competitiveness and the
stimulation of new employment were selected by Decision of the Commission on the
19th November 1993. Interim reports have been produced in 1994 and 1995. The
projects have now all submitted their final reports.
Employment and European cohesion are the two major European social challenges in the
1990s. Moving towards the Information Society advanced communications, and
specifically teleworking, is an essential part of the responses to both of these. Both
themes were addressed by several projects in the Telework Stimulation Programme.
Attention was also explicitly given to the implications for the work processes and the
organisation of work and legal issues regarding labour law.
Finally, a first view on the possible contributions of information and telecommunication
technology towards a more sustainable development of our society is presented. This is
based on the outcomes of three relevant Telework Stimulation Projects and several
workshops with groups of experts, stemming from the Brussels G7 meeting in February
1995.
Based on the reports the following summaries were made, and distributed, as a
contribution to the debate on telework in Europe:
• The employment and economic impacts of advanced communications, and social
trends in use of communications services; PACE ‘95;
• Telework: penetration, potential and practice in Europe;
• Legal, organisational and management issues;
• Telework and small business networking;
• Transnational Collaboration from Telework Centres;
• Telework, telecommuting and decentralisation;
The summaries are sequentially presented in Chapter 2. In Annex III the participants and
prime contractors of the projects involved in the summaries are listed.
1.3. Other Telework Initiatives
The aims and achievements of the European Telework Week, including the 2nd
European Assembly on Telework and New Ways to Work, are described in Part 3. It is
interesting to see how many organisations and individuals participated in which member
states in debates and demonstrations during that period.
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Telework 96
So is the “ACTS Telework Chain”. The 4th Framework Programme “Advanced
Communications Technologies and Services” is looking to telework as a means for
introduction of new technologies in Society, and to the telework constituency as a
reference for future technology developments.
Both initiatives contribute to the work of the Information Society Forum and the High
Level Group of Experts on Social and Societal Aspects of the Information Society.
In the Annexes further background information is given: the historical development of
EU actions to stimulate telework (annex 1), further clarification of the ACTS Programme
and its chain concertation mechanism (annex 2), lists of participants in Telework
Initiatives, publications and references (annex 3), an overview of publications on the
telework stimulation actions (annex 4), and an overview of network sources of published
information on telework (annex 5).
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2. TELEWORK STIMULATION ACTIONS
2.1. Analysis of Impact and Exploitation of Results
2.1.1. Introduction
The Actions for stimulation of transborder telework and research co-operation in Europe
have had a significant impact on the development of new initiatives, transborder
collaboration, and preparation for the 4th Framework Programmes. These have also
generated a significant community of interest at political, administrative, academic and
industrial levels. This interest is reflected by the activities within the Fourth Framework
Programme, as well as other initiatives including the series of Telework annual
conferences, and European Telework week.
There were 30 projects focusing on Telework and Regional development as well as
several projects working within the Copernicus Framework.
The results of the survey indicate positive and clear examples of results and exploitation
of results, and that significant benefits from the initiatives have been widely achieved.
2.1.2. Methodology
Given that the projects concerned were not large, and that they were also examining a
broad spectrum of issues, a simple questionnaire directed to the co-ordinating partner
was deemed the most effective approach.
This survey was carried out at the end of June 1995, when the majority of projects had
already terminated their primary project activities. Several of the projects were given
some time extensions to complete their analysis, and some continued their activities after
they had officially finished their tasks.
The Exploitation and Impact Questionnaire was designed as an additional assessment
tool to assist with quantitative overviews of results, their usage and impact.
The questionnaire covered:
• Stimulation and awareness activities
• Transborder links
• Transfer of know-how
• New products and services
• Stimulation of participation in 4th Framework Programme.
Not all questions were relevant to all projects, and not all information was available at
the time of the questionnaire. The observations presented are based on responses from all
projects to the relevant questions, as regards the situation at the end of June 1995.
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Telework 96
2.1.3. Observations
GENERAL
Directly involved in the Telework Stimulation Actions (TSAs) were 176 partners and
subcontractors and 110 sponsors/associates involving 100 organisations and 148 sites in
50 countries in pilot telework trials.
IMPACT ON WAYS OF WORKING
Working with the broad definition of teleworker, as presented in Chapter 1, over 5,000
identifiable individuals have become teleworkers as a result of this project, and over
24,000 identifiable individuals have experience a permanent change in their working
habits as a result of this project.
AWARENESS RAISING
The information on the projects was disseminated via three vehicles: Printed information
on the TSA sent out by the projects totalled about 115,000 publications. In addition,
about 100,000 publications have been distributed by the CEC. Additionally, electronic
information disseminated through the Internet (WWW) and CompuServe is estimated to
be at least as much as that distributed physically.
WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, SEMINARS
The projects were asked to give details of events attended by the project, where the
project or its findings were presented.
Over 211 external events were attended by the projects, with a total estimated audience
of in excess of 16,000 people.
Figure 1 below demonstrates the consistent level of activity within the programme life,
which continued after the projects had finished. Many other events were held where the
projects were unable to quantify the number of attendees, and in these cases, no estimates
were included.
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Telework 96
Evolution of the n° of attendees at events
during the programme lifecycle.
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Jan-94
Feb-94
Mar-94
Apr-94
Apr-94
May-94
Jun-94
Jun-94
Jun-94
Jul-94
Aug-94
Sep-94
Sep-94
Sep-94
Oct-94
Oct-94
Oct-94
Nov-94
Nov-94
Nov-94
Nov-94
Dec-94
Dec-94
Jan-95
Jan-95
Feb-95
Mar-95
Apr-95
Apr-95
May-95
May-95
May-95
Jun-95
Jun-95
Nov-95
Figure 1
The distribution of attendees by countries, shown in Figure 2 below, is broadly in line
with the distribution of partners and resources (Figure 2a below); however, the very high
degree of activity in Germany can be accounted for by the focus and orientation of
several projects on activities within the new states.
% Attendance of events by country
Germany
53%
Spain
1%
Denmark
1%
France
7%
Greece
2%
Belgium
5%
United
Kingdom
19%
Portugal
1%
Netherlands
1%
Italy
9%
Rep. of
Ireland
1%
Figure 2
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Telework 96
Country participation by % of total effort (man months)
France
11%
Finland
1%
Denmark
3%
Bulgaria
1% Belgium
4%
Germany
21%
Austria
1%
United Kingdom
18%
Greece
4%
Hungary
1%
Switzerland
0%
Ireland
6%
Italy
7%
Spain
13%
Netherlands
3%
Poland
2%
Portugal
4%
Figure 2a
TRANSBORDER NETWORKING
Cross-border links between companies and institutions were considered a key factor
contributing to regional and economic cohesion. A total of 346 cross-border links were
reported to have been established. As with other items, the number of cross-border links
reported are those known to the co-ordinating partner.
Subsequent feedback from project participants suggests this figure is very conservative,
and individual reports from the projects indicate that over 2,000 is more consistent.
Numbers of Cross Border Links Established
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Rep.
Denmark
EU
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Netherlands
Hungary
India
Italy
Ireland
Monaco
Portugal
Spain
UK
USA
Figure 3
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Telework 96
EMPLOYMENT CREATION.
It should be noted that direct employment creation was not an objective of the projects,
however it was worthwhile inquiring what the impact on employment was as a direct
result of their activities. The jobs created are associated with the products and services
stimulated by the projects.
Direct Employment Creation
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
UK
Spain
Sweden
Italy
Part Time
Full Time
Figure 4
TRANSFER OF KNOW-HOW
A key objective of the programmes was to exchange information with other projects, not
only within the initiatives outlined here but also with other CEC programmes, regional
initiatives and local initiatives. In about 80 cases, know-how was used from other TSA
projects. In 21 cases, know-how was exchanged with national and regional initiatives.
REGIONAL STIMULATION
Stimulation of regional activity in telework and co-operative networks was substantial,
with 15 cases reported. Many of the initiatives were only in the planning phase at the
time the responses were given. A total of 3,089 organisations were targeted by the
regional initiatives. Few of the projects were able to quantify the impact on work,
however 56 full-time and 150 part-time jobs were reportedly affected.
PUBLICATIONS AND PRESS COVERAGE
The media has a key role to play in raising awareness, and much interest was shown in
these projects. The number of publications about the work of the project, including press
articles contributed by project members, totalled 105.
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Telework 96
Many projects had only just embarked on the dissemination of results at the time of the
questionnaire. At least two projects had subsequently over 100 items of press coverage
each. Several projects achieved coverage on Radio and Television, although the local and
regional press predominated.
FOLLOW-UP INTO FUTURE EU NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ACTIVITIES
A key question was “Has the work enabled or encouraged organisations to submit
proposals for follow-up work in EU and nationally funded actions” This was
particularly oriented towards encouraging SMEs and representatives from CEE to
participate. The action can be qualified as successful despite the perceived barriers by
SMEs, particularly in terms of administration and contractual conditions.
Programme
Number of
proposals
Information Technology 1
ACTS 13
Telematic Applications 31
Others including DGV 2
It should noted that at the time of the questionnaire only initial calls in the 4th framework
programme had been issued.
Subsequent indications are that there has been substantial participation in further calls
within the fourth framework, induced as a result of the activities of these projects.
NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
The project initiated a total of 7 new self-sustaining products and or 9 new services.
These products and services now continue to be offered on a commercial basis. This is a
clear indication of the work-generating potential of new services and products generated
in the telework and teleservices arena.
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2.2. The employment and economic impacts of advanced communications, and
social trends of communications services -PACE 95
2.2.1. Introduction
One important basis for European union policies on growth and employment is the belief
that a rapid transition to an “Information Society” through fast deployment of advanced
communications infrastructures and services, will generate competitive advantages for
business, greater flexibility in employment and more jobs, and new sustainable economic
growth.
It is extremely difficult to substantiate this belief in quantitative terms. Much of the
change involve in developing an information society is structural, and simple
extrapolation of past trends is not a reliable guide to the future.
The transition will also be associated with great volatility: some business sectors will
decline, others will grow, and yet move will appear. Many traditional jobs will disappear,
but (we hope) even more new jobs will be created.
The four research projects, for which the key results are summarised here, all looked in
different ways at the possible impacts of advanced communications deployment:
• the AD-EMPLOY project at the impact on jobs
• the ACCORDE projects at the impact on regional development and European cohesion
• the SOCIAL TRENDS project on changes in lifestyles and on use of electronic media
• the METIER project on growth and trade.
2.2.2. About the impact on jobs
The increasing take up of advanced communications services in the European economy
is contributing strongly to job creation and to improvements in the quality of work.
Development and use of advanced services was responsible for 60 % of new privatesector
jobs creation in Denmark between 1976 and 1990.
Key message 1:
The overall conclusion of the study is that the increasing take up of advanced
communications services in the European economy can, under the right conditions,
strongly contribute to job creation and to improvements in the quality of work.
Organisation in both the private and public sector should therefore be encouraged and
enabled to increase their use of advanced communications services as much as possible,
and in ways which enhance job creation and improvements in the quality of work.
The growth of advanced communications services represents a new sector of economic
activity which should be supported and fostered. Such services not only generate jobs in
their own right, but as they tend to be knowledge intensive, they also support the shift
towards quality-based production and services in user industries.
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Telework 96
In general, this beneficial effect of advanced communications services seems to be both
greater and more positive than that resulting from investments only in stand-alone
equipment and infrastructure. The more a given infrastructure and inventory of
equipment is used by application services over the network, and the more these services
are combined with social and economic innovations, the greater the potential beneficial
employment effects seem to be.
Key message 2:
In general, the potential beneficial effect of advanced communications services
seems to be both greater and more positive that that resulting from investments
only in stand-alone equipment and infrastructure.
Much of the responsibility for introducing advanced communications into organisations
and using it to create new business areas and jobs, as well as in ways which increase
rather than decrease the quality of work for employees, rests with the management. The
generally conservative and poor response by management to the use of advanced
communications within and between organisations seems to constitute the biggest barrier
to its full exploitation.
Key message 3:
Opportunities for growth in employment using advanced communications depend
on management.
The creation of jobs by advanced communications requires new organisational forms and
interrelationships. In short, organisational transformations which lock in human capital
as part of the competitive process are necessary.
Another important barrier is a failure to appreciate that it is the market for networked
information services which will create jobs in the wider economy, rather than markets for
information technology and advanced communications equipment and infrastructure on
their own. Although the latter are necessary, their own wider job creation effect is
limited.
But it is not just at the organisational and service market levels that urgent changes are
necessary if we are to maximise the job creation potential of advanced communications.
At the national and international level decisive action is required to liberalise and reregulate
the telecommunications sector, provide leadership, stimulate new forms of
collaboration, particularly for investment purposes and especially between the private
and the public sectors, and reduce traffic tariffs drastically. Advanced communications
needs to be available and affordable for all. These issues together constitute another
barrier to the development of the information society and the new jobs that go with this.
Key message 4:
Policy and investment support needs to be given to the information service market
and to reduce the barriers to market formation.
In terms of the labour, continuing turbulence and the need for worker flexibility, partly
caused by the introduction of information technology and advanced communications,
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Telework 96
need to be balanced and contained by new forms of structure and stability. This is
necessary in order to enable workers and their employers to invest in, and take risks with,
their own education, training and employment futures.
These conclusions are derived from a study examining the overall employment trends
across the whole economy related to the use of advanced communications within the
European Union. The study bases its findings upon a comprehensive survey of literature
and previous studies, 14 in-dept case studies from Austria, Denmark, France and the UK,
an experimental macro-level quantitative analysis of employment change in Denmark,
and a delphi-type questionnaire and discussion round with experts from three countries.
Although there are unresolved research problems associated with the difficulty of
separating the effects of networked advanced communications from stand-alone
information technology, as well as technology affects from wider economic and social
changes, these different analytical tools do lead to relative agreement on many of the
study’s main conclusions.
The information society must be launched without delay; organisational and learning
effects are much slower than technological adaptation. Clear signals and leadership
from national and pan-European bodies are needed at all levels. Governments need to
show leadership in the adoption of advanced communications. Rather than simply
supporting networking in rhetoric, they should directly innovate and invest in these to
speed up the rate of diffusion, and to stimulate the growth of new advanced
communications-intensive services.
Levels of employment issues:
advanced communications are supporting the move:
level from to
technology
sectoral
information technology used for automation
of existing processes and activities by
making them more efficient and speeding
them up
neutral or negative impacts on job numbers
when stand-alone information technology
systems are taken in use
traditional manufacturing (often traditional
unskilled male jobs)
traditional services (often traditional
interpersonal skills)
manufactures as highly tradable, highly delocalised
commodities due to low storage and
transport costs relative to production costs
in addition to use of information
technology, advanced communications
used to integrate geographically separate
activities resulting in an intensification of
activity overall as well as the creation of
completely new types of work processes,
activities and market opportunities
positive impacts on job numbers (even in
some sectors where job numbers are
otherwise declining) when interorganisational
advanced communications
systems are taken in use
high-tech manufacturing and services
(often part-time female jobs)
new services (often technical skills, new
interpersonal skills)
some manufactures becoming less tradable,
more localised commodities due to high
storage and transport costs relative to
production costs
Sectoral services as non-tradable, localised services as tradable, de-localised
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Telework 96
(cont.)
commodities which must be consumed when
and where produced
vertical economic links and production
processes
islands of information technology automation
in each organisation as inward-looking
technology
simple trading relations between fixed-role
suppliers and customers, with competitors
excluded
hierarchical bureaucratic organisations
commodities which can easily be stored
and transported for consumption
anywhere at any time
more horizontal economic networks (incl.
outsourcing to small specialised firms,
flexible specialisation)
networks of organisations integrated
through advanced communications, as
outward-looking technology
complex trading relations in which
organisations can simultaneously be
competitors, suppliers, customers, and
distribution channels
delayered networked organisations
large stable organisations down-sized smaller, ever-changing
configurations (e.g. virtual enterprises),
internal decision-making to coordinate
activity
external market signals coordinate
activity
work single and fixed task demarcation multi and flexi tasking (a reversal of the
division of labour)
interorganisational
organisational
individual
central, hierarchical reporting relationships
static, geographically concentrated work
patterns
life-long, full-time, fixed job skills
once-and-for-all education
jobs for life
de-centralised, horizontal and integrative
relationships
more mobile, distributed work patterns
(e.g. teleworking and direct service
getting closer to the customer)
changing, flexi-time, multi skill jobs
continuous education
evolving jobs and work portfolios
2.2.3. The contribution to regional development and cohesion
Can advanced communications, long acknowledged as a central tool of European
integration, also play a role in increasing cohesion Or might advanced communications
lead to greater economic inter-connectedness - but not necessarily to the balanced
development of peripheral regions or, thus, to cohesion
The answer is not obvious. Examples of both effects have been found during our
research, even within single applications. Advanced communications have eased the
logistics of the take-over of dairy processors in the Azores by distributors from the
mainland, on the one hand improving access to mainland markets, but on the other
weakening the bargaining position of local farmers. They have brought teleservice jobs
to Scotland and Ireland, although with few linkages to the local economy. While no one
can claim certainty as to the long-term effects, we distinguish some key trends below.
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Telework 96
1. An opening into the “networked economy”
The new possibilities for SMEs and regions to link on markets on a multi-national level
strengthens EU cohesion by offering an opportunity to become involved in the
‘networked economy’. However, regions will have to pursue this opportunity in order to
be able to profit from this.
2. Insertion into new growth sectors
The communication-led growth sectors, such as teleservices, can create considerable
employment in regions with the appropriate prerequisites.
3. Small firms
The high hopes for large numbers of small information intensive service suppliers in
remote regions should become more modest.
The opportunities outlined above are significant in regional development terms, but
advanced communications do not, in themselves, begin to address many problems
associated with peripheral and rural issues. Advanced communications, ultimately, are
utilised most as a tool to reduce the complexity in highly developed regions and sectors
to more manageable dimensions. They do not by themselves overcome problems of
peripheral issues and lagging development. Thus, as argued below, advanced
communications must be integrated within broader strategies that address problems of
uneven regional development and opportunity.
Services with the most potential to enhance cohesion
There are no simple solutions, no 'golden bullets' or 'trigger applications' that will work
for everyone everywhere. But certain broad types of advanced user applications offer
more to regional development than do others. In particular, applications that are
integrated into the core processes along the value-chain are more useful in practice.
These include:
• Transactional Services:
• Locational Flexibility:
• Inventory and Logistical Systems:
• Integration Support:
By contrast, applications addressing generalised needs bring fewer discernible benefits,
and are harder to implement. Examples are general databases, teleservice centres lacking
a specific set of focused users, and video-conference for general access.
How to promote Advanced Applications in a Competitive, Commercial environment
There are risks in a market oriented approach to the provision of advanced
communications services in less developed regions. On the one hand, the more remote
areas are unlikely to gain access. On the other, external firms are in the best position to
afford, but more important, to make effective use of, such technologies.
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A pro-active approach to advanced communication provision will thus be essential if
benefits are to realised for all regions. In the lead up to liberalisation, in particular, scope
exists for a range of actions that will ensure that more competitive markets overall will
not be to the detriment of some regions. Such actions can come under two headings,
sectoral and horizontal, and will address the following main areas for policy development
and measures:
Sectoral
• Identification of sectors that are critical to a region’s development.
• Extend support for selected advanced services, targeted at these sectors.
Horizontal
• Complementary requisites specific to the selected advanced services, and strategy
integration.
• A network strategy to support general economic development. Advanced
communications need an adequate network platform for those services considered
critical to regional development. Support for incentives and investment should come
from the appropriate level: regional, national or EU.
• Liberalisation with regulatory responses at regional and national level which will
cover tariff reform; the speed of introduction of services and infrastructure
liberalisation; the elements that comprise universal service; the costs and scope of the
universal service obligation; and interoperability and interconnectivity.
• Effective diffusion of common standards, for instance in EDI, which can be crucial in
certain sectors.
• Stimulate economies of scale in applications.
• 'Future proofing' of new usages and technological evolution.
Some of these imply an increase in understanding, essential to informed strategy
development; others involve specific measures and regulations often relating more
broadly to regional and national development contexts. If advanced communications are
to maximise their potential for regional development, then these disparate elements must
be drawn together and integrated fully into regional development strategies.
2.2.4. Social trends that reflect the importance of advanced communications
services
The project SOCIAL TRENDS examined the emergence of new social trends stemming
from the increase in the use of communications media in every aspect of every day life
both at the workplace and in leisure time. The trends were identified by examining
current market conditions and forecasts. 1
1 The term media covers three major interlinked aspects representing conduits, infrastructure, languages and techniques, mixing
images and sound in an artistic or informative manner. Multimedia presentations combine information and entertainment.
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Global trends such as digitisation, miniaturisation, higher bandwidth (images and
colour), allowing greater use of portability, and the integration of "converging"
technologies will lead to a decrease of costs and greater user friendliness of multimedia
communications and services. Their implementation will multiply the legal and moral
issues. The social impact of media is an active process which involves both the people
articulating the information flow and the ones that use the end result.
The use of media is context dependant and it takes several forms at an individual level:
• the home equipment, type of housing, and type of neighbourhood;
• the household family structure and social behaviour;
• individual values and cultural habits which inter-relate with the taste in, and
acceptability of material;
• the individual purchasing power and the breakdown of the expenditure (in particular
the disposable income for leisure activities and for cultural spending);
• the type of professional activity, linked to use of information and communication
technologies at work, and to person-to-business use of media.
Moreover, the diffusion of each new communication medium is based on the progressive
development of an effective use which may be significantly different from the anticipated
one. At a collective level, use of media is inter-twined with social trends. Acceptance of
new media will depend on the flexibility of social settings, and organisations, and the
nature (in terms of speed, and intensity) of the structural adjustments the community has
to undertake because of new technologies.
Familiarity with audio-visual equipment
The penetration of TV, telephone lines and VCRs in Europe’s households is already
high. In 1991 20.8% of the household in Europe already had a PC at home. Looking at
shipped PC units it is clear that PC penetration has increased:
EC 1992 1993 1994 CAGR '92-'94 %
PCs - professional market 5,618,000 6,026,000 6,453,000 7.2
PCs - home market 2,543,000 2,722,000 2,888,000 6.6
Source: International Data Corporation
PC units shipped in the European Community
In 1992 telecom revenue already represented about 2% of the EU gross domestic product
(10% growth compared to 1991). The penetration grade of cellular phones has grown
between 1988 and 1993 with more than 40%.
Traditional media (cinema, press and books) change. More screens with smaller
audiences per screen in cinema’s, less reading, especially with the less educated young.
Over the past few decades, converging phenomena have tended to renew the social
environment on which the use of media acquires its significance. The change from mass
broadcast systems to a mix with narrow-cast and interactive media, which will stimulate
the diversity of views, will have a major influence on socio-political trends. However, it
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has been observed that local channels often fail to promote a specific vision, and that
they tend to imitate the programs of the mass-broadcasters, and their socio-political
schedule.
Since 1993-94 the signs of a major evolution can be observed in the diffusion in the
home and in small offices of new technological platforms, allowing individuals to
communicate and interact with other individuals and/or organisations, and to access
information and interactive services with new multimedia features including video and
data. A number of issues such as various legal aspects, regulation and deregulation of the
markets involved play important roles in the emergence of new socio-economic trends.
In 1994, the number of fully equipped home-offices in Western Europe was estimated at
13.2 million, but only 3% of those run business tasks on a PC, and less than 1% have a
modem for data transmission. Teleworking still occupies a very small percentage of
