Proceedings

Sustainable Planning Instruments and Biodiversity Conservation
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Consumptive Tourism and Conservation of Natural Resources
YUKICHIKA KAWATA 1
Abstract
There are two types of natural resource use: consumptive and non-consumptive. The former is a traditional style
of usage exemplified by hunting, processing, and the physical consumption of natural resources, whereas the latter
is a relatively recent style of usage exemplified by ecotourism and/or green tourism. A shift from consumptive to
non-consumptive use may result in the decrease of natural resources, which may lead to some problematic issues.
For example, game animals have traditionally been utilized physically; this reduces their population size and
contributes to the alleviation of agricultural/forestry damages. However, as the non-consumptive use becomes more
prevalent, people tend to be more inclined toward the protection of natural resources; this results in an increase in
the game population, which causes further damage to agriculture and forests, as well as vegetation. Therefore, for the
conservation of the local landscape as a whole, consumptive use should be maintained. In order to examine this topic,
first, we address the problem in greater detail; second, we search for a solution and propose consumptive tourism; and
finally, we discuss the remaining issues of our research.
1 Introduction
The human being has various kinds of routine relationships
with the natural environment, which take tangible
and intangible forms and, as a result, we have received
tremendous spiritual and physical influences from the
natural environment. The relationship between the human
being and the natural environment is not stationary. Most
of the natural environment changes because of succession
and disturbance while human society changes because
of economic development, technology advancement and
cultural transformation. As a result, the relationships
between the natural environment and human society
change continuously. Nevertheless, if the natural
environment and human society successfully coexists,
it may happen because the speed of mutual intervention
and/or the speed of transition are appropriate to each
other.
The natural environment can be classified into the
wilderness areas and secondary nature. A wilderness
area is the state when succession has finished, and it is in
a stable condition. On the other hand, secondary nature
is formed by human influences to varying degrees. In
other words, secondary nature belongs to the so-called
cultural landscapes. It is not easy to define cultural
landscape, but in the broad sense, it is seen as natural
environment which has been affected by human beings
in the full sense. The situation is quite different in the
case of human society. When technology advancement
is slow, or similar politics and culture sustain for long
periods, human society is relatively stable throughout
the time. However, as economy develops, it seems that
the speed of social change tends to accelerate.
When the percentage of the wilderness area in the
whole natural environment is high and the speed of
change in human society is slow, the relationship between
the natural environment and human society changes
slowly. The speed of change of both natural environment
and human society is so slow that both can cope with
the change of the other. However, when the percentage
of secondary nature in the whole natural environment
is high and the speed of change in human society is
high, there is a higher possibility that the relationships
between the natural environment and human society
change drastically in the short term. In this case, nature
cannot keep up with the change of human society, and in
some cases nature is forced to undergo irreversible and
rapid change.
To use some examples – large-scale development of
rainforests, extermination of wild game animals, introduction
of alien invasive species and huge development
of rivers and lakes such as the Aral Sea. All of these
are drastic changes in the natural environment which are
attributed to the excessive use of the natural environment
or its components by human beings. We can show
1
Division of Food Hygiene, Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan, e-mail: ykawata@obihiro.ac.jp.
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