SHP-based Rural Electrification in China - Hangzhou Regional ...

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SHP Development and Programme Worldwide Mini and Small Hydropower in Europe Development and Market Potential by Joachim Leckscheidt and Tjarinto S. Tjaroko ASEAN Centre for Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia For centuries, Small Hydro necessary. development and recommends action Power (SHP) has been an important This situation was prevailing in by European legislators and the source of energy in all European most countries even after the 1974 oil industry. countries possessing water shock. One would have expected that Present situation of SHP in Europe potentials. With the invention of more the oil crisis as well as protests Hydropower (large and small) sophisticated turbines in the twentieth against nuclear power would have contributes 17%** to production of century, mini and small hydro opened the market for small and mini electrical energy in Europe, ranging plants were used for electricity generation hydro. But it took more than twenty from 99% in Norway, 76% in and became the main source years of development and lobbying Switzerland, 65% in Austria, 51% in of electric energy. Townships in the to bring about legislation and tariffs Sweden, down to 23% in France, 12% mountains harnessed water resources in favor or MHP. Czech Republic, 6% Poland, 4% to generate electricity. Wa- New Momentum by the European Germany, 3% and less in the UK and ter powered mills or factories were fitted Union some other countries. with turbines and generators and In 1997 the European Union is- Small hydropower accounts for the electric power was used for productive sued the White Paper on Renewable approximately 7% of total hydro gen- end use. Sources of Energy (26/11/97) outlineration in Europe. The present capacsued The Decline of SHP Development ing the future of Renewable Energy ity and production for 30 European This development continued till in the European Union. It covers countries are shown in Table 1. The about 1950/1960, when the national competitiveness, environmental total installed SHP capacity stands grid was extended and reached the protection, security of supply and the at 12.600 MW and production is estimated so far isolated SHP plants. In many promotion of energy efficiency and at 50.000 GWh. Leading coun- cases grid supply turned only to be renewables. The paper defines a strategy tries are Italy, France, Germany, cheaper than operation, repair and and an action plan to promote Spain, Sweden, Norway, Austria and maintenance of the SHP. In addition, renewable energy sources (RES). The Switzerland which combine 86% of stringent water management regulations target is a 12% share in total energy SHP capacity and production. and safety provisions for civil supply by 2010, compared to an esti- The SHP production consists of and electrical installations contributed mated 6% in 1996. around 17.500 individual power plants to the early closure of many One important feature of the with an average capacity of 0,7 MW minihydro plants which, from a technical Action Plan was a thorough situation and a production of 2.9 GWh per point, were still perfectly analysis for Small Hydro in Europe. year. Average capacity varies widely operational. In many areas the utility This “Strategic Study for the Development between countries, from over 4 MW companies managed to enforce closure of Small Hydro Power in the per plant in Romania and Portugal, 2, even when the supply from the European Union” was prepared on 69 in Poland, 2,82 in Greece, 2,06 in grid was more costly for the user than behalf of the European Small Hydropower Turkey, 1,72 in Norway, 1-1,5 MW for from his minihydro plant. If production Association (ESHA) under the Italy, Spain, France, Finland and UK, and feed-in was tolerated at all, ALTENER II project of the European down to the 200-300 kW range in prices paid by the utilities were so Union and published in 2001* . It contains countries like Germany, Czech low that only the existing plants remained a comprehensive survey of Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia. The economical and this only, as present small hydro production, pattern reflects the water potentials long as no major repairs became analyses the constraints to further of the respective countries as well as the age of the industry: countries * Source : esha@arcadis.be. The Survey covers over 90% of the SHP production in which started early using SHP feature the EU and 13 other European countries including Norway, Switzerland, Czech a larger degree of smaller or mini Republic, Hungary, Poland, Turkey and others. hydropower plants, whereas “newcomers” ** for OECD Europe, Source: IEA like Portugal, Greece or Tur- SHP NEWS Autumn 2004 www.hrcshp.org 17