home-workers but current growth is fast. For example, in Italy, it is estimated that 23%
of the households with PCs will use Internet by the year 2000, 60% of those for business
goals, (around 1 million households). According to forecasts, 15% of small Italian
companies (under 10 employees) will adopt Internet; at least 40% of home-workers
would adopt a form of teleworking by the year 2004.
According to the quoted forecasts 2 , self-employed teleworkers in Europe will be in the
medium term still a relatively small percentage of the total work force, but very
significant because of their role of pioneers and demonstrators of the innovative potential
of new media. The virtual community of teleworkers represents a new emerging social
group characterised by flexibility, greater autonomy in controlling working life, ability to
connect with others beyond local and national boundaries, awareness of one’s worth in
the labour market based on know how and developed skills and cultivated through a life
long process of self education, acquisition of knowledge and information. The price to
be paid is clearly a lower security and the need to be adaptable to the changing
environment. Due to these characteristics, teleworking also represents an innovative way
for the young with marketable skills to enter the labour market instead of having to
accept lower offers of stable jobs by organisations and for women appreciating flexibility
as a way to match the need to work with family obligations.
Teleshopping is often cited as an application that will help pay for the massive
investments needed to build interactive video networks, upgrade the Internet and expand
the bandwidth of wireless communications systems. Barriers are screen resolution
(compared to glossy printed catalogues) and the need for arrangements for convenient
customer delivery. A new breed of “on-line middleman” might be necessary.
Home culture is now the dominant model of leisure in Europe. A significant share of the
European population experiences only home culture, which is characterised by:
• the presence of equipment in more than 90% of the households, the frequent individual
use (a daily one for more than 75% of the users) and the time spent accounting for 25-
40% of total leisure time;
• the reduction in book reading especially by younger people;
2 ITU, Teknibank
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• the percentage of viewers in each socio-economic class is always high and use of
television increases progressively with age. Furthermore, it has an international
geographical diffusion.
Public television is still, in most European countries, the dominant service in terms of
total market share. This is markedly different from the US media environment, where
public television audience in prime-time slot is below 3 million households 3 . But the
emergence of commercial television in Europe, implemented in most countries in the
1980's, has considerably changed the operating conditions of public television, and its
socio-economic importance. Although these impacts have varied between countries,
some common characteristics have been observed 4 :
• a small increase in jobs due to the new competition;
• a shift in the nature of jobs from "permanent" to "non-standard" type of employment;
• an increasing share of production is being achieved by small independent companies,
financially under-capitalised, and operating below efficiency-levels thanks to the
commitment of their young employees.
The importance of tele-education is today difficult to predict, although there is a general
consensus as being one of the key application of AC’s.
SEVERAL TYPE OF IMPACTS ARE FORECASTED:
The possibility to ease access to education for more diversified population including
people who are geographically at a distance from schools or universities, people who
have professional activities or other equivalent constraints and disabled people.
The possibility for parents to improve the conditions of education that some environment
cannot provide anymore. In the US, tele-education is partly stimulated by the increasing
level of violence at schools leading to parents opting for distance learning processes. It
is estimated that between 350.000 and 500.000 young people follow a distance learning
process in the US compared to 15.000 in the late 1970’s.
The possibility to increase the flexibility of the educational process in itself, by enabling
students to learn at their own speed and according to their particular fields of interest. It
is argued that multimedia technologies may improve the opportunity to adjust the
pedagogy to the learner and widen the scope of the population reaching certain types of
formal knowledge.
The next decade will see a dramatic change in the provision and the use of media. There
should be a growing role for demand-driven innovations. How this demand emerges is
hence essential to clarify. Two types of needs are to be addressed through the new
services: performance needs (i.e. which relate to behaviours that have a well-identified
rationale) or non-performative needs (i.e. which seldom relate to any rationale).
Performative use of media relates to types of use which generate their own incentives to
invest such as tele-work, tele-education, tele-medicine, etc. The willingness of
3 PBS Research, cited in Hoynes, William (1994) Public Television for Sale - Media, the Market, and the Public Sphere,
Westview Press, Boulder COL., p. 17
4 Thomass, Barbara A. (1994)
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individuals to pay for non-performative use of media (e.g. games) is essential. It is only
through pilot tests that these two types of needs may be identified, and that implicit
demand (i.e. non formalised by individuals) may become an explicit demand for the use
of media.
THE LINKAGE WITH ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE PERFORMANCE
Advanced communication is enabling radical changes in the world economy, and its
impact will increase dramatically as it becomes more widely used. These changes are a
threat and an opportunity for Europe.
Advanced communications is a two-edged sword. On the one hand it presents Europe
with an opportunity to stimulate innovation and trade, improve efficiency and increase
economic integration; but on the other it can destroy jobs through an acceleration of
import penetration and re-engineering in larger corporations. The net result of these
creative and destructive processes will be determined by the way in which Europe adopts
advanced communications, and this, in turn, can be significantly influenced by national
and supra-national policy decisions.
We maintain that if the right environment is created for advanced communications in
Europe then the net impact on employment and prosperity can be positive. However, the
prerequisites for such an environment are not currently in place. The policy options for
rectifying Europe’s structural weaknesses are limited in the current economic
environment. Industrial policy interventions are constrained by the availability of funds,
by competition and trade law, and by concerns over the effectiveness of past actions.
Fiscal and monetary policy is constrained by the discipline of the global markets. As the
1993 Delors White Paper emphasised, the traditional remedies are now discredited, and
policy makers must search for new directions.
‘Creative processes’:
• Advanced communications increases the ability of European businesses to project
themselves into global markets, particularly in the main centres of new growth such as
Asia. Europe has competitive strengths in many service sectors which have been
difficult to exploit outside domestic markets until now.
• Advanced communications is enabling the exploitation of these advantages through
trade and direct investment.
• Advanced communications is accelerating the development of the EU Single Market,
leading to efficiency gains for the European macro-economy and competitiveness
improvements for individual enterprises.
• Advanced communications could significantly improve the effectiveness of education
services, welfare services and healthcare services, which would bring important
indirect social and macro-economic benefits. These effects are complex and not yet
clearly proven.
‘Destructive processes’:
• Advanced communications enables business activities to be conducted on a global
basis by considerably reducing the risks and costs of widely distributed operations.
Firms can exploit cost advantages, market opportunities and financial opportunities on
a global basis rather than on a national or regional basis. The true competitiveness of
labour forces and individual enterprises is thus exposed, as markets become more
contestable. In many sectors, Europe is not competitive in global terms, particularly
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in many labour-intensive activities. Europe should expect these activities to migrate
to other countries more rapidly in an advanced communications environment.
• The transition from a traditional communications environment to an advanced
communications environment will reinforce the already strong historical correlation
between macro-economic performance and communications provision. The
economies of those countries and regions with widely available and affordable
advanced communications services are expected to perform better than those where
advanced communications take-up is more restricted.
The study examines the potential impacts of advanced communications on a sectoral
basis, describing the potential positive and negative effects on European competitiveness,
value-added, employment and trade for nine sectors. The study does not attempt to
extrapolate the quantified relationships between communications and the economy into
an advanced communications environment. We believe that the fundamental dynamics of
advanced communications, and their economic impacts, will be significantly different to
the effects that have been observed to date. Two scenarios are described for the transition
to advanced communications, and these are used throughout as the basis for investigating
the sensitivity of each sectoral effect.
‘Rapid
Scenario
Progress’
‘Slow
Scenario
Progress’
Rate of restructuring for ‘mature’ EU
industries
Improvements in EU competitiveness
Growth in EU external exports
Growth in EU external imports
Growth in EU internal trade
Growth in SME share of EU output
Job creation in the EU
Job destruction in the EU
Growth in EU unemployment
EXHIBIT: Summary of Advanced Communications Impacts on Key Areas of the EU Economy
Note: A solid black circle indicates rapid growth, an empty circle indicates no change.
Macro-economic conclusions are drawn from a synthesis of these sectoral assessments,
and are presented in a quantified picture of the European macro-economy in the next
decade.
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Europe’s external and internal trade (imports and exports) are expected to grow
significantly over the next decade, with or without advanced communications. If
deployed rapidly and effectively, advanced communications can enable Europe’s
external trade balances to improve, allowing Europe to share in the economic growth
of developing regions such as Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America. Better trade
performance will help to contain European unemployment and sustain current
prosperity.
If, however, advanced communications remains expensive and restricted in Europe
then this will damage Europe’s trade performance, undermine its competitiveness and
compound its unemployment problems.
We estimate that the difference in EU employment between a scenario where advanced
communications develops rapidly in Europe and a scenario where take-up is slow
could be five to six million jobs in the EU (in 2010), corresponding to around ECU 300
billion of EU GDP (in today’s terms). The additional employment in the rapid
progress scenario will arise from increased activity within Europe as well as improved
EU external trade balances, with both of these sources expected to make similar
contributions to employment growth. Increased EU activity and increased EU exports
are based on higher levels of innovation, productivity and competitiveness within the
EU economy, driven by the application of advanced communications.
Whilst the differences in employment between these two scenarios may appear to be
modest (3% of the EU workforce at the end of a 15-year period), we believe that the
positive impacts of rapid advanced communications take-up are more plausible and
more achievable than any of the ‘traditional’ remedies for Europe’s employment
problems, and that they merit the close attention of all economic policy makers and
politicians, not merely those with a specialist interest in communications.
This view is well aligned with that expressed in the 1993 EU White Paper on Growth,
Competitiveness and Employment, which focused on advanced communications as a
key factor in addressing Europe's economic problems.
Again, to ensure that advanced communications is a benefit to Europe, policy makers
should focus on improving the affordability of advanced communications, specifically
high-capacity intra-European connections.
To ensure that advanced communications is a benefit to Europe, policy makers
should focus on improving the affordability of advanced communications. If the
price of advanced communications is kept in line with its falling costs then virtuous
circles of usage, innovation and further cost reduction will be initiated, and
advanced communications will diffuse rapidly through small and medium-sized
businesses and residential customers. In such circumstances, the creative processes
outweigh the destructive processes.
Although a substantial programme of regulatory and structural reform is already
underway in Europe, at national and supra-national levels, commercial and political
pressures are continuing to keep prices high to preserve existing telecoms revenue
streams. Without continuous vigorous intervention from governments, regulators and
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competition authorities, the erosion of these prices will be too slow to allow Europe to
obtain the full economic benefits of advanced communications. Policy actions might
include: early infrastructure liberalisation, assertive national price regulation, forcing
telecoms operators to offer high-capacity circuits (to prevent high setting of advanced
communications prices by dominant operators), early licensing of trans-European
network operators, replacement of the existing “account rate” regime for international
telecoms settlements with a regime based on interconnect price (to overcome high crossborder
advanced communications prices in Europe) and accelerate rebalancing, reassess
the ways of compensating incumbent operators for the obligations that are placed upon
them (to avoid unbalanced tariffs).
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2.3. Telework in Europe Penetration, potential and practice
Telework has long been an attractive concept, which has inspired numerous estimates of
its likely spread and penetration over the past few decades. In the 1970s some authors
had high expectations when they believed that "all Americans could be homeworkers by
1990" (AT&T, cited in Huws 1984 5 ).
A decade, later others stated that "by the year 2000 approximately 40% of the employees
in the US will be teleworkers" (Institute for the Future, cited in Müllner 1985 6 ). Other
estimates are that in many developed countries 10-15% of the workforce will be
teleworking to some degree by the end of the century.
These examples show that the closer to the present the estimates were, the less optimistic
they turned out to be, as authors realised that the spread of telework was going to be
more evolutionary than revolutionary.
The situation is similarly confusing when it comes to estimating the penetration of
telework in different countries round the world. When looking only at the most recent
estimates, there appears to be a wide range in the actual number of teleworkers. This is
partly due to differences in definitions of telework used by various authors and their
differing methods for carrying out the estimations.
It was against this background that Empirica decided to generate a representative
empirical basis study providing reliable figures on the penetration of telework, and
enabling its likely future development to be estimated accurately. To achieve this,
Empirica carried out representative surveys of decision-makers and employees in
organisations and the general population in the four largest EC Member States in 1985
(Germany, the UK, France, Italy) (Huws/Korte/Robinson 1990), and again in 1994, this
time adding Spain to the list.
The 1994 surveys were carried out as part of the TELDET project (Telework
Developments and Trends, Project T1016 of the Telework Stimulations Activities of
DGXIII-B) 7 .
2.3.1. Telework penetration
According to the results of the surveys in 1994 the penetration of telework in European
organisations is around 5%, and the actual number of teleworkers in the five largest EC
countries approximately 1.1 million. Extrapolating this figure to the whole of the EU
gives a total of 1.25 million teleworkers.
5 Huws, U.: The New Homeworkers. New Technology and the Changing Location of White-collar
Work. Low Pay Unit, London 1984
6 Müllner, W.: Privatisierung des Arbeitsplatzes. Chancen, Risiken und rechtliche Gestaltbarkeit der
Telearbeit. Boorberg Verlag, Stuttgart 1985
7 The partners in the TELDET project led by empirica, Bonn (Germany) and financially supported by
the EC DGXIII-B are: empirica (D), IDATE (F), Work Research Centre (IRL), INMARK (E) and
INNOVA (I)
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The UK and France are the countries with the highest telework penetration in
organisations, with around 7% of the organisations practising telework. Factors which
are likely to have contributed to this situation are their particular cultures and mentalities,
i.e. a much higher openness to technological developments than in other countries (cf.
the success of Minitel in France and the high level of PC usage in the UK), the
widespread popularity of self-employment (especially in the UK) and an advanced
awareness of the options telework offers. This latter has obviously also been stimulated
to some extent by public awareness initiatives (e.g. DATAR in France, cf.
Robinson/Kordey 1994 8 ).
Source: TELDET Project 1994 9
Figure 1 Telework Practice in Organisations
Decision Maker Survey (DMS) in Europe 1994
2.3.2. Telework practice in Europe 1994
Telework is being practised throughout the economy. The banking and insurance sector
was the first to use it to a considerable extent. This may be due to their employees' very
high familiarity with IT&T and the often highly decentralised organisation of such
companies, where branch offices and mobile sales forces working from home are already
connected to headquarters by telecommunications.
In addition, large corporations appear to be the first to make use of teleworking.
Telework practice is highest in organisations with more than 1,000 (in some countries up
to 500) employees, where it reaches figures significantly above the average.
Urban areas are already telework growth centres and are likely to remain so. The
situation is unlikely to alter unless specific initiatives to encourage change are
undertaken.
8 Robinson, S., Kordey, N.: Teleworking: Internationale Trends. Telekom-Anwender Kongress '94:
Corporate Networks und neue Techniken: Nationaler und internationaler Wettbewerb und Anwender.
Bonn 1994
9 empirica: Telearbeit: Befragung von Entscheidungsträgern (DMS). Internationaler Vergleich.
TELDET Bericht Nr. 4. Oktober 1994
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Telework 96
In terms of absolute figures of teleworkers the UK tops the figures with 560,000,
followed by France with around 215,000 teleworkers. Italy (97,000), Spain (102,000)
and Germany (149,000) are at a relatively early stage of telework diffusion.
2.3.3. Telework potential
The potential of telework is estimated by determining the opinions and attitudes towards
telework of decision-makers and the population, and the organisational changes which it
entails. These are used as indicators which can help to measure supply and demand in
telework.
2.3.4. Awareness and information sources
In order for people who may be affected by telework to be able to assess it, they first of
all need to know something about it. The more familiar people are with telework, the
more qualified, differentiated and reliable their statements and expressions of interest (or
otherwise) are likely to be.
Self-reported knowledge among the population about telework varies significantly across
the countries. It ranges from a low of 23% in Spain to over 50% in France and the UK
and other populations having medium levels of knowledge: 37% in Germany, and 35% in
Italy. These figures probably reflect the extent of coverage of telework in the media.
Newspapers and magazines are the primary media from which information about
telework has been obtained, followed by TV and radio. The exception here is France,
where TV and radio rank top, with 42% of the respondents having got their information
via these media. In the UK, press and TV/radio achieve similar ratings with both around
27%.
2.3.5. The gap between interest and practice
There is an enormous potential for telework uptake, judging by the interest and
willingness to practice telework shown by decision-makers in organisations and the
population at large. Depending on the country, between a third and half of the workforce
in the European countries investigated would be willing to telework. Interest is quite
evenly spread across Europe, ranging from 55% in Spain down to 41% in Germany.
When comparing the results from the surveys in 1994 to Empirica surveys in 1985, it
becomes apparent that interest in telework among the workforce has risen dramatically
between 1985 and 1994, and in European countries by a factor of three to four. The rise
was not that significant in the UK, where interest in telework was already at a high level
in 1985. It is now at a comparable level in the other European countries
(Huws/Korte/Robinson 1990 10 ).
However, there is a striking difference between the interest expressed by the general
population, and the current practice of telework in organisations. The countries with the
least use of telework, i.e. Italy (2.2%) and Spain (3.6%) also show the highest interest in
it amongst the general population (45.4% and 54.6% respectively).
10 Huws, U./Korte, W.B./Robinson, S.: Telework - Towards the Elusive Office. John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester 1990
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The telework demand figures (interest and willingness of organisations to practice
telework) are at comparable levels, i.e. more than a third of decision-makers in Europe
are interested in telework. Nevertheless, in both cases, i.e. both the potential supply of
teleworkers as well as the demand from organisations for teleworking, a large gap still
exists between current telework practice and its potential in terms of interest.
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2.4. Legal, Organisational and Management Issues in Telework. New Ways to
Work in the Virtual European Company
2.4.1. Flexible employment
Telework can help introduce new flexibility into employment. The removal of obstacles
inhibiting teleworking activities is essential for the creation of "virtual businesses," with
fully integrated activities, which could be distributed throughout the European Economic
Area, thus supporting the consolidation of the European internal market. In order to
complement the stimulation of transborder telework through demonstration projects, indepth
analyses have been carried out with respect to management, labour relations and
legal issues. The main recommendations of these analyses by the COBRA, ATTICA and
PRACTICE projects are summarised in this report.
Telework can help introduce new flexibility into employment. The main areas of
potential application are currently in data and text processing (50%); programming
(40%); writing, editing, translating and accounting (30%); secretarial functions
(20%); marketing and training (15%) and research/consultancy activities (14%) 11 .
The term teleworking covers a wide range of activities: it includes home teleworking,
satellite centre working, (where an office provides the means for one firm's employees to
work at a distance from the firm), telecentre working, (where an office is shared by
several firms), distance group working and teleservices provision as in telesecretariats,
and telemaintenance.
The main areas of potential application are currently in data and text processing (50%);
programming (40%); writing, editing, translating and accounting (30%); secretarial
functions (20%); marketing and training (15%) and research/consultancy activities
(14%) 1 .
2.4.2. Customer Driven Business Organisation
Since the beginning of the 1990s, a revolution in business organisation has been
sweeping Europe. Corporations have been adopting a new US management technique
called business process re-engineering (BPR). BPR as a way of re-organising business
around processes rather than functions. This leads to a more focused customer-driven
organisation and which is also usually accompanied by the contracting out of what are
called non-core activities.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, a revolution in business organisation has been
sweeping Europe. BPR is a way of re-organising business around processes rather than
functions.
BPR produces greater flexibility, which is achieved through the use of part-timers,
associates and outsourced workers; whose membership is flexible and temporary. A key
result is that companies can react to external pressures more rapidly, bringing in skills at
11 Telework: Penetration, Potential and Practice in Europe, final report of project TELDET, July 1995
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Telework 96
critical times on ad hoc basis. Companies that have engaged in the BPR process become
slimmer, flatter with fewer layers of management. They depend also on advanced
communications systems enabling location independent work.
At the heart of both BPR and Telework lies a greater use of IT and telecommunications
systems, with work being distributed among networks of people and individuals. These
are key features of re-engineered businesses, conducive to teleworking: The shift from
simple tasks to multi-dimensional work; the performance focus from presence to results,
empowerment and location independence.
At the heart of both BPR and Telework lies a greater use of IT and
telecommunications systems, with work being distributed among networks of people
and individuals.
As the structure of organisations changes so does the structure of work. Teleworking is
part of the new way of working in modern enterprises. One major contrast exists
however: decisions to implement BPR are taken at strategic and high levels of
management, whereas telework tends to be initiated by personnel departments at
relatively low levels of management. If telework is to be used as a flexible tool for
reorganisation, it needs a focus at strategic levels of management.
2.4.3. New opportunities
Research in the USA suggests that BPR creates new enterprises and new jobs - often
involving teleworkers. Teleworking itself also opens up new opportunities for more work
for disadvantaged people and for disadvantaged regions by allowing people to earn a
living near home rather than having to travel to a city centre. However, traditional
Labour unions feel threatened by teleworking. Where lost jobs have been replaced by
part-time or self employed teleworkers, trade unions in Europe have been concerned.
Teleworking must not become a means by which firms by-pass good employment
practice. In addition, teleworking and the rise of self-employed/part-time/contract
working raises important questions for social welfare policies. A much more fluid
workforce will require different social benefits systems.
If telework is to be used as a flexible tool for reorganisation, it needs a focus at
strategic levels of management. Research in the USA suggests that BPR creates new
enterprises and new jobs - often involving teleworkers. Teleworking requires a highly
skilled workforce.
Therefore in those societies where there is an educational and skills gulf between the
skilled and the unskilled teleworking could well result in an even greater proportion of
work flowing towards the better educated and better skilled populace and away from
those who lack the requisite qualifications. This problem can be compounded by
national welfare systems which are largely founded on the premise that people work fulltime
or not at all. Individual companies and governments policy makers need to prepare
for the age of teleworking. Individuals should be encouraged to re-train with teleworking
in mind, and companies that are reducing their core workforce as a result of BPR should
offer to prepare and equip redundant workers with at least some of the skills that they
will require in order to telework outside the new core. For governments the key issues in
this context will be a) how to adjust their education and training programmes to a much
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more flexible and mobile workforce and b) how to reframe the rules and conditions
concerning social welfare payments.
Individual companies and governments policy makers need to prepare for the age of
teleworking. Individuals should be encouraged to re-train with teleworking in mind,
and companies that are reducing their core workforce as a result of BPR should
offer to prepare and equip redundant workers with at least some of the skills that
they will require in order to telework outside the new core.
2.4.4. Legal issues
The problem for teleworking from the legal point of view is that there is no distinct legal
framework addressing teleworking in any EU Member State. Teleworking, which by its
very nature is very flexible, does not fit in easily with existing legislation and regulations
which are predicated on concepts (e.g. about work, about an employer's relationship to
employees about the place of work) from the industrial age.
The problem for teleworking from the legal point of view is that there is no distinct
legal framework addressing teleworking in any EU Member State.
To address these difficulties, the ATTICA project has proposed that teleworking be put
into a separate legal framework, and that existing legislation be adapted to cover
teleworking. It is suggested that telework should be granted a special fiscal status, which
would both make the position of today's teleworkers easier and encourage the general
development of teleworking. While these suggestions may be over-ambitious, it is clear
that National employment legislation in Europe, in so far as it relates at all to
teleworkers, is chaotic. Most important of all, the legal status of home teleworkers is
often unclear. It is unclear whether health and safety laws apply to teleworkers' homes.
The question of teleworkers' privacy challenges an employer's customary right to
examine the conditions in which work is performed. In the field of social welfare, the
rights of teleworkers seem to depend on whether they are full-time or part-time workers,
but many teleworkers are in practice part-time or temporary workers.
2.4.5. Barriers to cross-border telework
Barriers to cross-border teleworking place significant impediments on businesses that
want to expand their activities across Europe by using telework. The barriers both
damage the prospects for businesses and inhibit their development in certain areas of
Europe: firms will concentrate their activities in those countries where local and national
laws are the most favourable to flexible working practices and where the
