CATEGORIES OF FORAGE CROPS - Department of Plant Sciences

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planting date is optimal. Seeding rate should be adjusted down in late planted fields or less productive soils that yield below 125 bushels. Planting Rates and Row Widths Data does not show consistent large yield increases with the use of narrow rows in the Southeast. The advantage of a narrow row is that seeding rates can be increased somewhat because seed spacing within a row is greater at higher seeding rates. However, soil moisture must be able to keep up with demand and care should be taken to not over plant dryland corn in narrow or twin row systems. Producers should use the row width which fits their machinery and adjust their seeding rate for the yield potential of the field. The number of plants per acre is more important than the row widths in most cases. Planting Depths Plant corn seed at least 2 inches deep under most conditions. In cold, wet ground planting depth may be adjusted to 1½ inches. Never plant corn shallower than 1½ inches deep. For lime and fertilizer recommendations, please see the chapter on Soil Fertility and Soil Testing. Fit Number of Plants to Row Spacing Used: Seeding Seed Spacing (inches) Final Stand Rate 20" rows 30" rows 38" rows 5% loss 10% loss 24000 13.1 8.7 6.9 22800 21600 26000 12.1 8.0 6.3 24700 23400 28000 11.2 7.5 5.9 26600 25200 30000 10.5 7.0 5.5 28500 27000 32000 9.8 6.5 5.2 30400 28800 34000 9.1 6.1 4.9 32300 30600 Darker-shaded area denotes suggested seeding rate at optimal planting date in productive fields. Lighter-shaded area denotes suggested seeding rate at late planting date or in less productive fields. Irrigation in Corn Field corn responds well to irrigation in Tennessee. Corn has a narrow window (approximately 7- 10 days) for tassel emergence and silking, and dry conditions at this time can be very harmful to yield. Field corn needs between 18 to 22 inches of soil moisture during most growing seasons to achieve maximum yield potential. In Tennessee, fewer than 10% of corn acres are irrigated but interest in supplementing moisture is growing. 8
Terminating Irrigation in Corn Adequate water is most critical at pollination/silking. Grain fill is the second most critical time to provide supplemental watering in a dry year. It is vital that adequate water be available as needed until physiological maturity or ‘black layer’ formation to avoid any late season yield losses. Early termination of irrigation will prohibit kernels from reaching full potential size and weight and some data indicate 15% or more yield loss when irrigation is terminated too early in hot, dry conditions. After dent, corn requires less than one inch per week to maintain kernel development until maturity. Black layer forms about 60 days after silking when a thin layer of cells die where the kernel attaches to the cob, turning a dark brown color. This process separates the kernel from the cob and the plant stops sending sugars into the kernels. Irrigation is no longer needed. The black layer can sometimes be seen visually by breaking a cob in half and gently scraping kernel tissue at the base (cob end) of the kernel where the seed attaches to the cob. Another way to estimate maturity is to use the starch or ‘milk’ layer of kernels to estimate when black layer will be reached. The milk layer indicates the progression of sugar conversion to hard starch from the top towards the base (cob end) of the kernel. It usually takes about 20 days for the line to progress from the top to base. Break a cob in half and look at the cross section of the top (tip) half of the ear (flat side of kernels) for the milky line. A milk line about half way down the kernel indicates black layer should be reached in another 10 days. At black layer, seed moisture is still high (>30%) requiring time to dry to desired moisture before harvest. Growth Stage Avg. Water Use (inches/day) 4-leaf 0.10 12-leaf 0.25 Early tassel 0.32 Silking 0.32 Blister Kernel 0.32 Beginning Dent 0.25 Full Dent 0.20 Black layer 0.10 9
Page 1 and 2: Plant Sciences Handbook 2009 Editio
Page 3 and 4: Corn and Sorghum 3
Page 5 and 6: CORN Field Corn (Zea mays) Corn is
Page 7: Reproductive Growth * R1- Silking
Page 11 and 12: to 30 percent moisture. The higher
Page 13 and 14: MOISTURE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR COR
