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viii Kwamgumi Forest Reserve REPORT WRITING Frontier-Tanzania Author: Data entry: Editorial Comments: Nike Doggart Kathryn Doody Veli Pohjonen, Chief Technical Adviser for the East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme, Prof. K. M. Howell from the University of Dar es Salaam, Neil Burgess from Birdlife Denmark, Alan Rodgers, UNDP and Damon Stanwell-Smith, SEE. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper 40
Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The East Usambara Mountains and forest diversity The East Usambara Mountains support ancient and unique forests rich in endemic species (Hamilton, 1989). Their old age, isolation and role as condensers of the moisture from the Indian Ocean make them an important conservation resource. The mountains are situated in north-east Tanzania within 40 km of the coastal town of Tanga between 4 O 48’-5 O 13’S and 38 O 32’-38 O 48’E. These mountains form part of a chain known as the Eastern Arc that stretches down the coast of East Africa from southern Kenya to southern Tanzania. This is a chain of isolated mountains composed of Precambrian rock exposed by block faulting and slow uprising (Griffiths, 1993). Being adjacent to the Indian Ocean, considerable orographic rainfall occurs in this area. The rainfall distribution is bi-modal, peaking between March and May and between September and December. The dry seasons are from June to August and January to March. However precipitation occurs in all months. Rainfall is greatest at higher altitudes and in the south-east of the mountains, increasing from 1,200 mm annually in the foothills to over 2,200 mm at higher altitudes. Because of the topographical and climatic interactions, the west-facing slopes of the mountains are drier compared to the east-facing slopes. Research in the East Usambara Mountains began in the late 1890s with substantial botanical collections being undertaken. Later, in 1928, surveys were undertaken on amphibians and by the 1930s detailed ornithological work had begun. Since these early studies biological research in the mountains has steadily increased. Recently, work in the area has also included an attempt to understand the drainage and catchment value of the mountain’s forests (Bruen, 1989; Litterick, 1989). The East Usambara forests have been likened to the African equivalent of the Galapagos Islands in terms of their endemism and biodiversity (Rodgers & Homewood, 1982; Howell, 1989). They are considered to be one of the most important forest blocks in Africa, if not the most important (Tye, 1994). Currently, at least 3450 species of vascular plants have been recorded in the Usambaras of which it is suggested that over one quarter are endemic or near-endemic (Iversen, 1991a). Many are threatened (Rodgers, 1996). The forests of the East Usambaras are not only important for their biodiversity, they also play an important role in maintaining the hydrological cycle which feeds the Sigi River. The Sigi River is a vital water source for the local communities as well as supplying water for the large coastal town of Tanga. Deforestation in the area will lead to increased soil erosion particularly from the steeper slopes. Soil erosion is liable to result in more irregular run off and in a deterioration in water quality due to siltation. The latest survey of the East Usambaras show that approximately 45,137 ha of the East Usambaras remain as natural forest (Johansson and Sandy 1996). This can be divided into two types: submontane rain forest and lowland forest. Altitude is the factor differentiating these two forest types (Hamilton, 1989), with submontane forest generally occurring above East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper 40
Page 1: TECHNICAL PAPER 40 Kwamgumi Forest
Page 4 and 5: © Metsähallitus - Forest and Park
Page 7 and 8: Kwamgumi Forest Reserve i TABLE OF
Page 9 and 10: Kwamgumi Forest Reserve iii LIST OF
Page 11 and 12: Kwamgumi Forest Reserve v EXECUTIVE
Page 13: Kwamgumi Forest Reserve vii ACKNOWL
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 51 nights.
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 53 6.3 Trap
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 55 6.4 Resu
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 59 • W -
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 61 Ecologic
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 63 Species
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 65 6.4.3 Re
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 67 UK - Unk
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 69 Figure 2
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 71 Table 25
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 73 Figure 2
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 75 Pardaleo
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 77 Species
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 79 6.5 Disc
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 81 Table 32
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 83 7.0 CONC
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 85 8.0 REFE
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Kwamgumi Forest Reserve 87 Lovett,
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90 Appendix 1: General plot informa
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92 Appendix 2: Taxonomic verificati
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22. Woodcock, K. 1995. Indigenous k
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