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• • Decision 12.29, which requests Parties to communicate details of any “significant illegal shipment of Asian big cat parts or derivatives” and to conduct appropriate investigations. Decision 12.30, which requests that Asian big cat range State Parties consider ways in which local communities might be encouraged to play a part in, and benefit from, the conservation of Asian big cats and their habitats, for example through eco-tourism. Table 2 Multi-lateral environmental agreements applying to Snow Leopard range States Country Party Date of Category Party Date of to entry into under to entry into CITES force NLP 1 CMS 2 force Afghanistan Yes Jan. 1986 3 No - Bhutan Yes Nov. 2002 No - China Yes April 1981 2 No - India Yes Oct. 1976 2 Yes Nov. 1983 Kazakhstan Yes Jan. 2000 Under review No - Kyrgyzstan No - No - Mongolia Yes April 1996 3 Yes Nov. 1999 Nepal Yes Sept 1975 3 No - Pakistan Yes July 1976 3 Yes Dec. 1987 Russian Federation Yes Jan. 1992 2 No - Tajikistan No - Yes Feb. 2001 Uzbekistan Yes Oct. 1997 3 Yes Sept. 1998 Notes: 1 = National Legislation Project of CITES. Category 1 legislation is believed to meet the requirements for the implementation of CITES; Category 2 legislation is believed not to meet all requirements; Category 3 legislation is believed not to meet the requirements. 2 CMS = the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Sources: Document Doc. 28, presented at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES, November 2002; www.cites.org; and http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/ The Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals The Snow Leopard has been listed in Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) since 1985. Five of the twelve Snow Leopard range States are Parties to CMS (see Table 2). For Appendix I species, CMS Parties are requested to: • • • conserve and restore habitat; prevent, remove, compensate or minimize adverse effects of activities or obstacles that seriously impede migration; and prohibit the taking of animals and prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or are likely to further endanger the species. At the seventh Conference of the Parties to CMS (September 2002), the Snow Leopard attained the status of a species designated for “concerted and co-operative actions” for its conservation (Anon. 2002c; d). 12 FADING FOOTPRINTS: the killing and trade of Snow Leopards
BOX I CITES-REPORTED TRADE IN SNOW LEOPARDS Although the Snow Leopard is an Appendix I species under CITES, and therefore international commercial trade of wild specimens is not permitted, transfer between countries is allowed for specific purposes, such as exchange between scientific institutions (including zoos), non-commercial loan and donation. Further, commercial trade in captive-bred specimens of Appendix I species is allowed under CITES, providing the relevant breeding facilities have been inspected, and their operations approved, by a country’s CITES Management Authority. In all instances of trade in Appendix I species, the relevant authorities in the countries of export (or re-export) and import have to issue CITES permits before trade can take place and, in this way, it is possible to track the movement of specimens. Table I shows the numbers of Snow Leopard specimens reported in international trade between 1975 and 2000, based on CITES trade data. These data are based on imports, exports and re-exports reported by CITES Parties to the CITES Secretariat. Reporting inaccuracies and omissions mean that these data are likely to be far from complete and should rather be considered as an indication of trade levels. Table A International net trade in Snow Leopards between 1975 and 2000, as reported by CITES Parties Year Live Skins Garments Trophies Specimen Bodies Skeletons 1975 1 1976 1 1 1977 3 1978 14 1 1979 4 45 *** 2 1980 11 1981 17 3 1982 12 1 1983 14 1 1984 25 1985 15 1986 15 1 1987 15 1988 18 2 4 1989 31 12 1990 36 1991 16 345 * 1992 27 1 170 ** 1993 23 1 1994 23 34 1 1995 9 1 1996 8 1997 22 2 1998 23 1 1 1999 5 2 6 2 2000 15 Total 402 53 3 3 570 9 2 Notes: * refers to Snow Leopard scat samples; ** refers to semen samples in ml; *** refers to pre- Convention specimens. Blanks denote no trade reported. Source (for Tables A, B and C): CITES trade data, compiled by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) in 2002. FADING FOOTPRINTS: the killing and trade of Snow Leopards 13
Page 1 and 2: FADING FOOTPRINTS: THE KILLING AND
Page 3 and 4: FADING FOOTPRINTS: THE KILLING AND
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course
Page 7 and 8: Although it is difficult to assess
Page 9 and 10: Raise awareness of the threats pose
Page 11 and 12: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION The Sno
Page 13 and 14: METHODOLOGY A large part of this re
Page 15 and 16: Credit: International Snow Leopard
Page 17 and 18: Table 1 Distribution and population
Page 19 and 20: Mongolia The Snow Leopard is distri
Page 21: and human encroachment, which have
Page 25 and 26: At national level Snow Leopards are
Page 27 and 28: protest of conservation groups (Tse
Page 29 and 30: Law enforcement is also often imped
Page 31 and 32: Conflict with herders Killings of S
Page 33 and 34: Snow Leopards in 1989-90, which rep
Page 35 and 36: from Russia in the 1920s has been e
Page 37 and 38: Kabul) (Chivers, 2002) and, in July
Page 39 and 40: • The pelt and bones of Snow Leop
Page 41 and 42: north-west Himalayan tourist towns
Page 43 and 44: demand from Chinese traders. Trader
Page 45 and 46: Table 7 Snow Leopard products noted
Page 47 and 48: Trade in Snow Leopards skins has be
Page 49 and 50: Pakistan has been well known for it
Page 51 and 52: Credit: Javed Khan Four Snow Leopar
Page 53 and 54: targeted in the region and trade wi
Page 55 and 56: New networks of hunters, middlemen
Page 57 and 58: Snow Leopards are accidentally trap
Page 59 and 60: y Snow Leopard Enterprises direct f
Page 61 and 62: aised for re-investment into wildli
Page 63 and 64: Snow Leopard Survival Strategy and
Page 65 and 66: and of their prey for subsistence a
Page 67 and 68: • CITES membership Snow Leopard r
Page 69 and 70: Protecting and/or recovering the na
Page 71 and 72: and benefits associated with their
Page 73 and 74:
Anon. (1999). Issues relating to sp
Page 75 and 76:
Fox, J.L. (1994). Snow Leopard cons
Page 77 and 78:
Ma, J., Zou, H. and Cheng, K (2002)
Page 79 and 80:
Sumiya, G and Buyantsog, B. (2002).
Page 81 and 82:
taken/fine imposed, source of infor
Page 83 and 84:
FADING FOOTPRINTS: the killing and
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