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iv CONTENTS 7 Graphics 99 7.1 2D Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.1.1 Window basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.1.2 Graphics contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.1.3 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.1.4 Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.1.5 Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.1.6 Images and palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.1.7 Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.1.8 pme: a pixmap editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.2 3D Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.2.1 Opening windows for 3D graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.2.2 3D attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.2.3 3D drawing primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.2.4 Coordinate transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.2.5 Lighting and materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.2.6 Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.2.7 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.2.8 Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2.9 Selective rendering and object selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8 Threads 131 8.1 Threads and Co-Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.2 First Look at <strong>Unicon</strong> Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.2.1 Thread creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.2.2 Thread evaluation context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 8.2.3 Passing arguments to threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.3 Thread Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.3.1 The non-deterministic behavior of threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.3.2 User-defined synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.3.3 Language support for synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.4 Thread Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.4.1 Thread messaging queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.4.2 send and receive operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8.4.3 Inbox/Outbox and the Attrib() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.4.4 Blocking send and receive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.4.5 Private communication channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
CONTENTS v 9 Execution Monitoring 155 9.1 Monitor Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.1.1 Monitor Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9.1.2 Standard Execution Monitoring Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 9.1.3 Framework Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.2 Obtaining Events Using evinit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.3 Instrumentation in the Icon Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 9.4 Artificial Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 9.5 Monitoring Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.6 Some Useful Library Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 9.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 II Object-oriented Software Development 171 10 Objects and Classes 173 10.1 Objects in Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 10.1.1 Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 10.1.2 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 10.1.3 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 10.2 Objects in Program Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 10.3 Classes and Class Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 10.4 Declaring Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 10.5 Object Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 10.6 Object Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 10.7 Comparing Records and Classes by Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 10.7.1 Before objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 10.7.2 After objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 10.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 11 Inheritance and Associations 185 11.1 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 11.1.1 Inheritance semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 11.1.2 Invoking superclass operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 11.1.3 Inheritance examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 11.1.4 Superclass cycles and type equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 11.2 Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 11.2.1 Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 11.2.2 User-defined associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 11.2.3 Multiplicities, roles, and qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 11.2.4 Implementing associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
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Page 39 and 40: 1.10. PROCEDURES 23 you call a proc
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Page 43 and 44: 1.10. PROCEDURES 27 Now move the n-
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3.3. CHARACTER ESCAPES 43 if cset(s
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3.4. STRING SCANNING 45 moves the p
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3.4. STRING SCANNING 47 3.4.3 Conco
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3.6. GRAMMARS 49 end procedure re_s
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3.6. GRAMMARS 51 E -> T | T + E T -
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Chapter 4 Advanced Language Feature
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4.3. CO-EXPRESSIONS 55 4.3 Co-expre
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4.5. PARALLEL EVALUATION 57 4.5 Par
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4.7. PERMUTATIONS 59 C2 := create p
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4.8. SIMULATION 61 4.8 Simulation A
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4.8. SIMULATION 63 WAttrib("drawop=
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Chapter 5 The System Interface The
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5.2. FILES AND DIRECTORIES 67 of fi
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5.3. PROGRAMS AND PROCESS CONTROL 6
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5.3. PROGRAMS AND PROCESS CONTROL 7
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5.4. NETWORKING 73 while *(L := sel
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5.4. NETWORKING 75 close(f) } (&err
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5.5. MESSAGING FACILITIES 77 The re
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5.6. TASKS 79 procedure main(argv)
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5.6. TASKS 81 and stack memory area
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5.6. TASKS 83 For example, the vari
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5.7. SUMMARY 85 Note that a module
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Chapter 6 Databases Databases are t
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6.3. DBM DATABASES 89 two kinds of
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6.4. SQL DATABASES 91 by the fact t
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6.4. SQL DATABASES 93 6.4.3 Opening
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6.5. TIPS AND TRICKS FOR SQL DATABA
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6.6. SUMMARY 97 6.5.4 The db librar
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Chapter 7 Graphics Unicon provides
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 101 to the right a
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 103 Name Type / Ex
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 105 Table 7-4 Wind
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 107 a hue with an
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 109 The image widt
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7.1. 2D GRAPHICS 111 ="," | stop("b
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 113 access to seve
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 115 Many scenes ar
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 117 manipulated at
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 119 A programmer s
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 121 Torus The x an
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 123 specular blue-
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 125 The next examp
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 127 A Larger Textu
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7.2. 3D GRAPHICS 129 In order to ap
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Chapter 8 Threads Threads are build
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8.2. FIRST LOOK AT UNICON THREADS 1
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8.2. FIRST LOOK AT UNICON THREADS 1
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 137 ord
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 139 A m
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 141 Not
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 143 pro
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8.3. THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION 145 pra
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 147 Furth
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 149 the s
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 151 8.4.4
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8.4. THREAD COMMUNICATION 153 with
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Chapter 9 Execution Monitoring Unic
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 157 strin
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 159 Figur
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9.1. MONITOR ARCHITECTURE 161 Figur
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9.2. OBTAINING EVENTS USING EVINIT
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9.3. INSTRUMENTATION IN THE ICON IN
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9.4. ARTIFICIAL EVENTS 167 account.
