icvg 2009 part I pp 1-131.pdf - Cornell University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

— 30 — context of N. benthamiana infection launched by the fulllength GLRaV-2 clone revealed that L1 or its coding region is essential for virus ability to establish infection, while L2 plays an accessory role in the viral systemic transport (Liu et al., 2009). Strikingly, when tagged minireplicon variants were used for the leaf agro-infiltration of the GLRaV-2 natural host, Vitis vinifera, deletion of either L1 or L2 resulted in a dramatic reduction of minireplicon ability to establish infection attesting to a strict, host-specific requirement for tandem proteases in the virus infection cycle. In particular, L2-less variant exhibited a ~10-fold reduction in RNA accumulation in the V. vinifera leaves. The specific infectivity of this variant measured as a mean number of the GFP-fluorescent infected cells per leaf was also reduced ~10-fold. This correlation in the RNA accumulation and the numbers of infected cells points to a role of L2 in the virus invasiveness, i.e., the ability to establish infection in the inoculated grapevine cells. Such role is even more dramatic in the case of L1 whose deletion resulted in ~100-fold reduction in the RNA accumulation and specific infectivity in grapevine. What is a functional significance of duplication of the leader proteases in GLRaV-2? We proposed that the answer, at least in part, lies in the fact that functional cooperation of L1 and L2 is more important for the infection of grapevine than of N. benthamiana. A tandem of viral proteases could have evolved to boost the function of a single protease in order to subvert a perennial woody host potentially recalcitrant to virus infection (Liu et al., 2009). This hypothesis is compatible with the fact that in addition to GLRaV-2, protease duplication is found in Citrus tristeza virus and several other closteroviruses that infect woody and/or perennial hosts, but not in BYV or Mint virus 1 (Tzanetakis et al., 2005) that infect herbaceous annual hosts. AlkB DOMAINS Another example of a viral protein that apparently evolved to allow the viral infection of the woody or perennial hosts is provided by the AlkB domain originally identified in a subset of flexiviruses (Aravind & Koonin, 2001; Martelli et al., 2007). This domain was also found in several ampeloviruses including GLRaV-3 and GLRaV-Pr (Maliogka et al., 2009), as well as in a potyvirus (Susaimuthu et al., 2008) and a sadwavirus (Halgren et al., 2007). Bacterial and mammalian AlkB proteins are iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that reverse methylation damage, such as 1-methyladenine and 3- methylcytosine, in RNA and DNA (Aas et al., 2003). The phylogenetic analysis of AlkB sequences suggested that a single plant virus might have acquired AlkB relatively recently, followed by horizontal dissemination among other viruses via recombination (van den Born et al., 2008). The biochemical characterization of the plant viral AlkB proteins revealed efficient reactivation of the methylated bacteriophage genomes when expressed in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, viral AlkBs displayed robust, iron(II)- and 2- oxoglutarate-dependent, demethylase activity in vitro (van den Born et al., 2008) and preferred RNA over DNA substrates, and thus represented the first AlkBs with such substrate specificity. These results suggested a role for viral AlkBs in maintaining the integrity of the viral RNA genomes through repair of deleterious methylation damage, and supported the notion that AlkB-mediated RNA repair is biologically relevant, at least under conditions of the viral infections in the woody and perennial plans. CONCLUSION A somewhat patchy appearance of this overview of the recent research on GLRD-related viruses is a faithful reflection of the state of the art. It seems that a more systematic investigation of GLRD along at least three following research directions is needed to ensure further progress. First, application of the deep transcriptome sequencing to the GLRD-affected vines using massive parallel sequencing techniques (e.g., 454 GS20 pyrosequencing or Illumina GA platforms) has a potential to yield the census of all relevant RNA viruses. In fact, this approach has been used successfully for identifying viruses associated with the Syrah decline (Al Rwahnih et al., 2009). Second, because majority of GLRD-associated viruses