telecommunications infrastructure is the most advanced.
However, it is difficult to determine which laws should apply to specific types of
teleworking. In part this is because there is a dearth of case law to serve as a precedent.
In one field of endeavour, national laws are clear - public service. Each Member States'
legislation on the conditions of work for public servants specifically allows or rules out
teleworking. The UK law permits public servants to telework, French law does not.
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The present tax laws in European countries are also unclear. This is especially so in cases
where the teleworking is split between a number of locations. An important source of
concern is the conflicting rules on reimbursing teleworkers' expenses. A parallel problem
is that most tax and local authority planning regulations make a distinction between
business and private premises.
Barriers to cross-border teleworking place significant impediments on businesses
that want to expand their activities across Europe by using telework. The barriers
both damage the prospects for businesses and inhibit their development in certain
areas of Europe: firms will concentrate their activities in those countries where local
and national laws are the most favourable to flexible working practices and where
the telecommunications infrastructure is the most advanced.
Without changes to the legal and tax structures and without improvements to the
telecommunications infrastructure and the methods of ensuring data protection, new
business activities involving teleworking will grow unevenly across Europe and their full
potential will not be realised.
2.4.6. Summary of recommendations
In order to deal with the impact of BPR and teleworking, governments need to review
their education and training programmes, and to re-frame their social welfare legislation.
There must be increased awareness at strategic management levels; also legal and
taxation issues must be addressed.
Teleworking needs to be framed within a clear legal code and in some cases, additional
national legislation is required to facilitate teleworking.
In particular Tax systems need clarification on a range of different issues. Also:
- countries which do have homeworking legislation should be encouraged to extend this
to cover telework;
- countries which have legislation that disallows public servants from teleworking
should consider amendments;
- contracts of work and collective agreements should specifically set out conditions and
rights of teleworkers;
- health and safety legislation should apply to telework.
In order to deal with the impact of BPR and teleworking, governments need to review
their education and training programmes, and to re-frame their social welfare
legislation. There must be increased awareness at strategic management levels; also
legal and taxation issues must be addressed.
In order to enhance Transborder telework, systems of social security should be taken into
account when deciding which organisations should be the contributors and recipients of
contributions. Insurance companies should be encouraged to design policies for
transborder work, with special provisions for home teleworkers. There needs to be clear
data security regulations and practice for transborder telework.
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2.4.7. Telework and the Information Society
Telework is a key component of the Information Society. It offers new employment
opportunities, especially for the disadvantaged regions of Europe. It is also important as
an instrument for European competitiveness, though the potential competitive advantage
will not be realised until the obstacles to growth of teleworking have been removed .
Possible measures for stimulation include the following:
• Teleworking and telework experiments should be promoted by awareness-raising
• campaigns by Member States, such as through,
• direct assistance measures providing targeted financial support
• indirect measures to help firms implement projects
• support for Telecentres and teleports in development areas.
Telework is a key component of the Information Society. It offers new employment
opportunities, especially for the disadvantaged regions of Europe. It is also
important as an instrument for European competitiveness. Initiatives could be taken
by the EU, to co-ordinate these measures, and there needs to be an organisation to
support telework development at European level.
Such stimulation, accompanied by legislative and taxation initiatives, are needed to
optimise transborder teleworking projects, and to raise awareness of communications
facilities and their enormous potential for transborder telework.
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2.5. Telework and Small Business Networking
2.5.1. Introduction
Small and medium sized businesses are now widely recognised as holding the key to
future economic growth: that growth will only come through if the SMEs make
maximum use of the potential offered by telematics and if they make that use at the
earliest possible time.
This report summarises the outcomes of six projects undertaking RTD and
demonstrations concerned with small business networking in the context of telework. A
brief combined summary might run the risk of seeming to trivialise individual projects,
so more details of each of the six projects (EBNET, EVONET, RECITE, RITE, SBN and
TESSE) are appended individually. In total, the six projects made a significant
contribution to the understanding of SME networking as a practical activity, both in
terms of facilitating increased activity, and also of making the benefits flow to SMEs, to
regions and to the EC generally.
Two projects (EBNET and TESSE) dealt with the international networking of SMEs in
the generic sense: both developed activities in mentoring and netware brokerage, and
each considered conceptual frameworks for the subject, EBNET developing quantitative
measurement techniques (i.e. addressing the question “how much” for networking) and
TESSE in terms of value chain analysis (a topic also looked at elsewhere by the
ACCORDE project). EBNET produced important outcomes in distinguishing the
characteristics of micro-SMEs (>10 individuals), and TESSE demonstrated how
individuality may be accommodated in networking.
Two further projects (SBN and RITE) considered the relevance of inter-networking for
SMEs, and specifically of Internet usage and maximise the potential value of its use as a
business tool. SBN surveyed this subject against the background of EDI and the use of
Value Added Networks; RITE established a regional Internet server network both as a
means of supply and as a means of structuring access to information for those from
outside a region. SBN showed how “soft-EDI” could benefit SMEs, while RITE gave
clear indications to SMEs and to regions on ways of increasing their marketing weight.
Finally, two projects concerned themselves with appropriate technologies and technology
implementations for SMEs; EVONET considered what products were available in the
market for networking SMEs, and especially for individual mobile professionals,
creating solutions for existing products and also designing anew; and RECITE applied
existing technologies in harsh real-world environments showing how to gain real value
from innovative applications of existing products. EVONET created innovative and
successful techniques based on computer linked voice telephony; RECITE showed
particularly exciting potential for the combination of GSM data and notebook Pcs.
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2.5.2. About SME Networking
A great deal of ambiguity currently accompanies the use of the words “network” and
“networking”. For people with a technical background, the use of these terms usually
refers to the hardware, software and other elements involved in linking computers
together in the form of local or wide area networks (LANs or WANs), or private or
public networks. However, for the people and businesses actually using these electronic
networks, the terms tend to be used mainly in the non-technical sense and to denote a
wide range of socio-commercial activities.
Successful networking in that non-technical sense tends to be associated with peer-topeer
relationships where there is a degree of mutual respect between those involved, and
common understanding of the nature and scope of the network members’ commercial or
professional self-interest. Networking between individuals and organisations where
there is a significant differential in the possession of wealth, power, information and
status tend not to work so well. The EBNET, RECITE, RITE and TESSE projects all
developed networks based on peer relationships to some extent. SBN was concerned
with the “non-peer” networking involved in EDI, but also tended to confirm the
difficulties inherently associated with networking large corporate bodies together with
SMEs and micro-SMEs.
There is also much scope for confusion and ambiguity when discussing small businesses:
in particular EBNET demonstrated very sharp distinctions between the characteristics of
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‘smallness’ of any individual SME in attempting to make an impression via Internet (and
particularly World Wide Web) usage. Maximising the impact of SMEs, and structuring
the information flow so that users (especially international users) can access it in an
orderly and directed fashion was achieved in RITE through regional servers, so turning
what is often considered a problem (i.e. regionality and hence peripherality) to positive
advantage.
2.5.4. Appropriate Technologies for SME use
The normal evolution of telematics products and services is for products to originate in
(and for) large corporate use, and to trickle down slowly to smaller company use,
acquiring necessary SME modifications on the way. The EVONET project shortcircuited
this procedure to create new custom-made facilities for SMEs and mobile
professionals in its Virtual Office set-up, providing real time (voice) communications
between people, and data communications between machines.
In doing this, however, EVONET identified the need for more specifically appropriate
switching products, and encountered some difficulty with the legal issues of international
telephone traffic. Other projects (e.g. EBNET and SBN) also produced evidence of a
degree of difficulty arising for SMEs because national telephone companies tend to
market only in terms of “residential” and “corporate” customers, not having yet
sufficiently appreciated the size and value of the teleworking, SME networking and
SoHo (Small office/Home office) market.
Contrasting with this relative slowness of telephone companies, the adaptability of
“corporate” software products to SME use was dramatically highlighted in RECITE,
where Lotus Notes groupware was very successfully implemented in SME building
businesses whose building site locations could hardly be more different from the clean
and glossy large corporate offices pictured in the marketing materials for such products.
RECITE also convincingly demonstrated the value of combining notebook PCs with
GSM data transmission for SMEs. The GSM provision for data transfer had (in 1994)
been somewhat neglected because of the explosive growth in GSM voice traffic, so that
RECITE’s work represents an important first step into a promising new field.
2.5.5. Relationships Between Projects
Although the six projects described in this report were managed separately, considerable
effort was put into ensuring full and free flow of information between the projects.
Concertation meetings were held at regular intervals so that projects had the benefit of,
on average, nine meetings held jointly with other projects: this not only made the
findings and deliverables of projects available to each of the other projects prior to
publication (and so avoided wasteful repetition), it also provided a valuable opportunity
for the exchange of views and assessments of current and future developments. In such a
rapidly developing field this was an essential ingredient of success. Companies in
Denmark, Germany and the UK, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands,
Hungary and the Czech Republic collaborated in these projects to the great benefit of
transborder teleworking.
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2.5.6. Practical Outcomes
The totality of the deliverables of these projects (listed individually as an appendix to this
report) represents a substantial resource particularly well suited to the needs of e.g.
regional economic development agencies faced with the real practical need to facilitate
more and faster uptake of telematics potential. As direct outcomes from the project,
large numbers of European SMEs benefited directly as various levels:
• 300 SMEs received direct assistance in the form of facilitation or mentoring of
network activities;
• more than 1000 SMEs received demonstrations of networking potential, tools and
techniques;
• 3000 SMEs responded to various consultation exercise in the projects;
• as many as 50,000 SMEs were made in some way aware of the benefits of telematics
techniques through attendance at exhibitions and seminars concerning the projects.;
• one totally new product (in EVONET) and three new techniques for innovative use of
existing products (in EVONET, RITE and RECITE) were developed.
2.5.7. Conclusions and Work for the Future
In addition to the specific outcomes of the individual projects, certain features occur
repetitively through numbers of projects. Despite the high levels of media publicity,
actual uptake rates for many telematics techniques are relatively low (EBNET, RECITE,
SBN and TESSE): this is often related to mundane and trivial difficulties. In this respect,
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• Grouping SMEs regionally
• Other networking structures
• Development of SME-relevant hardware
• ISDN switching for SMEs
• Loosening the TO grip on switching out of and into public networks.
2.5.8. Recommendations
As the rate of change in telematics continues unabated, inevitably there is a continuing
need to encourage the spread of innovative new methods into the widest possible
business context: these six projects show very clearly how this has been achieved today
and how it may be achieved in the future. They also demonstrate clearly that the
acceleration of SME uptake of new methods of working requires both ongoing action in
facilitating and monitoring SME networks in the use of existing and well understood
tools and techniques, whilst at the same time innovative new uses for recently developed
tools and techniques need to be developed and piloted.
The first of these activities falls naturally into the realms of economic development
agencies in Member States, and also of the EC Structural Funds. The second activity
indicates a need for continuing action by Directorate XIII in maintaining a rolling
programme of innovation and evaluation in the continually changing area of SMErelevant
telematics development.
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2.6. Local telework centres and transnational collaboration:
2.6.1. Executive summary
Teleworking is a growing phenomenon. Technological developments are opening up
new, more flexible, ways of working. It is no longer necessarily essential for individuals
to be physically present all the time at their employer's or client's premises. Instead they
can choose to telework - to work at a distance using information and telecommunications
technology.
The flexibility which teleworking can offer makes this method of working potentially
attractive both to individuals and to organisations. It can also be a way of bringing work
opportunities to less advantaged regions and to groups who might otherwise have less
opportunity to find paid employment.
The term teleworking is sometimes assumed to mean simply working from home.
However, telework can be undertaken from local centres as much as from individual
homes. Four projects funded by the European Commission under its Telework
Stimulation programme explored the role which Telecentres can play in supporting and
developing teleworking work practices. Their findings are summarised in this report.
As will be seen, the four projects shared in addition a common interest in establishing the
possibilities and potential of transnational forms of teleworking. All four also had in
common an enthusiasm for the pioneering work they were undertaking, reflected in the
successful outcomes of each project.
The four projects were:
* OFFNET. This project researched the potential for encouraging medium- to largescale
organisations to make use of neighbourhood offices located in community-based
Telecentres, as workbases for their employees or contractors.
* EVONET. This project explored the concept of providing computing facilities
available at centres for business travellers who needed access to facilities on an
informal short-term basis. EVONET also investigated ways for routing telephone calls
internationally through such centres, allowing companies to offer a 'virtual' presence
for sales and enquiries in other countries.
* TWIN. The TWIN project investigated the potential of teleworking for people with
disabilities, and examined the social and economic constraints which may prevent
them being able to find work in this way.
* The HRM Telework Centre project considered the possibilities of providing business
advice for smaller businesses, through an international on-line, networked, group of
advice centres.
Between them, the projects' experiences offer interesting and useful lessons for the
development of new forms of more flexible working in Europe.
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2.6.2. Telecentres and smaller businesses
Much of the potential for job creation in Europe rests with small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs). The HRM TC, TWIN and EVONET projects all made contributions
to exploring ways in which small businesses and the self-employed can make use of
Telecentres and teleworking.
If SMEs are important, there is clearly a strategic value in ensuring that business advice
is made available to this sector in a suitably appropriate form. Whether provided by
private-sector organisations or public bodies, business advice generally tends to be
delivered at a local level. Telematics, however, enables advice centres to network
together to share resources and expertise.
This was the starting point for the HRM TC project, based in the former steel-production
centres straddling the French (Lorraine), Belgian (Wallonie) and Luxembourg borders,
which developed a model of TeleService Centres (Centres de TéléService). This model
was demonstrated in a pilot trans-border scheme involving three CTSs, in Belgium and
France.
Under this model, the business person seeking assistance makes contact with a local
TeleService Centre either in person, by telephone, by fax, or via an on-line service. Each
individual centre is networked together through computer links, and enquiries which
cannot be dealt with locally are passed through the network either to another TeleService
Centre or to an individual expert specialist, also connected to the network.
Small businesses can also use telematics to develop markets outside the immediate
locality, or indeed the country, where they are based. The idea of companies effectively
creating a 'virtual' presence for themselves in other countries was something which the
EVONET project explored in a very practical way.
EVONET developed technology for an international telephone switching service, which
will enable Telecentres or business centres in one country to act as virtual offices for
companies based in other countries. Under this service, calls from potential customers in
one country are answered and then forwarded automatically to the appropriate person in
the host company, without the caller necessarily being aware of where the person they
are talking to is based.
EVONET’s 'trunk-to-trunk switching' service has been successfully implemented at four
business centres. Unfortunately, however, there are legislative restrictions in force in
several countries which have yet to liberalise their international telephony rules, which
currently mean that this service cannot be used in all European countries.
Disabled people face barriers of other kinds, and because of economic, social and
political hurdles in their way are more likely than other groups to make their own work
through self-employment. Teleworking can expand dramatically the employment
possibilities for disabled people and the development of assisting technology means that
the disabled now, for perhaps the first time, can compete in the labour market on a more
or less equal footing.
The TWIN project partners between them monitored developments at eleven pilot sites
where people with disabilities were undertaking training in teleworking or were engaging
in telework itself. These were in Greece, Italy, Finland, Ireland and the UK.
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The attitude of the majority of participants in these centres to the idea of teleworking was
overwhelmingly positive. Telework was seen as potentially offering flexibility, control
over the working environment, greater opportunities and social integration. However,
there was frustration at the lack of immediate paid work. A common problem between
countries was the 'benefits trap', where any attempt to take paid work led to immediate
loss of disability benefits.
In a series of recommendations, the TWIN partners have argued that people with
disabilities who can be employed through teleworking should not lose social welfare
benefits as a consequence. Teleworking by disabled people should never be introduced
to segregate disabled employees from non-disabled workers.
2.6.3. Telecentres and larger businesses
The growing network of Telecentres (sometimes called Telecottages) in several
European countries provide access at local community level to information and
telecommunications technology. Most of these Telecentres have been supported initially
by grant-funding, but increasingly other sources of income will be needed to enable them
to continue.
One possibility is for them to offer workspace for rental use (on a full-time, part-time or
occasional basis) by employees and contractors of larger organisations based elsewhere.
This sort of 'neighbourhood office' concept has potential advantages over home-based
telework (including the opportunity for social and technical support, access to
administrative services and to sophisticated technology). It provides an alternative also
to the traditional branch office model for larger organisations, or to the use of
outsourcing companies.
The neighbourhood office idea was piloted successfully in four out of six local
Telecentres which participated in the OFFNET project, the successful projects being
located in Austria and the United Kingdom. The centres found that in general clients for
the pilots were found through personal contacts rather than through the major marketing
and publicity drives undertaken. An enthusiastic 'sponsor' at a senior level within the
client organisation was necessary to drive forward the neighbourhood office idea.
Private sector organisations are in general at present unfamiliar with the neighbourhood
office concept. Although home-based teleworking has a number of disadvantages for
employers, companies which are contemplating moves to flexible work models are
influenced by cost considerations which tend at present to favour home-based rather than
neighbourhood office teleworking.
By contrast, public sector organisations such as local government bodies have been
found to be much more likely to be prepared to base staff at neighbourhood offices,
partly through a desire to provide service delivery close to citizens. The most successful
pilot under the OFFNET project saw about 30 staff from a local authority in Wales
working out of a neighbourhood office.
2.6.4. Teleworking across national boundaries
The technology which makes teleworking possible helps to make it more possible to
work across national boundaries.
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The TWIN pilot sites, the OFFNET neighbourhood offices, and the HRM TC project
TeleService Centres all engaged in trans-national networking. The OFFNET project, for
example, undertook a pilot language translation service, taking advantage of the
opportunity to transfer files electronically by CompuServe.
The OFFNET experiment helped to identify some of the constraints to the development
of inter-trading between Telecentres. The OFFNET partners point out that there must be
sound commercial reasons (such as quality, speed or price considerations) for sending
work internationally to another centre. There are also technical issues to resolve, such as
ensuring that payment is made without delay and without unnecessary administration.
The EVONET project explored ways that business travellers could have access to the
computing and telematic services they need whilst physically on the move. Several
members of the Global Office Network, an alliance of business centres in cities across
Europe which rent out office space, participated in a project to provide computing
facilities for business-people, available for use on a casual 'walk-in' basis. In total, these
'kitted workstations' were installed in centres in The Hague, Amsterdam, Salzburg,
Berlin, Bombay, Delhi, Paris (3), Lyon, Budapest, Essen, Dortmund, Hagen, London (2),
Prague and Nice.
Initial plans to provide a uniform standard of service in each city proved premature.
Kitted workstations provide travellers at the least with a desk, telephone and access to
shared computer printer facilities, but several centres have made more sophisticated
equipment available. Business centres vary in how they charge for workstation usage but
in general informal booking systems are favoured, relying on a high level of trust.
Security issues have generally not proved problematical.
Teleworking across national boundaries is clearly technically possible, as these four
projects have helped to demonstrate. There remain, however, some practical barriers to
be faced. For example, the EVONET partners point out that their demonstration of
trunk-to-trunk switching and the 'virtual' office concept raises legal issues - if business is
conducted in this way, which country's trading and tax laws apply to any business
contracts agreed
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2.7. Telework, Telecommuting and Decentralisation
2.7.1. Executive Summary
Much has already been written about the theory of teleworking - that is, of working at a
distance using information and communication technologies.
This report looks not so much at the theoretical possibilities of teleworking but rather at
its successful practice. It describes the experiences and insights which have emerged
from three projects, funded by the European Commission under its Telework Stimulation
programme.
The projects - Worknet, Teleurba and Experts Unlimited (Expun) - operated for eighteen
months in 1994 and 1995 and between them their findings contribute richly to our
understanding of this method of working. For example, in this report can be found
accounts of:
How a worker with severe disabilities received her induction training for a new job at
home, using e-mail and a modem
How a teleworking pilot run by a Dutch government organisation reduced travelling time
and traffic congestion
How a large corporate manufacturer (Italtel) set about instituting a teleworking
programme for employees
How an academic telecommuted between institutions in France and Italy, 'teletutoring'
his students using video-conferencing
How small businesses in Ireland received business advice by telephone, using an
innovative 'telementoring' scheme
How a self-employed freelance editorial consultant saved time and effort by adopting
telematics in his business
2.7.2. The projects covered
The three projects described in this report were:
a) WORKNET. This monitored the introduction of teleworking programmes in five
organisations, in France and Italy. The organisations ranged from a very large
corporate player to a very small SME.
b) EXPERTS UNLIMITED. This project, with partners in the United Kingdom, Spain
and Ireland, explored the opportunities of using the telephone (and, especially,
Higher Premium Rate telephone services) to offer advice lines to customers, staffed
by geographically dispersed professionally qualified experts.
c) TELEURBA. This project, with partners in France, the Netherlands, Spain and the
United Kingdom, offered a detailed analysis of the likely implications for traffic
congestion in four urban areas of an increased use of teleworking.
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2.7.3. Maximising the advantages, minimising the problems
Teleworking potentially offers advantages to business, to individual workers and to
society as a whole. But there are also possible pitfalls to guard against. It is clearly
necessary to ensure that the implications of teleworking programmes to the individuals
and organisations involved are properly understood and prepared for.
Italtel's observations, as reported by the Worknet project, are interesting in this respect.
Italtel developed a pilot home teleworking scheme for 13 long-standing employees.
Apart from its natural interest as a telecoms manufacturer in the market potential of
telework, the company had hopes that the programme would bring it two main benefits:
Improved efficiency, through improved productivity, reduction of overheads, increased
flexibility and a reduction in hierarchical management
Improved use of labour resources, through better retention of staff and recruitment from a
wider pool of staff.
At the end of its pilot, Italtel managers estimated that the performance of staff had
increased by 20%. The firm concluded that the preconditions for successful telework
include the following:
• identification of the business objectives (personal enthusiasm for teleworking is not a
good business reason);
• careful analysis and selection of the tasks to be performed;
• careful selection of volunteer teleworkers;
• relationships between managers and teleworkers based on trust;
• support of senior management;
• appropriate training before and during telework implementation;
• teleworkers to have already worked for the company.
Italtel's teleworkers remained company employees, and the programme was subject to
trade union approval. The Dutch government teleworking pilot reported by the Teleurba
project also involved employees.
The question perhaps is whether the experience of teleworking is different in the case of
self-employed individuals. The Worknet project studied a number of telework pilots of
this kind, including the case of the small Italian advertising and graphics firm Expo
where the worker concerned had already been operating as a freelance writer. He was
aware that some assessments of teleworking had stressed the isolation of working from
home, but he reported that this did not turn out to be an issue for him. He declared
himself very satisfied with the advantages of working from home using a modem: "The
benefits are the time saved travelling between home and Expo, and fewer interruptions in
my working day - excellent!" He added, however, that isolation could be a problem for
future generations of workers who telework from the start of their working lives.
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The Teleurba project also recognised that there could be some disadvantages for
individual workers in teleworking but concluded that these risks could generally be
handled satisfactorily, and reported that telework was generally perceived positively by
individuals. Teleurba added that telework needed to be implemented by companies as a
social as well as an economic issue, and it also urged decision-making bodies in Europe
to put telework on the political agenda for discussion.