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9.5. MONITORING TECHNIQUES 169 whil
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Part II Object-oriented Software De
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174 CHAPTER 10. OBJECTS AND CLASSES
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186 CHAPTER 11. INHERITANCE AND ASS
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198 CHAPTER 12. WRITING LARGE PROGR
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210 CHAPTER 13. USE CASES AND SUPPL
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Chapter 14 CGI Scripts CGI scripts
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14.1. INTRODUCTION TO CGI 221 14.1.
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14.3. AN EXAMPLE HTML FORM 223 The
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14.4. AN EXAMPLE CGI SCRIPT: ECHOIN
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14.6. APPFORM: AN ONLINE SCHOLARSHI
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Chapter 15 System and Administratio
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 231 w
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 233 N
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15.2. FINDING DUPLICATE FILES 235 p
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 237 end } }
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 239 daysover
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15.3. USER FILE QUOTAS 241 dir := t
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15.4. CAPTURING A SHELL COMMAND SES
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15.5. FILESYSTEM BACKUPS 245 # # ba
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15.5. FILESYSTEM BACKUPS 247 d := "
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15.6. FILTERING EMAIL 249 # Make su
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15.6. FILTERING EMAIL 251 # Read th
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15.7. SUMMARY 253 local server, use
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Chapter 16 Internet Programs The In
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16.2. AN INTERNET SCORECARD SERVER
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16.3. A SIMPLE “TALK” PROGRAM 2
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16.4. SUMMARY 265 and so forth. At
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Chapter 17 Genetic Algorithms The p
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17.2. GA OPERATIONS 269 population
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17.3. THE GA PROCESS 271 a := ?(lch
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17.4. GA_ENG: A GENETIC ALGORITHM E
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17.4. GA_ENG: A GENETIC ALGORITHM E
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17.5. COLOR BREEDER: A GA APPLICATI
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17.5. COLOR BREEDER: A GA APPLICATI
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17.6. PICKING COLORS FOR TEXT DISPL
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Chapter 18 Object-oriented User Int
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18.2. POSITIONING OBJECTS 285 indic
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18.3. A MORE COMPLEX DIALOG EXAMPLE
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18.5. CONTAINERS 293 ent components
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18.5. CONTAINERS 295 connect(self,
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18.6. MENU STRUCTURES 297 menu_bar
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18.6. MENU STRUCTURES 299 # checkbo
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18.7. TREES 301 Figure 18-5: Explor
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18.7. TREES 303 } end # # Given a N
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 305 the GUI
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 307 bar_y :
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 309 Figure
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 311 method
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 313 Listing
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 315 # metho
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 317 menu_ba
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 319 is co-e
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18.9. CUSTOM COMPONENTS 321 end met
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 323 W
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 325 }
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 327 #
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18.10. ADVANCED LIST HANDLING 329 e
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18.11. PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES 331 m
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18.12. IVIB 333 class AnotherDialog
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18.12. IVIB 335 Figure 18-12 Button
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18.12. IVIB 337 object to the dialo
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18.12. IVIB 339 Attribs This works
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18.13. SUMMARY 341 Undo and Redo Th
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Part IV Appendices 343
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346 APPENDIX A. LANGUAGE REFERENCE
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396 APPENDIX B. THE ICON PROGRAM LI
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470 APPENDIX C. THE UNICON COMPONEN
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484 APPENDIX D. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
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486 APPENDIX E. PORTABILITY CONSIDE
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492 BIBLIOGRAPHY [Gris96] Ralph E.
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494 INDEX bounded experssions, 19 b
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496 INDEX elapsed time, 352 else, 3
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498 INDEX image(), 75 image(x), 369
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500 INDEX mutual evaluation, 361 My
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502 INDEX loaded program, 81 progra
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504 INDEX conversion, 166 type conv
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