are ampeloviruses, the corresponding cDNA clones are needed to characterize the ampelovirus gene functions. Such studies should include the entire range of ampelovirus genome architectures, from the simplest found in GLRaV- Pr to much more sophisticated one found in GLRaV-3 (Ling et al., 2004). Third, because, except for GLRaV-2, the GLRD-associated viruses are not known to infect experimental herbaceous hosts, there is a need in a facile inoculation protocol for launching the cDNA clone-derived viruses to grapevine. Although the agroinoculation appears to be very promising (Liu et al., 2009; Muruganantham et al., 2009), the systemic grapevine infection with the genetically modified clostero- or ampeloviruses is yet to be achieved. LITERATURE AAS, P.A., OTTERLEI, M., FALNES, P.O., VAGBO, C.B., SKORPEN, F., AKBARI, M., SUNDHEIM, O., BJORAS, M., SLUPPHAUG, G., SEEBERG, E. & KROKAN, H.E. 2003. Human And Bacterial Oxidative Demethylases Repair Alkylation Damage In Both RNA And DNA. Nature 421, 859-863. AL RWAHNIH, M., DAUBERT, S., GOLINO, D. & ROWHANI, A. 2009. Deep Sequencing Analysis Of Rnas From A Grapevine Showing Syrah Decline Symptoms Reveals A Multiple Virus Infection That Includes A Novel Virus. Virology Doi:101016/J.Virol.2009.02.028. ARAVIND, L. & KOONIN, E.V. 2001 The DNA Repair Protein Alkb, EGL-9, And Leprecan Define New Families Of 2-Oxoglutarate- And Iron-Dependent Dioxygenases. Genome Biolology 2, Research/007.1. DOLJA, V.V., KREUZE, J.F. & VALKONEN, J.P. 2006. Comparative And Functional Genomics Of Closteroviruses. Virus Research 117, 38-51. HALGREN, A., TZANETAKIS, I.E. & MARTIN, R.R. 2007. Identification, Characterization, And Detection Of Black Raspberry Necrosis Virus. Phytopathology 97, 44-50. LING, K.S., ZHU, H.Y. & GONSALVES, D. 2004. Complete Nucleotide Sequence And Genome Organization Of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 3, Type Member Of The Genus Ampelovirus. Journal Of General Virology 85, 2099-2102.
— 31 — LIU, Y.-P., PEREMYSLOV, V.V., MEDINA, V. & DOLJA, V.V. 2009. Tandem Leader Proteases Of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus-2: Host-Specific Functions In The Infection Cycle. Virology 383, 291-299. MALIOGKA, V.I., DOVAS, C.I. & KATIS, N.I. 2008. Evolutionary Relationships Of Virus Species Belonging To A Distinct Lineage Within The Ampelovirus Genus. Virus Research 135, 125-135. MALIOGKA, V.I., DOVAS, C.I., LOTOS, L., EFTHIMIOU, K. & KATIS, N.I. 2009. Complete Genome Analysis And Immunodetection Of A Member Of A Novel Virus Species Belonging To The Genus Ampelovirus. Archives In Virology. 154, 209-218. MARTELLI, G.P., ADAMS, M.J., KREUZE, J.F. & DOLJA, V.V. 2007. Family Flexiviridae: A Case Study In Virion And Genome Plasticity. Annual Review Of Phytopathology 45, 73-100. MURUGANANTHAM, M., MOSKOVITZ, Y., HAVIV, S., HORESH, T., FENIGSTEIN, A., PREEZ, J., STEPHAN, D., BURGER, J.T. & MAWASSI, M. 2009. Grapevine Virus A-Mediated Gene Silencing In Nicotiana Benthamiana And Vitis Vinifera. Journal Of Virological Methods 155, 167-174. . PENG, C.W., PEREMYSLOV, V.V., MUSHEGIAN, A.R., DAWSON, W.O. & DOLJA, V.V. 2001. Functional Specialization And Evolution Of Leader Proteinases In The Family Closteroviridae. Journal Of Virology 75(24), 12153-12160 SUSAIMUTHU, J., TZANETAKIS, I.E., GERGERICH, R.C. & MARTIN, R.R. 2008. A Member Of A New Genus In The Potyviridae Infects Rubus. Virus Research 131, 145-151. TZANETAKIS, I.E., POSTMAN, J. & MARTIN, R.R. 2005. Characterization Of A Novel Member Of The Family Closteroviridae From Mentha Spp. Phytopathology 95, 1043-1048. VAN DEN BORN, E., OMELCHENKO, M.V., BEKKELUND, A., LEIHNE, V., KOONIN, E.V., DOLJA, V.V. & FALNES, P.O. 2008. Viral Alkb Proteins Repair RNA Damage By Oxidative Demethylation. Nucleic Acids Research Doi:10.1093/Nar/Gkn519. Progrès Agricole et Viticole, 2009, Hors Série – Extended abstracts 16 th Meeting of ICVG, Dijon, France, 31 Aug – 4 Sept 2009
Page 3 and 4: 16th Meeting of the International C
Page 5 and 6: AVANT-PROPOS Nous sommes très heur
Page 7 and 8: Content - Sommaire Page Partners an
Page 9 and 10: Session IV - Epidemiology - Survey
Page 11 and 12: Poster 51 Poster 52 Poster 53 Poste
Page 13 and 14: Identification and distribution of
Page 15 and 16: — 15 — GRAPEVINE VIROLOGY HIGHL
Page 17 and 18: — 17 — were found, in that a va
Page 19 and 20: — 19 — Likewise, an antibody bi
Page 21 and 22: — 21 — LITERATURE ABOU GHANEM-S
Page 23 and 24: — 23 — ORECCHIA, M., NOELKE, G.