Teleurba's main findings, however, concerned the potential benefits to society as a whole
from increased teleworking, especially in relation to its role in helping reduce traffic
congestion in urban areas.
2.7.4. The importance of experimentation
A comment attributed to Opiocolor, another company studied by the Worknet project, is
perhaps of particular note. The firm, a medium-sized French business, developed a yearlong
telework pilot making use of a teleworking agent in Italy. It reported that, in strict
financial terms, the pilot had not proved commercially successful. Nevertheless, the
company stressed that it was intending to continue to experiment with remote
teleworking. From the lessons of the pilot, it was planning a major development in its
marketing approach to customers, with the introduction of teleworking sales staff or
'televendors'.
Experimentation is important if the opportunities of technological change are to be
properly grasped in Europe. Another project, Experts Unlimited, focused on the
emerging commercial possibilities opening up through the development of premium rate
telephone lines, especially the expensive Higher Premium Rate services.
Experts Unlimited aimed to demonstrate the business opportunities of providing realtime
one-to-one professional advice by telephone through pilot experiments in three
countries (Spain, Scotland and Ireland). As it pointed out, professional advice is
conventionally offered in face-to-face meetings, which can be expensive in terms of both
time and money. Using the telephone as a medium for delivery of this advice provides a
way of overcoming geographical limitations and, potentially, of making businesses more
efficient. With the advent of high premium rate telephone services and automatic
payment via phone bills or credit cards, it becomes possible for the first time for
teleworking professional advisers to receive adequate remuneration for their services
from clients.
Experimentation also means looking again at issues of management and supervision.
Traditionally, companies have relied on direct physical supervision of their employees -
making sure that they are, at least, present and apparently engaged in work. Distance
teleworking inevitably changes the supervisory relationship, relying instead on
management by results.
The telework experiences reported in this report suggest that both management and
individual workers can adapt to the new relationships necessary. If there is a resistance
to teleworking in companies, it is perhaps most likely to come from the ranks of middle
managers, who see their own established positions and ways of working under implicit
attack.
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2.7.5. Using technology in innovative ways
It is how technology is used, rather than the technology itself, which is important. The
various telework programmes researched by the three projects between them offered a
wide range of innovative uses of information and communication technologies.
The Worknet case of the professor based at academic institutions in both southern France
and northern Italy is an interesting example. Instead of having to make lengthy car
journeys between his two sets of students, video-conferencing potentially allowed him to
remain in contact with both at the same time. Effectively, he was able to benefit from the
opportunity to telecommute, rather than commute, between the two centres.
The pilot trials of the video-conferencing link also show how other applications can
emerge during the course of experimentation. In this case, the technology enabled the
development of a 'virtual academic space' for discussion between colleagues, a use not
originally envisaged when the pilot was devised.
The various accounts in this report do however also show the frustrations which can be
involved when using new technologies. For example, the academic video-conferencing
programme was handicapped by the limitations in the Internet's bandwidth, and with
technical problems in using the file transfer software. Another example was the problem
faced by the Expo teleworker in acquiring a modem and then getting it to work; his
account of the lengthy delays, spreading over many weeks, will strike a chord with many
people.
2.7.6. Internationalisation and decentralisation
The various teleworking pilots described in this report together make the point that the
geography of work is changing. No longer is it necessary for a company's workers to be
together physically in one place; a corollary of this is that neither do they necessarily
need to live in close proximity to one another.
This opens up exciting prospects for rejuvenating economically deprived, remote or rural
areas - though, as Teleurba pointed out, telework equally has much to offer urban areas
as well.
It also challenges the traditional view of the commercial benefits to be obtained from
ever-greater centralisation. But if teleworking should lead organisations to look again at
the potential benefits of decentralisation it also, apparently paradoxically, points towards
the growing internationalisation of work.
As the trans-national partnerships of all three projects amply demonstrate, telework
acknowledges no international boundaries. Not everyone will necessarily find work by
telecommuting between countries, but it can be done - and, indeed, this report shows that
it has been done.
Telework is an important issue for the future economic health of our continent, and the
findings of these three Telework Stimulation projects are a valuable addition to the
telework debate.
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Telework 96
3. EUROPEAN TELEWORK WEEK
3.1. Purposes and achievements
The first European Telework Week (ETW95)was held November 9-16, 1995, with Mr
Bangemann as patron, sponsored by private sector and national and regional authorities,
and achieved a very public level of recognition, with 32 registered events in 12 member
states, ranging from road shows and exhibitions to conferences and media events.
During that period there was a boost of attention in national and international press (Wall
Street Journal, Times), and radio and TV coverage in at least 6 member states and on
EuroNews.
The Goals of implementing a European Telework Week Initiative are:
• To raise awareness within industry, administrations and the individual, of the
potential benefits of teleworking.
• To promote constructive debate on working and living in the information age. This
covers issues surrounding telework like the potential impact on: competitiveness of
European business, the social implications, the quality of life.
• To promote the uptake of actual projects/demonstrations/pilots by showing that there
is a lot of telework going already
It links closely to the Telework Stimulation Actions, by offering a framework for
exploitation of the results, derived from the actions.
3.2. The Events registered.
Three events formed the core of European Telework Week: the ACTS and National
Hosts Conference “A Day in Information Society” in Vienna, the 2nd European
Assembly on Teleworking and New Ways to Work in Rome, and the Telework’95
exhibition and conference “Tomorrow’s Workplace” in London.
At the ACTS National Host Conference, an initiative of DG XIII B and the National
Hosts, attention was given to “A Day in the Information Society” on the first day. It was
also the first time that a Telework Concertation Chain meeting was held (see: Telework
under ACTS”). The attempt to achieve a video link between Vienna and the European
Assembly in Rome failed. Other, more successful links were established (a/o. with Paris).
Media attention was high, with special attention to telework, since the 4th European
Assembly was already announced to be hosted by Vienna in 1996.
The 2nd European Assembly was, again, the key event for debates at a European level.
With more than 300 participants, ranging from parliamentarians to industrialists,
telework pioneers to union representatives, meeting each other and debating on telework
it was again a unique opportunity to progress the debate. Main topics were Regulations,
Organisation and Management, global information society, sustainability in the
information society, and electronic superhighways.
Telework UK 95, held at the Barbican centre in London was initiated in close cooperation
with the UK Department of Trade and Industry and aimed primarily at the
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Telework 96
British business community. Many of Britain’s largest companies were represented - and
of these it transpired that a surprising number were already either running teleworking
projects or actively planning to introduce teleworking.
Other events ranged from the National Telework Award in the Netherlands, to a bus
tours in Sweden (visiting youth at schools), Germany (visiting businesses), and France
(visiting the European Parliament in Strasbourg), from the formation of a “national
committee” in Belgium, with commitment from the Belgium Prime Minister, both the
Prime Ministers from the regions and prominent leaders of science and industry, and
Spain, with 39 leaders of industry, government, and politics, under which the presidents
of the two main labour unions.
The events were organised and financed at national, regional and local level.
Mechanisms have been put in place to help organisers of events gain visibility under the
umbrella of the European Telework Week in order to ensure wide coverage by television,
radio, newspaper, magazines, and cyberspace, to allow organisations with opportunities
to establish links with other events, and to ensure a maximum impact.
All organisers of events were asked to register their planned event as part of the
European Telework Week, for which in return the use of the European Telework Week
logo was offered and the details of the event were made available through the
Commission’s services. The following list represents the registered events:
Country Event Date Organiser Type -
Attendance
Austria ACTS 2nd
06-11-95 to Pro In Conference -
National Hosts 10-11-95 Consulting 700 (150 fulltime)
Conference
Sweden IT Board for
Youth meets
pupils from 5
schools
Sweden Open Day in 12
06-11-95 Ungdomens
IT-råd
07-11-95 Telecottages
Telecottages
Sweden
Italy Telework '95 08-11-95 to ECTF
10-11-95 International
Sweden Lerum Tele work 09-11-95 Lerum
Centre Opening
Kommun &
Telia
Sweden Teleworkday 09-11-95 Distans
Forum
UK
Sweden
Belgium
France
Training and the
Super Highway
Teleworking in
Sweden and
Europe
Telewerken in uw
Bedrijf
Cyberbus ETW
Roadshow
Video
Conference
Open Doors -
est. 1500
Conference -
400
Opening - 30
Conference -
320
Place
Austria Centre,
(Vienna)
Throughout
Sweden
Throughout
Sweden
Conf.of It.
Industry, Rome
Lerum, County
of Göteborg
Stockholm,
Sundsvall,
Visby, etc.
London
09-11-95 TMPL
Training
Workshop
09-11-95 Teldok, Video
Rome,
Swedish conference Stockholm
Parliament
10-11-95 Innotek Conference - 30 Kredietbank,
Brussels
10-11-95 Fondations Roadshow European
to Trois Suisses
Parliament,
14-11-95
Strasbourg
Ireland Opportunities for 11-11-95 Cork Conference - Nat.College of
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Telework 96
Germany
Irish Teleworking
Telearbeit mit
Onlie-Diensten
Finland Telework and the
Work
Environment
Sweden Open House -
Neighbourhood
Office
Netherlands Traffic
Coordinators
Seminars
Netherlands Telework for
SMEs
Spain La ingenieria
telematica al
servicio de la
to
12-11-95
11-11-95
and
12-11-95
13-11-95
to
14-11-95
13-11-95
to
15-11-95
salud
UK Telework '95 14-11-95
to
16-11-95
Belgium
Belgium
Netherlands
Sweden
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Belgian National
Committee
Reception
Telewerken in de
Praktijk
Technical Aspects
of Telework
Teleworking
Centre
Bildungswerkstatt
in
Bremen
Finnish Inst.
for Occup.
Health
120 Industrial
Relations,
Dublin
Press
conference+
performance
Conference - 65
Open Doors -
300
COMBIT 95,
Bremen
Espoo
(Helsinki)
Nynäshamm &
Sorunda
13-11-95 Seminar - 250 Utrecht
13-11-95 KAN Seminar - 175 Arnhem
14-11-95 Instituto de
la ingenieria
de españa
UK Telework
Platform
14-11-95 Belgian TW
Association
14-11-95 Kamer van
Koophandel
14-11-95 ISDN
Integration
Centre
Seminar
Conference -
100
Reception - 400
Conference - 30
Seminar - 35
Madrid
The Barbican,
London
Brussels Town
Hall
Internatio-naal
Congres
Centrum, Ghent
Utrecht
15-11-95 SIF Union Seminar Stockholm
15-11-95 Seminar - 30 Amsterdam
15-11-95
to
16-11-95
The Impact of
Telework on the
economy and
social structure
Telework for
Female Entrepreneurs
Le Télétravail
dans la Société de
Demain
Union's Views on
Teleworking
Infor-
Femmes
15-11-95 Employees'
Union
Conference - 60
Conference - 80
Impact
Netherlands Telework Award 16-11-95 Telewerken Reception -
200
Sweden Distansarbete 16-11-95 County
Administrativ
e Board of
Jönköping
Conference
Centre
Brederode,
Brussels
Stockholm
Nederlands
Congrescentrum,
The
Hague
Jönköping
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Telework 96
Germany Open Day GDE &
TA
Netherlands Open Day -
Telework &
Satellite Offices
Netherlands Studie-middag
Telewerken
Denmark Distance
arbejde
17-11-95 TA
TeleArbeit
Open Doors -
10
17-11-95 Open Doors -
120
17-11-95 Rijkswatersta
at Noord-NL
28-11-95 TeleDanmark
Consult
Conference - 90
Conference - 90
Gladbeck &
Geilenkir-chen
Throughout
Holland
Golden Tulip
Hotel, Drachten
Radisson SAS
Hotel,
Copenhagen
3.3. Impact
Constructed around three previously planned events in Rome, Vienna and London, the
week was brought together using various methods. A core working group of consultants
and DG XIII officials managed, in a short space of time, to plan and implement a pan-
European media/public relations plan, where more than 1,000 journalists working in all
sectors of the media were contacted on several occasions with news releases and
invitations to attend events.
This three language PR campaign worked well, prompting further enquiries from media
as diverse as EuroNews (the cable and satellite TV news service based in Lyons), to The
European newspaper (circulation now exceeds 300,000 copies a week) to the UK's
Sunday Telegraph newspaper, a one hour programme on Dutch national television and
reams of coverage in national and specialist newspapers and magazines.
ETW also had its own Web home page and a special public messaging and library
section on the Telework Europa Forum of CompuServe.
The first Press Release was issued on 31 July 1995. This contained extracts from Peter
Johnston’s original letter, inviting interested parties to sign the Expression of Interest,
along with the background notes for journalists, giving statistics on the current
deployment of telework in Europe. This was faxed, posted and e-mailed to more than 600
journalists/publications.
The second press release was centred on Martin Bangemann’s decision to become
official “patron” of the week. This press release was issued to almost 1,000
journalists/media on September 10, 1995. Again, distribution was largely by fax, with
some e-mail and a small number by post.
3.3.1. Wider electronic dissemination
While journalists were contacted directly, contact with national organisers, organisations
which had signed the original Expression of Interest, and others had to be maintained.
Electronic files were uploaded to the Telework Europa Forum of CompuServe and to the
MTA Web Server, so that Internet users could “look up” information free of charge. All
issued press releases were also posted to various discussion groups used by journalists,
such as CIX on the Internet.
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Telework 96
In all, the media relations work meant the creation of 87 separate working files and the
upload of more than 100 files to the electronic forums on both CompuServe and the
WWW.
3.3.2. Other materials
A full page A4 colour advertisement was placed in Telewerken magazine (The
Netherlands) the European Journal of Teleworking and the Teleworker magazine (UK).
Total circulation approximately 10,000.
This advertisement formed the basis of the A5 flyer, which was produced and distributed
by the central dissemination facility of the Belgium Teleworking Association.
3.3.3. Measuring effectiveness
It has proved to be almost impossible to track all media mentions of European Telework
Week and the individual events bundled into and around the week. However, reported
media events are:
• Sweden - more than 130 separate press stories have appeared, along with mentions
on several TV programmes.
• Ireland - a large, 16 page Telework supplement was printed in the Sunday Business
Post on November 12. (circulation 50,000).
• The European newspaper published three articles over a month, relating to the week
and certain aspects. (weekly circulation 230,000).
• EuroNews, the cable and satellite TV station based outside Lyons in France has
already broadcast 20 slots based on video footage from The Netherlands and Sweden
and has accepted two more videos from Germany and The Netherlands for future
transmission. (broadcast claim of more than 10 million potential viewers).
• UK - the BBC Radio 5 magazine programme broadcast two mentions of ETW during
the week. (listening audience of 500,000, official BBC measurement).
• Spain - newspapers such as Il Mundo have carried telework stories. (Il Mundo daily
circulation of 807,000).
• UK - Financial Times and The Times (Interface section) have carried interviews
based around the week. (FT - 320,000 daily, Times - 372,000 daily).
• The Netherlands - a one hour live broadcast of the National Teleworking Awards
from Amsterdam (estimated viewing audience of one million).
• Wall Street Journal, International Edition (based in Brussels) carried part of the
original press release and included a review feature before Christmas. (daily
circulation in Europe of 200,000).
• In Belgium and the Netherlands national co-ordinators kept close track of the
publications regarding the activities during European Telework Week: 55 articles
were clipped in both daily press (Le Soir, De Standaard, De Telegraaf,...) and
specialist press.
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Telework 96
NETHERLANDS PUBLICATIONS DATE TITLE OF ARTICLE
Holland Business (circn.18.250) Jan. 96 Telewerk Prijs ‘95 voor TAS
Informatica
Kantoor & Efficiency (circn. 8.802) Dec 95 Telewerk Prijs ‘95
Automatiseringsgids (circn.61.543) Nov. 95 TAS wint Nationale Telewerk Prijs ‘95
Computable (circn.79.355) Nov. 95 Telewerken “hot-item” - Verkeer en
Waterstaat
Ijmuider Courant, Leidsch Dagblad, Nov. 95 Chauffeur in de file kost handenvol geld
Goudsche Courant, Haagsche Courant
(total circn. 222.261)
Technisch Weekblad (circn. 65.000) Nov. 95 Vervoersministers in beeld
De Gooi en Eemlander (circn. 52.652) Nov. 95 Telewerkprijs 1995 voor TAS in Baarn
De Telegraaf (circn. 751.400) Nov. 95 Telewerk Prijs’95 naar Baarns bedrijf
Computable (circn. 79.355) Nov. 95 Telewerk Prijs voor TAS Informatica
De Courant Nieuws van de Dag (circn. Nov. 95 Minister reikt Telewerk Prijs 1995 uit
56.600)
Vraag en Aanbod (circn. 19.883) Nov. 95 Business centres ingeschakeld voor
projecten telewerken EC
CM Corporate (circn. 20.000) Nov. 95 Wil de echte telewerker opstaan
Baarns Weekblad (circn. 17.200) Nov. 95 Baarn bedrijf wint Telewerkprijs 1995
Computer Info (circn. 45.000) Nov. 95 Europese Commissie initieert Europese
Telewerk Week
Limburgs Dagblad (circn. 84.365) Nov. 95 Apestraatjes
Brabants Nieuwblad (circn. 54.100) Nov. 95 Programma Teleac over telewerken
Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant (circn. Nov. 95 Teleac staat stil bij telewerken
62.400)
Zwolse Courant (circn. 55.242) Nov. 95 Telewerken
Dagblad van Almere, De Gooi en Nov. 95 Live-programma Teleac over telewerken
Eemlander, Limburgs Dagblad (total
circn. 139.927)
Overrijsels Dagblad, Arnhemse Courant, Nov. 95 Live-programma over telewerken
Deventer Dagblad, Apeldoornse Courant,
Gelders Dagblad, Rotterdams Dagblad
(total circn. 190.934)
Dagblad Rivierenland, Overrijsels Nov. 95 Achteraf bekeken: Kruimelaars
Dagblad, Veluws Dagblad, Arnhemse
Courant, Deventer Dagblad, Apeldoornse
Courant, Amersfoortse Courant, Brabants
Nieuwsblad, Utrechts Nieuwsblad,
Twentsche Courant (total circn. 644.888)
Computable (circn. 79.355) Oct. 95 Nederland doet ook mee Europese
Telewerken Week
Bedrijfscommunicatie
TAS Informatica Wint Telewerkprijs
1995
To gauge some idea of the value of Press exposure, the column obtained in just one
edition of The European newspaper (October 26), if bought as an advertisement would
have cost £3,000. (single insertion rate).
In the Interface supplement to The Times (November 6), a half page feature, loosely
based around ETW, would have cost £2,500 (single insertion rate).
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Telework 96
In Sweden, where national advertising rates are less than The European, the amount of
known press coverage alone would be equal to a value of around £200,000.
However, without having all press cuttings, it is impossible to calculate the equivalent
advertisement costs, but, based on the cuttings and reports we have received, it will be
not less than £700,000.
3.4. Key Lessons Learned
After the evaluation of European Telework Week 1995 in December 1995 it was decided
that a repeat of the initiative in 1996 and 1997 would be worthwhile. In order to achieve
even better results in the coming years it was considered very important to extract key
lessons from the 1995 initiative. In the opinion of the ETW Core Team the lessons were:
3.4.1. Communication, co-ordination:
Since the initiative is primarily sponsored by private industry, national and local
governments it is important to involve the major players as early as possible. Most of the
sponsoring and advertisement budgets are set at the beginning of a year, so it was very
difficult for large organisations to allocate budget to the event, although there was a lot
of interest.
A complicating factor in the 1995 event is that it proved to be difficult to identify the
right contact points within large organisations. One major telecom operator, already
informed in the first mailing concerning the initiative, responded twice (!) that they were
not interested. In October a fax was received, stating that they were sorry that they hadn’t
been informed before, but they would be very eager to be involved in next year’s
initiative. A major IT company was approached through various channels: thanks to their
internal co-ordination the first request came on the desk of the right person. Another
major telecom- and IT company was not pleased to find out in the last minute that several
divisions of that company were involved as sponsors.
For keeping sponsors interested it is important to be able to show statistics on
participation and media attention. Through the dispersed character of the ETW initiative
it was very difficult to keep track of events, and it was impossible to keep track of all the
media attention, except for some countries with a clear co-ordinating body.
The co-ordination through Internet is a very promising item. However, despite the clear
potential benefits not everybody is willing or able to use this opportunity. In some other
cases there is a sub-optimal use: for instance: WWW sites are not reachable, WWWpages
are not updated or interaction is not build in.
3.4.2. Publicity
Again it has shown to be important to have publicity on events to be well in advance.
During the weeks for ETW and even during ETW continuous requests for information
proved that more attendance of events would have been possible with earlier
announcements of events.
To attract national or regional media attention it is crucial to include national (or event
regional) topics, preferably in the local language. The interest in the “European” aspect
of Telework Week is there, but not in the first place.
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Telework 96
To get time “on the air” on TV it is necessary to have “pictures” available. A prerecorded
tape with “interview-answers” and a quick availability of tapes with pictures of
main events would generate much more “air time”.
3.4.3. Success stories
In the Netherlands the National Telework Award was considered a great success with
more than 2 hours television broadcast, watched by 320.000 people. Sponsorship for a
repeat in 1996 is already secured. The concept will be promoted in other countries, and a
Telework Award at a European level will be considered.
With promotional buses in Sweden (visiting youth at schools), in Germany (visiting
businesses), and in France (visiting the European Parliament in Strasbourg) target
audiences were very well reachable.
The “national committee” initiative in Belgium achieved the commitment from the Prime
Minister, minister of labour,, the regional Presidents and 40 prominent academics and
leaders of industry. In Spain the very late uptake of a comparable initiative was
nevertheless successful 39 leaders from industry, government, and politics, including the
presidents of the two main labour unions.
Linking low budget events to major events by the use of video conference links was
considered a major asset. In some cases it still proved to be difficult to establish smooth
video conference links.
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4. TELEWORK UNDER THE ACTS PROGRAMME
An important aim of the 4th Framework R&TD programme Advanced Communications
Technologies and Services is not only to develop new technology, but also to validate
its usefulness to citizen and organisations by using the new technologies in trials with
real end users.
In the Programme, many projects have relationships with one another, for example one
develops components for an other’s prototype, which may in turn be validated in yet
another project. At the most basic level, the deliverable may be the communication of
key findings or other information. This is not by far the only interaction between
projects.
A structure for this integrated set of projects can be identified to optimise meaningful
inter-relationships and information exchange between the actors. One of these “chains
of projects” is the ACTS Telework Concertation Chain.
Those relationships in the ACTS R&TD programme with telework and the activities
planned in this area are described in the following paragraphs.
4.1. ACTS: Trials within Projects, supporting telework
ACTS is a research and technology development Programme carried out in the context
of trials. There are three main types:
Usage trials, in which end-users of advanced services experiment with and demonstrate
innovative uses for their own business, public service or personal interests
Service trials, in which advanced communication services are demonstrated and tested
by network operators and service providers, both to validate standards and
interoperation protocols and to stimulate demand and new applications
Technology trials, in which prototype components and systems are tested in an
operational environment
Within each of these three main categories, projects can be further grouped according to
the sector involved, the nature of the application or service being tested etc. Many
projects include several different aspects or components and correspondingly appear in
more than one category.
The category Professional/business within the Usage trials includes trials of telework
and telecooperation; telemaintenance and the remote surveillance of manufacturing and
productions systems. The ACTS projects in this sub-area include, clustered to industry
and business sectors:
• travel and tourism (IBCoBN, MOMUSYS, COVEN);
• publishing (SEMPER, BOURBON, MULTIMEDIATOR);
• notary and legal service provision (SEMPER);
• industrial software development (TECODIS);
• the construction industry (MEMO, CICC, MICC, RESOLV, VANTAGE);
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Telework 96
• security services (MOMUSYS);
• toolmaking (BOURBON);
• car manufacturing (TEAM, VANTAGE, DIVINE, MULTICUBE);
• aerospace (VANTAGE, MULTICUBE, DIVINE);
• harbour (EIES).
It should be noted that a substantial number of small business networks and groups are
involved in this trial area.
4.2. The ACTS concertation Mechanism: The Telework Chain
When we look to the “telework chain” it is obvious that a lot of the projects within the
trial set appear again. However, the current list of projects within the ACTS Telework
Concertation Chain is based on actual interest expressed by ACTS projects, not on an
academic analysis of possible roles. It is clear that, for a fruitful concertation process the
interest of the participating projects is crucial, in itself.
4.2.1. Objective
The purpose of the chain is to ensure that a variety of technology and service
developments will support the development of telework in a coherent way. Efforts will
be concentrated on the development of policy guidelines and recommendations to
ACTS projects and other (public and private) institutions and bodies representing key
players.
A second goal is to contribute to the preparation of the 5th Framework Programme. A
first step in this is an analysis of all the ACTS projects assessing strengths and
weaknesses in the way the subject is covered within ACTS, with a view on threats and
opportunities arising from “ACTS external” developments regarding telework and new
ways of working.
For this purpose close co-operation with the ACTS trial community is required. Key
issue will be to motivate the other ACTS projects to contribute. Support is needed from
the projects FAIR (joining their questionnaires instead of sending our own) and
INFOWIN (to present our information to other ACTS projects).
In the 2nd Call for ACTS proposals the Task 80 was dedicated to inviting projects to
offer support to the concertation process. Two projects claiming this task, aiming at
supporting the ACTS Telework Concertation Chain, were submitted and accepted by the
evaluators (DIPLOMAT and ETD). It is obvious that the participation of those projects,
when contracted, will influence the work in the chain. Also other 2nd Call projects
might join the chain. A continuous further focus in the objective of the Chain is to be
expected.
4.2.2. Recipients Targeted by the Telework Chain
Professional users, organisations that are looking for possible new ways of work in the
emerging global information society, suppliers wanting to develop products and services
for professional/ business users, and ACTS projects that are addressing user trials in
these sectors.
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Telework 96
4.2.3. Planned Output for the First Year
The project TECODIS initiated a list of issues and will approach primarily the GAT
chain projects, than other relevant projects within ACTS for input on guidelines. The
aim is to have an overview of the possible contributions of ACTS projects in the next
concertation meeting in Luxembourg (27 June 1996).
The project IBCoBN initiates the (SWOT) analysis regarding ACTS and Telework. For
this he will also approach the appropriate projects both actively and passively through
INFOWIN. A draft will be presented at the June meeting of the chain (27 June 1996).
A list of mini-profiles of projects with a short description of their (possible) contribution
for ACTS will be build. A first draft set, containing the GAT Chain projects, is
presented in part 1.3 of this document.
4.2.4. Scope of Work
The scope of this chain covers new ways of working where the dependencies on place
and time have become (much) less important because of the power / usage of
telecommunications and information technology.
It is also addressing the need for facilitating “networking” amongst businesses in a
global economy.
Therefore concertation will not only focus on the technical aspects of the products and
services, but also on socio-economic implications and best practice.
4.3. Mini-profiles of the ACTS projects in the Telework Chain
Representants from the following projects participate in the chain:
BOURBON AC001 EPRIWATCH AC079
MEDIAN AC006 DIANE AC082
IMMP AC023 Multimediator AC096
TOBASCO AC028 TELESHOPPE AC099
ON THE MOVE AC034 IBCoBN AC101
AVANTI AC042 LEVERAGE AC109