Page 15 and 16: GRAIN SORGHUM (Sorghum vulgare) Gra
Page 17 and 18: Harvesting When heat drying facilit
Page 19 and 20: Cotton Growth and Development Cotto
Page 21 and 22: Cotton Planting Forecast To aid in
Page 23 and 24: meristem. The axillary meristem is
Page 25 and 26: The boll maturation phase begins as
Page 27 and 28: heavy-textured Delta soils, bed the
Page 29 and 30: pound per acre of boron, apply 2.44
Page 31 and 32: For maximum efficiency in weed and
Page 33 and 34: earliness. In cases when the decisi
Page 35 and 36: can reduce the occurrence of boll r
Page 37 and 38: 2. Faster and more efficient picker
Page 39 and 40: Defoliants work best on mature cott
Page 41 and 42: applied under favorable weather con
Page 43 and 44: method. These methods should be use
Page 45 and 46: Insecticides should only be used on
Page 47 and 48: equired. These additional insectici
Page 49 and 50: survival before making a treatment
Page 51 and 52: and detecting movement into the fie
Page 53 and 54: However, Bollgard II and WideStrike
Page 55 and 56: There are many forage species that
Page 57 and 58: Fertilization: Production: Manageme
Page 59 and 60:
Management: tall fescue. Orchardgra
Page 61 and 62:
Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Suda
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also be drilled into sericea in Oct
Page 65 and 66:
Establishment: Established grass pa
Page 67 and 68:
will destroy buds needed for regrow
Page 69 and 70:
Plant species Nitrates All forages,
Page 71 and 72:
Creating Container Gardens Tips: De
Page 73 and 74:
Sun Gold (I, Johnny’s Select) Egg
Page 75 and 76:
Arizona Cypress Cupressus arizonica
Page 77 and 78:
78 Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Second
Page 79 and 80:
80 Botanical and common names Inter
Page 81 and 82:
82 Echinocactus grusonii, barrel ca
Page 83 and 84:
84 Rhapis cultivars, lady palm H W
Page 85 and 86:
Xeriscape: Water-wise Landscaping O
Page 87 and 88:
Ground Cover Calculations How to fi
Page 89 and 90:
Weeping Winter Jasmine Jasminum nud
Page 91 and 92:
HERB REFERENCE AND RESOURCE LISTS W
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Tea and Cakes Under the Trellis - A
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Hellebores P P,M Sh Root Henbane A
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SOYBEAN AND OILSEED CROPS 98
Page 99 and 100:
SOYBEANS (Glycine max.) The soybean
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3. 2002 Planting and Maturit
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data sorted by planting date. Plant
Page 105 and 106:
Foliar disease management for froge
Page 107 and 108:
U.S. Sample grade is soybeans that:
Page 109 and 110:
BURLEY TOBACCO 110
Page 111 and 112:
TURFGRASS 112
Page 113 and 114:
fescue. Like the Blue Ridge Region,
Page 115 and 116:
ecommended planting rates in pounds
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accomplish this, it may be necessar
Page 119 and 120:
Q. How long does it take for pellet
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September 2. Mow, then aerify the l
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___________________________________
Page 125 and 126:
Turfgrass Troubleshooting Guide Cli
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Root Mass 10-----------------------
Page 129 and 130:
Time Required To Put Down 1 Inch Of
Page 131 and 132:
Guide to Spring-Planted Cool-Season
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Turnip, Greens Turnip, Roots Giant,
Page 135 and 136:
135 Cucumber, Pickling Cucumber, Sl
Page 137 and 138:
Guide to Spring Warm-Season Vegetab
Page 139 and 140:
139 Potato, Sweet Pumpkin Squash, S
Page 141 and 142:
Length of Time Vegetable Seed Can B
Page 143 and 144:
INTRODUCTION Tennessee's climate is
Page 145 and 146:
Table 1. Wheat Seeding Dates and Ra
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3. Wheat Fertility Recommenda
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wheat, prior to jointing. Wild Must
Page 151 and 152:
Table 4. Recommended Chemical Contr
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wind, and by harvest, nothing remai
Page 155 and 156:
Stage of Growth to Apply Foliar Fun
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CATEGORIES OF FORAGE CROPS - Department of Plant Sciences

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