SHP Development and Programme Worldwide key started with plants of bigger Table 1: Installed capacity and production of SHP plants (up to 10 MW) in capacity. Plants in the “traditional” 30 European countries SHP countries like Germany are the Country MW GWh Number MW/Plant oldest with nearly 50% being over 60 EU Countries 1.863 35.833 13.359 0,76 years old. Portugal, Spain, UK, Greece Austria 848 4.246 1.110 0,76 and the Eastern European countries Belgium 95 385 39 2,44 have the “youngest” installations Denmark 11 30 38 0,29 with most plants counting less than Finland 320 1.280 225 1,42 20 years. France 1.977 7.100 1.700 1,16 Prices paid to SHP producers Germany 1.502 6.253 5.625 0,27 vary considerably among European Greece 48 160 17 2,82 countries with the lowest tariffs in Ireland 32 120 44 0,72 Finland, Norway and Sweden (1,2 to Italy 2.209 8.320 1.668 1,32 Luxemburg 39 195 29 1,34 3 Eurocent/kWh) followed by a medium range of 4 to 6 Eurocent/kWh in Netherlands 30 60 7 4,28 Portugal 280 1.100 60 4,67 UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal up to tariffs which include a promotional ele- Spain 1.548 5.390 1.056 1,47 Sweden 1.050 4.600 1.615 0,65 ment such as 9 Eurocent/kWh in Belgium and Switzerland, 90% of end user UK 160 840 126 1,26 Non-EU Countries 2.468 10.556 4.104 0,62 tariff in Greece or 65%-80% in Croatia 30 120 13 0,23 Germany. Czech Republic 250 677 1.136 0,22 In the future, SHP production Norway 941 4.305 547 1,72 will also benefit from carbon money Poland 127 705 472 2,69 under the so-called Joint Implementation Romania 44 176 9 4,89 mechanism. Projects located in Slovakia 31 175 180 0,17 countries where green house gas Slovenia 77 270 413 0,19 emission targets are met—first countries Switzerland 757 3.300 1.109 0,68 will probably be UK and Ger- Turkey 138 500 67 2,06 many—can earn additional revenue 6 other non EU 73 328 158 0,46 for the emission reduction being Grand total - 30 12.617 50.635 17.463 0,72 achieved. Emission reductions can Source: ESHA Study and ACE computations; GWh for Croatia and Romania estimated be credited for a period of five years taking four (4) GWh per MW. Figures for Netherlands from Hydro Power and Dams if they are certified to fulfill the criteria World Atlas 2001. of “environmental additionality”. First transactions are reported by Eco Table 2: Estimated Hydropower Potential and Exploitation in Europe Securities of UK, e.g., a forward contract Countries Econ. Feasible Prodn. from Exploitation for 6,1 million CO 2 in 2008-2012 Potential Hydro Plants Ratio (%) worth 3 million Euro resulting from a (GWh/a) (GWh/a) 55-MW hydro plant in Romania, or a 15 EU Countries of which 390.000 320.000 82 purchase of the environmental benefits Austria 50.000 38.000 76 of a 8,2-MW run-of-the-river France 72.000 70.000 97 plant in Guatemala for a ten-year Germany 25.000 25.000 100 period. Italy 55.000 52.000 95 In most European countries the Spain 40.000 35.000 88 economically feasible hydro potential Sweden 85.000 68.000 80 has been harnessed to a great ex- Selected non-EU tent (see Table 2). From the still untapped Countries of which 480.000 250.000 52 potential the SHP plants have Norway 180.000 120.000 67 a better chance for realization than Romania 30.000 16.000 53 Switzerland 36.000 34.000 94 large hydro with reservoirs, which Turkey 120.000 40.000 33 face severe opposition due to their considerable environmental impact. Source: IEA, Eurostat, Hydropower & Dams and own interpolation/computations 18 www.hrcshp.org SHP NEWS Autumn 2004
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Page 19 and 20: Events Brazilian Proinfa small hydr
Page 21 and 22: ANEEL authorizes new projects in Br
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