TECODIS AC064 SMARTS AC114
TEAM AC070 ETD 10081
SICMA AC071 DIPLOMAT 10095
EIES AC075 TEESURA 10214
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Telework 96
AC001 BOURBON - BrOadband Urban Rural Based Open Networks
The BOURBON project seeks to address the issue of providing cost effective, saleable
access to ATM-based advanced services for SMEs in the wider context of Europe and
the Information Society. There are two parallel streams running through the project, one
technology-focused, demonstrating advanced features of ATM-based networking, the
other user-focused, with particular emphasis on the needs of SMEs, both urban and
rural. It is within the convergence of these streams that the project will ultimately seek
to define network and service architectures taking into account present technology that
will support the move to higher bandwidth services whilst maintaining a realistic view
on what is required by SMEs and on the affordability of the services.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
Within this framework, BOURBON plans to look at the link between ATM-induced
improvements in SME-internal logistics and in the value-added chain “suppliers-SMEdistributors-customers/clients
of the SME’s product(s)” on one side and the economic
and social sustainability of those new ways of working on the other.
AC006-MEDIAN - Wireless Broadband CPN/LAN for Professional and Residential
Multimedia Applications
The MEDIAN project objective is to evaluate and implement a high speed wireless
customer premises local area network (WCPN/WLAN) pilot system for multimedia
applications, and to demonstrate the usability in a real -user trial. The trial will be based
on a wireless ATM LAN environment, where the MEDIAN demonstrator provides the
wireless access points.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The MEDIAN concept will very much support the place independency of work by
exploring the wireless LAN possibilities in today’s and future systems. Therefore the
contribution is in eliminating technical barriers to place independency of the work place.
AC023 IMMP - Integrated Multimedia Project
Main objective of the IMMP is the integration of services and service architecture
addressing both residential and business users, focusing on the overleaps and synergy
between the two. The project will run trials with selected services to understand the key
issues: technical, human and commercial, which will effect the successful deployment
and end user acceptance of such services.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The outcomes of those trials can provide input to the guideline development for the
GAT chain.
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Telework 96
AC 028 TOBASCO - Towards Broadband Access Systems for CATV Optical networks
Aim of TOBASCO is to upgrade existing CATV networks with high splitting counts,
with broadband interactive services by applying High-Density Wavelength Division
Multiplexing in a cost effective way, and to demonstrate the viability of the system in a
field trial. Thus the project will advance the introduction of interactive services in
existing CATV networks.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
Interactive services on CATV networks will allow mass participation in applications as
telework and telelearning. The project will contribute to the promotion of those
applications.
AC034 ONTHEMOVE - Multimedia Information Services
On The Move will develop and propose to standardise a mobile Application Programme
Interface to facilitate the use of multimedia applications. For this it will develop an
architecture to support both “mobile aware” and “non mobile aware” applications.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
By doing this the project will enhance the place independentness of work by increasing
the efficiency for mobile workers and by facilitating easier access from isolated
locations to broadband communications and applications.
AC042 AVANTI - Adaptive and Adaptable Interactions for Multimedia
Telecommunications Applications
The main objective of this project is to demonstrate, through practical testing, that it is
possible to develop generic multimedia telecommunications applications of important
social impact and potential commercial value, which are adapted and adaptive to the
requirements of most potential users (including e.g. disabled people, elderly people,
occasional users, professionals), in terms of communication means, information content
and man-machine interface.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
AVANTI is particularly interested in the social impact of advanced telecommunication
services on potential user groups. Therefore, some joint planning and conducting of
trials together with the project will take place. Originally, the prime focus has been on
the development of instruments for improving accessibility of teleservices for people
with specific needs. However, since their use requires extensive training, the project will
have to engage in trials with different groups of handicapped and non-handicapped
people to prepare for new ways of working, including teamwork.
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Telework 96
AC064 TECODIS - Teleworking in Co-operative Development of Industrial Software
Teleworking is now viewed as one possible means of achieving a more flexible
allocation of skilled people to time critical projects than is currently possible within a
centralised office environment. In this context the project has two main objectives:
Firstly, to demonstrate the use of teleworking in the software development industrial
area in the most realistic possible way. Secondly, to demonstrate the viability of
teleworking by developing a teleworking support platform and demonstrating its
practical use in a large scale international engineering project.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
TECODIS will be able to contribute to the future deployment of telework, as well as to
the development of guidelines, considerably. The project’s contributions to be expected
are the development of a Teleworking Model, a Cost/Benefit evaluation based on real
users, development of a teleworking platform and in the area of dissemination and
linkage to other programmes.
AC070 TEAM - Team-based European Automotive Manufacture
The project aims at a virtual integration of the entire automotive supply chain in a trial,
demonstrating a variety of multimedia applications. Key issues are the cultural aspects
of including 2nd/3rd tier suppliers & SMEs, integration of complex applications like
CAD, the tariffs by PNOs for broadband communications, confidentiality and security
issues and the necessary training/skills aspect.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The project will demonstrate tele-cooperation in the full meaning of the word. Doing so
it provides input to the development of guidelines on telework/tele-cooperation, both in
the sense of technical solutions as in overcoming cultural, financial and
confidentiality/security constraints.
AC071 SICMA - Scalable Interactive Continuous Media Server - Design and
Application
SiCMA aims to design a scaleable server for the delivery of images, data and
continuous multimedia information. It will also demonstrate its efficiency by applying it
in a “Virtual Museum”. A server to be used within various testbeds serving a large
number of users under various conditions.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The design of scaleable interactive media servers will have a strong impact on the cost
of on-line services, and will, therefor, contribute to the place independentness of work.
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Telework 96
AC075 EIES - European Information Exchange Service for the communication
between harbours
EIES aims at defining, implementing and experimenting an advanced communication
service to support routine and non-routine communication between harbour authorities,
ship owners, customs, fire brigade etc. within harbour areas. To do so a demonstrator
will be put into place and be used on a platform based on several technologies, amongst
which ATM broadband.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
Will provide input on guidelines on telecooperation and telework by exploring
implementation of AC in-depth in a specific environment.
AC079 EPRI-WATCH - European Parliament Research Initiative Watch
The project's main objective is to stimulate information exchange between those
involved with technology development/trials in ACTS, and those involved in policy
debates on Information Society issues in European, national and regional parliaments
and policy making bodies. Seminars and workshops on fields of common interest
combined with video events and distributed seminars and presentations of ACTS trials
and demonstrations will be held to generate better awareness of the policy concerns
relating to technology developments. The main trial will involve the use of advanced
telecommunications by parliamentarians themselves and by their support staff and will
generate valuable feedback for the Commission’s research programmes from an
important user group.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
EPRI-WATCH can play an important role in the development of guidelines on a
political level, by providing assistance in communication with the political community.
AC082 DIANE - Design, Implementation and operation of a Distributed Annotation
Environment
Distributed multimedia services envisaged today in most cases distinguish sharply
between service and content provider on one side and consuming users on the other
side. Only a few applications have been realised strengthening the role of end users both
as content provider and consumer. Existing multimedia authoring systems are either
application-specific or allow solely combinations of media generated entirely by a user,
as is the case for multimedia mail. The goal of the project is to develop a multimedia
service removing these deficits. DIANE is conceived as a service allowing users to
create, exchange and consume multimedia data easily. As trial applications, DIANE has
decided to develop and test annotation services for two different settings: (1)
teleradiology and (2) a computing center providing ‘annotated’ support to its users for
interacting with complex computer applications.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
An annotation service is of considerable value in a tele-cooperation/telework
environment. The trial is expected to explore the added value of the services to be
developed to telework/telecooperation.
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Telework 96
AC096 MULTIMEDIATOR - Multimedia Publishing Brokerage Service
The project will demonstrate the use of an intelligent multimedia brokerage service for
pan-European customers and suppliers in the publishing area. Services offered will
include specialised video-on-demand, hypervideo, and conventional publishing services.
Existing technology and project developments will be integrated for this purpose.
Amongst the key issues are a whiteboard for multimedia document production and
communication APIs for several communication protocols.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The trial is expected to explore the added value of the services to be developed to
telework/telecooperation.
AC099 TELESHOPPE
The main objectives of TELESHOPPE are to investigate how the use of advanced
multimedia technologies and virtual reality can stimulate the “touch and feel” of
physical shopping in a telepresence shopping experience, and to incorporate this
research in a series of demonstrators and field trials using broadband ISDN and ATM
networks.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The key issues involve multi-disciplinary collaboration ranging from software
engineering, virtual reality, interactive coded video, speech technology, spoken
dialogues, video production and programming, user interface engineering and
marketing. This will obviously provide input to the products of the telework chain.
AC-101 IBCoBN - Integrated Broadband Communication and Broadcast Networks
The main objective of the project is to identify the broadband communication needs of
residential users and key residential applications. It also aims to initiate longer term
R&D into the IBC needs of the CATV sector and to create a centre of excellence (Euro
Cable Labs) to take over the identification of future requirements for local and regional
cable networks. IBCoBN will be running trials in several CATV sites in Belgium, the
Netherlands, Portugal, UK, Russia and possibly Spain.
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
The universal IBC service planned by the project addresses the communication needs of
residential users including older and disadvantaged people, as well as the needs of
businesses (with emphasis on SMEs and freelancers/portfolio workers) and of the public
sector (in particular health, education and local government). By verifying high speed
applications which are desirable and affordable. The project expressed their interest to
play a major role within the Telework Chain, as telework is seen as a major application
to support by residential broadband.
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Telework 96
AC114 SMARTS - SME and Regional Telecoms Support
The strategic objective of SMARTS is to increase the participation of small and medium
sized enterprises (SMEs) in the work of and exploitation of results from the ACTS
programme. In this project ‘participation’ is defined as:
• full partnership or subcontractor in a new or established ACTS project
• triggered use of broadband technologies and services in their own proprietary
technology base
• attendance at ACTS events
• use of broadband products and services by non-technically based SMEs (e.g. in
tourism)
• engineers and scientists from SMEs joining ACTS projects and trials as guest
researchers.
In the second phase of the ACTS programme SMARTS will focus on the opportunities
provided by the emerging electronic market and by the diversification and improvement
of electronic commerce software, for SMEs and their partners (suppliers, clients,
distributors).
Link to Telework/Tele-cooperation
SMARTS will contribute particularly in the area of tele-cooperation, whereas the
overlap with the electronic commerce environment can be substantial.
ETD (10081) - European Telework Development (to be confirmed)
ETD addresses the AC80 task, focusing on telework:
• stimulating early and effective take up of telework
• developing common and concerted actions at both European and national level, using
professional outreach methods to reach selected target audiences
• removing barriers to take up by developing a clear vision and perspective of
telework, and sharing this with the parties concerned
• stimulate and support early and widespread use of the technologies of telework
through a European network of telework websites and associated on-line services
Link to the Telework/Telecooperation Chain
ETD will support and co-ordinate Chain activities, and work with chain participants to
optimise the match between user needs and emergent technologies and services and
promote awareness of telework related developments and trials
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Telework 96
DIPLOMAT (10095) - European Charter for Teleworking (to be confirmed)
DIPLOMAT comprises two main actions:
• to create a comprehensive European Charter for Telework, identifying applications
for ACTS and other technologies, and to obtain agreement on that charter.
• to contact up to 2000 influential organisations in the process of discussions and of
obtaining agreement, in order to solicit their views and inform them about
teleworking, ACTS Technologies and the Information Society, stimulate telework
trials and usage of ACTS technologies.
Link to the Telework/Telecooperation Chain
DIPLOMAT will use input from ACTS projects in general, and, more specific, from
GAT Chain projects, in developing the guidelines.
TEESURA (10214) - Techno Economic Evaluation and Sectorial User Requirements
(to be confirmed)
The target of this project is the development of an ACTS Solution Provider in order to
translate enduser application requirements into technical solutions. Basically, the
TEESURA service is to compare ICT user requirements with system functionalities of
already existing applications and services. It will also offer the possibility to Telecom
Operators and Service Providers to carry out different market survey studies to define
different emerging scenarios considering end-user needs. Thus TEESURA will support
ACTS projects by giving feedback whether their technical ICT solution goes conform
with a broader end-user needs context.
Link to the Telework/Telecooperation Chain
The Solution Provider could contribute to the development of ACTS Telework
Guidelines by supporting the development of different scenarios following a specific set
of guidelines.
4.4. Guidelines on Telework
Through the experience in telework trials and the concertation mechanism the ACTS
Telework Chain will develop guidelines on good practice, thus encountering and
addressing/removing barriers to the implementation of advanced information and
communication technology in work. The initial key issues for guidelines are:
• the employment status of teleworkers - for insurance, social security, taxation and
health & safety legislation;
• information security and data protection - given a new dimension when an
organisation’s private network becomes a virtual network on public infrastructures;
• service interoperability: to ensure seamless inter-operability of corporate “office”
systems, with home systems, and 3rd party (neighbourhood office) systems;
• communications regulatory and network management issues - such as multiple call
forwarding, personal number etc. (in and out public networks);
• liability and responsibility issues; particularly in relation to 3rd parties such as
operators of neighbourhood offices.
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Telework 96
Special attention is needed for the trans border telework.
However, the key objective in developing guidelines is to achieve a wide consensus on
how to deal with telework. The most important success factor in this is the breadth of
consensus. The best set of guidelines from a viewpoint of content is worthless if it
doesn’t have the commitment and agreement of the major players.
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The development of EU actions to stimulate Telework Annex 1
ANNEX 1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EU
ACTIONS TO STIMULATE
TELEWORK
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Annex 1
The development of EU actions to stimulate Telework
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The development of EU actions to stimulate Telework Annex 1
ANNEX 1:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EU ACTIONS TO STIMULATE
TELEWORK
1989 - 90 Concerns in RACE about regional and rural economic impacts of
advanced communications risks of exclusion ; opportunities for decentralisation.
1990 - 91 Planning exercise for “Opportunities for Rural Areas “ (ORA”);
strategic analysis identifies telework exploration as one key theme:
liaison with DG VI in context of reform of CAP - with focus on
increasing non-Agricultural employment in rural areas: planned
synergy between ORA-RTD and LEADER I structural fund support to
local rural employment initiatives.
1992 - 94 ORA RTD: potential social + psychological impacts (PATRA); the
“Business case” (MITRE); concertation and regional awareness of new
devilment opportunities for Telework (SYNERGY-ECTF).
RACE RTD: generic telework service validation through pilot
applications in major industrial sectors - car manufacturing,
construction, Aerospace, tourism...
1992 - 93 Preparation of Commission’s white paper on Employment, growth +
competitiveness; Internal + external consultation on a wider set of
exploring actions related to telework and social/economic impacts of
advanced communications; Commission Decision on a separate “Call
for proposals” (outside the 3rd FP) - covering:
- Broader employment/competitiveness implications
- Transborder legal, regulatory, organisational issues
- SME networking issues
- Tele-service centre viability/management
- Decentralisation/traffic impact issues
Dec ‘93
June 1994
July 1994
White paper: Telework as a priority in context of the transition to an
information society and greater flexibility in employment
Bangemann report: Telework as a priority in the transition to an
information society - far employment creation, business
competitiveness and traffic/environment management initiatives
Commission adopts Action Plan for transition to an information society.
4 themes:
- enabling re-regulation;
- RTD + Demonstrations
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Annex 1
The development of EU actions to stimulate Telework
- Consultations on employment, social + cultural
implications
- public awareness
1995 - 98 Structural policy initiatives in the areas of SME re-structuring/training
(ADAPT - DG V); regional economic Development (IRISI + other
Article 10 measures) and rural economic development (LEADER II).
Public awareness:
The Information Society Forum and the High Level Expert Group on
the Social and Societal Aspects of the Information Society will identify
challenges and make recommendations.
Exploratory actions for legislative measures: Green paper (formal
consultation) on employment legislation (DG V); country studies and
workshop on Health + Safety issues (DG V - Lux).
RTD: usage trials of generic advanced services and technology
development + service/usage deployment concertation chain for
Guidelines consensus (ACTS); demonstration of telework for new
employment and urban/rural development (TRAPS); Technologies for
new business organisations (IT).
Publication and dissemination of the results of the exploratory Telework stimulation
actions; and emerging RTD results (EPRI - watch: Info-Win).
Setting up of the Information Society Forum and the High Level Expert Group on social
impacts of the information society: identification of challenges and recommendations
European Telework week: simultaneous European, National + regional initiatives:
conferences, seminars, open days, advertising and media coverage initiatives.
Trans-European network stimulation
Stimulation of coherent private-sector investment in trans-European service networks
enabling trans-border telework development and creation of a simple European labour
market for information management services: call for proposals: February 1996.
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ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism Annex 2
ANNEX 2
ACTS AND THE CHAIN
CONCERTATION MECHANISM
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Annex 2
ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism
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ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism Annex 2
ANNEX 2:
ACTS AND THE CHAIN CONCERTATION MECHANISM
This Annex contains a short description of ACTS and its Chain concertation mechanism.
1. ACTS IN SHORT
ACTS is an acronym for Advanced Communications Technologies and Services, a
programme under the European Community 4th Framework R&TD Programme
(collaborative research and technology development in Europe).
Europe stands on the edge of a communications revolution. A new generation of
technologies and services is about to emerge - with momentous consequences. For the
new communications will change for the better the way we live, work and play.
Communications overcome barriers in space and time. By dispensing with obstacles,
advanced communications can create new work opportunities, new ways of delivering
social services, new forms of education, new solutions for sustaining a clean
environment, new ways of interacting with friends and family.
Teleworking, to take one example, means that more and more people will be able to
work near home with the help of advanced communications. This will add to job
flexibility, greatly improve the quality of life of those already working, make work a new
possibility for all sorts of people, and aid the environment by reducing unnecessary
commuting, among other benefits.
No-one need be excluded any more because of their location. Modern communications
can reach every point, however isolated. Both Europe’s diversity and its cohesion will
be strengthened.
The new range of communications technologies and services provides the key to
unlocking the potential of Europe’s peoples - by bringing access to the “information
society”.
Information is a commodity which everyone can draw on, and which everyone can
contribute to - thanks to widespread communications. The challenge of providing access
to the network of technology and services is the concern of the European Union’s
telecommunications R & D programme, Advanced Communications Technologies and
Services, ACTS.
It will provide the framework for industry, research and educational institutions, and the
public at large, to spearhead the introduction of these new technologies and new services
- ensuring that Europe enters the 21st century benefiting from the new communications
revolution.
ACTS is part of a new agenda - outlined in the European Union’s White Paper on
“Growth, Competitiveness and Employment” - aimed at making a direct contribution to
Europe’s economic and social development. ACTS will provide the framework for
advanced research and development in the communications field.
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Annex 2
ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism
ACTS will build on previous European Union R&D programmes, including RACE in
telecommunications, giving the impetus for the implementation of the
telecommunications needs of the information society.
The work in the ACTS framework will stimulate the development of integrated
broadband communications in Europe, with all manner of communications - voice and
sound, still pictures and video images, data and text - providing boundless opportunities
for new users, services and employment. The IBC network will link fixed and mobile
communications in a seamless web.
ACTS is not just a framework for technology development. It will demonstrate how
advanced technology can help us to help ourselves. It will encourage the use of
advanced communications services in residential and business applications. Services
such as teleconferencing, information brokerage and teleworking will improve the way
we work, while those such as home shopping, information services, and interactive video
will remodel leisure and home life.
Isolated “islands” of IBC technology are already operating. The challenge is to ensure
that widespread IBC services are made available as soon as possible. Everyone,
everywhere in the Union should have access to a pan-European IBC network by the turn
of the century.
ACTS will bring together individual companies, public sector organisations, research
institutes, schools and universities to develop and used advanced communications
technologies and services. Its work will be concentrated in critical fields such as optical
technologies, multimedia and mobile communications.
The participants in ACTS projects will work in six main areas of advanced
communications. The projects will link participants from different industries, different
disciplines and different countries in co-ordinated research into the implementation and
use of new technologies and services.
• Interactive digital multimedia services
Once computers dealt with letters and numbers. Now they present
information to the user integrating data, image and sound.
But this mixing of information media - multimedia - is only just beginning.
By combining technologies, multimedia created new dimensions to
information - leading directly to new uses of that information, in turn creating
new opportunities for growth, competitiveness and employment.
The familiar but distinct television and telephone networks will merge into a
single web of high capacity links channelling any and all forms of
communication between distant places.
• Photonic technologies
Photonic techniques, using light rather than electricity, will improve
communications dramatically - thanks to extremely high-speed high-capacity
transmission and switching abilities.
Fibre optic cables form the back-bone of existing telecommunications
networks, and increasingly reach out to individual premises, both business
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ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism Annex 2
and residential. But optical switching will also be an important feature of the
IBC network.
Fully optical operation from end-to-end across the network will offer great
improvements over electronic techniques.
• High-speed networking
High speed is the key to advances in communications. It is essential for many
new applications - real-time video, for example, or the rapid transfer of data
between computers.
The work promoted by ACTS aids the implementation of integrated, highspeed,
“multigigabit” networks by the year 2000. These services will be
available initially to leading-edge users in European industry, research
organisations and universities, preparing the way for the Europe-wide
deployment of high-speed networks.
• Mobility and personal communications networks
Europe has led the way in developing and implementing personal
communications systems. It is vital for Europe to keep the initiative in this
area. ACTS will contribute to European efforts to maintain that leadership.
Few markets have grown as rapidly as the mobile telecommunications
networks introduced in Europe over the last few years. But the era of mobile
networks is still in its infancy. Wide availability will allow people to
communicate freely from homes or offices, towns or rural areas, fixed
locations or moving vehicles.
Communication will be possible between anybody, anywhere, anytime.
• Intelligence in networks and service engineering
Substantial intelligence will be needed in the IBC network to provide users
with an array of sophisticated telecommunications services. Intelligence adds
computer power to the network. This makes the network easier to use and
increases its flexibility.
Intelligence will also be critical in the field of service engineering - the
creation of new telecommunications services. Intelligent techniques will be
needed so that new services can be developed quickly and with quality.
• Quality, security and safety of communications services and systems
Quality, security and safety are all absolutely vital in communications
network.
With hundreds of millions of individual users sharing the network resources it
is vital that each and every transmission is secure and safe. Business and
residential users will demand transparent quality, security and safety at costeffective
prices.
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Annex 2
ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism
• Horizontal actions
A series of “horizontal” actions will cross the boundaries between the ACTS
work areas, concentrating efforts of the different participants. These actions
will create demonstrations and trial systems to bring to a wider audience
knowledge of the benefits of using the IBC network.
Communication is about linking distant places. The European IBC network must
interoperate with networks under development in the United States and Japan. And the
European Union has a special responsibility to assist the development of
telecommunications networks in Central and Eastern Europe.
2. PROJECT CHAINS
In the ACTS Programme, many projects have "deliverable" (or "dependency")
relationships with one another, for example one develops components for another's
prototype, which may in turn be validated in yet another project. At the most basic level,
the deliverable may be the communication of key findings or other information. This sort
