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Appendix A<br />

8.3 Notes for use in qualitative analysis<br />

Tests for anions<br />

anion test test result<br />

carbonate (CO 2– 3<br />

) add dilute acid effervescence, carbon dioxide<br />

produced<br />

chloride (Cl – )<br />

[in solution]<br />

iodide (I – )<br />

[in solution]<br />

nitrate (NO 3 – )<br />

[in solution]<br />

sulfate (SO 4 2– )<br />

[in solution]<br />

acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add<br />

aqueous silver nitrate<br />

acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add<br />

aqueous silver nitrate<br />

add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then<br />

aluminium foil; warm carefully<br />

acidify, then add aqueous barium nitrate<br />

white ppt.<br />

yellow ppt.<br />

ammonia produced<br />

white ppt.<br />

Tests for aqueous cations<br />

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia<br />

aluminium (Al 3+ )<br />

white ppt., soluble in excess giving a<br />

colourless solution<br />

white ppt., insoluble in excess<br />

ammonium (NH 4 + ) ammonia produced on warming –<br />

calcium (Ca 2+ ) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.<br />

copper (Cu 2+ ) light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,<br />

giving a dark blue solution<br />

iron(II) (Fe 2+ ) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess<br />

iron(III) (Fe 3+ ) red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess<br />

zinc (Zn 2+ )<br />

white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a<br />

colourless solution<br />

white ppt., soluble in excess,<br />

giving a colourless solution<br />

Tests for gases<br />

gas<br />

ammonia (NH 3<br />

)<br />

carbon dioxide (CO 2<br />

)<br />

chlorine (Cl 2<br />

)<br />

hydrogen (H 2<br />

)<br />

oxygen (O 2<br />

)<br />

test and test result<br />

turns damp red litmus paper blue<br />

turns limewater milky<br />

bleaches damp litmus paper<br />

‘pops’ with a lighted splint<br />

relights a glowing splint<br />

Cambridge IGCSE <strong>Chemistry</strong> 0620. Syllabus for examination in 2015.<br />

37

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