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x CONTENTS D.5 Multiple Programs and Execution Monitoring Support . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 E Portability Considerations 485 E.1 POSIX extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 E.1.1 Information from system files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 E.1.2 fork and exec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 E.1.3 POSIX functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 E.2 Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 E.2.1 Partial support for POSIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 E.2.2 Native user interface components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Bibliography 491
Preface to the 2 nd Edition This book will raise your level of skill at computer programming, regardless of whether you are presently a novice or expert. The field of programming languages is still in its infancy, and dramatic advances will be made every decade or two until mankind has had enough time to think about the problems and principles that go into this exciting area of computing. The Unicon language described in this book is such an advance, incorporating many elegant ideas not yet found in most contemporary languages. Unicon is an object-oriented, goal-directed programming language based on the Icon programming language. Unicon can be pronounced however you wish; we pronounce it variably depending on mood, whim, or situation; most frequently rhymes with “lexicon”. For Icon programmers this work serves as a “companion book” that documents material such as the Icon Program Library, a valuable resource that is underutilized. Don’t be surprised by language changes: the book presents many new facilities that were added to Icon to make Unicon and gives examples from new application areas to which Unicon is well suited. For people new to Icon and Unicon, this book is an exciting guide to a powerful language. It is with sweet irony that we call this book the 2 nd Edition, since the first edition was never formally published but instead existed solely as an online document, although laser-printed hard copies could be requested. A lot has happened to Unicon since the first edition of this book, which culminated in 2004. This “2 nd Edition” catches readers up with things like concurrent threads and vastly improved 3D graphics facilities. Along the way, the games chapter and parts of the internet programming chapter got spun off into a separate work, the so-called Manual of Puissant Skill at Game Programming. Organization of This Book This book consists of four parts. The first part, Chapters 1-8, presents the core of the Unicon language, much of which comes from Icon. These early chapters start with simple expressions, progress through data structures and string processing, and include advanced programming topics and the input/output capabilities of Unicon’s portable system interface. Part two, in Chapters 9-12, describes object-oriented development as a whole and presents Unicon’s object-oriented facilities in the context of object-oriented design. Objectxi
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Page 6 and 7: ii CONTENTS 3 String Processing 41
Page 8 and 9: iv CONTENTS 7 Graphics 99 7.1 2D Gr
Page 10 and 11: vi CONTENTS 11.3 Summary . . . . .
Page 12 and 13: viii CONTENTS 18 Object-oriented Us
Page 16 and 17: xii PREFACE TO THE 2 ND EDITION ori
Page 18 and 19: 2 PREFACE TO THE 2 ND EDITION from
Page 20 and 21: 4 PREFACE TO THE 2 ND EDITION syste
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Programs and Expressions
Page 25 and 26: 1.1. YOUR FIRST UNICON PROGRAM 9 Th
Page 27 and 28: 1.1. YOUR FIRST UNICON PROGRAM 11 R
Page 29 and 30: 1.3. EXPRESSIONS AND TYPES 13 • -
Page 31 and 32: 1.5. STRINGS AND CSETS 15 local i,
Page 33 and 34: 1.6. GOAL-DIRECTED EVALUATION 17 Th
Page 35 and 36: 1.8. GENERATORS 19 can produce all
Page 37 and 38: 1.9. ITERATION AND CONTROL STRUCTUR
Page 39 and 40: 1.10. PROCEDURES 23 you call a proc
Page 41 and 42: 1.10. PROCEDURES 25 that aren’t h
Page 43 and 44: 1.10. PROCEDURES 27 Now move the n-
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Structures The examples i
Page 47 and 48: 2.2. LISTS 31 inserts a value into
Page 49 and 50: 2.4. SETS 33 record complex(re, im)
Page 51 and 52: 2.5. USING STRUCTURES 35 default: r
Page 53 and 54: 2.5. USING STRUCTURES 37 The progra
Page 55 and 56: 2.6. SUMMARY 39 For assignment, ins
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 3 String Processing In addi
Page 59 and 60: 3.3. CHARACTER ESCAPES 43 if cset(s
Page 61 and 62: 3.4. STRING SCANNING 45 moves the p
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3.6. GRAMMARS 49 end procedure re_s
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3.6. GRAMMARS 51 E -> T | T + E T -
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Chapter 4 Advanced Language Feature
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4.3. CO-EXPRESSIONS 55 4.3 Co-expre
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4.5. PARALLEL EVALUATION 57 4.5 Par
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4.7. PERMUTATIONS 59 C2 := create p
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4.8. SIMULATION 61 4.8 Simulation A
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4.8. SIMULATION 63 WAttrib("drawop=
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Chapter 5 The System Interface The
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5.2. FILES AND DIRECTORIES 67 of fi
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5.3. PROGRAMS AND PROCESS CONTROL 6
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5.3. PROGRAMS AND PROCESS CONTROL 7
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5.4. NETWORKING 73 while *(L := sel
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5.4. NETWORKING 75 close(f) } (&err
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5.5. MESSAGING FACILITIES 77 The re
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5.6. TASKS 79 procedure main(argv)
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5.6. TASKS 81 and stack memory area
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5.6. TASKS 83 For example, the vari
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5.7. SUMMARY 85 Note that a module
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Chapter 6 Databases Databases are t
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6.3. DBM DATABASES 89 two kinds of
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6.4. SQL DATABASES 91 by the fact t
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6.4. SQL DATABASES 93 6.4.3 Opening
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6.5. TIPS AND TRICKS FOR SQL DATABA
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6.6. SUMMARY 97 6.5.4 The db librar
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Chapter 7 Graphics Unicon provides
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 101 to the right a
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 103 Name Type / Ex
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 105 Table 7-4 Wind
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 107 a hue with an
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 109 The image widt
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 111 ="," | stop("b
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 113 access to seve
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 115 Many scenes ar
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 117 manipulated at
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 119 A programmer s
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 121 Torus The x an
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 123 specular blue-
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 125 The next examp
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 127 A Larger Textu
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 129 In order to ap
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Chapter 8 Threads Threads are build
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8.2. FIRST LOOK AT UNICON THREADS 1
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8.2. FIRST LOOK AT UNICON THREADS 1
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 137 ord
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 139 A m
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 141 Not
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 143 pro
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 145 pra
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 147 Furth
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 149 the s
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 151 8.4.4
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 153 with
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Chapter 9 Execution Monitoring Unic
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 157 strin
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 159 Figur
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 161 Figur
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9.2. OBTAINING EVENTS USING EVINIT
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9.3. INSTRUMENTATION IN THE ICON IN
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9.4. ARTIFICIAL EVENTS 167 account.