of interaction is not by far the only interaction between projects.
A structure for this integrated set of projects can be identified to optimise meaningful
inter-relationships and information exchange between the actors, and to maximise the
contribution that National Hosts on similar trial infrastructure sites can make to the
programme and to dissemination of information.
A first approximation to such a structure is obtained by assigning the sub-areas of the
workplan action to one of several layers or domains broadly corresponding to those in
the OSI model:
• Applications
• Services
• Networks
• Technologies
and
• Programme Management
While such a simple model can give an insight into the emerging programme structure, it
cannot adequately reflect the dynamics of the programme in the time dimension. While
there is a potential future vertical flow of 'networks' contributing to 'services' contributing
to 'applications' and a horizontal flow of 'technology' feeding into 'components', feeding
into 'systems' and feeding into 'systems integration' projects in different domains will be
working in parallel.
This domain model underpins the concept which has been identified as the main
concertation mechanism in ACTS - the project chain.
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ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism Annex 2
What can we now
do that couldn’t
be done before
ENABLING
TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS
COMPONENTS
Will it work
SERVICE
COMPONENTS
Will it work
APPLICATIONS
TRIALS
Does anybody want it
and at what price
SERVICE
TRIALS
Can we deliver
the services
NETWORK
TRIALS
How well
does it
all fit
together
MULTI-
DOMAIN
TRIALS
NETWORK
COMPONENTS
Will it work
Can we build and
manage the network
INFORMATION & DISSEMINATION SUPPORT
So What
Domain Rationale
Enabling Technology projects are those which demonstrate new levels of device,
subsystem or software performance.
Network Components projects show how innovative technology can be used to deliver
new network capabilities such as:
• high capacity national or international interconnectivity;
• low cost local access;
• fixed / mobile integration.
Service Components projects are principally concerned with developing the software
environments in which novel services can be created and delivered.
Applications Components projects show how generic features of an application could be
implemented, for example terminals, modular software, human-computer interface
(HCI), security.
Network Trials projects show how the individual transmission and switching elements of
a network can be integrated into a coherent and controllable infrastructure.
Service Trials projects show how to match service requirements to the underlying
network capabilities and deliver end-to-end service to customers.
Applications Trials fall between two extreme idealised models - technology-push and
user-pull. The pure technology-push trial integrates technology into generic applications
and exposes these applications to potential users. They play a major role in promoting
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Annex 2
ACTS and the Chain Concertation Mechanism
advanced communications concepts and assessing user reaction to them. They may
subsequently lead to a user-pull trial, where applications are tested with enthusiastic
users under real-life conditions. User-pull trials define paths towards the development of
commercial products and services.
Multi Domain Trials projects show how to achieve pan-European interworking and point
the way towards commercial operation of services. They also address the management of
applications, services and networks, taking into account such issues as security, charging
and billing.
Information and dissemination support projects help to integrate the output of the
programme and make it available to those who can exploit it. This may include
facilitating appropriate inter-project contacts, exploring the socio-economic or regulatory
perspective, and facilitating information exchange with external constituencies.
Inter-project relationships are generally only between projects within a technical domain.
In order to achieve a mechanism for managing the ACTS programme allowing to get the
best out of interaction between projects, chains linking projects right across the
programme and often beyond, need to be identified.
Such chains should conceptually link the underlying technologies through components
and systems and terminate in the Applications domain, the eventual output being
evidence for possible new product opportunities for industry or PNOs.
Chains may often be identified with the most permanent results of the programme,
visible to the outside. They can be vehicles for awareness creation, for publishing
guidelines, for documenting the validation of technologies and services, for achieving
impacts in external constituencies. The chain topics and structures must therefore be
given very close attention by the projects and in the concertation mechanisms for the
ACTS programme. Each chain has a clear purpose, focus or objective leading to concrete
results.
Project chains are seen as a vital aspect of the ACTS programme and for making it
operate in a significantly different manner from the predecessor RACE programmes.
Chains offer the opportunity of further increasing the effectiveness and value of the
ACTS programme.
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
ANNEX 3
PARTICIPANTS IN TELEWORK
INITIATIVES
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Annex 3
Participants In Telework Initiatives
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
ANNEX 3:
PARTICIPANTS IN TELEWORK INITIATIVES
In this annex are listed:
1. the projects in the Telework Stimulation Actions
2. the participants to the ACTS Telework Concertation Chain
3. the participants and sponsors of the European Telework Week
1. PROJECTS IN THE TELEWORK STIMULATION ACTIONS
The summary reports on the telework stimulation actions are based on the outcomes of
groups of projects. Per Summary Report the contributors are listed in the following sub
sections.
T1015 ACCORDE - Advanced Communications for Cohesion & Regional
Development
Analysis Actions
Duration of Project: 12 months
Coordinator: NEXUS Europe Ltd* IRL
Partners: CURDS - Centre for Urban & Regional Development Studies UK
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft: Information and Communications Technology - ISI D
Recherce e Projetti
I
IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe F
CCS - Culture & Communication Studies
DK
University of Azores, Department of Economics
P
PRISMA
GR
TRG -Telecommunications Research Group
DK
INMARK Estudios y Estrategias, SA
E
*Contact:Seán O Siochrú TEL:+353 1 8745158 FAX:+353 1 8745186 E-mail:CompuServe 100325, 3566
T1010 AD-Employ -
Analysis Actions
Employment Trends Related to the Use of Advanced
Communications
Duration of Project: 12 months
Coordinator: Tele Danmark Consult A/S* DK
Partners: Institute of Technology Assessment (Vienna) A
Programme of Research on Engineering Science and Technology (Manchester)UK
* Contact: Jeremy MILLARD TEL: +45 86 286455 FAX: +45 86 286499 E-mail: CompuServe 100117,1157
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T1008 ADVANCE - Advancement of the ECTF -
(European Community Teleworking Forum)
Supporting and Coordination Actions
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: European Community Telework / Telematics Forum EEIG* E
Partners: Innova International Srl I
INMARK Estudios y Estrategias SA
E
Protocol Communications Ltd
UK
Fundación Universidad-Empresa
E
Associated Organisations:
System Synthesis Ltd
Empirica Gesellschaft für Kommunications und Technologieforschung mbH
JALA International
IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe
Odense University
SW 2000 Teleworking Studies
University of Aegean
Wierda, Overmars & Partners
UK
D
USA
F
DK
UK
GR
NL
*Contact: Andrew Page TEL: +34 1 541 72 64 FAX: +34 1 559 92 74 E-mail: CompuServe 71333,636
T1002 ATTICA -
European
Analysis of Constraints to Transborder Telework in the
Community and the EEA
Supporting and Coordination Actions Duration of Project: 6
months
Coordinator: CESIA* F
Partners: Cabinet A. Benssoussan F
Tarto Lyons Solicitors
UK
Cabinet Mertens & De Coster
B
Advocatfirmaet P. Bostrup
DK
Cabinet M. Rato, D.Rocha, A.Perdiga & Ass.
P
Eizert, Paule & Partners
D
Studio Legale Sutti
I
IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe F
* Contact: Philippe CAILLE TEL: 33 91 165191 FAX: 33 91 730138 E-mail: CompuServe 100135,3724
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1004 COBRA - Constraints and Opportunities in Business Restructuring -
an Analysis
Supporting and Coordination Actions Duration of Project: 6
months
Coordinator: Adaptation Limited* UK
Subcontractor: Empirica Gesellschaft fur Kommunications - und Technologieforschung mbH
Centre d'Information et de Relations Publiques SA
CELSA SA
Home Office Partnership
University of Aegean, Dept of Business Administration
D
B
B
UK
GR
*Contact: Colin COULSON-THOMAS TEL:+ 44 81 857 5907 FAX:+44 81 857 5947
E-mail: cc_thomas@uk.ac.luton.vax2
T1018 EBNET - European Small Business Network Pilot Demonstration
Project
Trials and Demonstrations
Durations of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: Cornix Managment Consulting* UK
Partners: Empirica GmbH D
Studio Maltempi srl
I
*Contact: Stephen Simmons TEL: 44 736 332736 FAX:44 736 69477 E-mail: CompuServe 100326,2563
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T1025 ENVIRON - Environmental Benefits & Impacts of Advanced
Communications
Analysis Actions
Duration of Project: 12 months
Coordinator: Epsilon International SA* G
Subcontractor: Tele Danmark Consult A/S
Analysys Ltd.
CEDRU
Fundesco
INNOVA International srl
DK
UK
P
E
I
*Contact: Marc BONAZOUNTAS Tel: 30 1 682 2140 Fax: 30 1 684 2420 E-mail: dkal@leon.nrcps.ariadne-t.gr
T1017 EVONET - The European Virtual Office Network
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: Home Office Partnership* UK
Partners: The Global Office Network EEIG, including specifically:
Business Space Ltd., London
Offiten SA, Barcelona
Multiburo Paris
Multiburo Budapest
Mercury Communications Ltd.
Subcontractors: Digital Equipment Corporation Europe SA/NV
Mercury Communications Ltd
UK
E
F
H
UK
B
UK
Associate & Sponsoring Partners
At least seventeen of the Global Office Network members will be participating in the pilots. All apart from
the partners listed above will be funding the pilots entirely themselves.
*Contact: Chris Moller TEL: +44 223 421 911 FAX:+44 223 421 760 E-mail: CompuServe 100102,54
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1012 EXPERTS UNLIMITED
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: SW 2000 - Teleworking Studies* UK
Partners: Inmark Estudios y Estrategias SA E
Grampian Telework Partnership
UK
European Community Telework/Telematics Forum - EEIG
UK
University College, Cork
IRL
Associated Organisations and Sponsors:
INEM, Spain
FGUAM, Spain
ET/CLDA, Spain
GENT, Scotland, United Kingdom
British Telecom, United Kingdom
Nothern Telecom, Canada
GTWP, Scotland, United Kingdom
IDA, Ireland
Telecom Eireann (NEU & PSU), Ireland
E
E
E
UK
UK
CDN
UK
IRL
IRL
*Contact: Noel HODSON TEL: +44 865 60994 FAX: +44 865 64520 E-mail: CompuServe 100143,2571
T1013 HRM - Telework Centres
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of the Project: 18 months
Coordinator: EDUNET* B
Partners: Centre Régional de Recherche Image - CRRI F
Classes Moyennes Entreprises Services
B
EUTELIS
F
Sponsors: Belgacom B
Alcatel
F
*Contact: Thierry MONIQUET TEL: +32 10 812710 FAX: +32.10.813814 E-mail:: CompuServe 100071,212
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T1023 METIER - Macro Economic and Trade Impacts of Advanced
Communications
Analysis Actions
Duration of Project: 12 months
Coordinator: Analysys Ltd* UK
Subcontractor: Institute Cerda
Epsilon International SA
DIW - Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Technical University of Denmark -
The Telecommunications Research Group
DK
E
GR
D
*Contact: Andrew ENTWISTLE
TEL: +44 223 460600 FAX: +44 223 460866 E-mail: awe@analysys.co.uk
T1006 OFFNET - European Networked Neighbourhood Offices
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: Royal Agricultural Society of England (National Rural Enterprise Centre)* UK
Partners: Anglesey Business Centre UK
Henley Management College
UK
Institute of Technology Assessment
A
Altmärkisches Entwicklungsgesellschaft Apenburg e.V.
D
Antur Teifi Valley Business Centre
UK
Supporting organisations
Telecottage Association - The Association of Teleworkers
Telecottages and Telecentres
Telecottages Wales
UK
UK
*Contact: Simon BERRY TEL: + 44 1203 690691 FAX: + 44 203 696770
E-mail: S.Berry@midnet.com or CompuServe 100135,2515
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1022 PLATO - Platforms and Tools for Transborder Telework Systems
Supporting and Coordination Actions
Duration of Project: 6 months
Coordinator: ExperTeam Telecom GmbH* D
Subcontractor: IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe
F
*Contact: Georg SIES TEL: 49 231 754 6 421 FAX: 49 231 754 6754 E-mail: CompuServe100135,2665
T1024 CLEAN - Potential Environmental Benefits of Advanced Communications
Analysis Actions
Duration of Project: 9 months
Coordinator: INNOVA International Srl* I
Subcontractor: Comité pour l'Aménagement des Temps de Travail et de Loisirs
Estudios Proyectos y Planificación SA
JALA International Inc.
Culture and Communication Studies
Technology Assessment unit, Austrian Academy of Science
F
E
USA
DK
A
Contact: Enrique de la SERNA TEL: 39 6 8530 0846 FAX: 39 6 8535 1068
E-mail: e.delaserna@agora.stm.it - CompuServe100340,2203
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T1021 PRACTICE - Code of Practice for Telework in Europe.
Supporting and Coordination Actions
Duration of Project: 6months
Coordinator: Wierda Overmars & Partners* NL
Partners: INMARK Estudios y Estrategias SA E
Empirica Gesellschaft für Kommunikations & Technologiesforschung mbH D
Hugo Sinzheimer Institute/ University of Amsterdam
NL
Largo Caballero Foundation
E
Albanet Ltd.
UK
Associated Organisations and Sponsors:
IBM - Germany
Bundespost Telekom, Germany
RABO-bank, The Netherlands
The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Watermanagement
The Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs
The Trade Union Federation for Middle and Higher Personel MHP
The Ministry of Housing, Planning and the Environment
Digital Equipment bv
The Federation of Labour Unions FNV
D
D
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
*Contact: J.C.C. OVERMARS TEL: 31 70 3505661 FAX: 31 70 3584550 E-mail: CompuServe 100115,2117
T1009 - PROLINK - A Transeuropean PROfessional Telework LINK
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of project: 18 months
Coordinator: Electricité de France Direction des Etudes et Recherches , EDF* F
Partners: France Telecom F
Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG
D
IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe F
Centre Lyonnais d'Ingénierie - Nuclear Power Plants
F
* Contact: Son PHAN TEL:+33 1 47653500 FAX:+33 1 47653001 E-mail Son.PHAN@der.edf.fr
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1007 RECITE- Remote Electronic Construction Industry Telematics
Experiment
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 20 months
Coordinator: The Danish Master Builders' Organisation * DK
Partners:
Centre Expérimental de Recherches et d'Etude de Bâtiment et de Travaux Publics F
Home Office Partnership
UK
Associated Organisations and Sponsors
The Danish Building Research Institute (SBI)
DK
EDI- Byg
DK
Hans Ulrik Jensen A/S (HUI A/S)
DK
Troels Jorgensen A/S (TJ A/S)
DK
Centre Expérimental de Recherches et d'Etudes de Bâtiment et de Travaux Publics F
EDICONSTRUCT (EDICON)
F
FNB, Conseil de l'Artisanat
F
*Contact: Niels STRANGE TEL: +45 33 919293 FAX: +45 33 153111 E-mail: CompuServe 100317,354
T1014 REGIODESK
Supporting and Coordination Actions
Duration of Project: 15 months
Coordinator: Mag Yc Micro bvba * B
Partners: Teleport Sachsen Anhalt GmbH D
NSSL, Northwold Systems and Services
UK
NEXUS Europe Ltd
IRL
Subcontractors: Cork Teleworking Centre
IRL
*Contact: Herman HEYLENS TEL: +32 2 582 6929 FAX: +32 2 582 8066 E-mail: CompuServe 100277, 1114
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T1019 RITE - Regional Infrastructure for Teleworking
Trials and Demonstrations
Coordinator: Systems Synthesis Ltd UK
Duration of the Project: 18 months
Partners: Protocol Communication Ltd UK
IDATE - Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe F
INMARK Estudios y Estrategia, SA
E
University of the Aegean
GR
Wierda Overmars & Partners
NL
European Community of Telework / Telematics Forum EEIG
E
EuroConseil Oy
SF
Associated Organisations and Sponsors:
Department of Lot et Garonne
F
Finnish Ministry of Labour (Flexiwork programme)
SF
Finnish Ministry of the Interior (New working structures for rural areas SF
Grampian Regional Council, Scotland
SF
Province of North Holland
NL
Regional Govenrment of Galicia, Spain
E
Regional Government of Aquitaine (Advanced Communications Agency) F
Sun Microsystems, Ltd
UK
Sybase, Inc.
USA
Verity, Inc.
UK
Telebit, Ltd
UK
Contact: David J. Brain TEL:+44 117 923 8853 FAX:+44 117 923 8834 E-mail: info@ssynth.demon.co.uk
T1011 SBN - Electronic Data Interchange as a Mechanism for Small
Business Networking in The Context of Teleworking
Trials and Demonstration
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: Soft Solution Limited* UK
Partners: Telematics Research and Applications Centre UK
Manchester Women's Electronic Village Hall - Workspace north West UK
GeoNet GmbH
D
Office for Network Enhancement
NL
Janus-IT COMETT Centre
UK
*Contact: Pam WRIGHT TEL: + 44 61 839 4212 FAX:+ 44 61 839 4214 E-mail: Pam.Wright@mcr1.geonet.de
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1026 SOCIAL TRENDS IN USE OF MEDIA
Analysis Actions Duration of Project: 9
months
Coordinator: Groupe Mac Gemini Consulting F
Partners: Technibank I
Technology Investment Partners
F
Technology Investment Partners
USA
*Contact: Gilles OURVOIE TEL: 33 1 44 40 19 00 FAX: 33 1 44 40 19 99 E-mail: gilles.orvoie@sp1.y-net.fr
T1016 TELDET - Telework Developments and Trends -
A Compilation of Information on Telework -
Case Studies and Trend Analysis
Supporting and Coordination Actions Duration of Project: 18
months
Coordinator:
Empirica Gesellschaft für Kommunikations und
Technologieforschung mbH, Bonn*
D
Partners: INMARK Estudio y Estrategias, SA E
Work Research Centre Ltd, Dublin
IRL
INNOVA International Srl
I
IDATE Institut de l'Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe F
Associated Partner: Ministry of Labour Finland
Subcontractor: Wierda, Overmars & Partners
SF
NL
*Contact: Werner B. KORTE TEL: +49 228 985 300 FAX: +49 228 985 3012 E-mail:werner@emp-d.uucp
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T1020 TELEURBA - Telework and Urban and Inter-urban Traffic
Decongestion
Trials and Demonstrations Duration of Project: 18
months
Coordinator: Comité pour l'Aménagement des Temps de Travail et de Loisirs *
dans la Région d'Ile de France (CATRAL)
F
Partners: Wierda Overmars & Partners NL
INMARK Estudios y Estrategias SA
E
Ewbank Preece Ltd
UK
Jala international Inc.
USA
University College Dublin
IRL
Institut d'Aménagement et d'Urbanisme de la R.I.F.
F
Associated Organisations and Sponsors:
The Chamber of Commerce, The Hague
Ballast Nedam, Amstelveen
The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Watermanagement
Conseil Régional d'Ile de France
IBM France
Fundación Universidad - Empresa
NL
NL
NL
F
F
E
* Contact: Christine GAUTHIER - Philippe DORIN TEL: 33 1 40438491 FAX: 33 1 40438478
E-mail: CompuServe 100331,515
T1001 TESSE - Telework Experiments of Services for Small Enterprises
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: OpenStudio Studio Associato* I
Partners: Dialogos Nea Media GR
Gi & Emme Strategie per l'Impresa
I
Centre for European Social Research, University College Cork
IRL
Associated Organisations and Sponsors:
Vogt + Weizenegger
PRé
acTIV8
Clare Brass Designer
Studio Legale Bergmann
Metalfin
Michele Barro Design Office
D
NL
UK
I
I
I
I
* Contact: Jesse B.T. MARSH TEL/FAX: +39 2 48008996 E-mail: CompuServe100101.2301
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
T1003 TWIN - Tele Working for the Impaired Networked Centres Evaluation
Trials and Demonstrations
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazione SPA* I
Partners: Work Research Centre Ltd IRL
Biomedical Transeuropean Association for Training
GR
Fondazione Pro Juventute Don Carlo Gnocchi
I
LEAD Scotland
UK
HUSAT Research Institute, Loughborough University of Technology UK
National Research & Development Institute for Welfare and Health
SF
* Contact: Marco MERCINELLI TEL:+39 11 228 6123 FAX +39 11 228 6190
E-mail: Marco.Mercinelli@MacPost.cselt.stet.it
T1005 WORKNET -
Large
Trials and Demonstrations
Telework Applications, Experience and Contracts in
and SMEs Industrial Enterprises
Duration of Project: 18 months
Coordinator: ASTER srl - Agenzia per lo Sviluppo Economico dell' Emilia Romagna* I
Partners: Lucrezio lab srl I
Theseus Institute
F
Italtel SIT (Società Italiana Telecomunicazioni spa)
I
Expo Agenzia di Pubblicità
I
Coop. Anastasis
I
Opiocolor
F
*Contact: Annaflavia BIANCHI TEL: +44 91 222 7578 FAX: +44 91 232 9259 E-mail: a.f.bianchi@ncl.ac.uk
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Annex 3
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2. LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS TO THE ACTS TELEWORK CONCERTATION CHAIN
AC042: AVANTI - AdaptiVe and Adaptable Interactions for Multimedia
Telecommunications ApplIcations
Workplan References:
AC516, AC119, AC304, AC305, AC20, AC40, AC121
Participants
Alcatel Siette
IROE CNR
FORTH
GMD
VTT
Universita Siena
MA
I
I
GR
D
SF
I
UK
Area:
A05
Contact: Dr. Mario Capurro Alcatel Siette
Tel: +39-55-3063-354 Telecommunications Department
Fax: +39-55-3063-293 Via Provinciale Lucchese, 33
E-mail: siette@risc.idg.fi.cnr.it 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
ITALY
AC001:
BOURBON - BrOadband Urban Rural Based Open Networks
Workplan References:
AC10, AC20, AC30, AC40
Area:
Participants
Screenphones
K-NET
NorthWest Labs
Helsinki Telephone Company
Athens Technology Centre
Octopus Flexible Business Concepts
EuroConseils
LENTIC
Tellabs Ltd.
IRL
UK
IRL
SF
GR
NL
SF
B
IRL
Contact: Padraig Ryan Screenphones Ltd
Tel: +353 71 41991 Finisklin Industrial Estate
Fax: +353 71 41985 Sligo
E-mail: pryan@sligo.screen.ie IRELAND
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
AC082:
DIANE - Design, Implementation and operation of a Distributed
Annotation Environment
Workplan References:
AC113; AC119; AC121
Area:
A01
Participants
Kapsch Aktiengesellschaft
IPVR University of Stuttgart
European Centre of Excellence for Parallel Computing
Sistemas y Tratamiento de Información SA
Hospital General de Manresa
A
D
A
E
E
Contact: Sanford Bessler Kapsch AG
Tel: +43 1 81 111 4135 Wagenseilgasse 1
Fax: +43 1 81 111 4156 1120 Vienna
E-mail: bessler@kapsch.co.at AUSTRIA
AC075: EIES - Europeam Information Exchange Service for the
communication between harbours
Workplan References:
AC40, AC112
Area:
A01
Participants
France Telecom Expertel
BIBA
Ministry of Ports of Bremen
Port Autonome de Bordeaux
Institute of Shippings Economics and Logistics
Agence de Coopération pour l'Europe de la Mer
Logistische Systeme
Autoridad Portuaria de Santander
ENYCA
Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Brest
Atlantide Grenat Logiciel
Datenbank Bremishe Häfen
F
D
D
F
D
F
D
E
E
F
F
D
Contact Jalal Samain Expertel
Tel: +33 1 44 11 59 70 6 Impasse de Bonne Nouvelle
Fax: +33 1 44 11 59 23 F-75010 Paris
E-mail: Samainj@bnouvelle.expertel.fr FRANCE
X.400: s=samainj; o=bnouvelle; p=expertel; a=atlas; c=fr
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AC079:
EPRI-WATCH - European Parliament Research Initiative Watch
Workplan References:
AC703
Area:
Participants
TELEPORT Sachsen-Anhalt
INFONET
INFOPARTNER
PONTON European Media Art Lab
Europe Online
EMPIRICA
CATRAL
RETI
Institute of Technology Assessment (ITA)
Desarollo y Recursos
Open Studio
Forschungsinstitut für Telekommunikation (FTK)
Burger Breedband Net (BBN)
North West Labs Ltd
VTT Information Technology
NCSR Demokritos
D
B
L
D
L
D
F
B
A
E
I
D
B
IRL
SF
GR
Contact: Joan B. Schlieker Teleport Sachsen-Anhalt GmbH
Tel: +49 39203 82030 Steinfeldstrasse 3
Fax: +49 39203 82031 39179 Barleben
E-mail: 100120,2237@compuserve.com GERMANY
AC 101
IBCoBN - Integrated Broadband Communications on Broadcast
Networks
Workplan References:
AC101
Participants
Integan CV
B
Bioingeneiria Aragonesa
E
Gaselwest SV
B
Rubin Research Institute
RUS
Gillam SA
B
Kabel Oost BV
NL
NV Energiedistributie maatschappij voor Noord Nederland NL
Portugal Telecom
P
DALTEK AB
S
Eurobell Limited
UK
Interaction Design Limited
UK
BNR Northern Telecom
UK
Area:
A01
Contact: John McEwan NSSL (ppr Integan CV)
Tel: +44 1 728 723410 47A Fore Street
Fax: +44 1 728 621190 Framlingham
E-mail: 100141.1356@compuserve.com Suffolk IP13 9DD
UNITED KINGDOM
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
AC023:
IMMP - Integrated Multimedia Project
Workplan References:
AC112, AC113, AC114.
Area:
A01
Participants
Nokia Corporation
Nynex Cable Comms Ltd.
Telia AB
Telecom Finland Ltd
GMD Forschungszentrum Informationstechnik GmbH
SF
UK
S
SF
D
Contact: Antti Yla-Jaaski Nokia Corporation
Tel: +358 0 43766851
Fax: +358 0 43766377
E-mail: ylajaask@research.nokia.com FINLAND
AC006:
MEDIAN - Wireless Broadband CPN/LAN for Professional and
Residential Multimedia Applications
Workplan References:
AC409, AC405, AC408, AC411.
Area:
A04
Participants
IMST
Adimec
Dassault Electronique
Deutsche Telekom AG (FTZ)
Elektrobit
Motorola
Screenphones
TNO-FEL
Dresden University of Technology
Eindhoven University of Technology
University of Rome “La Sapienza”
University of Southampton
VTT Electronics
North West Labs
K Net Limited
D
NL
F
D
SF
UK
IRL
NL
D
NL
I
UK
SF
IRL
UK
Contact: Dr. Werner Pietsch IMST
Tel: +49 2842 981 410 Carl-Friedrich-Gauß-Str. 2
Fax: +49 2842 981 499 47471 Kamp-Lintfort
E-mail: pietsch@imst.uni-duisburg.de GERMANY
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AC096:
MULTIMEDIA - Multimedia Publishing Brokerage Service
Workplan References:
AC113, AC119, AC121, AC506
Participants
Logic Control
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Sarin Telematica (Saritel)
Bintec
Austrian PTT - FZA
ArtsVideo
Telefónica I+D
Diacoma
SkyWalk
Fundació Catalana per a la Recerca
Diari de Sabadell
Class Editori
Academia de Artes y Tecnologia
E
E
I
D
A
F
E
P
D
E
E
I
P
Area:
A05
Contact: Mr. Ramon Gracia LOGIC CONTROL
Tel: +34 3 723 26 26 Ctra. Prats, 122
Fax: +34 3 723 09 75 E-08208 Sabadell (Barcelona)
E-mail: 70630.2555@compuserve.com SPAIN
AC034:
ON THE MOVE - Multimedia Information Services
Workplan References:
AC401
Participants
ERICSSON RADIO SYSTEMS
DeTeMobil GmbH
ERICSSON EUROLAB GmbH
SIEMENS AG
AACHEN UNIVERSITY
BURDA NEW MEDIA GmbH
IBM FRANCE
GSI Tecsi
BT plc
BONNIER BUSINESS PRESS
SONY Europa GmbH
Burda New Media GmbH
Kungliga Teknikska Hoegskolan
Swedisch Institute of Computer Science
S
D
D
D
D
D
F
F
UK
S
D
D
S
S
Area:
A04
Contact: Aleksander Marlevi Ericsson Radio Systems AB
Tel: +46 8 757 2626 Torshamnsgatan 23, Kista
Fax: +46 8 757 57 20 S 164 80 STOCKHOLM
E-mail aleksander.marlevi(at)era-t.ericsson.se SWEDEN
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AC071:
SICMA - Scalable Interactive Continuous Media Server - Design and
Application
Workplan References:
AC120, AC121 ;AC10, AC20
Participants
Parsytec Computer GmbH
University of Paderborn
Natural History Museum
Cap Gemini SpA
Multimedia Systems Centre
Multimedia Systems Institute of Crete
3D Scanners
Gallo Romeins Museum Tongeren
Deutsche Telekom AG
Atelier fuer Informatik und Architektur
D
D
UK
I
GT
GR
UK
B
D
CH
Area:
A01
Contact: Hans-Joerg Denuell Parsytec Computer GmbH
Tel: +49 241 88890 Roermonder Str. 197,
Fax: +49 241 888950 52072 Aachen,
E-mail: denuell@parsytec.de GERMANY
AC114:
SMARTS - SME and Regional Telecoms Support
Workplan References:
AC703
Area:
Participants
TELEPORT Sachsen-Anhalt
PONTON European Media Art Lab
Burger Breedband Net (BBN)
North West Labs Ltd
NCSR Demokritos
Otaniemi Science Park Ltd
Côte d’Azur Developpement
Wordbank Ltd.
Salzburger Technologie Zentrum GmbH
D
D
B
IRL
GR
SF
F
UK
A
Contact: Joan B. Schlieker Teleport Sachsen-Anhalt GmbH
Tel: +49 39203 82030 Steinfeldstrasse 3
Fax: +49 39203 82031 39179 Barleben
E-mail: 100120,2237@compuserve.com GERMANY
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Annex 3
Participants In Telework Initiatives
AC070:
TEAM - Team-based European Automotive Manufacture
Workplan References:
AC10, AC20, AC30, AC40, AC101, AC112, AC113, AC302,
AC304, AC306, AC701-705
Area:
Participants
ROVER Group Limited
Fiat SpA
Magneti Marelli SpA
TRW Steering Systems Ltd
Clearplas Ltd
Siemens AG
Fraunhofer Institut Fuer Graphische Datenverarbeitung
Computervision UK Ltd
University of Trento
Institut fuer Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik
University of Warwick
Husat Research Institute
Tirac Sligo Regional Technical College CREDCO
UK
I
I
UK
UK
D
D
UK
I
D
UK
UK
IRL
Contact: S. Juned ROVER Group Limited
Tel: + 44 926 643376 Building 102
Fax: + 44 926 643001 Gaydon Site
E-mail: 100347,114 Warwickshire CV35 OBL
UNITED KINGDOM
AC064:
TECODIS - Teleworking in Co-operative Development of Industrial
Software
Workplan References:
AC30, AC112, AC303, AC304, AC603, AC703
Area:
A07
Participant
Ericsson S.A.
FUE-ECTF
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Ericsson Eurolab Deutschland
Ericsson Radio Systems AB
Telefónica Investigación y Desarrollo
Centro de Estudos de TelecomunicaÇöes
Kungl Tekniska Högskolan
E
E
E
D
S
E
P
S
Contact: L Gil Ericsson S.A. - Centro I+D
Tel: +34 1 339 2968 Telémaco, 5
Fax: +34 1 339 2804 28027 MADRID
E-mail: itslga@madrid.ericsson.se SPAIN
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Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
AC099:
TELESHOPPE - Teleshopping services using virtual reality and
interactive multimedia
Workplan References:
AC106, AC112
Area:
A01
Participants
Agora Conseil, Sassenage
GUS Home Shopping, Worcester
MATRA Cap Systemes, Paris
STREAM, Rome,
Unipalm PIPEX, Cambridge
CCIR, University of Edinburgh
F
UK
F
I
UK
UK
Contact: Dr. J. P. Lefevre Agora Conseil
Tel: +33 7626 4265 185, Hameau du Chateau
Fax: +33 7653 1639 38360 Sassenage
E-mail:
FRANCE
AC028:
TOBASCO - TOwards Broadband Access Systems for CATV Optical
net+works
Workplan References:
AC10, AC201, AC202, AC208
Area:
A02, A03
Participants
AT&T Network Systems N.L. B.V.
ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH
Corning Europe
Royal PTT Nederland NV KPN Research
Norcontel Ireland Ltd
Philips
University of Southampton
NL
D
F
NL
I
NL
UK
Contact: Ton Koonen AT&T Network Systems N.L. B.V.
Tel: +31 35 874985 Botterstraat 45
Fax: +31 35 875954 P.O. Box 18
E-mail: A.M.J.Koonen@att.com THE NETHERLANDS
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Annex 3
Participants In Telework Initiatives
3. PARTICIPANTS AND SPONSORS OF THE EUROPEAN TELEWORK WEEK 1995
Major Telecommunication and IT companies:
3-COM
Alcatel
Belgacom
BT
Cap Volmac
CSC Computer sciences
EDS
EUnet
France Telecom
IBM
ICL
Olivetti
Siemens
STET
TeleDanmark
Telefonica
TELiNDUS
Unisource
Unisys
Industry Associations:
Club de l’Arche
European Electronic Messaging Association (EEMA)
European IT Industry Round Table (EITIRT)
European Trade Union Federation
Telework Associations:
ACTS National Host Forum
European Community Telework Forum (ECTF)
Finnish Flexiwork Forum
Netherlands Telework Platform
The Belgian Teleworking Association
The Irish Teleworking Association
The Spanish Teleworking Association
The Telecottage Association
UK Telework Platform
Universities:
Cranfield school of Management
U.A.M. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
Université Libre de Bruxelles
University of Louvain.
University of Wales
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Regional government and development agencies:
- 112 -