Page 25 and 26: — 25 — immunoassays, either ELI
Page 27 and 28: — 27 — ENGELBRECHT, D.J. & KASD
Page 29: — 29 — NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN UNDE
Page 33 and 34: — 33 — RESULTS AND DISCUSSION O
Page 35 and 36: — 35 — northeastern Oklahoma fr
Page 37 and 38: — 37 — viruses multiple primers
Page 39 and 40: — 39 — glass planar microarrays
Page 41 and 42: — 41 — Fig. 2. Part of a Micros
Page 43 and 44: — 43 — Complete sequencing of G
Page 45 and 46: — 45 — slightly bigger molecule
Page 47 and 48: — 47 — result suggests that the
Page 49 and 50: — 49 — ELISA. Rootstock samples
Page 51 and 52: — 51 — acquisition and analysis
Page 53 and 54: — 53 — identity at the protein
Page 55 and 56: — 55 — The sequences obtained w
Page 57 and 58: — 57 — MULLIS, K. & FALOONA, F.
Page 59 and 60: — 59 — qualitative level among
Page 61 and 62: — 61 — incidence of negative se
Page 63 and 64: — 63 — Madeira Islands. Eight a
Page 65 and 66: — 65 — stylet on actively growi
Page 67 and 68: — 67 — ANDRET-LINK, P. & FUCHS,
Page 69 and 70: — 69 — IDENTIFICATION OF PLASMO
Page 71 and 72: — 71 — SYMPTOM DETERMINANTS ON
Page 73 and 74: — 73 — RECOMBINATION EVENTS IN
Page 75 and 76: — 75 — THE SPECIFICITY OF GFLV
Page 77 and 78: — 77 — PARTIAL RNA-2 SEQUENCE O
Page 79 and 80: — 79 — CHARACTERIZATION OF RASP
Page 81 and 82:
— 81 — ISOLATION OF MOVEMENT PR
Page 83 and 84:
— 83 — REAL-TIME PCR OF GRAPEVI
Page 85 and 86:
— 85 — FIRST RECORDS OF ARABIS
Page 87 and 88:
— 87 — primers allow us to quan
Page 89 and 90:
— 89 — transgenic grape lines,
Page 91 and 92:
— 91 — highest values were obse
Page 93 and 94:
— 93 — Imura et al., 2008, Loud
Page 95 and 96:
— 95 — GFLV-F13. Low levels of
Page 97 and 98:
— 97 — This is probably due to
Page 99 and 100:
— 99 — variation was distribute
Page 101 and 102:
— 101 — Figure 1. Proportion of
Page 103 and 104:
— 103 — were produced. The prod
Page 105 and 106:
— 105 — 2007 positive results w
Page 107 and 108:
— 107 — dehydrogenase (GAPDH) t
Page 109 and 110:
— 109 — detected, either as sin
Page 111 and 112:
— 111 — basal leaf tissue inclu
Page 113 and 114:
— 113 — GLRaV-3 incidence cover
Page 115 and 116:
— 115 — Figure 2. Frequency of
Page 117 and 118:
— 117 — Ljutun, Mladenka, Nincu
Page 119 and 120:
— 119 — ELISA reagent used in t
Page 121 and 122:
— 121 — Due the late season the
Page 123 and 124:
— 123 — RT-PCR & PCR: Primers f
Page 125 and 126:
— 125 — Table 2. Sanitary statu
Page 127 and 128:
— 127 — SANITARY STATUS OF AUTO
Page 129 and 130:
— 129 — THE VIRUS STATUS OF GRA
Page 131:
— 131 — PRESENCE OF GLRAV 1, 2,
show all

icvg 2009 part I pp 1-131.pdf - Cornell University

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?