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9.5. MONITORING TECHNIQUES 169 whil
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Part II Object-oriented Software De
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174 CHAPTER 10. OBJECTS AND CLASSES
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186 CHAPTER 11. INHERITANCE AND ASS
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198 CHAPTER 12. WRITING LARGE PROGR
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210 CHAPTER 13. USE CASES AND SUPPL
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Chapter 14 CGI Scripts CGI scripts
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14.1. INTRODUCTION TO CGI 221 14.1.
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14.3. AN EXAMPLE HTML FORM 223 The
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14.4. AN EXAMPLE CGI SCRIPT: ECHOIN
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14.6. APPFORM: AN ONLINE SCHOLARSHI
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Chapter 15 System and Administratio
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 231 w
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 233 N
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 235 p
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 237 end } }
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 239 daysover
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 241 dir := t
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15.4. CAPTURING A SHELL COMMAND SES
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15.5. FILESYSTEM BACKUPS 245 # # ba
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15.5. FILESYSTEM BACKUPS 247 d := "
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15.6. FILTERING EMAIL 249 # Make su
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15.6. FILTERING EMAIL 251 # Read th
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15.7. SUMMARY 253 local server, use
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Chapter 16 Internet Programs The In
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16.2. AN INTERNET SCORECARD SERVER
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16.3. A SIMPLE “TALK” PROGRAM 2
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16.4. SUMMARY 265 and so forth. At
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Chapter 17 Genetic Algorithms The p
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17.2. GA OPERATIONS 269 population
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17.3. THE GA PROCESS 271 a := ?(lch
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17.4. GA_ENG: A GENETIC ALGORITHM E
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17.4. GA_ENG: A GENETIC ALGORITHM E
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17.5. COLOR BREEDER: A GA APPLICATI
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17.5. COLOR BREEDER: A GA APPLICATI
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17.6. PICKING COLORS FOR TEXT DISPL
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Chapter 18 Object-oriented User Int
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18.2. POSITIONING OBJECTS 285 indic
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18.3. A MORE COMPLEX DIALOG EXAMPLE
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18.5. CONTAINERS 293 ent components
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18.5. CONTAINERS 295 connect(self,
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18.6. MENU STRUCTURES 297 menu_bar
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18.6. MENU STRUCTURES 299 # checkbo
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18.7. TREES 301 Figure 18-5: Explor
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18.7. TREES 303 } end # # Given a N
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 305 the GUI
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 307 bar_y :
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 309 Figure
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 311 method
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 313 Listing
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 315 # metho
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 317 menu_ba
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 319 is co-e
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 321 end met
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 323 W
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 325 }
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 327 #
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 329 e
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18.11. PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES 331 m
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18.12. IVIB 333 class AnotherDialog
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18.12. IVIB 335 Figure 18-12 Button
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18.12. IVIB 337 object to the dialo
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18.12. IVIB 339 Attribs This works
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18.13. SUMMARY 341 Undo and Redo Th
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Part IV Appendices 343
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346 APPENDIX A. LANGUAGE REFERENCE
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396 APPENDIX B. THE ICON PROGRAM LI
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470 APPENDIX C. THE UNICON COMPONEN
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484 APPENDIX D. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
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486 APPENDIX E. PORTABILITY CONSIDE
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492 BIBLIOGRAPHY [Gris96] Ralph E.
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494 INDEX bounded experssions, 19 b
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496 INDEX elapsed time, 352 else, 3
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498 INDEX image(), 75 image(x), 369
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500 INDEX mutual evaluation, 361 My
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502 INDEX loaded program, 81 progra
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504 INDEX conversion, 166 type conv
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