Participants In Telework Initiatives Annex 3
CATRAL Ile de France Regional Council
City of Rome
City of Vienna
Region of Gent - Objective 2000
Highlands and Islands Enterprise
Nukoping Kommun
Province of North Holland
Financial Sector:
ABB Verzekeringen
ASLK/CGER
BBL
Standard Life
Government Departments and agencies:
Austrian Minister of Economy and Transport
Austrian Minister of Science Research & Art
Belgium Prime Minister
Belgian Minister of Justice
Belgian Minister of the Public Sector
Minister, President of Wallonia
Finnish Ministry of Labour
French Ministry of Aménagement du Territoire
Italian Ministry of Labour
Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs
Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Mgt
Other businesses
AEIDL
BPU Gmbh
Computer Access
EcoPlan
Empirica
IDATE
INMARK
INNOTEK
INNOVA
KFD
Leber
Management Techn. Ass.
MatRix Matraves Riley Ltd
Nutek
Overmars Organisatie Adv.
Protocol Communications
Regus
- 113 -

Annex 3
Participants In Telework Initiatives
SW2000
System Synthesis
Tele Danmark Consult A/S
Telestugor
TMPL Training/Consultants
Teleport Brussels
Toucan
Youandi
Home Office Partnership
The Virtual Office
Press and the media
CDWare
Haldane Publications Ltd
Informatica Facil
Kommunikatie Service Nederland
Roularta
Wall Street Journal
- 114 -

