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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Executive summary iv Background and introduction 1 Methodology 3 Species information 4 Biology and habitat 4 Distribution and population 5 Legal status and regulation 11 At international level 11 At national level 15 Types of threat posed to Snow Leopards 19 Loss of natural prey base 19 Conflict with herders 21 Non-selective killing: traps and poison 24 Habitat loss and fragmentation 24 Trapping and killing for trade 24 Threats to Snow Leopards, with a special focus on trade: range State accounts 26 Afghanistan 26 Bhutan 27 China 27 India 29 Mongolia 31 Nepal 36 Pakistan 38 Central Asian republics and the Russian Federation 42 Conservation efforts: some examples 48 Conclusions 53 Recommendations 56 Footnotes 62 References 62 Annex 70 ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of this project many individuals contributed their time, expertise, original research and advice. Special thanks in this regard are due to the numerous people, including members of the Snow Leopard Network, that responded to the questionnaires or provided valuable information through interviews, correspondence or unpublished reports. Firstly, this report would not have been possible without the dedicated work and assistance of Bariushaa Munkhtsog, Country Programme Director, International Snow Leopard Trust-Mongolia and Dr Javed Khan of the International Snow Leopard Trust/WWF Pakistan, who conducted the trade surveys in Mongolia and Pakistan, respectively, and provided valuable advice and support throughout this project. Thanks are due to Dr Tom McCarthy, Conservation Director, International Snow Leopard Trust; Manoj Misra, TRAFFIC consultant; Dr Andrey Poyarkov, Russian Academy of Science; Kristin Nowell of the Cat Action Treasury (CAT) and the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group; Dr Javed Khan, International Snow Leopard Trust/WWF Pakistan and Dave Ferguson of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, who provided unpublished reports and additional information. TRAFFIC is grateful to the International Snow Leopard Trust, for inviting it to participate in the Snow Leopard Survival Summit, in Seattle, USA, in May 2002. Tom McCarthy; Kristin Nowell; Rob Parry-Jones of TRAFFIC Oceania; Craig Kirkpatrick and Xu Hongfa of TRAFFIC East Asia; Steven Broad of TRAFFIC International; Cliona O’Brien and Sue Lieberman of the WWF International Species Programme; Callum Rankine of WWF UK; and Alexander Shestakov of TRAFFIC Europe-Russia reviewed the report and provided advice and assistance during the project. Ashiq Ahmad Khan, Chief Technical Advisor, WWF Pakistan, Javed Khan and Bariushaa Munkhtsog also acted as reviewers and Rodney Jackson of the Snow Leopard Conservancy kindly provided input at a later stage. The project and report were also dependent on the assistance, support and valuable advice of several TRAFFIC colleagues: Rob Parry-Jones; Craig Kirkpatrick, Xu Hongfa and Samuel Lee of TRAFFIC East Asia; Steven Broad, Julie Gray and Maija Sirola of TRAFFIC International; Alexey Vaisman, Alexander Shestakov and Natalia Dronova of TRAFFIC Europe-Russia; Chris Shepherd of TRAFFIC Southeast Asia and Caroline Raymakers and Laurie Kint of TRAFFIC Europe. The contribution of photographs and maps by several individuals and organizations is much appreciated. This report was made possible with the financial support of WWF UK, WWF Netherlands, WWF Italy, WWF Belgium, the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and la Societa Zoologica la Torbiera. iii
Page 1 and 2: FADING FOOTPRINTS: THE KILLING AND
Page 3: FADING FOOTPRINTS: THE KILLING AND
Page 7 and 8: Although it is difficult to assess
Page 9 and 10: Raise awareness of the threats pose
Page 11 and 12: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION The Sno
Page 13 and 14: METHODOLOGY A large part of this re
Page 15 and 16: Credit: International Snow Leopard
Page 17 and 18: Table 1 Distribution and population
Page 19 and 20: Mongolia The Snow Leopard is distri
Page 21 and 22: and human encroachment, which have
Page 23 and 24: BOX I CITES-REPORTED TRADE IN SNOW
Page 25 and 26: At national level Snow Leopards are
Page 27 and 28: protest of conservation groups (Tse
Page 29 and 30: Law enforcement is also often imped
Page 31 and 32: Conflict with herders Killings of S
Page 33 and 34: Snow Leopards in 1989-90, which rep
Page 35 and 36: from Russia in the 1920s has been e
Page 37 and 38: Kabul) (Chivers, 2002) and, in July
Page 39 and 40: • The pelt and bones of Snow Leop
Page 41 and 42: north-west Himalayan tourist towns
Page 43 and 44: demand from Chinese traders. Trader
Page 45 and 46: Table 7 Snow Leopard products noted
Page 47 and 48: Trade in Snow Leopards skins has be
Page 49 and 50: Pakistan has been well known for it
Page 51 and 52: Credit: Javed Khan Four Snow Leopar
Page 53 and 54: targeted in the region and trade wi
Page 55 and 56:
New networks of hunters, middlemen
Page 57 and 58:
Snow Leopards are accidentally trap
Page 59 and 60:
y Snow Leopard Enterprises direct f
Page 61 and 62:
aised for re-investment into wildli
Page 63 and 64:
Snow Leopard Survival Strategy and
Page 65 and 66:
and of their prey for subsistence a
Page 67 and 68:
• CITES membership Snow Leopard r
Page 69 and 70:
Protecting and/or recovering the na
Page 71 and 72:
and benefits associated with their
Page 73 and 74:
Anon. (1999). Issues relating to sp
Page 75 and 76:
Fox, J.L. (1994). Snow Leopard cons
Page 77 and 78:
Ma, J., Zou, H. and Cheng, K (2002)
Page 79 and 80:
Sumiya, G and Buyantsog, B. (2002).
Page 81 and 82:
taken/fine imposed, source of infor
Page 83 and 84:
FADING FOOTPRINTS: the killing and
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