PROPERTIES OF CO2 AS A REFRIGERANT - Centro Studi Galileo

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Turbine-compressors are also under scrutiny (Hays and Brasz 2004). This promising matter is still in the research stage. 6. CONCLUSION The natural fluid Carbon Dioxide displays some excellent properties in the use as a refrigerant in compression-type refrigerating or heat pump systems: it offers unequalled local and ecological safety, widespread availability at low cost, with no need for recycling and containment. Because of its low critical temperature (around 31 °C), CO 2 does not compare favourably against traditional refrigerants, as far as energy efficiency is concerned, when simple theoretical cycle analyses are carried out. But this situation can be mitigated, and in some cases completely reversed, by proper design of the system aimed at fully exploiting the unique characteristics of CO 2 and/or the exclusive features of transcritical cycles, which bring about important factors that improve the practical performance of CO 2 systems. A widespread research activity is underway world-wide for the application of CO 2 in many areas with promising results, including mobile and residential air conditioning, heat pumps, water chillers, commercial and marine applications (Kim et al. 2004). REFERENCES ASHRAE (1997). Standard 34. Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. Cavallini, A., Steimle, F. (1998). Natural Working Fluids in a Historic Perspective. Natural Working Fluids '98, IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference, Oslo (Norway), June, Proceedings, 37-42. Fagerli, B. (1997). CO 2 Compresor Development. IEA/IIR Workshop on CO 2 Technologies in Refrigeration, Heat Pump and Air-conditioning Systems, Trondheim, Norway, May 13- 14. Hays L., Brasz J. J. 2004. A Transcritical CO 2 Turbine-compressor. International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue, West Lafayette, IN USA, July 12-15. Heyl, P., Kraus, W.E., Quack, H. (1998). Expander-Compressor for a more efficient Use of CO 2 as Refrigerant. Natural Working Fluids '98, IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference, Oslo (Norway), June, Proceedings, p. 240-248. Kim, M-H., Pettersen J., Bullard C. W. (2004). Fundamental Process and System Design Issues in CO2 Vapor Compression Systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 30, 119-174. Lorentzen, G. (1994). Revival of Carbon Dioxide as a Refrigerant. International Journal of Refrigeration 17(5), 292-301. Pettersen, J.(1997). Experimental Results of Carbon Dioxide in Compression Systems, ASHRAE-NIST Refrigerant Conference, October, Proceedings, 27-37. Pettersen, J. and Vestbøstad, K. 2000. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for Flow of Supercritical and Subcritical CO 2 in Microchannel Tubes. IEA Annex 27 Workshop, Trondheim (Norway), September.
Quack H., Kraus W. E., Nickl J., Will G. 2004. Integrating a Three-stage Expander into a CO 2 Refrigeration System. Natural Working Fluids 2004: 6 th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 29, September 1. Süss, J., Kruse, H. (1997). Einfluss von Leckage auf die Effizienz von Verdichtern für Kohlendioxid. Ki Luft- und Kältetechnik, 4, 173-176.
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PROPERTIES OF CO2 AS A REFRIGERANT - Centro Studi Galileo

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