Publications Annex 4
ANNEX 4
PUBLICATIONS
- 115 -

Annex 4
Publications
- 116 -

Publications Annex 4
1. PUBLICATIONS BY THE TELEWORK STIMULATION ACTION PROJECTS
T1001 Business Design Run TESSE Run.. 1/08/94
T1001 Campagne: Cultura della Comunicazione Design Open Circuit 1/02/94
T1001 European Journal of Teleworking Teleworking Services for SMEs Spring 1995
T1001 IDATER Conference Proceedings Culture of Connectedness 1/09/95
T1007 EDI-Byg, nyhedsbrev, no. 7 ; Byggeriet,
1994, no.11, p.14-15; Erhverv og Motot,
Oktober 1994; The European Journal of
teleworking, 1995 no.1, p.27-29
Kommunikation i den mindre og mellemstore
håndværksvirksomhed / Inge Kobberø; Murermestre klarer
hverdagen med edb; RECITE-projektet; RECITE/Inge
Kobbero
T1009 Outlines of Ecole Polytechnique, World EDF, teleactivities in Eastern Countries 1994-1995
Teleport Association, IDATE, Club
Informatique Midi Pyrenees
T1010 TemaNews
Danish company looks at employment in the information
society (Jeremy Millard)
1/04/94
T1013 CDRAMA A l'Est, du nouveau ! 1/05/95
T1013 L'Est Republicain Gérer les Ressources Humaines à distance 5/07/94
T1013 LaLibre Entreprise
T1013 Vers l'Avenir
Namur et Nancy, villes pilotes, le télétravail, ou tout savoir, à
distance, sur l'emploi
8/07/94
T1015 Prometheus Telematics and Regional Development: A Research
Literature Review
Vol 12,
No.2,
December
1994
T1017 European Journal of Teleworking Impelmenting the Virtual Office Nov'94
T1018 Cornix - Press Release Corporate Information Pack 16/06/05
T1018 Cornix - Press Release Cornix sets up major European business in Cornwall 6/06/94
T1018 Corriere Della Umbria Le "austostrade telematiche" sono arrivate in Umbria 9/07/94
T1018 Deutsche Bauzeichnung Digital Kommunikation: Erfagrungsbericht uber drei Jahre 1/01/94
T1018 Deutsche Bauzeichnung EBNET - Europaeisches Pilotprojekt zur virtuellen
Kooperation bei der Bauplanung
T1018 EBNET- Publicity Material The European Business Network 1/08/94
T1018 European Journal of Teleworking EBNET 1/08/94
T1018 European Journal of Teleworking Editorial 1/04/95
T1018 European Journal of Teleworking A New International Telework Network 1/12/95
T1018 La Nazione
Progetto "EBNET" Saremo il 'centro' dell'Europe grazie alla
telematica
9/07/94
T1018 Paper presented at the Online -
Conference
T1018 Telework '94 conference "New ways to
Work" in Berlin
Teleworking via ISDN: PC-gestuetzte Kooperation dezentral
arbeitender Teams
Tele co-operation of SMEs in Europe: The EBNET
experience.
- 117 -
1/02/94
1/11/94

Annex 4
Publications
Work" in Berlin
experience.
T1018 The Cornishman Penzance base for European business 16/06/94
T1018 The Leader Penzance base for European business 16/06/94
T1018 Western Morning News Cornix launches Europe network 1/07/94
T1019 Internet
Business Takes the Rite Approach to Closer European
Union
1/01/95
T1020 ABC New York 11/12/94
T1020 Acenoma Teleurba: a project for the future 18/06/94
T1020 Avocat et Entreprises Travail à distance à portée de main 1/04/94
T1020 Cinci Dias Telework:The office revolution 30/01/95
T1020 Communications World Telework in figures 1/02/95
T1020 Economia y Finanzas telework status & perspectives in Spain 1/08/94
T1020 El Pais New Enterprises, New Jobs 8/03/94
T1020 El Pais Home-Based Employees 17/04/94
T1020 El Pais Phone price reduction facilitates telework implementation 29/04/94
T1020 El Pais
Madrid & 3 other European cities will have telework certers
supported by the EU
16/06/94
T1020 El Pais Telework benefits firms & workers 3/07/94
T1020 Emploi et Formation Hebdo
Le rôle du travail à distance dans l'aménagement du temps
de travail
03/0994
T1020 Entreprises et Carrières Il faut marier rentabilité économique et aspirations sociales 11/01//94
T1020 Expansion Telework training session in Madrid 10/06/94
T1020 Expansion Free way for telework 20/06/94
T1020 Expansion When the living room is the office 10/09/94
T1020 Expansion Green Light for Telework in EU 29/04/95
T1020 FUE Letter UEF host of the ECTF international secretariat 5/06/94
T1020 FUE Letter Interview Peter Johnston 7/06/94
T1020 Fundacion Universitad Empresa
Newsletter
T1020 Hemisphere North American Airlines
Magazine
Presentation of the Project TELEURBA in Spain 1/09/94
Telework 5/05/94
T1020 Idée Travail à distance: Un enjeu de rapprochement 1/11/93
T1020 Infiomation World Telework Dec94/Jan9
5
T1020 La Gaceta de los Negocios Activities of the Universities/Enterprises 24/02/94
- 118 -

Publications Annex 4
T1020 La Gaceta de los Negocios Telework 10/06/94
T1020 La lettre de la RATP CATRAL, Le lauréat 1/10/94
T1020 La Lettre du Conseil Régional d'Ile de
France
Le teletravail, un enjeu de rapprochement 1/12/94
T1020 La Nacion
Here too,and why not,you can work with out going to the
office
19/12/94
T1020 Les Echos Les explorateurs du bureau du futur 23/06/94
T1020 Lettre de la DATAR Announcement of success to call for tender 1/09/94
T1020 N,ieuwsbriel Telewerken TELEURBA Announcement 1/03/94
T1020 Noticias Universitarias The FUE,Host of the European Telework Network 1/03/94
T1020 Personnel Today 19 000 leaflets inserted 1/01/94
T1020 Ressources Aménager le temps de travail 1/06/94
T1020 Service Public Le travail près de chez vous 1/12/94
T1020 Tecno 2000 Telework:the office at home 1/11/94
T1020 The Hague Chamber of Commerce TELEURBA & telework 1/01/94
T1020 The Times Letter to the Editor 20/04/94
T1020 Trade press The Engineer Telework 21/01/94
T1020 Vakblad Telewerken TELEURBA Announcement 34394
C1001 Informationsblatt der Fachhochschule für
Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin
Informaionsaustausch und Kooperation mit Osteuropa 1/12/94
Beitrag zur europäischen Integration
C1001 Studies in Informatics and Control
Development of network and information infrastructure in
Central and Eastern Europe
1/12/94
T1001 Giornale di Sicilia Various articles on PI Workshops and CIS Conference area 11.94-3.95
T1001 Italian Design Magazines Articles on DOC and Tesse 5-6.94
T1001 Lufthansa In-flight Journal Article of Vogt design and Tesse activity 2/01/00
T1001 Sole 24 Ore Incontri più ravvicinati nel villaggio virtuale 13.6.94
T1001 World Wide Web http://www.cityscape.co.uk/users/au63/dezines.html 1/08/94
T1001 World Wide Web http://www.cityscape.co.uk/users/au63/tesse.html 1/08/94
T1001 World Wide Web http://www.wmin.ac.uk/media/02/02_Home.html 1/10/94
T1001 World Wide Web http://www.is.in-berlin.de/~stars/is.html 1/05/95
T1005 Asternews Short news on WORKNET 5/07/94
T1005 La Repubblica Il professore riceve in video su Italtel 1/06/95
T1005 Panorama magazine 1/06/95
- 119 -

Annex 4
Publications
T1005 Panorama magazine
T1006 There have been various articles featuring
OffNet in local and national press and
radio - unfortunately a listing of the
coverage does not exist.
T1007 Brochure, Nov. 1994
RECITE
T1008 C4, UK Programme incl. details of Telluride Infozone Feb. 95
T1010 Pilotbeitrag für Schweizer TV-Serie "Work
in Progress"
TV interview über Entwicklungen im Bereich Telearbeit
(Georg Aichholzer)
20/04/94
T1013 Belgian Radio Broadcasts about the project presentation 3/07/94
T1015 European Journal of Teleworking Not finalised forthcoming
Summer
1995
T1016 TV
Telework film developed by the Swiss company BLACKBOX
T1020 BBC Radio Interview P.Davies 25/04/94
Please note that this list does not include a substantial number of publications on the
Teldet project.
- 120 -

Publications Annex 4
2. PUBLICATIONS BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
TITLE AUTHOR DATE PUBLISHER CATALOGUE
REFERENCE
Telework - Follow-up to the
White Paper, Report to the
European Commission’s
Employment Task Force
Towards the Information
Society, Communication on a
Methodology for the
implementation of
information society
applications
Actions for stimulation of
transborder Telework and
research cooperation in
Europe: Telework ‘95
Legal, Organisational and
Management Issues in
Telework
The employment and
economic impacts of
advanced communications,
and social trends in use of
communications services:
PACE ‘95
Telework and Small Business
Networking: achievements
and experience from
European trials and
demonstrations
Transnational Collaboration
from local telework centres
Telework, Telecommuting
and decentralisation
Rethinking Work - New ways
to work in an information
society - Revised 2nd edition
Ursula Huws 09/94 Social Europe
Suppl. 3
European
Commission
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
EC - DG XIII
B1
ISBN 92-826-
9408-9
1995 OPOCE(*) ISBN 92-77-
89396-6
1995 OPOCE ISBN 92-826-
9551-4
1995 OPOCE ISBN 92-826-
9552-2
1995 OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
4087-0
09/199
5
09/199
5
09/199
5
10/199
5
OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
4697-6
OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
4716-6
OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
4715-8
OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
4517-X
(*) OPOCE: European Commission’s Official Publications Office (Luxembourg)
- 121 -

Annex 4
Publications
European Guide to
Teleworking: A framework
for action
The Citizen’s Network:
Fulfilling the potential of
public passenger transport in
Europe - Green Paper
Building The European
Information Society For Us
All: Interim Report
European
Foundation
For The
Improvement
Of Living And
Working
Conditions
European
Commission
High
Group
Experts
Level
Of
1995 OPOCE ISBN 92-826-
9286-8
1996 OPOCE ISBN 92-827-
5812-5
1996 EC DG V.B5
- 122 -

Network Sources of Published Information on Telework Annex 5
ANNEX 5
NETWORK SOURCES OF
PUBLISHED INFORMATION ON
TELEWORK
- 123 -

Annex 5
Network Sources of Published Information on Telework
- 124 -

Network Sources of Published Information on Telework Annex 5
Annexe 5 - NETWORK SOURCES OF PUBLISHED INFORMATION ON
TELEWORK
1. WWW
Useful sources of information about telework on the WWW.
Please note that the WWW is a fast moving and changing environment, and these
references may not be at the same location at the time of reading.
ACTS information
Andrew Bibby author on Telework
Belgian Telework
Centre for Rural Social Research:
Rural links: Communications:
telecottages
ECTF Home page
European Telework On-line
Föreningen Telstugor i Sverige
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
Telework information
Information Society Project Office:
ISPO
Infowin
Management Technology
Associates homepage
ORA
Regionlink
Telecommuting and Telework Info
Page
Telecommuting, Teleworking and
Alternative Officing
Teleport Sachsen Anhalt
Telework Ireland
The Institute for the Study of
Distributed Work
Welcome to WISE
http://www.analysys.co.uk/acts/infowin/forum.htm
http://www.eclipse.co.uk/pens/bibby/telework.html
http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~dducheyn/telework/telewo
rk.html
http://www.csu.edu.au/research/crsr/telcott.htm
http://www.agora.stm.it/ectf
http://www.eto.org.uk
http://194.17.145.2/tcs/tcs.htm
http://www.icbl.hw.ac.uk
http://www.ispo.cec.be
http://www.uni-stuttgart.de:81/Projects/INFOWIN/
http://mtanet.co.uk
http://www.ora.com
http: //www.ssynth.co.uk/
http://grove.ufl.edu:80/~pflewis/commute.html
http://www.gilgordon.com/"
http://www.tsa.de
http://www.cis.ie/tci/
http://www.dnai.com/~isdw
http://wise.igd.fhg.de/wise/welcome.html
- 125 -

Annex 5
Network Sources of Published Information on Telework
2. COMPUSERVE
The Telework Europa forum is active on CompuServe, and can be accessed using
GO TWEURO.
This forum was initially set up as part of the ECTF project activities, continues to host
information and discussion groups relating to European projects and programmes
involving telework and the information society.
- 126 -

- 127 -